MINDANAO MISSION ACADEMY

of Seventh-day Adventists, Inc.

Poblacion, Manticao, Misamis Oriental
9024 Philippines

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF WOOD ASH AS

REINFORCING AGENT IN CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALS

A Research Paper Submitted to the Faculty of Mindanao Mission Academy in

Partial Fulfillment of the Performance Task in General Biology,
General Chemistry, Filipino, & Inquiries,
Investigation, and Immersion for Senior High School

Molina, Deanne Shekinah Lyn S.

Delsocora, Clint P.
Udang, Joenell Paul S.
Rey, Josher Al Daniel M.
Enecito, Jessa Rose M.
Patlunag, Judy D.
Geñoso, Edylle Louise B.
Bahian, Abegail M.

December 2023
APPROVAL SHEET

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the course General Biology, General
Chemistry, Filipino, & Inquiries, Investigation, and Immersion for Senior High School
for Grade 12, this research work entitled “EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF
WOOD ASH AS A REINFORCING AGENT IN CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALS,”
prepared by
Abegail Bahian, Client Delsocora, Jessa Enecito, Edylle Geñoso, Shekinah Molina, Judy
Patlunag, Josher Rey, and Joenell Udang, is hereby recommended for acceptance and
approval.

Marlon C. Tabaosares, LPT

ADVISER

Approved by the Senior High School Department

Research Committee:

Reda Q. Apare, LPT Bernabe J. Apare, LPT

Panel Chair Panel Member
CJ Ann D. Bala, LPT Marlon C. Tabaosares, LPT
Panel Member Panel Member

Accepted and Approved in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the course
General Biology, General Chemistry, Filipino, & Inquiries, Investigation, and Immersion
for Senior High School for Grade 12

December 2023

KIZZIA C. TABAOSARES, LPT EMELITA P. ELCANA, MAELT

STEM Coordinator Vice Principal/Research Coordinator

JESREEL D. MERCADER, PhD (IP)

Principal

i
DEDICATION

This research paper is dedicated to the Almighty Creator, who inspires hope even

in the most hopeless circumstances. Thank you for the strengths you have given us all

these days in creating our research. We are also grateful for your assistance in making this

happen and overcoming all of the challenges of doing our research.

This is also in appreciation of our committed teachers, who helped and guided us

during our education. We appreciate their efforts and patience in teaching us, even

though we usually don't understand what they're saying. Nevertheless, they help us

understand. Their expertise, motivation, and guidance were essential in making this

research possible.

Our research paper is also dedicated to our parents, who have served as an

example to us throughout our academic careers. Their unwavering love, unwavering

support, and constant inspiration are the reasons behind all of our accomplishments. This

pledge is my small way of saying "thank you" for their constant support of and

commitment to our education.

ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, we, the researchers, send our praises and thanks to God the Almighty,

for showering us blessings and unconditional love, and keeping us safe throughout our

research project and for guiding us to complete our research project successfully.

Secondly, we would like to extend our utmost gratitude and appreciation to the

amazing parents and guardians of each respective researchers, who never stopped from

supporting each of one of us and cheering us to do our best, your hard work paid off and

your sacrifices never went in vain.

Moreover, the researchers would like to express our utmost gratitude and

appreciation to our research adviser and coordinator Marlon C. Tabaosares, LPT; for

giving us the opportunity to conduct our research project and for guiding us to finish it

accordingly, to Pastor Jesreel D. Mercader, MAED; principal of Mindanao Mission

Academy, for giving us the approval to conduct this research study, and to the panel

members, LPT; Bernabe J. Apare, LPT; Reda Q. Apare, LPT; CJ Ann D. Bala, LPT; and

Doven A. Seraspe, LPT; for approving our research proposal and correcting our mistakes

as rookie researchers and for enhancing and developing our research knowledge.

iii
ABSTRACT

This experimental study explored the use of wood ash as a reinforcing agent in

cementitious materials by determining the capability of wood ash cement in terms of

tensile strength, water absorption, and temperature isolation properties. The study

investigated how wood ash affects these essential characteristics of cement-based

composites and provides information on its potential as a sustainable and affordable

substitute for traditional additives. This study focused on the effectiveness of cement

mixed with wood ash as an alternative reinforcing agent and the difference between the

commercial blocks and the cement blocks mixed with the alternative reinforcing agent

(wood ash), its Five samples with different ratios of wood ash and cement (50:50, 60:40,

40:60, 70:30, and 30:70) were utilized in this study. The research findings indicate that

considering tensile strength, the combination of 70% cement and 30% wood ash

surpasses the baseline of the Control Mix for both PSI and MPA, demonstrating its

efficacy. In terms of water absorption, the 70/30 ratio emerges as the most effective

sample with an average of 111, compared to the Control Mix average of 105. Similarly,

for temperature isolation, the 70/30 ratio outperforms the Control Mix baseline,

highlighting its effectiveness in this aspect as well. The analysis of the second research

question reveals a highly significant difference in means for tensile strength, water

absorption, and temperature isolation between commercial blocks and those incorporating

wood ash as a reinforcing agent. The statistical analysis confirms the importance of these

differences, offering valuable insights for the practical utilization of wood ash as a

reinforcing agent in cementitious materials.

Keywords: Wood ash; Cementitious Materials; Experimental;

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL SHEET i
DEDICATION ii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT iii
ABSTRACT iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS v
CHAPTER
I. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study …………………………………... 1
1.2 Statement of Problem …………………………………... 3
1.3 Null Hypothesis …………………………………... 4
1.4 Objectives of the Study …………………………………... 4
1.5 Significance of the study …………………………………... 5
1.6 Scope and Delimitation …………………………………... 6
1.7 Definition of Terms …………………………………... 7

II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

2.1 Conceptual Framework …………………………………... 9
2.2 Related Readings …………………………………... 10
2.3 Related Studies …………………………………... 11
2.4 Justification of the Study …………………………………... 13
III. METHODOLOGY AND PROCEDURES
3.1 Research Design …………………………………... 15
3.2 Research Locale …………………………………... 15
3.3 Sampling Methods …………………………………... 16
3.4 Subject of Research …………………………………... 17
3.5 Research Instruments …………………………………... 17
3.6 Research Procedures …………………………………... 17
3.7 Methods of Data Analysis …………………………………... 18
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Results and Discussion …………………………………... 19
V. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary …………………………………... 41
5.2 Conclusions …………………………………... 42
5.3 Recommendations …………………………………... 43
REFERENCES 45

v
APPENDICES
Appendix A …………………………………... 48
Appendix B …………………………………... 49
Appendix C …………………………………... 54
Appendix D …………………………………... 60

vi
CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

The most prevalent and widely utilized adhesive in the construction sector is

cement. It is used on roads, buildings, embankments, bridges, office buildings, and

flyovers. Cement production and limestone-induced air pollution are known to cause

serious occupational health risks as well as detrimental effects on nearby people,

buildings, and agriculture (Etim et al., 2021). While wood waste ash contains very fine

particulate matter that is easily rendered airborne by winds, such a method of waste

disposal may result in later difficulties, including respiratory health concerns for persons

living near the ash material disposal site. Furthermore, pollution of groundwater resources

might be predicted as a result of ash leaching or rainwater seepage (Udoeyo et al., 2006).

