7/sound

e hear different types of sounds around us. Sonie

: . Terms related to a sound

wave
• Loudness or intensity of a
W of them are produced by living beings and soni
are produced by non-living things. But, all thes:
soun ds we h ear are
different from one another.
I I
sound ut, wh at makes these sounds different from one anoth
B er~
• Pitch of a sound
,vr.e know that sound travels
we
• Quality of sound or timbre in the form of waves forming a
• Music and noise series of compressions and
• Musical instruments (wind, rarefactions (Fig. 7.1).
stringed and percussion) Each sound we hear is a
• Monotone unique combination of three compression - rarefaction

: • Units of loudness in , h · t" which are

( decibels
·. -------·· g-~
(' ,.., J
:

_7[
1
c aractens !CS,
0o:dn:. or int~~!Y
an q 1ty or am re.
~c,
•

t:::s
the
Fig. 7.1 I Propagation of sound .

r~~;~:~~~sions f~~~ in

~ go through some of e terms related to sound first before

proceeding to study about the characteristics of sound.

Terms related to a sound wave WAVELENGTH : It is the distance between two consecutive
compressions or rarefactions. This distance is the same as
~ MPLITUDE: The maximum displacement of the distance between two successive crests or troughs.
a wave on either stde of I~ mear:1 position is It is denoted by the Greek letter lambda 0\,),
·.known as its amplJtud~ t.~
crest (the point
of maximum
compression)
A amplitude

t
{ nME PERIOD: Time period of
a wave is the time taken by it
! OSCILLATl0N: One complete to-and-fro to complete one osciHation.
, (l'!Qtlon of ~n object/partide about its ~ It is denoted by T, and is

J ,r...J
/ "mean position is knQ\'(11 as one temj>lete ,,,~ measured in seconds,
vibration cycle or one oscillation. it
· distance ➔
one oscillation
trough (th~ point of
maximum rarefaction)

f
•
0
z FR~QUENCY: Frequency of a wave is the number of oscillations completed by it in one second.
::>
0
VI fl It• denoted by/, and••"""• hert, o, HL Mathematlcally, / . _,; ) f 'l.,-
' - - -- - - - - - ~ - - - -- --··/
• f i J. J / / t.l V /
r . -, ~ fl J." ,,J_
5 or intensity of a sound
does. cbarafterau l • f ,
, 01,1 9
ac o sound whicll dJstmg ui~h I 'I
"' es5 ,.s same frt - es
[Link] UJld from a loud one of the
d energy l'e\.--eived by n , (fUcn c~ It

tfV\-P:
.. ...1,Jt so
• ~·
' a,11 oU1 1r of soun , unit ~ r a,c.,
iS rhC r,LouJn~~ of a soun d depe nds on its arnpl ll l C,1 igher
fl't' ;;..-- .- d . h
st'-,> ~ r ude, lou er 1s t e soun d (Fig. 7.2) . As t le amplirudc
aJlW'' r rel d •
i t 1" l-1
,-~, nd
ch( •. directly ate to the energy ir car rics-, we can sa
o. Higher 11rnplltvde - lu1.1d sou
• w•J'f-e is .
ot .a rer rhc energy earned by a wave , loude r is ch dy
ttiat g~J e soun
roJucedd· cSS ot_a sound .increases with an incre . h
p \ • - ase m ! e
r..ou, n · - .- . d nd
\._.....-::f he vibraong ~ody.1Thus , a large drum - WI 11- pro uce q b. Lower amplltude - soft sou
all /.
are,1 o t
sound than a sm drum ( Loud ness of d al ~ Fig. 7.2 I The loudne ss of a sound
-a 10u,der
~ . . \....... _ a soun so
depends on its amplltude.
er and
l a11 -2•
. cre-JSfS ,'dth decrease m the d1stan ~ berween the futen
L;f~
che S()Ul"~·
a. sound of the same frequency heard at a
di . ce wtll be louder than when it is heard from a
~rer distance. .Ca &1...~f [A J
f r: {fi,(.;l1V
J sif '(""r Sr;w d .
:, 5ome ocher Factors bn which- the loudrfess of a sound
depend are armosph~r~ ~~ r~~~ and pressure, veloci~
~vi nd »id the amount of momure present ln_ the
1air,
anz.i1J_\,___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _Wvv
/

