FOUNDATION UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

HISTORY 103F

ARREST, TRIAL, & EXECUTION

SUBMITED TOO:
MR. MICK IAN M. CORNELIA

SUBMITED BY:
NICOS MIGUEL G. SOMOZA
KEN RUSSELL ILAGAN
MELROSE BUSAYONG
JAMAICAH OCAY TUMAPON
JP PINERO
CHARIEZ TURTOR ELENTORIO
NINA ALYSSA ASHLEY TAMBAJUYOT
ANTHONY ZECFT LIRAZAN
JASMINE AROGANTE
MARCH 29, 2024
FOUNDATION UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete City College of Arts and Sciences
History 102_ (Reading in the Philippine History)
ORAL PRESENTATION RUBRIC

DIMENSIONS CONTENT POINTS

Introduction  Contained a complete and well-organized overview (10)
statement.
Completeness  Addressed all required report elements. (10)
Organization  Well organized. (10)
 Moved from general topics to specific.
Participation  Had everyone equally share in the presentation - each (10)
with his or her own role
Speaking Skills  Gave detailed explanations. (10)
 Easy to understand.
 Had presenters who maintained eye contact with the
audience.
Visual Aids  Contained visual aids that help the audience (10)
understand.
 Visual had a neat and professional appearance.
Questions and  Had team members all of whom could clearly and (10)
Answers accurately answer questions.
TOTAL POINTS (70)
SCORE RATING SCALE GROUP 2: ARREST,
TRIAL, & EXECUTION
9-10 5 – Excellent
7-8 4 – Very Satisfactory Members:
5-6 3 – Satisfactory
3-4 2 – Unsatisfactory AROGANTE, JASMINE
1-2 1 – Needs Improvement BUSAYONG, MELROSE
CATEQUISTA, SHEENA
ELENTORIO, CHARIEZ
ILAGAN, KEN RUSSEL
LIRAZAN, ANTHONY
ZECFT
PIÑERO, JP
SOMOZA, NICOS
MIGUEL
TAMBAJUYOT, NIÑA
TUMAPON, JAMAICAH
M
CHAPTER 23
LAST TRIP ABROAD
No longer an exile, Rizal had a pleasant trip from Dapitan to Manila, with delightful
stopovers in Dumaguete, Cebu, Iloilo, Capiz, and Romblon. He missed the regular steamer Isla
de Luzon, which sailed to Spain the day before he arrived in Manila Bay. While waiting for the
next ship for Spain, he was kept as a “guest” on board the Spanish cruiser Castilla. Meanwhile,
on August 26, 1896, Andres Bonifacio and the Katipunan raised the cry of revolution in the hills
of Balintawak, a few miles north of Manila. Rizal, worried about the raging hostilities, left for
Spain on the steamer Isla de Panay on September 3, 1896. It was his last trip abroad.
From Dapitan to Manila. Leaving Dapitan at midnight, July 31, 1896, the Espana, with
Rizal and party on board, sailed northward. At dawn the next day (Saturday, August 1), it
anchored at Dumaguete, capital of Negros Oriental.
In Dumaguete, Rizal visited a friend and former classmates, Herrero Regidor, who was
the judge of the province. He also visited other friends, including the Periquet and Rufina
families. In the afternoon he operated on a Spanish captain of the Guardia Civil.
The Espana left Dumaguete about 1:00 p.m. and reached Cebu the following morning.
Rizal was fascinated by the entrance to Cebu which he considered “beautiful”. At the house of
attorney Mateos he met an old couple whom he had known in Madrid. “In Cebu”, he wrote in his
diary, “I did two operations of strabotomy, one operation on the ears, and another of tumor”.
In the morning of Monday August 3, Rizal left Cebu going to Iloilo.
Rizal landed at Iloilo, went shopping in the city, and visited Molo.
From Iloilo, Rizal’s ship sailed to Capiz. After a brief stopover, it proceeded towards
Manila via Romblon.
Rizal Misses Ship Going to Spain. The Espana arrived in Manila Bay early in the
morning of Thursday, August 6, 1896. Unfortunately, Rizal was not able to catch the mail ship
Isla de Luzon for Spain because it had departed the previous day at 5:00 p.m.