Industrial processes are a significant source of pollution, and cement manufacture

is one such industrial activity. Pollutants are released into the atmosphere in huge

quantities by only one cement factory (Adeyanju & Okeke, 2019). In producing cement,

dust emissions are a significant cause of environmental pollution. For instance, when

transporting, loading, and unloading clinker to be dumped outside the silo, dust is

produced (Mohamad et al., 2021). Hazardous air pollutants are released through

manufacturing processes and utilities that generate electricity in the process of making

cement (Hua et al., 2016; Zou et al., 2018). Due to the ever-increasing volumes of waste

materials and industrial byproducts, solid waste management is a major challenge

worldwide (Siddique, 2012).

The necessity of increasing factors such as urbanization has contributed to an

increase in the number of cement manufacturing facilities in Nigeria relative to the

country's cement production. Through cement manufacturing processes, hazardous air

pollutants are released. (Adeniran et al., 2019). Devarajan, Hanumappa, and Kuppan

(2015) stated that India has established a growing demand for cement industries, which

result in generating an enormous amount of dust and polluting the surrounding

environment. Moreover, wood ash (WA) is formed when wood is burned in home

wood stoves or industrial power plants. More than 300,000 tons of wood ash were

generated annually in 2006 in the Province of Québec, Canada (Vu et al., 2019).

Cement production facilities pose additional risks. A study of nine cement

factories in the Philippines demonstrated that workers in these fields were subjected to

dangers like heat, noise, and dust (Lu, 2011). This opportunity could be taken advantage

of, as one of the biggest environmental issues in the nation is the rising production of

agricultural scraps like wood waste. Without proper separation and utilization, these

compounds can pollute the environment and even cause an environmental disaster (Jabile

et al., 2022). The wood waste can then be combusted into wood ash. However, the pace

of development leads to an increase in demand for basic construction materials like

cement. The increasing demand for cement, which is used as a primary binder in making

concrete hollow blocks, leads to an increased cost of these materials and has posed a

problem for the growing needs of some builders in the country today (Laruan et al.,

2013).

Research shows that wood waste ash can be used as a partial replacement for

hydraulic cement in concrete production, providing a sustainable solution to waste

management issues and reducing energy consumption. This greener concrete material
2
meets the growing demand in the construction industry, benefiting both the environment

and production costs (Ban and Ramli, 2011). Industrial and domestic fly ashes (FA), also

known as coal fly ash (CFA) and wood fly ash (WFA), have been causing environmental

problems, but due to their availability and low cost, they are now gaining potential

applications in a variety of industries ranging from construction, processing, activated

carbon, filler and reinforcement, agriculture, and water purification, to name a few

(Ikumapayi and Akinlabi, 2012).

Moreover, this study aimed to determine the experimental investigation of wood

ash as an alternative cement agent with different levels of percentages of wood ash and

cement mixture by determining the capability of wood ash cement in terms of tensile

strength, water absorption, and insulation properties.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

This study would investigate wood ash as a reinforcing agent in cementitious

materials. Specifically, the study attempted to answer the following questions:

1. Is wood ash as an alternative reinforcing agent in cement blocks effective in terms

of:

a.) Tensile Strength

b.) Water Absorption

c.) Temperature Isolation Resistance

2. Is there a significant difference between the commercial blocks and the cement

blocks mixed with the alternative reinforcing agent (wood ash) in terms of:

a.) Tensile Strength

3
b.) Water Absorption

c.) Temperature Isolation Resistance

1.3 Null Hypothesis

1. There is no significant difference between experimental and controlled group

in terms of:

a.) Tensile Strength

b.) Water Absorption

c.) Temperature Isolation Resistance

1.4 Objectives of the Study

This study aimed to:

1. To determine whether wood ash as an alternative reinforcing agent in cement

blocks is effective in terms of:

a.) Tensile Strength

b.) Water Absorption

c.) Temperature Isolation Resistance

2. To determine the significant difference between the commercial blocks and the

cement blocks mixed with the alternative reinforcing agent (wood ash) in terms

of:

a.) Tensile Strength

b.) Water Absorption

c.) Temperature Isolation Resistance

4
1.5 Significance of the Study

This study would investigate wood ash as a reinforcing agent in cementitious

materials. This study would be helpful to students, teachers, engineers, construction

workers, and future researchers.

Construction Industry. The construction industry can significantly benefit from this

research by gaining access to innovative cementitious materials with reduced water

absorption and enhanced tensile strength. These materials can lead to the construction of

more durable and resilient structures, reducing maintenance costs and ensuring long-term

structural integrity.

Builders and contractors. Builders and contractors stand to gain from the use of wood

ash-reinforced cementitious materials with improved water resistance and tensile

strength. These materials can result in reduced repair and replacement costs, increased

project efficiency, and an enhanced reputation for delivering high-quality and long-

lasting construction.

Consumers and Property owners. Consumers and property owners can benefit from the

research through the construction of homes and buildings with enhanced durability and

reduced susceptibility to water damage. This can lead to cost savings on maintenance and

repairs over the lifespan of the property as well as improved overall property value.

Environmental Conservation. The reduction in water absorption and increased tensile

strength can contribute to environmental conservation by extending the lifespan of

construction materials. This reduces the need for frequent replacements, conserves

natural resources, and lowers the carbon footprint associated with construction and waste

disposal.

5
Waste Management Authorities. Waste management authorities can benefit by

reducing the disposal of construction-related waste materials due to the longer lifespan of

wood ash- reinforced cementitious materials. This can lead to cost savings and a reduced

environmental impact associated with waste disposal.

Research and academia. The research findings can benefit researchers and academia by

advancing the knowledge base in materials science and construction engineering. The

incorporation of water absorption and tensile strength considerations adds depth to the

understanding of how wood ash reinforcement can improve construction materials.

Government and Regulatory Bodies. Government bodies can benefit from promoting

the adoption of wood ash-reinforced cementitious materials as part of sustainable

construction practices. This can align with environmental policies, reduce the need for

infrastructure repairs, and promote resilient construction in the face of climate change.

Wood Ash-Producing Industries. Industries generating wood ash, such as wood

processing or biomass energy production, can benefit from finding a valuable use for

their waste byproduct. This includes potential revenue generation through the sale of

wood ash for reinforcement in construction materials.

1.6 Scope and Limitation

This study would investigate wood ash as a reinforcing agent in cementitious

materials. This study was covered in Linangkayan, Naawan, Misamis Oriental, where the

making of the blocks took place. The people and the proportion of reinforcing agents that

was used for each block was controlled. Equipment and time duration was observed in

the making of the cement blocks.

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The source of wood ash is limited to Mindanao Mission Academy. In addition,

uncontrollable variables may involve the type and general properties of gravel, the type

of wood ash, block molders, and external forces such as temperature, weather, and

accidents. Internal forces such as the researcher’s health, level of intellect, and limitations

of the random sampling method among wood ash might affect the outcomes of this study.

1.7 Definition of Terms

Cement. A finely ground mixture of alumina, silica, lime, iron oxide, and magnesium

oxide that is burned in a kiln and used as a component of concrete and mortar (Merriam-

Webster, 2023). Operationally, in this study, it would be mixed with wood ash using

different ratios to test the tensile strength, water absorption, and thermal insulation

resistance.

Reinforcing Agent. A compound used specifically in rubber compounding to enhance

the physical properties of rubber, such as resilience, toughness, and tensile strength

(Merriam- Webster, 2023). Operationally, this is a filler that encourages other materials

and wood ash to stick with each other and become resilient. It is something that can help

increase resistance to heat and humidity.