its amplitude
:' Aim: To show that loudness of a sound depends on
/ Materials required: A metal tumbler, a tablespoon,
a string and a thermocol ball
: Procedure: '

i STEP,. Place the metal tumbler on a table. Tie the

thermocol
ball to the string and suspend it such that it touches
the rim of the tumbler.
i STEP 2. Strike the side of the tumbler with the tables
poon
, very gently. Is the sound loud or feeble? Also,
'
/ observe how far the ball goes. This will give '
a measure of its amplitude.
i STEP 3. Now, strike the side of the tumb
ler with the
tablespoon with more force. Is the sound louder
than that in Step 2? Is the displacement of the Fig. 7.3
ball greater or smaller than that in Step 2?
is struck with the tablespoon gently is
Observation: The sound produced when the tumbler
over, the displacement of the ball is greater
feebler than when it is struck with more force. More V\
0
.
in the case when the tumbler is struck with more force
C
z

•
0
amplitude of the vibrating body.
._Conclusion: Loudness increases with increase in the -
._ .,.;;;i;;=-- ca::
------- -- -- ---- --- - -- -- --- - - -- - - --- - -- - - - - - - - - - -
wc:c -- --
:::
- - - ---- - - - - ---- - - - - ---- - ---- - - - - - - ---- - -- - ----- - -
- - - ------
~ •co ~ •" ~ n-h~-u.._,~
--- --- -- --, ( Pitch of a sound o,,.
~
; _..,,;:.. : 1c' ~e characteristic of sound that diffi ~
d ~ •✓ft is the pitch of a sound i ~ d om a oarse soun 1s call d . "'\ a sL . \
fr h d . erentia tes
"": t hat makes it shrill or hoarse. :: soun . ~ p1tciy 1h '-ltiJJ
; - ~ ~ch
i s~und depen ds o.g. Its freque ncy.•A sound
i Higher the pitch, shriller is ~r the . h w·1th a·,Lof
ve
· h. h · h
fregu enq has a 1g p;tc -~Bighe :--;._~
:· th e soun •
d
- - p1tc h 11i"L"
________ _
--------;f~-,------ sound. A woman's voice has a higher pitch-and -'.s riHer -~l'.
1et
.. ..,. - "'- - - - •~ · --., tfi
1
~ thereri...e
shriller than a man's voice. Similarly, the
h h th f sound of Gte
t /-~
V\ A /\ I ----h-
a hig er pitc t an ~to_ a 4rum.
.
a Whist],
e ~~'
V V ➔) But then, what is the difference betwe en Pitch
/ frequency? You know that sound travels in t he for and
. .
a. Lower frequency - flatter sound compress10ns and rarefacnons. The numb er of rn of
. h . . rarefac .
compress10ns t at pass a pomt m one second 1s . tions
tb (\ (\ (\ (\ frequency of the sound wave.
-
._,
term d or
e as the

I\TVV\l_. When a large numb er of compressions or rarefactio

ns Per
b. Higher frequency - shriller sound
second or a sound of greater frequency reaches O
. d h. h . h b your ears. Howeve h , .rt y ur ears
. I h . h f d is percei ve as 1g p1tc y _ r, w en I
__ .
F,g. 7.4 T e p1tc o a soun per seco d ess
• numb er of compress10n s or rarefa ctions
depends on its frequency. . n ora
~ 11
wave of lower frequency reaches your ears , it is p erce1ved . sound
, \"f::.Y\'
.
,
~ ' as
· )) : low
t,, pitch by your ear~.
/ L-.., . h. h . f of a
C

rJ I'\/4" ,t ' \ Hence, prtc rs t e sensat10n o rrequency

- sound w
- ave
\ , l rt-- \ on your ears._
(\ - L~ us do Activity 2 to unders tand this.