Near midnight of the same day, August 6, Rizal was transferred to the Spanish cruiser
Castilla, by order of Governor General Ramon Blanco. He was given good accommodation by
the gallant captain, Enrique Santalo, who told him that he was not a prisoner, but a guest
detained on board “in order to avoid difficulties from friends and enemies”.
Rizal’s Voyage summary

Dapitan  Dumaguete  Cebu  Iloilo  Capiz  Manila  Romblon

Rizal stayed in the Cruiser (Castillia) for about a Month from August 6 to September 2,
1896, because he is waiting for the availability of a Spain-bound steamer.

On the fateful evening of August 19, 1896, while Rizal was patiently waiting within the
confines of the Cruiser (Castilla) the Katipunan plot to overthrow Spanish rule by means of
revolution was discovered by Fray Mariano Gil, Augustinian cura of Tondo. This starting
ioncident struck terror into the hearts of the Spanish officials and residents, producing a hysteria
of vindictive retaliation against the Filipino patriots.
The tumult produced by the discovery of the Katipunan plot was aggravated by the “Cry
of Balintawak” which was raised by Bonifacio and his valiant Katipuneros on August 26, 1896.
At sunrise of August 30, the revolutionists led by Bonifacio and Jacinto attacked San Juan, near
the city of Manila, but they were repulsed with heavy losses. In the afternoon, after the Battle of
San Juan, Governor General Blanco proclaimed a state of war in the first eight provinces for
raising in arms against Spain –Manila (as a province), Bulacan, Cavite, Batangas, Laguna,
Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, and Tarlac.

Rizal learned of the eruption of the revolution and the raging battles around Manila
through the newspapers he read on the Castilla. He was worried for two reasons: (1) the violent
revolution which he sincerely believed to be premature and would only cause much
suffering and terrible loss of human lives and property, had started and (2) it would arouse
Spanish vengeance against all Filipino patriots.
Departure for Spain. On August 30, 1896, the day when the state of war was proclaimed
in the eight provinces, Rizal received from Governor General Blanco two letters of introduction
for the Minister of War and the Minister of Colonies, with a covering letter which absolved him
from all blame for the raging revolution, as follows:
Mr. Jose Rizal
My Dear Sir:
Enclosed are two letters for the Ministers of War and Colonies which I think will be
well received.
I have no doubt that you will justify me before the Government by your future behavior
not only for your word of honor but because the present happening must have shown you
palpably that certain actions which are the product of foolish ideas yield no other result but
hatred, destruction, tears, and blood.
May you be very happy is the wish of your attentive servant who kisses your hand,
Ramon Blanco

The two letters of introduction were identical. The one addressed to General Marcelo de
Azcarraga, Minister of War, was written as follows:
Most Excellent Marcelo de Azcarraga
My esteemed General and distinguished friend, I recommend to you with genuine interest
Dr. Jose Rizal who is departing for the Peninsula at the disposal of the Government, ever
desirous of rendering his services as physician to the Army in Cuba.
His conduct during his four years that he was in exile in Dapitan has been exemplary and
he is, in my opinion, the more worthy of pardon and benevolence as he is in no way involved
either in the criminal attempt that we are lamenting these days or in any conspiracy or secret
society that they have been plotting.
With this object I have the pleasure to remain,
Your most affectionate friend
and colleague who kisses your hand.
On September 2, 1896, the day before this departure for Spain, Rizal, on board the
Castilla, wrote to his mother, as follows:
My Dearest Mother,
As I promised, I am addressing you a few lines before leaving, to let you know about
the condition of my health.
I am well, thank God; I am only concerned as to what will happen or shall have
happened to you in these days of upheaval and disorder. God will that my old father may not
have any disposition.
I shall write to you from the places where the boat stops; I expect to be in Madrid or at
least in Barcelona at the end of this month.
Do not worry about anything; we are all in the hands of Divine Providence. Not all those who go
to Cuba die, and in the end one has to die; at least die doing something
good.
Take good care of yourself and take care of my old father so that we shall see each other
again. Many regards for my brothers, sisters, nephews and nieces, aunts, etc., etc. I leave
contented, confident that as long as you are alive the family will remain united, and the old
intimacy will reign in it. You two are the bond that unites all of us.
With nothing more, my very dear mother, I kiss your hand and that of my father with all
the affection and love that my heart is capable of giving; give me your blessings of which I am in
much need.
A fond embrace for everyone of my sisters; may they love one another just as I love all of them.
Your son, Jose
At 6:00 p.m., September 2, Rizal was transferred to the steamer Isla de Panay which was
sailing for Barcelona, Spain. The next morning, September 3, this steamer left Manila Bay. At
last, Rizal’s last trip to Spain began. Among his fellow passengers on board were Don Pedro
Roxas (rich Manila creole industrialist and his friend) and his son named Periquin