Tensile Strength. The maximum longitudinal stress that a material can withstand without

breaking (Merriam-Webster, 2023). Operationally, it is to test the capacity of the wood

ash cement's toughness and durability.

Water. A liquid that, when pure, is an odorless, tasteless, very slightly compressible

liquid oxide of hydrogen H2O that appears bluish in thick layers, freezes at 0°C, and

boils at 100°

7
C (Merriam-Webster, 2023). Operationally, it is a solvent used to mix cement, wood ash,

and other materials to create wood ash blocks.

Absorption. Being or going through the process of being absorbed (Merriam-Webster,

2023). Operationally, it is to test how much solvent the blocks can absorb with wood ash

as the reinforcing agent.

Thermal. Being or involving a temperature-dependent state of matter (Merriam-Webster,

2023). Operationally, the blocks would be measured for how much they endure through

the heat.

Thermal Insulation. Refers to substances or methods that are used to lessen the transfer

of heat between two surfaces or temperature-varying regions (Corrosionpedia, 2023).

Operationally, it is to measure the block’s (made of wood ash and cement) capability of

blocking the high temperature of heat-producing technology or high-temperature fire.

8
CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter highlights research articles related to the study as well as national

and international studies that serve as an overview to determine the experimental

investigation of Wood Ash as a Reinforcing Agent in Cementitious Materials.

2.1 Conceptual Framework

Figure 1. Research Paradigm

This study focused on the Experimental Investigation of Wood Ash as a

Reinforcing Agent in Cementitious Materials. In this study, an experimental investigation

of Wood Ash as a Reinforcing Agent in Cementitious materials is conducted in

compliance with Tensile Strength, Water Absorption, and Temperature Isolation

Resistance testing. This study was recognized for determining the following: Tensile

Strength, Water Absorption, and Temperature Isolation Resistance.

2.2 Related Readings

Wood Ash

Wood ash is the fine powder that remains after burning wood or other organic

materials in a fire or combustion process. It is the organic and inorganic waste product

left over from burning wood or unbleached wood fiber. Wood ash has a wide range of

physical and chemical properties that are influenced by numerous factors (Saha, 2002).

The type of wood burned and the temperature at which it was burned can affect the

precise makeup of wood ash.

The combustion of wood in home fireplaces or commercial power plants results in

the production of wood ash. In Canada's Province of Québec, the pulp and paper industry

were estimated to produce 45,000 tons of wood ash annually by the end of the 1980s (Vu

et al., 2019). Wood ash can be used as a supplementary material in cement mixing,

although it is not as common as other additives like fly ash or silica fume. When using

wood ash as an additive for cement, it's essential to consider its attributes and potential

effects on the concrete mixture. There are many characteristics that are tied to wood ash:

Mineral Composition, High Nutrient Content, Light Color, etc. Additionally, concrete's

insulation qualities have been observed to improve as the thermal conductivity of

concrete is reduced (Stolz et al., 2019).

2.3 Related studies

A study conducted by Cheah and Ramli (2011), entitled “The Implementation of

Wood Waste Ash as a Partial Cement Replacement Material in the Production of

Structural
10
Grade Concrete and Mortar,” focused more on the physical and chemical properties of

wood waste ash as a partial cement replacement material. The study concluded that using

wood ash as a partial cement ingredient substitute component used to create the concrete

mix reduces the concrete's tensile, flexural, and compressive mechanical strengths.

Nevertheless, there were encouraging findings that the addition of wood ash at low levels

of cement replacement actually helped to improve the compressive strength of the

concrete mixtures produced. OPC can be partially replaced with wood ash. At

replacement levels, total binder weight can be reduced by up to 10%. Create mortar or

structural-grade concrete with acceptable attributes of strength.

Another study of Vu et al., (2019), entitled “The Effect of Wood Ash as a Partial

Cement Replacement Material for Making Wood-Cement Panel'', focused on examining

the possibility of using biomass wood ash as a partial substitute for cement in wood-

cement particle boards. In this study bending strength, stiffness, water absorption, and

thermal properties of wood-cement-ash particleboards (WCAP), which were

manufactured with 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% of wood ash as a partial replacement

for cement with wood particles, were tested. According to test results, water consumption

rises as ash content rises, and mechanical qualities slightly deteriorate as ash content rises

up to 30% of replacement. On the other hand, as the amount of wood ash grows, the heat

capacity also rises. It was discovered that replacing cement to the extent of about 30% by

weight produced the best results.

Furthermore, a study entitled “Reaction mechanisms of wood ash for use as a

partial cement replacement,” conducted by Sigvardsen, Geiker, and Ottosen (2021),

focused on the potential use of two representative WAs in place of some of the cement.

The origin of
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the WAs is burning wood chips on a fluidized bed and on a grate (WA1 and WA2,

respectively). The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcomes of the multivariate

analysis [6] and explore the outcomes further in Sigvardsen et al.'s investigation to

discover the pozzolanic versus hydraulic features of two reactions. Findings indicated

that there were no pozzolanic properties observed in either WA, but hydraulic properties

were discovered in both. The study concluded that between WA1 and WA2, a significant

variation in strength growth was seen that was attributable to the phases formed, with

WA2 contributing the most, followed by the development of ettringite and other stages,

and gypsum produced in pastes of WA1.

A study conducted by Aman et al., (2009), entitled “Analysis of the Compressive

Strength of Concrete Using Kakawate (Gliricidia sepium) Jacq. Kunth ex walph. Wood

Ash Cement,” focused on utilizing a ratio of 80% Portland Cement and 20% Kakawate

Wood Ash to concentrate on the compressive strength of Kakawate Wood Ash Cement.

The purposive sampling method was used since the kakawate wood ash was taken from

the dirty kitchen of a selected household. The samples used in this study are three pieces

of concrete cylinders that were mixed with wood ash from kakawate trees when they

were 28 days old. Results show that the compressive strength of concrete with kakawate

wood ash used as admixture aggregates of 5.47 MPa is below the allowable compressive

strength of 13.82 MPa set by the Philippine National Building Code.

Another study, entitled “Production of Autoclaved Aerated Concrete with Fly Ash

from a Coal Power Plant in Misamis Oriental, Philippines,” conducted by Balangao and

Ramos (2016), focused on analyzing the impact of CaO/SiO2 ratio, % aluminum

addition, and curing time on the compressive strengths of Autoclaved Aerated

Concretes (AACs)
12
produced with fly ash from a coal power plant in Misamis Oriental, Philippines. The

AACs passed the ASTM C 1693 requirement, with compressive strengths ranging from

2.866 to 11.843 MPa. The study found that curing time had a significant effect on

compressive strengths, while the CaO/SiO2 ratio had a positive effect. The study

recommends conducting scanning electron microscopy on samples and determining other

production parameters and functional properties.

Moreover, a study conducted at the University of Science and Technology of the

Southern Philippines, entitled “An Experimental Investigation of Mahogany Carpel Ash

as Cement Replacement in Concrete,” conducted by Cabahug and Baguhin (2017),

focused on assessing the viability of using mahogany carpel ash as a partial alternative

for cement material in the preparation of mortar. The findings of this investigation

demonstrated that, with the exception of 100 percent replacement, the compressive

strength obtained at various design mixtures was favorable for its application.