l;t4fl!I® l 2
f Aim: To show that pitch of a sound increases with increase in
frequency
! Materials required: A bicycle and a stiff paper card
:' Procedure: Place the bicycle on its stand. Hold the card
! against the sp0kes of the rear wheel, and set the wheel
! in motion by turning the pedal gently with your hand.
/ What do you observe? Now, increase the speed of rotation
/ of the whee/. Do you notice any change in the pitch of the
:' sound?
: Observation: When the wheel was set in motion ge ntly.
j a sound of low pitch was heard as the card hits
against the
j spokes of the rotating whee/.
j However, as the speed of rotation of wheel
(or, in other
Fig. 7.5 / Pitch of so und increases
: words, its frequency, which is the number of tim es the with increase in frequency.
/ card hits against the spokes of the wheel) increas es,
0
z
::, : the sound becomes more shrill.
freque ncy.
\_Conclusion: The pitch of a sound increases with the increa se in its
0

•
1/l
►9 ~
.· ualitY of sound or_timbr_e . .
9 qua.it_.-ty of sound or tunbre dtstmgu shcs two not,es, of
, 'Jhe 1 1
\ 0
' ~ .w1e pitch (or frequen cy) .uuflou dncss (or amplitud e) i
th e s · sound produce d
merent bod"tes.~C ons1·d er the
.,...duced by d·«
.,ro . 1 • •
r --- d'ifferent mus1ca tnstr. 1menrs, _for exa mple a bon go
b rwo . . ,
yd , <niirar ~1thQbthe sa me pitch (or h_·equency) and loudness
an a O • harm onics
. plicude). ~ two mstrum ents wi ll still produce quite
(or ,1Dl h
. . ct sounds. This appens because a sound wave also has a
d1st1 11
~~
. pattern of secondary waves called harmonics\ No two
. l instruments can have the same harmonics. This is why
musica
- , ..
iry 0 f the sounds produced by two instruments are Fig. 7.6 I Harmonics determin e
the qu al the quality of sound .
~ways distinct.

~!iZ~rl:I!----·~-~.;:,.u.!;·_~ --------- --------- --------- --- --- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- · · · -.
/
A. Fill in the blanks. ,-.:._/

1. The time taken by a wave to complete one oscillation is called it~ IJf'I
€
_,.,-,

I re~ 0'.::-t :
Loudness of a sound decreases with \r·O tf~)( in its amplitude.
!

~
2

3: A shrill
voice has \'°'\ \e(\.. frequency.

4. The -~ b1t distinguishes the sounds of a guitar and a bongo with the same pitch
and loudness.

: B. An7r the followin g.

! '.,yr6'me three factors on which loudness of a sound depend.
.,

Which of the two will have a higher pitch - the sound of a w' tle or that of a drum?
i 2.

~ i s pitch differen t from the frequency?

! ~ a t do you underst and by quality of sound or timbre?

Music and noise

~ome sounds are pleasant to our ears, whereas some
are unpleasant. For example, the sound of a violin is
pleasant, 6-ut the sound of traffic is not.. A sound that
has a_pleasing ~ensation on our ears is called music. .
·Musical sounds, such as that of a guitar or a drull!,_
.E!oduce pleasing sounds due to regular vibrati ons. a. A musical sound b. A noisy sound

G 0

tq sound unpleasant to our ears is ~alled noise. Norse Fig. 7.7 I Waveforms of a
is produced by irregular vibrations. Sounds of traffic musical and a noisy sound

and voices of people in a crowd are examples of noise.

V,
0
C
z

•
The differences between musical sound and noise 0

are given in Table 7.1.

