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bfrgkl bfr $ g~ $ vkl
History – It was happen

➢ bfrgkl ds tud gsjksMksV~l

Father of history Herodotus
Book – Historica ¼fgLVksfjdk½
bfrgkl dk foHkktu

1- izkxSfrgkfld dky 2- vk| ,sfrgkfld dky 3- ,sfrgkfld dky

Prehistoric Period Protohistoric period Historic period
lk{; ugha gS lk{; gS lk{; gS
fyf[kr izek.k ugha gS i<+k ugha x;k gS i<+k x;k gS
1- izkxSfrgkfld dky

iqjkik’kk.k dky e/;ik’kk.k dky uoik’kk.k dky

Poleolithic period Mesolithic period Neolithic period
old stone age middle stone age new stone age
vKkr le; ls ysdj 10000 BC ls ysdj 4000 BC ls ysdj
10000 BC rd 4000 BC rd 2500 BC rd
2- vk|,sfrgkfld dky

1- flU/kq ?kkVh lH;rk 2- oSfnd lH;rk

Indus valley Civilization Vadic Civilization

_XoSfnd dky mÙkjoSfnd dky

Rigvedic Period later vedic period
1500 & 1000 BC 1000 BC – 600 BC
3- ,sfrgkfld dky

e/;dkyhu Hkkjr vk/kqfud Hkkjr

Medieval history modern history
712 AD – 1707 AD 1707 AD – 1947

BC Before Christ bZlkelhg ds tUe ds igys

bZlkiwoZ
Descending order
BCE Before common Era
AD Anno Domini bZlkelhg ds tUe ds ckn
bZLoh
Ascending order
CE – Common Era
Note – Mk;ukslksj dk var & 6-5 djksM+ o’kZ igys gqvkA
End of dinosaurs - 65 million years ago.
dk dkj.k & i`Foh ls mYdkfiaM dk Vdjkuk
Cause of - meteorite hitting the earth
ekuo fodkl
ekuo fodkl dk fl)kUr pkYlZ MkfoZu us fn;kA
Charles darvin publish the human origin theory
Book Origin of Species (1859)
Descent of man (1871)
baXyS.M ds oSKkfud FksA