2.4 Justification of the Study

This study would determine the use of wood ash as a reinforcing agent

considering tensile strength, water absorption, and thermal insulation resistance. This

study is unique from previous studies in that it specifically focuses on the difference

between the commercial blocks and the cement blocks mixed with the alternative

reinforcing agent (wood ash), its effectiveness, and the possibility that cement mixed with

wood ash can be an alternative reinforcing agent in terms of tensile strength, water

absorption, and thermal insulation resistance.

13
First, the study of Jamora et al., (2020) focused on utilizing coal ash as a partial

cement replacement; this current study would utilize wood ash as an alternative

reinforcing agent in cementitious materials.

Second, the study of Sigvardsen et al., (2021) focused on evaluating the outcomes

of the multivariate analysis and further explored the outcomes of Sigvardsen et al.'s

investigation to discover the pozzolanic versus hydraulic features of two reactions

sampled from WAs from each of the two combustion processes: circulating fluidized bed

combustion and grate combustion, while the current study would investigate the outcome

of the statistical analysis that would be made by a professional statistician.

14
CHAPTER III

METHODS AND PROCEDURES

3.1 Research Design

This study would utilize quasi-experimental research. The quasi-experimental

research design seeks to prove a connection between an independent and dependent

variable (Thomas, 2023). In this experimental study, the researchers would manipulate

the independent variable (wood ash), control relevant variables (commercial blocks), and

observe the effect on one or more variables. This study would investigate wood ash as a

reinforcing agent in cementitious materials through experiments and tests of tensile

strength, water absorption, and temperature insulation resistance.

3.2 Research Locale

The study is conducted at Mindanao Mission Academy, located in Purok 15

Poblacion, Manticao, Misamis Oriental. The locale of this study, where the reinforced

wood ash blocks would be produced, would be at Triple C Hardware, located in

Linangkayan, Naawan Misamis Oriental, Street Number: 9023. A one storey wooden

business building containing hardware merchandise and construction materials.

3.3 Sampling Methods

The sampling method that would be utilized in this study would be Convenience

Sampling. The researchers would collect wood waste at the nearest furniture shop. The

collected wood waste would be burned, and the remaining powder residue after the

combustion would be collected. The wood ash would then be brought to the nearest

cement production site, where it would be mixed with other various materials to create

wood ash cement blocks.

This study would consist of five samples with a different ratio of wood ash and

cement. Sample 1 would be 50% wood ash and 50% cement. Sample 2 would be 60%

wood ash and 40% cement. Sample 3 would be 40% wood ash and 60% cement. Sample

4 would be 70% wood ash and 30% cement. Sample 5 would be 30% wood ash and 70%

cement.

3.4 Subject of Research

This study would employ wood ash as the subject of investigation as a

reinforcing agent in cementitious materials mixed with different ratios of cement and

wood ash, considering its tensile strength, water absorption, and temperature isolation

resistance.

3.5 Research Instruments

In collecting the data, the researchers would utilize: Silicon molds for creating the

cement blocks that have different ratios of wood ash and cement. Mechanical devices,

specifically a Tensile tester, which is known as a Universal Testing Machine (UTM), a

water absorption test apparatus, and a thermal insulation test apparatus.

16
3.6 Research Procedures

Entry Protocol

Step 1. The researchers would ask permission from the school principal to conduct

the study.

Step 2. When permission is granted, the researchers can begin the preparation and

gathering of materials that would be used in the study.

Step 3. The researchers would then ask permission from the hollow block maker

and furniture shop to conduct the experiment on their property and collect raw materials.

Step 4. The researchers are now ready to conduct the experiment.

Experimental Property

Step 1: The collected wood ash would be combusted, and the remaining powder

residue after the combustion would be collected.

Step 2: The wood ash, cement, sand, and gravel would be prepared.

Step 3: The prepared materials would be measured according to their ratio.

Step 4: The mixing and production of the reinforced wood ash blocks would take

place.

Step 5: After the production of the blocks, they would be tested to get results for

their tensile strength, water absorption, and thermal insulation resistance.

Exit Protocol

Step 1: The reinforced wood ash blocks would be taken from the testing center.

Step 2: The reinforced wood ash blocks would then be dismantled.

Step 3: The dismantled reinforced wood ash blocks would be disposed of.

17
3.7 Methods of Data Analysis

After following all the procedures and gathering all the materials needed, all the

data would be statistically calculated using the SPSS software One-way ANNOVA

(Statistical Package for Social Sciences) by a professional statistician to ensure an

accurate and precise analysis of wood ash as an alternative reinforcing agent in

cementitious materials, considering tensile strength, water absorption, and thermal

insulation resistance. Furthermore, the researchers would pay the hired statistician the

specified sum for their entire services.

18
CHAPTER IV

Results and Discussion

In this chapter, the researchers present the findings derived from the experimental

investigation of wood ash as an alternative reinforcing agent in cementitious materials. It

also attempts to answer the research questions of the study with a ratio of cement/wood

ash. Furthermore, this chapter presents the statistical data, its interpretation, the

evidences, and the decisions about its null hypothesis. Each question is answered below:

To answer research question 1, “Is wood ash as an alternative reinforcing agent in

cement blocks effective in terms of tensile strength, water absorption, and temperature

isolation?”, tables 1, 2, and 3 were created:

Table 1

The Descriptive Statistics of Tensile Strength

Ratio N Mean Median SD Minimum Maximum

PSI 30/70 3 564.33 569 28.290 534 590

141.98
40/60 3 433.33 457 281 562
7

50/50 3 557.33 562 28.290 527 583

3 969.67 991 49.571 913 1005

60/40
2203.3 142.35
70/30 3 2248 2044 2318
3 6
CtrlMi 1444.6 220.38
3 1532 1194 1608
x 7 5

MPA 30/70 3 3.90 3.90 0.200 3.70 4.10

40/60 3 2.97 3.10 1.007 1.90 3.90

50/50 3 3.80 3.80 0.200 3.60 4.00

60/40 3 6.67 6.80 0.321 6.30 6.90

70/30 3 15.20 15.50 0.985 14.10 16.00

CtrlMi
3 8.73 8.20 1.665 7.40 10.60
x

Table 1 shows a descriptive of two variables, the PSI and MPA. The table shows

varied PSI values and MPA values across different mixing ratios. For both PSI and MPA,

a baseline is provided by the Control Mix category, with a mean of 8.73 for MPA and

1444.67 for PSI. The baseline provided by the Control Mix is contrasted with the varied

PSI and MPA values, indicating the potential effectiveness of a certain mixing ratio of

the sample blocks created. The mixing ratio of 70/30 (70% cement and 30% wood ash)

exceeded the baseline provided by the Control Mix, indicating its effectiveness in terms

of tensile strength.

Research study by Cheah and Ramli (2011) focused more on the physical and

chemical properties of wood waste ash as a partial cement replacement material. Wood

ash, as a partial cement ingredient substitute component used to create the concrete mix,

reduces the concrete's tensile, flexural, and compressive mechanical strengths.

Nevertheless, there were encouraging findings that the addition of wood ash at

low levels of cement

20
replacement actually helped to improve the compressive strength of the concrete mixtures

produced, supporting the results of this study.

Therefore, out of all the samples tested, the 70/30 ratio was the most effective

sample in terms of tensile strength, considering its PSI with a mean of 2203.33 compared

to the standard PSI of the Control Mix with a mean of 1444.67. In terms of MPA, the

70/30 ratio was also the most effective sample, with an MPA of 15.20 compared to the

standard MPA of the Control Mix with a mean of 8.73. To delve deeper into the findings

and offer more details, Table 2 was formulated.