. -r, , . ) J J (,. I I - • •

Tablt 7, i Differenc es between musical sound

and noise

: Some people suffer from the

. fear of music, which Is known 0 11 rl, r c.11 <,
1
• : as melophobla .
"'I Jr i, pr od1 11 cd li v 1cg11 l-1 1 vihr,Hiom
Ill ..1 !1 1,lt C' f t,1'
/\rnplirud c of vil,r,11io r1 ,111d
lr cqu r nn • do 11 0 1 d1 ,tll f(C ~udd cnly.

I lt r w.1vc forr11 i~ rcg11l.n

Musical instru ment s

Musica l instrum ent~ ca n be grouped into th ree rn .
'b h'l I · [Link]'.
. !Ji-;,;
depending on w I,at vi rares w 1 c p ay1ng that rnu\ic.a_J
. .
instrument - air, smngs, or stretched mernbran e.,
-
Wind instruments (sushir vadya)
The flute , the shehnai, th e pungi (been or snake ch arrne-1
flute), the saxoph one, the clarinet, the French hor n, th•e
.
trumpe t and th e trombone are so me wind instrumen t(
instrum ents produc e sound by vibrating an air column _ ll-~
~
b. Trumpet
Fig. 7.8 / Some wind instruments
the hollow part of th e instrumen~s)
The pitch and frequency of wma mstrumen rs can be .
/ by changing the length of th e vibrating air column . i'a.'(;;

.)¼iuwa : Aim: To show that pitch of a sound depends on the length of v1brat111g
air column
- . . . __}
: Materials required: Four test tubes, a beaker containing water and
a test tube holder
! Procedure: Place the test tubes in the test tube holder and label them
! as A, 8, C and D from left to right. Fill the test tubes with water such
C C:
A B
/ that the level of water rises as you go from A to D (Fig. 7.9). Th is means
! that the length of air column decreases as we move from A to D. Blow
! air in the test tube A by putting your lips over its mouth . Is the sound
: produced low pitched or high pitched? Now, repeat the procedure
: with the test tubes B, C and D. Does the pitch of the sound increase
: or decrease?
' Fig. 7.9
! Observation: The sound produced by test tubes become s shriller as we
f move from A to D. In other words, the pitch of the sound produced
by
A to D.
Cl
: the test tubes when air is blown over their mouths increases as we move from
z
:, f Conclusion: The pitch of the vibrating air column increases with
the decrease in the length of
0

•
V'1
:, air column.
--- - -------- -------- -------- ---- - ---- --- - ------ --- - -- - -- - --
F

It •• ~

•
Percussion instruments (avanaddh~
truments such as drum, timp . lladYa)
ani, snared
·
and mridangam produce sound by vibratin ru 111
·
'!!!btq
membrane. The membrane vibra g a stre ' d.h
tes on bein -- tcheq %i
ophone etc g~u~ Son-
a. Dholak instruments such as cym bas, l xy l °'. •
. . . h 1~
by the vibrauon of their w o e bod1e . ., Ptodu ·•it
s. Such in
- ce s%
rodu ce soun d on
.ki haki strun- i ~q
P sm I)g, s ng, scraping ents L
called percussio n instruments. Percussion in or rubb· tq~
_ . strum ltJ1>. ti iltt
l
b. Tabla mainly classified into two groups: pitched and
I ~llts att
I, Fig. 7.13 I Some percussion
instruments
-
Percus sion instruments
unPlt h
- C !.:d.

'
A,,,.~ -
I ''vl/.A.fl_~.

p~~d - i~;;;~~~~~~
-

: musical instruments that

_

-~;~ -~h~-;~ -.. I

r
Pitched instruments
7
Unpitched instr
! produce sound when
: air is blown over them.
) - i urnents

These instruments are used to

: Examples are harmonium and These instrulent
produce sounds of more than
sound with no ~ Produce
: mouth organ. one pitch. . . efin1te
pitch.