Don Pedro Roxas advised Rizal to stay behind too and take advantage of the protection of
the British law. Rizal did not heed his advice. Several Filipino residents of Singapore, headed by
Don Manuel Camus, boarded the steamer, urging him to stay in Singapore to save his life. He
also ignored their appeal because he had given his word of honor to Governor General Blanco
and he did not like to break it.

NOTE: In the letter of Governor General Blanco, he wanted Rizal to be a physician in the war in
Cuba, that’s why he didn’t listen to Don Pedro Roxas because Rizal Gave his word to Blanco.

Victims of Spanish Duplicity. By refusing to break his word of honor in Singapore, Rizal sealed
his own doom. For without his knowledge, Governor General Blanco was secretly conspiring
with the Ministers of War and the Colonies (ultramar) for his destruction.

The truth of the matter, as now substantiated by the declassified documents in the
Ministries of War and the Colonies, was that Blanco was his implacable foe, who regarded him
as a “dangerous Filipino” who was responsible for the raging Philippine Revolution, and
therefore plotted his doom. Rizal was unaware that since his departure from Manila Bay on his
way to Spain, Blanco and the Ministers of War and the Colonies were exchanging coded
telegrams and confidential messages for his arrest upon reaching Barcelona and that he was a
deportee and was being secretly kept under surveillance.

Rizal Arrested Before Reaching Barcelona. The Isla de Panay, with Rizal on board, left
Singapore at 1:00 p.m., September 8. Unaware of the Spanish duplicity, particularly of
Governor General Blanco’s infernal deceit, he happily continued the voyage towards Barcelona.
On September 25, he saw the steamer Isla de Luzon, leaving the Suez Canal, crammed
with Spanish troops. Two days later (Sunday, September 27) he heard from the passengers that a
telegram arrived from Manila reporting the execution of Francisco Roxas, Genato, and Osorio.
On September 28, a day after the steamer had left Port Said (Mediterranean terminus of
the Suez Canal), a passenger told Rizal the bad news that he would be arrested by order of
Governor General Blanco and would be sent to prison in Ceuta (Spanish Morocco), opposite
Gibraltar.

Shocked by the alarming news, Rizal belatedly realized that he was duped by the
unscrupulous Spanish officials, particularly the sly Governor General Blanco. With an agonizing
heart, he immediately wrote a letter to his best friend, Blumentritt, unburdening his disgust and
bitterness.
On September 29, Rizal wrote in his travel diary: “There are people on board who do
nothing but slander to become a legendary personage.”

The following day (September 30), at 4:00 p.m., he was officially notified by Captain
Alemany that he stay in his cabin until further orders from Manila. He graciously complied with
the captain’s directive.

Arrival in Barcelona as a Prisoner. About 6:25 p.m., September 30, the steamer
anchored at Malta. Being confined to his cabin, Rizal was not able to visit the famous island
fortress of the Christian crusaders.

On October 3, at 10:00 o’clock in the morning, the Isala de Panay arrived in

Barcelona, with Rizal a prisoner on board. The trip from Manila to Barcelona lasted exactly 30
days. He was kept under heavy guard in his cabin for three days. His jailor was no longer the
ship captain but the Military Commander of Barcelona, who happened to be General Eulogio
Despujol, the same one who ordered his banishment to Dapitan in July, 1892. It was one of those
coincidences in the lives of men that make “history stranger than fiction.”