Table 2

The Descriptive Statistics of Water Absorption

Ratio N Mean Median SD Minimum Maximum

WaterAbs 30/70 3 141 141 0.446 141 142

40/60 3 255 265 18.359 234 266

50/50 3 218 220 8.550 209 225

60/40 3 216 215 22.664 194 239

70/30 3 111 114 6.963 103 117

CtrlMix 3 121 121 2.345 119 123

Table 2 shows the descriptive amount of water absorbed and values for various

mixing ratios. Notably, the 40/60 ratio exhibits the highest mean water absorption (255),

21
while the 70/30 ratio displays the lowest (111). The median values are near the mean

values, indicating a rather symmetrical distribution. The baseline provided by the Control

Mix category with a mean of 121 is contrasted with the varied values. The water

absorption is influenced by the mixing ratio. The 70/30 ratio with a mean of 111 has a

noticeable drop in water absorption compared to the other mixing ratios, indicating its

proximity to the mean of the baseline provided by the Control Mix.

The research of Vu et al. (2019) examined the possibility of using biomass wood

ash as a partial substitute for cement in wood-cement particle boards. The findings

revealed that water consumption rises as ash content rises, and mechanical qualities

slightly deteriorate as ash content rises up to 30% of replacement, aligning with the

results of this study.

Therefore, out of all the samples tested, the 70/30 ratio was the most effective

sample in terms of Water Absorption, with a mean of 111 compared to the standard

Water Absorption of the Control Mix, with a mean of 121. To add more detail to the

exposition of the results and to augment the analysis, Table 3 was made.

Table 3

The Descriptive Statistics of Temperature Isolation

Ratio N Mean Median SD Minimum Maximum

Temp_Iso 30/70 3 54.3 52.1 5.97 49.7 61.0

40/60 3 41.9 41.0 4.18 38.3 46.5

50/50 3 21.8 23.1 6.44 14.8 27.5

22
Ratio N Mean Median SD Minimum Maximum

60/40 3 24.3 25.6 4.69 19.1 28.3

70/30 3 62.8 61.7 3.52 59.9 66.7

CtrlMix 3 50.4 49.3 6.82 44.2 57.7

Table 3 shows the descriptive for temperature isolation (Temp_Iso) across

different mix ratios. Notably, the 40/60 ratio exhibits the highest mean temperature

(41.9), while the 50/50 ratio has the lowest (21.8). The median values are near the mean

values, indicating a rather symmetrical distribution. The baseline provided by the Control

Mix category with a mean of 50.4 is contrasted with the varied values providing evidence

for the possible efficacy of a certain sample block mixing ratio. The mixing ratio of 70/30

(70% cement and 30% wood ash) exceeded the baseline provided by the Control Mix

indicating its effectiveness in terms of temperature isolation.

The study of Vu et al., (2019), examined the possibility of using biomass wood

ash as a partial substitute for cement in wood-cement particle boards. As the amount of

wood ash grows, the heat capacity also rises, supporting our observed findings.

Therefore, the 70/30 ratio was the most effective sample out of all the samples

tested with a Temperature Isolation mean of 62.8 compared to the standard Temperature

Isolation of the Control Mix with a 50.4 mean.

To answer research question 2, “Is there a significant difference between the

commercial blocks and the cement blocks mixed with the alternative reinforcing agent

23
24
(wood ash) in terms of tensile strength, water absorption, and temperature isolation?”,

tables 4 to 18 were created:

Table 4

Homogeneity of Variances Test (Levene's)

F df1 df2 p

PSI 4.10 5 12 0.021

MPA 3.88 5 12 0.025

Table 4 shows the Homogeneity of variances, conducted to assess assumptions for

two variables: PSI and MPA. Levene's test for PSI (F(5, 12) = 4.10, p = 0.021), MPA

(F(5, 12) = 3.88, p = 0.025), indicated non-significant differences in variances since the p-

value is greater than the significant level, supporting the assumption of homogeneity of

variances. But the table is not enough to prove the homogeneity of the variance; to add

more, Table 5 was created.

Table 5

Normality Test (Shapiro-Wilk)

W p

PSI 0.929 0.188

MPA 0.945 0.057

25
W p

Note. A low p-value suggests a violation of the assumption of normality

Table 5 shows the revealed potential deviations from the Shapiro-Wilk normality

tests from normality for PSI (W = 0.929, p = 0.188) and MPA (W = 0.945, p = 0.057).

The findings suggest that while the assumption of homogeneity of variances is met, as

well the normality of the data. Therefore, this study employed a one-way ANOVA, and

figures 1.1 and 1.2 were created to further elaborate on the findings.

Figure 1.1 PSI Figure 1.2 MPA

To support Table 5, the graphs in Figures 1.1 and 1.2 show the varied values in

terms of PSI and MPA of the different mixing ratios. The graph shows the mixing ratio of

70/30 exceeding the baseline provided by the Control Mix indicating its effectiveness. To

delve deeper into the findings and offer more details, Table 6 was formulated.

26
Table 6

The Descriptive Pooled Data of the Statistics of Tensile Strength

Mini
Ratio N Mean Median SD Maximum
mum

PSI 30/70 3 564.33 28.290 16.333 30/70 3

40/60 3 433.33 141.987 81.976 40/60 3

50/50 3 557.33 28.290 16.333 50/50 3

60/40 3 969.67 49.571 28.620 60/40 3

70/30 3 2203.33 142.356 82.189 70/30 3

CtrlMix 3 1444.67 220.385 127.239 CtrlMix 3

MPA 30/70 3 3.90 0.200 0.115 30/70 3

40/60 3 2.97 1.007 0.581 40/60 3

50/50 3 3.80 0.200 0.115 50/50 3

60/40 3 6.67 0.321 0.186 60/40 3

70/30 3 15.20 0.985 0.569 70/30 3

CtrlMix 3 8.73 1.665 0.961 CtrlMix 3

Table 6 indicates significant differences in composite strength among the different

composition ratios for both PSI (F(5, 5.35) = 78.4, p < .001) and MPA (F(5, 5.36) = 77.5,

p < .001). The group descriptives show variations in mean composite strength across

different mixture ratios for both PSI and MPA. For PSI, the highest mean is observed at

27
the 70%/30% composition (M = 2203.33, SD = 142.356), while for MPA, the 70%/30%

composition also yields the highest mean (M = 15.20, SD = 0.985). These findings

suggest that the mixture ratio significantly influences composite strength, with specific

ratios leading to higher or lower strength values. To further elaborate on the findings,

tables 7 and 8 were created.