Mouth organ
i
Th ey are used to produc e i
They are used top
musical notes. . rovict
rhythms irrespective f e
, h
song s armony or rno the

i i 1
eody.
Examples: xylophones,
Examples: snare drum /
marimba, tubular bells, etc.
cymbals, etc. s,
n l\..f..
,Mo_llo.tone
( The Greek word for 'one tone' -., You daily have conversations with your parents,
friends,
: is monotonia from which : teachers and siblings. You change the pitch, volum
' : e, rhythm,
: the words monotone and
timbre and speed of your voice to express your
! monotonou s are derived which : meaning.
:, means dull and tedious. ) For instance, yo u make yo ur voice assertive whil
e asking a
question, stress word s to add emphasis, pause to
add [Link],
vary your voice to express different emotions. How
ever, it
could happ en that, whil e you give a speech, your
tone rem~ns
unva rying and you might end up saying everything
in a flat,
tone. ,A sound which never changes or goes up
I, I or dow11 is
_,,
called a mon oton e. A monoton e soun d neve
r chan ges in

Cl
z
:::,
0
l/l
• , "c 1@1m,11t@Aa
, Why does t he pitch of the
; sot:ind increases when a na il is :
: hammered into a wall?
pitch, loudness , timbre or in speed> L •1
If a perso n speaks in a monoton e( his voice is flat and
boring. It would seem as if the person has no inter
audi ence or in his message. Moreover, he won't
communicate his message to his audience.
est in the
be able to
Unit of loudness -jecibel\ ·-f ~ )
The loudness or inc_ensity of a sound is_measured in <lc:cibcls (dB) .
Human ears can pick up so und from IO J 13 to I 80 d H.
A sound between 50 dB and 60 dB is co nsid ered norm al.
Sounds up to 80 dB ca n be tolerated. Sounds above 80 d8 can
have harmful effects. Decibel levels of so me co n~mon so unds
are gl·ven in Table 7.2.
Table 7.2 Decibel level s of som e co 111111on sound s r'7. /'/ - -- --- -- ~

C)\ 'ti) .
' :' A sound of abo ut 90 dB a nd
: more ca uses many heal t h
: prob lem s. Som e of the se
/ THRESH~ LD OF HEARING : hea lt h problem s are :
0 dB
: ❖ feelin g of annoyance,
. . ..r-
. . . ... .' . . . ..... ... ..... ..
; RUSTLING OF LEAVES aggression, anxiety and
10-12 dB
:...... ···· ·· ·····"······· ................... .. st ress .
: ❖ high blood pre ssure an d
[ WHISPER 20-25 dB heart probl ems.
·· ··· ····· ···· · ··· ··· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ··· ···· ····· ······ ·· ···
: ❖ headache, feel ing of fatigue
: NORMAL CONVER SATIO N 60-65 dB and sle ep disturbances.
················ ·············· ···········•········ .... , ............ .
: ❖ reduced work efficiency.
j BUSY STREE T TRAF FIC 70-75 dB : ❖ loss of hearing.
.. . . . .. .. .. . .. . . . . ... . . . .
'

: VACUU M CLEANER 80-85 dB

. ..... . ..... ... . ................................. ........ .. ... . ........ ............... ....... .. .. ...............
: LARGE ORCHESTR A 90-98 dB
: .. ........ ...... . .... ..... .. ... .. .. ... ... .............. .......... ...... .. ... .............

: HEADPHONES AT M AXIMUM VOLUME 100-105 dB

·············· .. -······ ·· ······

~ A;~~;~~-T························································· ............ . .... 130~140 dB ········ ····· ·······

CONCEPT MAP. · NOIS E PO LLUTION

~
shrill sound flat sound
: causes
high pitch ...iow pitch
Undesira ble sou nd
·► area of vibratin g body PITCH
: abo ve 90 dB ~
determines :
DEC IBE LS
distance between listener FREQ UEN CY
,l.
... .. ► and sound source
'. measured in
depends :
upon : Ill.... .~?~:s ~er_~~c.?.n.~ _i5.
. . db energy is shown by
1s determine Y TUDE ........................ · 1111"
LOUDNES S <···"· ...... · ········"· ..... AMPLI

