SPECIALIZED SUBJECT
TRENDS, NETWORKS AND CRITICAL
THINKING IN THE 21ST CENTURY
QUARTER 4, MODULE 5
NEURAL NETWORKS
Trends, Networks and Critical Thinking in the 21st Century – Grade 12
Self-Learning Module (SLM)
Quarter 4 – Module 5: Neural Networks
First Edition, 2021
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[email protected] THE DIFFERENCES OF
LESSON CONNECTIONS, RELATIONSHIPS,
AND NETWORKS
Hello Senior High learners! In this lesson, you will learn to:
1. differentiate connections from relationship, and networks; and
2. illustrate how the brain or neural network works.
Hi there, before we proceed, let us first take time to reflect on this question.
How would you think life would be without human connections?
Remember your lesson about ICT in Social Relationships and Political
Movements? The topics presented in that lesson will help you understand more clearly
the new lesson at hand.
Man is a social being that requires a social network in order to fully realize his
potentials. In this module, you will learn the difference between connections, from
relationships and networks, as well as how the neural networks of the brain work.
Discussion
Connection and Networks
The terms connection and network are both casually used today because of the
widespread use of computers. These two terms are also related with each other in a
deeper sense than just being computer jargons.
A connection is a term that describes the link between a plug or connector into
a port or jack. For example, your monitor, mouse, and keyboard all must connect to
the computer before they work.
On the other hand, network is defined as the connection of at least two
computer systems, either by a cable or a wireless connection. The simplest network
is a combination of two computers connected by a cable. This type of network is called
a peer-to-peer network. There is no hierarchy in this network; both participants have
equal privileges. Each computer has access to the data of the other device and
can share resources such as disk space, applications or peripheral devices (printers,
etc.).
Today’s networks tend to be a bit more complex and don’t just consist of two
computers. Systems with more than ten participants usually use client-server
networks. In these networks, a central computer (server) provides resources to the
other participants in the network (clients).
In this sense, a network is dependent and cannot exist without any form of
connection.
Connection and Relationships
While one could say that relationships and connections can be used
interchangeably, there is a big difference between how these two words could describe
the quality that two individuals share.
A connection can also be known as the point of contact between people that
allows them to interact. Connections are about doing actions that are usually time-
constrained. This point of contact can come through various forms, it might be your
voice in my ear, my words before you on screen, amusing emails, and irritating phone
calls are all forms of connection; contact between you and someone who has – or
wants to have – a relationship with you.
Relationship, on the contrary, is about being and the experience of
connecting with someone over an extended period of time. One could also say
that relationships emerge over time with repeated connections between
people. An example is how try to get a haircut. The first couple of times that you went
to the barber shop is all about your hair, but as time goes by and you share
experiences with the barber, you grow a bond through countless contacts and the
connection becomes less transactional and more relational.
Below is a simple representation of how relationship and connection differ. If a
relationship is built through repeated connections or both individuals are still in the
state of contact and each contact point could be represented as a dot, then the
relationship between “A” and “B” would be represented as a line as shown in Figure
1.
“A connection is a point of contact in a relationship”, the line that represents the
relationship between “A” and “B” is composed of countless dots. Figure 2 below shows
us where a single connection lies in a relationship.
It’s hard to visualize a relationship, but it’s easy to see connections.
Connections look like action – action that puts people in contact with each other.
The Brain’s Neural Network
In the brain, a typical neuron collect signals from others through a host of fine
structures called dendrites. The neuron sends out spikes of electrical activity through
the axon (the out-put and conducting structure) which can split into thousands of
branches. At the end of each branch, a synapse converts the activity from the axon
into electrical effects that inhibit or excite activity on the contacted (target) neuron.
When a neuron receives excitatory input that is sufficiently large compared with its
inhibitory input, it sends a spike of electrical activity (an action potential) down its
axon.
Retrieved from: https://www.cusabio.com/Cell-Marker/Neuron-Cell.html
Learning occurs by changing the effectiveness of the synapses so that the
influence of one neuron on another changes.
These general properties of neurons can be abstracted in order to study the
dynamical behavior of large ensembles of neuronal cells. Thus, there have been many
interesting attempts to mimic the brains learning processes by creating networks of
artificial neurons.
This approach consists of deducing the essential features of neurons and their
interconnections and then, programming a computer to simulate these features.