On his second day in Barcelona, Rizal, although held incommunicado in his cabin,
noticed the city celebration of the feast of St. Francis of Assisi. And from his cabin/cell he
listened to all the commotion and the joys of the people celebrating the Feast

At 3:00 a.m. on October 6, Rizal was awakened by the guards and escorted to the grim
and infamous prison-fortress named Monjuich. He spent the whole morning in a cell. About 2:00
in the afternoon, he was taken out of prison by the guards and brought to the headquarters of
General Despujol. In the interview, which lasted a quarter in an hour, the brusque general told
Rizal that he would be shipped back to Manila on board the transport ship Colon which was
leaving that evening.

After the interview, Rizal was taken aboard the Colon, which was “full of soldiers and
officers and their families.” At 8:00 p.m., October 6, the ship left Barcelona, with Rizal on board.
CHAPTER 24
THE TRIAL OF RIZAL

The trial of Rizal showed clear Spanish injustice. He was tried by a military court of
foreign officers who had already decided he was guilty. The court didn't seek justicebut
aimed to accuse and condemn him. Rizal couldn't face his accusers in court, a basicright in a fair
trial. On December 26, 1896, at 8:00 a.m., Rizal's trial began at the Cuartel de España.
Sevenmilitary officers, including Lt. Col. Jose Togores Arjona, sat at a table on an
elevatedplatform. Rizal, his defense counsel Lt. Taviel de Andrade, and others were present.
Rizal, tied up like a common criminal, remained composed. The trial opened with Judge
Advocate Dominguez explaining the case, followedbyalengthy speech from the Prosecuting
Attorney Alcocer urging the court to sentenceRizal to death. Spanish spectators applauded
Alcocer's request. Defense Counsel Taviel de Andrade then presented Rizal's defense,
concludingwithaplea for justice. However, his plea was ignored by the vindictive and unjust
Spanishofficers. Rizal was given a chance to speak and presented a supplementary defense he
hadwritten in his cell, outlining twelve points to prove his innocence. 1. He could not be guilty of
rebellion, for he advised Dr. Pio Valenzuela in Dapitannot torise in revolution. 2. He did not
correspond with the radical, revolutionary elements. 3. The revolutionist used his name without
his knowledge. If he were guilty he couldhave escaped in Singapore. 4. If he had a hand in the
revolution, he could have built a home, a hospital, andbought
lands in Dapitan. 5. If he were the chief of the revolution, why was he not consulted by the
revolutionist. 6. It was true he wrote the by-laws of the Liga Filipina, but this is only civic
association–not a revolutionary society. 7. The Liga Filipina did not live long, for after the first
meeting he was banishedtoDapitan and it died out. 8. If the Liga was reorganized nine months
later, he did not know about it. 9. The Liga did not serve the purpose of the revolutionist,
otherwise they wouldnot
have supplanted it with the Katipunan. 10. If it were true that there were some bitter comments in
Rizal’s letters, it wasbecause they were written in 1890 when his family was being persecuted,
beingdispossessed of houses, warehouse, lands, etc. and his brother and all his brothers-inlaw
deported. 11. His life in Dapitan had been exemplary as the politico-military commanders
andmissionary priest could attest. 12. It was not true that the revolution was inspired by his one
speech at the houseof
Doroteo Ongjunco, as alleged by witnesses whom he would like to confront. Hisfriendsknew his
opposition to armed rebellion. Why did the Katipunan send an emissary toDapitan who was
unknown to him? Because those who knew himwere aware that hewould vever sanction any
violent movement. Despite Rizal's pleas, the biased military court remained unmoved. Lt. Col.
TogoresArjona, the president of the court, declared the trial over and ordered everyone toleave.
Shortly after, the court unanimously decided on the death sentence for Rizal. On the same day,
December 26th, the court's decision was sent to Governor General
Polavieja. He asked Judge Advocate General Nicolas de la Pena for his opinion, andPena
affirmed the death verdict. Polavieja Signs Rizal's Executions: On December 28th, Polavieja
approved the court- martial's decision and ordered Rizal to be executed by firing squad at 7:00
a.m. onDecember 30th at Bagumbayan Field (Luneta). Manila, December 28, 1896:
Conformably to the foregoing opinion. I approve the sentence dictated by the Court
Martial in the present case, by virtue of which the death penalty is imposed on theaccused Jose
Rizal Mercado, which shall be executed by shooting himat 7:00o’clockinthe morning of the 30th
of this month in the field of Bagumbayan. For complianceandthe rest that may correspond, let
this be returned to the Judge Advocate, CaptainDonRafael Dominguez. Camilo G. de
PolaviejaGovernor General Polavieja forever earned the hatred of the Filipino people for
signingthe document that led to Dr. Rizal's execution. He and other Spanish officials
involvedinRizal's death will always be seen as hated villains in Philippine history.
CHAPTER 25
MARTYRDOM AT BAGUMBAYAN