Table 7

Games-Howell Post-Hoc Test – CompStrngth_PSI

30/70 40/60 50/50 60/40 70/30 CtrlMix

Mean
30/70 — 131 7.00 -405 -1639 -880
difference

p-value — 0.674 0.999 0.004 0.007 0.068

Mean -
40/60 — -536 -1770 -1011
difference 124.00

p-value — 0.706 0.059 < .001 0.023

Mean
50/50 — -412 -1646 -887
difference

p-value — 0.004 0.007 0.067

Mean
60/40 — -1234 -475
difference

28
Games-Howell Post-Hoc Test – CompStrngth_PSI

30/70 40/60 50/50 60/40 70/30 CtrlMix

p-value — 0.008 0.207

Mean
70/30 — 759
difference

p-value — 0.056

Mean
CtrlMix —
difference

p-value —

Note. * p < .05, ** p < .01, *** p < .001

Table 8

Games-Howell Post-Hoc Test – CompStrngth_MPA

30/70 40/60 50/50 60/40 70/30 CtrlMix

Mean
30/70 — 0.933 0.100 -2.77 -11.30 -4.83
difference

p-value — 0.671 0.984 0.003 0.007 0.125

Mean -
40/60 — -3.70 -12.23 -5.77
difference 0.833

29
p-value — 0.736 0.065 < .001 0.056

Games-Howell Post-Hoc Test – CompStrngth_MPA

30/70 40/60 50/50 60/40 70/30 CtrlMix

Mean
50/50 — -2.87 -11.40 -4.93
difference

p-value — 0.003 0.007 0.120

Mean
60/40 — -8.53 -2.07
difference

p-value — 0.009 0.489

Mean
70/30 — 6.47
difference

p-value — 0.040

Mean
CtrlMix —
difference

p-value —

Note. * p < .05, ** p < .01, *** p < .001

Tables 7 and 8 show the significant differences in composite strength observed

among various composition ratios. For PSI, pairwise comparisons reveal significant mean

differences, such as between 60/40 and 30/70 (mean difference = -1234, p = 0.008) and

30
70/30 and 60/40 (mean difference = 759, p = 0.056). Notably, the 70/30 composition

exhibits significant differences with multiple ratios. In contrast, for MPA, significant

mean

31
differences are generally less pronounced. Notable differences include 40/60 and 60/40

(mean difference = -8.53, p = 0.009), indicating that the impact of composition ratios on

composite strength varies between PSI and MPA.

In terms of MPA, significant differences were identified between the 50/50 ratio

and 60/40 (p = 0.004), 70/30 (p < .001), and Control Mix (p < .001). Similarly, the 60/40

ratio showed significant differences with 40/60 (p < .001), 70/30 (p = 0.006), and Control

Mix (p < .001). The 40/60 ratio demonstrated significant differences with the 70/30 (p

< .001) and Control Mix (p < .001). The 70/30 ratio displayed significant differences with

the 30/70 ratio (p < .001), and the 30/70 ratio exhibited a significant difference with the

Control Mix (p < .001).

The performance of concrete and the pozzolanic qualities of waste ash are

thoroughly reviewed in the research review by Prabagar et al. (2002). The study's

findings are corroborated by the results, which indicate that waste ash can be substituted

with a low percentage of concrete (up to 30%), increasing its strength and durability over

traditional concrete, supporting the findings of this study.

Given the p-values presented in the table, there is a significant difference between

the commercial blocks and the cement blocks mixed with the alternative reinforcing

agent (wood ash) in terms of tensile strength. Therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected.

The observed p-values are all below the alpha level of 0.05, as are the obtained p-

values for both PSI (p < .001) and MPA (p < .001). These findings highlight specific mix

ratios where significant distinctions in PSI and MPA exist, providing valuable insights

into the variations in material properties across different concrete compositions. To

further add more details, tables 9 and 10 were created.

32
Table 9

Normality Test (Shapiro-Wilk)

W p

WaterAbs 0.930 0.192

Note. A low p-value suggests a violation of the assumption of normality

Table 10

Homogeneity of Variances Test (Levene's)

F df1 df2 p

Water_Abs 3.21 5 12 0.045

Tables 9 and 10 show that ANOVA was assessed for the variable Water

Absorption. The normality test using Shapiro-Wilk indicated that the data did not

significantly deviate from normality (W=0.930, p = 0.192), suggesting a reasonable

adherence to the assumption of normal distribution. However, it is important to note that

with a low p-value threshold, caution should be exercised. The homogeneity of variances

test, Levene's test, revealed a significant difference in variances across groups (F(5, 12) =

3.21, p = 0.045), indicating a potential violation of the assumption of homogeneity of

variances. Therefore, the results of the normality test suggest a generally normal

distribution, while Levene's test highlights the need for consideration of the potential

heterogeneity of variances in the subsequent ANOVA analysis. Therefore, Welch’s test

will be used, a special type of one-way ANOVA. To delve deeper into the findings and

offer more details, Table 11 was formulated.

33
34
Table 11

One-Way ANOVA (Welch's)

F df1 df2 p

Water_Abs 85.2 5 4.74 < .001

Table 11 examines the differences in water absorption across different

composition ratios. The analysis revealed a significant main effect (F(4.74, 5) = 85.2, p

< .001), suggesting that there are significant differences in mean water absorption among

the composition ratios.

Table 12

The Descriptive Pooled Data of the Statistics of Water Absorption

Ratio N Mean SD SE

WaterAbs 30/70 3 141 0.446 0.258

40/60 3 255 18.359 10.600

50/50 3 218 8.550 4.936

60/40 3 216 22.664 13.085

70/30 3 111 6.963 4.020

CtrlMix 3 121 2.345 1.354

35
Table 12 examines the differences in water absorption across different

composition ratios. The analysis revealed a significant main effect (F(4.74, 5) = 85.2, p

< .001), suggesting that there are significant differences in mean water absorption among

the composition ratios. The group descriptives indicate variations in mean water

absorption across different ratios, with the highest mean observed in the 40/60

composition (M = 255, SD = 18.359) and the lowest in the 70/30 composition (M = 111,

SD = 6.963). The overall findings suggest that the composition ratios significantly

influence water absorption in the tested materials, with specific ratios showing distinct

levels of water absorption. Post-hoc analysis will be conducted to examine specific

groups that have significant differences. To add more detail to the to the exposition of

the results and to augment the analysis, Figure

1.3 was made.

Figure 1.3 PSI

To support Table 12, the graph in Figure 1.3 shows the varied values of the water

absorption of different mixing ratios. The higher the ash ratio, the higher the water
36
absorption, and the lower the ash ratio, the lower the water absorption. This indicates that

the 70/30 ratio is relatively close to the mean baseline provided by the Control Mix. In

order to add more details to the findings provided, Table 13 was made.

Table 13

Games-Howell Post-Hoc Test – Water_Abs

30/70 40/60 50/50 60/40 70/30 CtrlMix

30/70 Mean difference — -113 -76.5 -74.47 30.1 20.40

p-value — 0.030 0.015 0.102 0.060 0.013

40/60 Mean difference — 36.9 38.92 143.5 133.79

p-value — 0.223 0.361 0.009 0.020

50/50 Mean difference — 2.06 106.6 96.92

p-value — 1.000 < .001 0.006

60/40 Mean difference — 104.6 94.87

p-value — 0.040 0.063

70/30 Mean difference — -9.68

p-value — 0.424

CtrlMix Mean difference —

p-value —

37
Table 13 shows the differences in water absorption using the Games-Howell post-

hoc test among various composition ratios. Significant mean differences and p-values

were observed for several pairwise comparisons. Notably, the 30/70 composition

exhibited a significant mean difference compared to 40/60 (mean difference = -113, p =

0.030), 50/50 (mean difference = -76.5, p = 0.015), and CtrlMix (mean difference =

20.40, p = 0.013). Additionally, the 40/60 composition showed significant differences

with 60/40 (mean difference = 143.5, p = 0.009) and 50/50 (mean difference = 38.92, p =

0.361).

The study by Vu et al. (2019) examined the possibility of using biomass wood ash

as a partial substitute for cement in wood-cement particle boards. The study tested the

bending strength, stiffness, water absorption, and thermal properties of wood-cement-ash

particleboards (WCAP), which were manufactured with 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%

of wood ash as a partial replacement for cement with wood particles. The results reveal

that water consumption rises as ash content rises, and mechanical qualities slightly

deteriorate as ash content rises up to 30% of replacement.