: quality is
j determined by l/l
0
C
z
l' 0

TIMBRE
m oth er sou nd s are loudn ess or.1
cs of a sou nd tha t can distinguish fro
❖ The cha rac ter isti ntet'ls-'ty
lity or tim bre .
pitch or fre qu enc y an d qua th pli tud e of th 50 '
sof tne ss of a sou nd pro du ced de pe nd s on e am
❖ The lou dn ess or the ter the sou nd ProeducUnc t ltv
tud e, lou der the sou nd , smaller the am pli tud e, sof e ilv~
Larger the am pli . d. ·
the are a of vib rat ion . If the are a of the vibratin b
on
❖ Loudness of a sou nd de pe nd s nd the sou nd wil l the ref ore be loud.
g Ody is lcir
g~, it
am pli tud e-;
will pro du ce sou nd of lar-ger
y.
❖ The pit ch of a sou
nd de pe nd s on its fre qu enc by r£ .-
nt to he ar are called mu sic an d are cau sed
❖ Sounds tha t are soo thi ng an d ple asa
nd s are called no ise an d are cau sed
by irregu~~lar
irri tat ing sou
vibrations. Un ple asa nt an d
vibrations.
red in decibels.
❖ Intensity of sou nd is me asu
lth pro ble ms .
dB an d mo re can cau se ma ny hea
❖ A sou nd of ab ou t 90

:!Wt M•I -------------- --,-

' ---------- ---- --- ---- ------ -------- .
~. -- --- --- --- ------------ --- -
·--,
. ''.

a loud
'
a sou nd wh ich dis tin gu ish es a fee ble sou nd fro m one 0 f
! LO UD NE SS cha rac ter isti c of
the sam e fre qu enc y
a sou nd wa ve on ou r ear s
PITCH sen sat ion of fre qu enc y of
sam e pitch and
c of sou nd wh ich dis tin gu ish es tw o no tes of the
TIMBRE characteristi
ent bo die s
lou dn ess pro du ced by dif fer
or spe ed
ing in pit ch, vo lum e, tim bre
MONOTONE a sou nd tha t remains unvary --- --- --- - -
--- --- --- --- --- --- - --- --- - - ---
--- ---- -- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

sw er.
A. Tick the mo st appropriate an
s on the
1. Lo udn ess of a sou nd dep end
a. the \!'@Ve len gth .of
sou nd .

b. vol um e of air aro un

d the vibrating body.
c. time.

V-'' none of these

2• The pit ch of a sou nd inc
rea ses with inc rea se in its
b. lou dn ess . c. am p lit ud e. d. tim e period.
~ eq ue nc y.
3· The pit ch of ~~ can be
inc rea sed by

a. increasing the len gth

of its vib rat ing air col um n.
vib rat ing air col um n.
z
CJ de cre asi ng the len gth of its
\.../"v'
:::,
0 c. inc rea sin g the len g th
of its vib rat ing str ing .
V,

its vib rat ing str ing.

d. de cre asing th e len g th of
same pitch and loudness is distinguished by its
4· A sound produced by guitar and violin with the
b. amplitude. ~br e. d. time period.
a. frequency.
th e follow ing properties of sound is responsibleJg, its loudness?
5. Which of
~pli tude d. quality
a. frequency b. pit~h

6.
Musical sounds are caused due to
d .b t· d . none of these
.Ligular vibrations. b. irregular vibrations . c. dampe v1 ra ions.
~,;:e
th s in pitch, volume, speed or timbre is known as . /
7. The sound at never change
b. monolingual. c. monophony. ijV"mo noton e.
a. monologue.

B. Fill in the blanks.

_ 1_ Loudness of a sound __,f}J ". 't/!..JU'. ~ with increase in the distance between the listener and
the source.
sound from a hoarse one is
The charact~ristic of a sound which distinguishes a shrill
2.

called fh--k ~
3- A l~ ger string will produce a sound of a pitch.