What is a Neural Network?
A neural network is a series of algorithms that endeavors to recognize
underlying relationships in a set of data through a process that mimics the way the
human brain operates. In this sense, neural networks refer to systems of neurons,
either organic or artificial in nature. Neural networks can adapt to changing input; so,
the network generates the best possible result without needing to redesign the output
criteria. The concept of neural networks, which has its roots in artificial intelligence, is
swiftly gaining popularity in the development of trading systems.
A neural network works similarly to the human brain’s neural network. A
“neuron” in a neural network is a mathematical function that collects and classifies
information according to a specific architecture.
Application of Neural Networks
Neural networks are broadly used, with applications for financial operations,
enterprise planning, trading, business analytics and product maintenance. Neural
networks have also gained widespread adoption in business applications such as
forecasting and marketing research solutions, fraud detection and risk assessment.
A neural network evaluates price data and unearths opportunities for making
trade decisions based on the data analysis. The networks can distinguish subtle
nonlinear interdependencies and patterns other methods of technical
analysis cannot. According to research, the accuracy of neural networks in making
price predictions for stocks differs. Some models predict the correct stock prices 50 to
60 percent of the time while others are accurate in 70 percent of all instances. Some
have posited that a 10 percent improvement in efficiency is all an investor can ask for
from a neural network
Activity 1. Differentiate! Cite a situation which depicts the difference of connection
to that of network and relationship. Write your answer on
the provided answer sheet.
Example:
Situations
The connection of The Internet which Network
your social media is a collection of
account to that of routers linked by
mobile game different physical
Connection account. lines
A connection
between good
A mother to her
study habit and Relationship
children
high scores in
examinations
Activity 2. Illustrate! Read the instructions below. Write your work on the provided
answer sheet.
A. Draw and Label the Human Brain’s Neural Network. Identify the function of
each part.
B. Draw the illustration of Artificial Neural Network and identify the function of
each component.
C. Briefly explain how the Human Brain’s Neural Network is similar to that of
the operation of Artificial Neural Network.
Thank you for answering the practice exercises. If you answered the practice
exercises correctly, you are now ready to proceed to do the written works. If not,
please try until you’ve arrived on the correct answers.
Directions: Read the given questions. Write the letter that corresponds to your
answer on your answer sheet.
1. Using a mobile phone connected to a home Wi-Fi, John may browse an article from
a website. Which corresponds to the network in the situation?
A. article B. mobile phone C. website D. Wi-Fi
2. The following describes a connection EXCEPT?
A. Bullying may link to the abuse someone has experienced.
B. The Internet
C. Contact between you and someone who has – or wants to have – a
relationship with you.
D. In order for Jane to print her assignment, she must plug the printer to the
socket and to her computer.
3. A husband and his wife is an example of?
A. connection C. relationship
B. network D. both A and C
4. Which of the following corresponds to a series of algorithms that aims to recognize
underlying relationships in a set of data through a process that resembles the
functioning of a human brain?
A. connection C. neural network
B. network D. relationship
5. Given are the neural network applications. Which is included in transportation area?
A. Cancer cell analysis C. Facial recognition
B. Currency price prediction D. Vehicle scheduling
Ionos.com, What is a Network? [Accessed on May 3, 2021]
https://www.ionos.com/digitalguide/server/know-how/what-is-a-network/
Computerhope.com, Connection. [Accessed on May 3, 2021]
https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/c/connect.htm
The-vital-edge.com, [Accessed on May 3, 2021] https://www.the-vital-
edge.com/building-
relationships/#:~:text=While%20connections%20are%20about%20doing,an%
20extended%20period%20of%20time.
Ifc.unam.mx, [Accessed on May 3, 2021]
http://www.ifc.unam.mx/Brain/nenet.htm#:~:text=NEURAL%20NETWORKS,of
%20fine%20structures%20called%20dendrites.&text=When%20a%20neuron
%20receives%20excitatory,action%20potential)%20down%20its%20axon.
Investopedia.com, [Accessed on May 3, 2021]
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/n/neuralnetwork.asp#:~:text=A%20neura
l%20network%20is%20a,organic%20or%20artificial%20in%20nature.
WRITTEN WORKS
PRACTICE EXERCISES
Activity 1. Differentiate!
Answers may vary
Activity 2. Illustrate!
Answers may vary