Given the p-values presented in the table, there is a significant difference between

the commercial blocks and the cement blocks mixed with the alternative reinforcing

agent (wood ash) in terms of water absorption. Yielding a highly significant effect (F(5,

12) = 69.9, p < .001). Therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected. To enhance the

comprehensive understanding of the findings, supplementary information was

incorporated into Table 14.

38
Table 14

Normality Test (Shapiro-Wilk)

W p

Temp_Iso 0.950 0.424

Note. A low p-value suggests a violation of the assumption of normality

Table 14 shows the results of the normality test using Shapiro-Wilk, which

revealed a non-significant p-value of 0.424, suggesting that the data reasonably adheres

to the assumption of a normal distribution. To further intricate the details, table 15 was

created.

Table 15

Homogeneity of Variances Test (Levene's)

F df1 df2 p

Temp_Iso 0.464 5 12 0.796

Table 15 shows the investigation of the impact of different mix ratios on

temperature isolation using one-way ANOVA, revealing a significant overall effect (F(5,

12) = 0.464, p < .001) shown in Table 14. To delve deeper into the findings and add a

more detailed explanation, Table 16 was formulated.

39
Table 16

Homogeneity of Variances Test (Levene's)

F df1 df2 p

Temp_Iso 28.1 5 12 < .001

Table 16 shows the differences in temperature isolation across different

composition ratios. It revealed a significant main effect (F(5, 12) = 28.1, p < .001),

indicating that there are significant differences in mean temperature isolation among the

composition ratios. To elaborate on the findings, Table 17 was created.

Table 17

The Descriptive Pooled Data of the Statistics of Temperature Isolation

Ratio N Mean SD SE

Temp_Iso 30/70 54.3 5.97 3.45 54.3

40/60 41.9 4.18 2.42 41.9

50/50 21.8 6.44 3.72 21.8

60/40 24.3 4.69 2.71 24.3

70/30 62.8 3.52 2.03 62.8

CtrlMix 50.4 6.82 3.94 50.4

40
Table 17 illustrates variations in mean temperature isolation across different

ratios, with the highest mean observed in the 30/70 composition (M = 54.3, SD = 5.97)

and the lowest in the 50/50 composition (M = 21.8, SD = 6.44). To support the findings,

Figure 1.4 was created.

Figure 1.4 PSI

To support Table 17, Figure 1.4 was created, which shows the varied values of the

temperature isolation of different mixing ratios. The temperature varied depending on the

ratio of the blocks. The 70/30 ratio showed an exceptional mean exceeding the standard

mean provided by the Control Mix. To sum up all the data obtained, Table 18 was made.

Table 18

Games-Howell Post-Hoc Test – Water_Abs

30/70 40/60 50/50 60/40 70/30 CtrlMix

30/70 Mean difference — 12.3 32.5 29.93 -8.50 3.87

41
30/70 40/60 50/50 60/40 70/30 CtrlMix

p-value — 0.223 0.018 0.016 0.440 0.965

40/60 Mean difference — 20.1 17.58 -20.84 -8.47

p-value — 0.074 0.048 0.017 0.545

50/50 Mean difference — -2.54 -40.97 -28.60

p-value — 0.989 0.010 0.035

60/40 Mean difference — -38.43 -26.05

p-value — 0.003 0.040

70/30 Mean difference — 12.37

p-value — 0.275

CtrlMix Mean difference —

p-value —

Table 18 shows the specific differences in temperature isolation among various

composition ratios. Significant mean differences and p-values were observed for several

pairwise comparisons. Notably, the 30/70 composition showed a significant mean

difference compared to the 50/50 (mean difference = 32.5, p = 0.018) and 60/40 (mean

difference = 29.93, p = 0.016) compositions. Additionally, the 40/60 composition

exhibited significant differences with the 50/50 (mean difference = 17.58, p = 0.048) and

60/40 (mean difference = -20.84, p = 0.017) compositions.

42
43
The study by Vu et al. (2019) examined the possibility of using biomass wood ash

as a partial substitute for cement in wood-cement particle boards. As the amount of wood

ash grows, the heat capacity also rises, supporting our observed findings.

Given the p-values presented on the table, there is a significant difference

between the commercial blocks and the cement blocks mixed with the alternative

reinforcing agent (wood ash) in terms of temperature isolation, a significant overall effect

(F(5, 12) = 37.9, p < .001). Therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected.

44
CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presented a summary and the conclusions derived from the

conducted experimental investigation of wood ash as reinforcing agent in cementitious

materials. The conclusions were based on the purpose, research questions and results of

the study. The implications of these findings, as well as the recommendations that follow,

was discussed. The recommendations were based on the study's findings and objectives.

3.1 Summary

The study investigates the effectiveness of wood ash as a reinforcing agent in

cement blocks by examining its impact on Tensile Strength, Water Absorption, and

Temperature Isolation Resistance, comparing it to commercial blocks utilizing a quasi-

experimental research design. Wood ash as a reinforcing agent in cementitious materials

was investigated in this study through experiments and tests of tensile strength, water

absorption, and temperature insulation resistance. Five samples with different ratios of

wood ash and cement (50:50, 60:40, 40:60, 70:30, and 30:70) was utilized in this study

using the wood ash collected using the convenience sampling. The data was gathered

through undergoing the samples through various tests, specifically a Tensile tester, which

is known as a Universal Testing Machine (UTM), a water absorption test apparatus, and a

thermal insulation test apparatus. The research results indicate that, in terms of tensile

strength, the 70/30 mixing ratio (70% cement and 30% wood ash) surpasses the Control

Mix baseline for both PSI and MPA, demonstrating its effectiveness; for water

absorption, the 70/30 ratio stands out as the most effective sample with a mean of 111

compared to the
Control Mix mean of 105; and regarding temperature isolation, the 70/30 ratio also

exceeds the Control Mix baseline, showcasing its effectiveness. The analysis of research

question 2 reveals a highly significant difference in means in terms of tensile strength,

water absorption and temperature isolation exist between commercial blocks and those

mixed with wood ash as a reinforcing agent. The statistical analyses confirm the

significance of these differences, providing valuable insights for the practical application

of wood ash as a reinforcing agent in cementitious materials.

3.2 Conclusion

Significant results were obtained from the experimental analysis of wood ash as a

substitute reinforcing ingredient in cementitious materials, answering the study's research

questions. In terms of tensile strength, the 70/30 mixing ratio—70% cement and 30%

wood ash—proved to be the most successful sample, outperforming the Control Mix as a

baseline. In comparison to other ratios and the control mix, this ratio had the highest mean

values for both PSI and MPA, indicating improved tensile strength. Additionally, the

70/30 ratio showed promise in lowering water absorption, as seen by a mean value that

was lower than the Control Mix. When compared to other mixing ratios and the control

mix, the graph and statistical data demonstrate the 70/30 ratio's greater temperature

isolation capacity. Tensile strength, water absorption, and temperature isolation were

found to differ significantly between the commercial blocks and the cement blocks mixed

with wood ash, according to the statistical analysis, which included ANOVA and Tukey

post-hoc tests. Compared to conventional cement blocks, the results indicate that adding

wood ash as an alternative reinforcing agent to cement blocks, especially at a 70/30

mixing ratio, can increase the

42
blocks' tensile strength, water absorption, and temperature isolation. The results of this

study offer important new information about the possible use of wood ash as an efficient

and sustainable addition to cementitious materials.