After hearing the court's ruling, Rizal already understood that his fate could not be
altered; he had come to terms with the fact that he would die. In his final 24 hours on the planet,
starting at 6:00 A.M. December 29, 1896, until December 30, 6:00 A.M. While he was busy
receiving visitors—Jesuit priests, Josephine Bracken and her family, a Spanish newspaper
journalist, a few friends, and others—he was also covertly completing his goodbye poetry.
Immediately after, Rizal was moved to the prison chapel. While in the chapel, Rizal occupied
himself with writing letters to his loved ones, saying goodbye to everyone, and having
conversations with his Jesuit priest companions.

December 29, 1869

Captain Rafael Rodriguez read Rizal’s death sentence, he will be shot at the back firing squad at
7:00 A.M in Bagumbayan (Luneta).
Rizal was moved to prison chapel where he spent his last moments. His first visitors were jesuit
priest
Rizal reminded Fr. Luis Viza the statuette of sacred heart of Jesus whom he carved as a student in
ateneo.
Rizal had a breakfast with Fr. Antonio Rosell, his attorney and Lt. Luiz Traviel de Andrade came.
Fr. Frederico Faura arrived. Rizal reminded priest of his earlier prophecy’ about Rizal
More Jesuit priest had visited him. After then, he was interviewed by Santiago Mataix for
newspaper El Heraldo de Madrid.
Rizal was left alone in his cell. He took his lunch and continued writing his farewell poem which
he hid in an alcohol cooking stove, He also wrote to Blumentritt.
Rizals Mother visited him. They had a very emotional encounter. Rizal gave the alcohol cooking
stove to Trinidad which contains his farewell poem. Several priests have visited him afterwards.
Father Vicente Balaguer returned to his cell and discussed with Rizal his retraction letter.
The draft of the retraction letter sent by the anti-Filipino Archbishop Bernardino Nozaleda was
given by Fr. Balaguer to Rizal for his signature. Which he rejected.
He wrote two letters, for his family and for his older brother Paciano.
December 30, 1896
Josephine Bracken Arrived together with Rizal’s sister Josefa, with tears in her eyes, bade him
farewell. Rizal embraced her for the last time, and before she left, Rizal gave her a last gift- a
religious book, Imitation of Christ by Father Thomas Kempis.
As the soldiers were getting ready for death march to Bagumbayan, Rizal wrote his last letter to
his beloved parents.
At about 6:30 A.M a trumpet sounded at fort Santiago, a signal to begin the death march to
Bagumbayan.
Rizal walked calmly with his defense counsel and two Jesuit priests at his sides.
Rizal was dressed elegantly in a black suit, black derby hat, black shoes, white shirt, and black
tie. His arms were tied behind from elbow to elbow, but the rope was quite loose to give his
arms freedom of movement.
There were a lot of spectators lining the street from Fort Santiago to Bagumbayan.
As he was going through the narrow Postigo gate, Rizal looked at the sky and said to one of the
priests: “How beautiful it is today, Father. What morning could be more serene! How clear is
Corregidor and the mountains of Cavite! On mornings like this, I used to take a walk with my
sweetheart”.
While passing in front of the Ateneo, he saw the college towers above the walls. He asked: “Is
that the Ateneo, Father?” Yes”, replies the priest.
As a spanish military physician, Dr. Felipe Ruiz Castillo, asked his permission to feel his pulse.
He was amazed to find it normal, showing that Jose Rizal was not afraid to die.
The death ruffles of the drum filled the air. Above the drum beats, the sharp command “fire” was
heard and the guns firing squad barked. Rizal, with supreme effort, turned his bullet-riddled body
to the right, and fell to ground dead- with face upward facing the morning sun. it was exactly
7:03 in the morning- age 35 years, 5 months and 11 days.
An interesting note: fourteen years before his execution, Rizal predicted that he would die on
December 30th.
January 1, 1883.
Two nights ago, that is 30 December, I had a frightful nightmare when I almost died. I dreamed
that, imitating an actor dying on stage, I felt vividly that my breath was failing and I was rapidly
losing my strength. Then my vision became dim and dense darkness enveloped me –they are the
pangs of death.
Aftermath of the heroes death, friar (Jesuits not included), corrupt officials, exulted with sadistic
joy, for Rizal was gone. immediately after the hero’s execution the Spanish spectators shouted
“Viva Espana!” “Muerte a los Traidores”, (“Long Live Spain! “Death to the Traitors!”) and the
Spanish Military Band, joining the jubilance over Rizal’s death, played the gay Marcha de Cadiz.