4. Drum produces sound due to vibrati

on of its ,.i rvJd ,i h" 1
,_'rll"/ (

5. Unpleasant sound that is very

loud is called r .S-uz(
6. Humans can pick up sounds in the range of
lo dB to (/ _ ;f) R
q D c\ P> decibels or more causes many health hazards.
7. Sound of about

8. Constant exposure to sounds above 80 dB can cause

~ ur,r( -~i( ,I -
t /;

C. Write true or false. Correct the false statements.

1. A sound with higher amplitud e is a soft sound whereas

a sound with lower amplitude is loud .( /4,..e
the decrease in the thickness of the
2. The pitch of a sound of stri ng instruments decreases with
vibrating string. f"ak X:
3- Pitch of a sound depends on its frequency. t
4. The pitch of a stringed instrument depends on the
tension in the string. {
inside it.
5. A flute produces sound due to vibration of air column
a person.
6. Music has a disturbing effect on hea lth and behaviour of

7. Sounds below 50 dB cause noise pollution and

are harmful.

8. Percussion instruments produc e so und du e to the

vibration of thin metal stri ps. •

D. Match the columns.

,. Wind instruments a. vibrati ng string

2. Stringed instruments b. frequency

3- Percussion instruments c. vib rat ing air column V,

0

vibrating stretched membrane _j C

z

•
4. Pitch d. 0

5. Loudness e. amplitude .,.

pe rio d
-
low ing ter ms . 3. Time
,~ D e f ine the fol
1. Frequency 6. Tim bre
,. Amplitude
5. Pitch
4. Loudness 9. Noise~
8. Music
7. Mo no ton e

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ris tics of soun d. I"°'-< I;:-- -..J
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dis tin gu ish es a sh rill so un d from a ho ars e soun -'I..

the ch ara cte ris tic of a so un d tha t

Define
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tud e relate d? ~ r ~ ( ,___ g. p-~ \_~ ,2
d am pli
~ o w are loudness an
tw ee n loudne~s a~e.J._t
ch.
Write two differences be t ru me nts tun ed to the
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ish be tw ee n so un ds pr od uc ed by different inS
e to distingu
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fhe dif fer en t types of
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rst an d by monotone? hu ma n ea rs( 1_9 .)

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dif fer ent loudness levels on
ess. Mentio n the eff
/ Sta te the unit of loudn ..:.-:. ,f
hu ma ns by so un ds of 90 dB or mo re. ~
duced on
/9- Mention two effects pro
ing in de tai l. onsh ·
G. An sw er the fol low d wa ve . St ate th e relati
e perio d and frequency
wi th res pe ct to a so un
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/D ef in e amplitude, tim ' ~ - ( ·-- p-o,,.
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en cy_ of a wa ve .
an d freq:! T ]
between tim ~o .d e fac tor s aff ec t th e lou dn
eS;
d. Ho w do th es
g th e lou dn es s of so un
~ tat e the fa;!~" affectin
of soun d? I:> so un d?
the ten ns pj!ch , tim gr e an d lou dn~ La
rst an d by
/ wha t do yo u un de ins tru me nt de pe nd s on th e
length 0
e pit ch of a str ing
ex pe rim en tal ly tha t th f
~ How can you pro ve
the vib rat ing string? ~ rat ing air column.
ng t~ f th e vib
:it c~ of a wi nd ins tru me nt de pe nd s on th e /e
pr od uc e~ y th em . 1v
/ Prov~ tha t the
nts on the basis of th e pit ch
~ Classify percu ssion ins tru me
visable to lis ten to mu
sic at a mo de ra te
ise . W hy is it ad
_fa Different~ate be tw ee n mu
sic an d no

level? ~<...:. d
en be low . An sw er th e questions that foll ow e .
veforms of some so un
ds are giv
H. The wa

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th sa me loudness. )
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1• Ide nti fy the sounds wi
unds wi th sa me pit ch
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2
0 i . Ide nt ify the so
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shrill so un d.
0 3. Ide nti fy the mo st
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4. Ide nti fy the mo

st so ft sound.