3.3 Recommendations

Considering the results and conclusions made from the experimental investigation of

wood ash as an alternative reinforcing agent in cementitious materials, the following

recommendations are proposed:

That the construction industry shall allocate funds for the inventive application

of wood ash in building materials and make research and development

investments. That the builders and contractors shall use quality control

measure shall be followed during production to guarantee that cement and wood

ash are mixed precisely and consistently. By doing this, performance differences

can be avoided and the final cementitious materials' intended qualities can be

preserved.

That the consumers and Property owners shall explore the use of wood ash as a

partial substitute for traditional cement.

That the environmental conservation shall utilize the use of wood ash as a

recycled resource to adopt sustainable practices and lessen the impact on the

environment.

That the waste management authorities shall promote environmentally

friendly and economical beneficial use of wood ash and other waste materials in

construction.

43
For future research and academia that wood ash variations shall be utilized to

determine its influence to the result in terms of tensile strength, water absorption

and temperature isolation. Testing different wood ash variations can help

determine which specific type is the most effective.

That the government and regulatory bodies shall promote the use of wood ash

as a sustainable substitute for conventional building materials

44
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Appendix B

Figure 1 and 2: Collection of Wood Dust

Figure 3 and 4: Combustion process of Wood Dust

Figure 5: Measuring water Figure 6: Measuring ash

49
Figure 7: Measuring ash Figure 8: Mixing process

Figure 9: Molding of blocks Figure 10: Compressing of

blocks

Figure 11: Releasing of molded and compressed blocks

50
Figure 11: Drying 50/50, 60/40 Figure 12: Drying 40/60

Figure 13: Drying of 70/30 Figure 14: Transporting

& 30/70 samples

Figure 15: Testing samples

51
Figure 16 and 17: Samples undergoing Compressive test

Figure 18 and 19: Samples after compressive test

Figure 20 and 21: Samples undergoing water absorption test

52
Figure 22 and 23: Samples undergoing temperature isolation

53
Appendix C

54
55
56
57
58
59
Appendix D

CURRICULUM VITAE

Mindanao Mission Academy

The School that Offers Something
Better Poblacion, Manticao, Misamis
Oriental

Name: BAHIAN, ABEGAIL M.

Address: PUNTA SILUM, MANTICAO, MISAMIS

ORIENTAL

Email: [email protected]

Father’s Name: BAHIAN, ELMER E.

Mother’s Name: BAHIAN, CALDELARIA M.

School Graduated:

Elementary School WESTERN WAO PILOT ELEMENTARY SCHOOL (S.Y.

2017-2018)

Junior High School PUNTA SILUM INTEGRATED SCHOOL (S.Y. 2021-2022)

60
CURRICULUM VITAE

Mindanao Mission Academy

The School that Offers Something
Better Poblacion, Manticao, Misamis
Oriental

Name: DELSOCORA, CLIENT P.

Address: PUROK 2, LINANGKAYAN, NAAWAN,

MISAMIS ORIENTAL

Email: [email protected]

Father’s Name: DELSOCORA, LEO L.

Mother’s Name: DELSOCORA, NORMA P.

School Graduated:

Elementary School NAAWAN CENTRAL SCHOOL (S.Y. 2017-2018)

Junior High School MINDANAO MISSION ACADEMY (S.Y. 2021-2022)

61
CURRICULUM VITAE

Mindanao Mission Academy

The School that Offers Something
Better Poblacion, Manticao, Misamis
Oriental

Name: ENECITO, JESSA ROSE M.

Address: P-2, MAHAYAHAY, MANTICAO,

MISAMIS ORIENTAL, 9024

Email: [email protected]

Father’s Name: ENECITO, JECELINDO C. Sr.

Mother’s Name: ENECITO, RUSSEL M.

School Graduated:

Elementary School MAHAYAHAY ELEMENTARY SCHOOL (S.Y. 2017-2018)

Junior High School MAHAYAHAY INTEGRATED SCHOOL (S.Y. 2021-2022)

62
CURRICULUM VITAE

Mindanao Mission Academy

The School that Offers Something
Better Poblacion, Manticao, Misamis
Oriental

Name: GEÑOSO, EDYLLE LOUISE B.

Address: ZONE 10, PUROK 4, UPPER CARMEN,

CAGAYAN DE ORO CITY, MISAMIS ORIENTAL

Email: [email protected]

Father’s Name: GENOSO, EDGAR A.

Mother’s Name: GENOSO, LADELLE B.

School Graduated:

Elementary School GOLDEN BOULEVARD ADVENTIST ELEMENTARY

SCHOOL (S.Y. 2017-2018)

Junior High School MINDANAO MISSION ACADEMY (S.Y. 2021-2022)

63
CURRICULUM VITAE

Mindanao Mission Academy

The School that Offers Something
Better Poblacion, Manticao, Misamis
Oriental

Name: MOLINA, DEANNE SHEKINAH LYN S.

Address: CENTRO BAYANGA, CAGAYAN DE ORO

CITY, 9000

Email: [email protected]

Father’s Name: MOLINA, WENBERT D.

Mother’s Name: MOLINA, LOCILLE LYN S.

School Graduated:

Elementary School MAHALO SCHOOL (S.Y. 2017-2018)

Junior High School MINDANAO MISSION ACADEMY (S.Y. 2021-2022)

64
CURRICULUM VITAE

Mindanao Mission Academy

The School that Offers Something
Better Poblacion, Manticao, Misamis
Oriental

Name: PATLUNAG, JUDY D. Jr.

Address: PUNTA SILUM, MANTICAO, MISAMIS

ORIENTAL, 9024

Email: [email protected]

Father’s Name: PATLUNAG, JUDY B. Sr.

Mother’s Name: PATLUNAG, MARCHIELYN D.

School Graduated:

Elementary School PUNTA SILUM INTEGRATED SCHOOL (S.Y. 2017-2018)

Junior High School MANTICAO NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL (S.Y. 2021-2022)

65
CURRICULUM VITAE

Mindanao Mission Academy

The School that Offers Something
Better Poblacion, Manticao, Misamis
Oriental

Name: REY, JOSHER AL DANIEL M.

Address: PAPAYA STREET, BARANGAY

SANTIAGO, ILIGAN CITY, LANAO DEL

NORTE

Email: [email protected]

Father’s Name: REY, SHERIDAN R.

Mother’s Name: REY, JOSEPHINE M.

School Graduated:

Elementary School ILIGAN CITY ADVENTIST ELEMENTARY SCHOOL

(S.Y. 2017-2018)

Junior High School MINDANAO MISSION ACADEMY (S.Y. 2021-2022)

66
CURRICULUM VITAE

Mindanao Mission Academy

The School that Offers Something
Better Poblacion, Manticao, Misamis
Oriental

Name: UDANG, JOENELL PAUL S.

Address: XAVIER ECOVILLE, LUMBIA,

CAGAYAN DE ORO CITY, 9000

Email: [email protected]

Father’s Name: UDANG, JOELIEN S.

Mother’s Name: UDANG, MARY JANELLE

School Graduated:

Elementary School LUMBIA CENTRAL SCHOOL ( S.Y. 2017-2018)

Junior High School LUMBIA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL ( S.Y. 2021-2022)

67