ASSESSMENT
1. These were the places Rizal stopped over during his journey to Spain except one.
A. Dumaguete
B. Cagayan - Answer
C. Iloilo

2. These were the places that Governor General Blanco proclaimed a state of war except one.
A. Bulacan
B. Cavite
C. Puerto Princesa – Answer

3. The tumult produced by the discovery of the Katipunan plot was aggravated by
the____________?
A. Cry of Balintawak – Answer
B. Cry of Balintowak
C. Cry of Balintawik

4. On August 6, Rizal was transferred to the Spanish cruiser Castilla, by order of Governor
General _____________.
A. Roxas Quezon
B. Ramon Blanco – Answer
C. Marcelo de Azcarraga

5. Rizal learned of the eruption of the revolution and the raging battles around Manila through
the newspapers he read on the Castilla. He was worried for two reasons except one.
A. The violent revolution which he sincerely believed to be premature and would only cause
much suffering and terrible loss of human lives and property, had started.
B. It would arouse Spanish vengeance against all Filipino patriots.
C. He is afraid that the Americans may see an opportunity to overpower the Spaniards and
become the new colonizers of the Philippines. – Answer

6. What was the setting for Rizal's trial?

a) A civilian court
b) A military court
c) A church
d) A school

7. Who was the President of the military court during Rizal's trial?
a) Lt. Taviel de Andrade
b) Capt. Rafael Dominguez
c) Lt. Col. Jose Togores Arjona

8. Who gave a lengthy speech urging the court to sentence Rizal to death?
a) Judge Advocate Dominguez
b) Lt. Col. Jose Togores Arjona
c) Capt. Ricardo Munoz
d) Prosecuting Attorney Alcocer

9. What was the final decision of the military court regarding Rizal's fate?
a) Life imprisonment
b) Exile
c) Death sentence
d) Acquittal

10. Who served as Rizal's defense counsel during his trial?

a) Lt. Taviel de Andrade
b) Capt. Rafael Dominguez
c) Atty. Marcelo H. del Pilar- Answer
d) Lt. Col. Jose Togores Arjona

TRUE or FALSE
11. Dumaguete was one of the places Rizal stopped over during his journey to Spain.
True - Answer
False
12. Puerto Princesa was one of the places that Governor General Blanco proclaimed a state of
war.
True
False –Answer

13. Governor General Ramon Blanco betrayed/duped Rizal.

True - Answer
False

14. The tumult produced by the discovery of the Katipunan plot was aggravated by the Cry of
Balentawak.
True
False – Answer

15. Rizal stayed in the Cruiser (Castillia) for about a Month from August 6 to September 2,
1896, because he is waiting for the availability of a Spain-bound steamer.
True – Answer
False

16. Rizal was given a fair trial by the military court.

True
False- Answer

17. Rizal's defense counsel, Taviel de Andrade, successfully convinced the court toacquitRizal.
True
False- Answer

18. Rizal was allowed to confront his accusers during the trial.
True
False- Answer

19. The military court unanimously voted against the death sentence for Rizal.
True
False- Answer

20. Governor General Polavieja was praised by the Filipino people for his decision regarding
Rizal's fate.
True
False- Answer
21-30.
Essay Question : (10 pts)
Describe the events and interactions during Rizal’s final 24 hours leading up to his martyrdom at
Bagumbayan.

ANSWER KEY
1. A.
2. C.
3. A
4. B
5. C.
6. B
7. C
8. D
9. C
10. C
11. True
12. False
13. True
14. False
15. True
16. False
17. False
18. False
19. False
20. False