➢ vkfnekuo dk tUe 40 yk[k o’kZ iwoZ

vkLVªsyksfiFksdl tkok iSfdax ekuo fu,aMjFky ØkseSxukWo
australopithecus java packing human neanderthal cromagnove
n0 vÝhdk tkok ¼ns”k½ phu teZuh Ýkal
vk/kqfud ekuo
Modern Human
ikehj] mÙkjh vÝhdk
Scientific name
gkseks lSfi;Ul
Homosapiens
izkxSfrgkfld dky & Prehistoric times -
FkkWelu us bl dky dks 3 Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk gSA
Thomson has divided this period into 3 parts.
1- iqjkik’kk.k dky Old sonte age
o ik’kk.k dky dk lcls igys v/;;u jkcVZ czwl ÝwV us 1863 esa fd;kA
the first study of the Stone Age was done by Robert Bruce Fruit in
1863.
o iRFkj dk iz;ksx use of stone
o f”kdkj dk vYiKku Fkk] ¼dPpk ek¡l [kkrs Fks½
had little knowledge of hunting (used to eat raw meat)
o vkx tykuk lh[kk learned to light a fire
vkx ds izek.k phu ds pkm tw&xksft;u xqQk ls feys
Evidence of fire found in China's Chou Ju-Gojian cave
2- e/; ik’kk.k dky Middle stone age
o bls y?kqik’kk.k dky Hkh dgk tkrk gS it is also called Mesolithic period
o rhj deku dk iz;ksx use of bow and arrow
o f”kdkj dk iw.kZ Kku full knowledge of hunting
o i”kqikyu animal husbandry
ds lk{; & vknex< ¼e/;izns”k½
Evidence of - Adamgarh (Madhya Pradesh)
ikyrw i”kq & cktkSj ¼jktLFkku½
Pet - Bajaur (Rajasthan)
o cjru cukuk lh[kk ¼feV~Vh ls½
learned to make utensils (from clay)
lk{; & bykgkckn ¼mÙkj izns”k½
Evidence - Allahabad (Uttar Pradesh)
3- uoik’k.k dky New Stone Age
o d`f’k agriculture
o iwtk worship
o ifg;s dk vkfo’dkj the invention of the wheel
o bl dky ls NksVs iRFkj ftUgsa ekbØksfyFk dgrs gS] dk lcls T;knk
iz;ksx gqvkA from this period, small stones called microliths were
used the most.
o rk¡cs dh [kkst gqbZ copper was discovered
o f”kYi dk iz;ksx use of craft
o euq’; us lcls igys rk¡cs dk¡lk yksgs dks tkuk
man first of all - copper - bronze - iron
ik’kk.k dky ds dqN izeq[k LFky &
Some important places of the stone age -
1- d`f’k dksYMhgok iz;kxjkt /kku dh Hkwlh ds lk{;
Agriculture - Koldihwa - Prayagraj - Evidence of paddy husk
esgjx< ¼ikd½ Mehrgarh (Pakistan)
2- ekuo [kksiM+h ds lk{; & gFkukSjk ¼e/;izns”k½
Evidence of human skull - Hathnaura (Madhya Pradesh)
3- fp=dyk ds lk{; & HkhecsVdk ¼e/;izns”k½
Evidence of Painting - Bhimbetka (Madhya Pradesh)
4- vkStkj & fetkZiqj ¼mÙkj izns”k½
Aujar - Mirzapur (Uttar Pradesh)
flU/kq ?kkVh lH;rk dk ifjp;
Introduction to Indus Valley Civilization
vU; uke & gM+Iik lH;rk] dkaL; lH;rk] izFke uxjh; lH;rk] ljLorh
lH;rk
Other names - Harappan Civilization, Bronze Civilization, First Urban
Civilization, Saraswati Civilization
➢ igyh ckj 1826 esa pkYlZ eSlsu us [kkstk First discovered by Charles
Massen in 1826
➢ 1856 esa igyh ckj dfua?ke us losZ{k.k fd;k
Cunningham surveyed for the first time in 1856.
➢ 1856 esa cVZu cU/kqvksa us gM+Iik lH;rk dh lwpuk ljdkj dks nhA
In 1856, the Burton brothers informed the government about the
Harappan civilization.
➢ le;dky & 2500 BC – 1750 BC
Time period - 2500 BC - 1750 BC
➢ lcls izkphu uxj & fHkjM+k.kk ¼gfj;k.kk½
Oldest city - Bhirdana (Haryana)
2014 esa [kkstk x;k
7500 BC iqjkuk
➢ {ks=Qy & 12]99]600 oxZ fdyksehVj ¼13 yk[k oxZ fdeh½
Area - 12,99,600 sq km (13 lakh sq km)
➢ vkdkj & f=Hkqtkdkj Shape – Triangular
➢ lekt & ekr`lÙkkRed Matriarchal
➢ fyfi & Hkkofp=kRed Pictography
➢ iwtk Worship & i”kqifr] ekr`nsoh ¼moZjrk dh nsoh Godess of fertility½
➢ ifo= i”kq Sacred Animal & dwcM+ okyk cSy humped bull
➢ O;olk; Business & vk;kr fu;kZr Import & export
➢ fla/kq ?kkVh lH;rk 2 Vhyksa esa foHkkftr FkhA
The Indus Valley Civilization was divided into 2 mounds.
➢ ysfdu /kkSykohjk 3 Vhyksa esa foHkkftr FkhA
But Dholavira was divided into 3 mounds.
flU/kq ?kkVh lH;rk ds LFky Indus Valley Civilization Sites
1- gMIik & 1921 & jkoh & n;kjke lgkuh & ikfdLrku
Harappa - 1921 - Ravi - Dayaram Sahani - Pakistan
2- eksgutksnMks & 1922 & fla/kq & jk[kynkl cuthZ & ikfdLrku
Mohenjodaro - 1922 - Sindhu – Rakhaldas Banerjee - Pakistan
3- pUgwnMks & 1934& fla/kq & etwenkj & ikfdLrku
Chanhudo - 1931 - Sindhu – Majumdar- Pakistan
4- /kkSykohjk & 1967&68& ywuh & RS fc’V & xqtjkr
Dholavira – 1967-68- Luni – RS Bisht - Gujarat
5- yksFky & 1954 & Hkksxok & ,l- vkj- jko & xqtjkr
Lothal – 1954 – S.R. Rav- Bhogwa – Gujarat
6- cukoyh & 1974& ¼}’knrh½ ljLorh & RS fc’V & gfj;k.kk
Banawali – 1974 (Dushadati) Saraswati - RS Bisht - Haryana
7- dkyhcaxu& ?k??kj &jktLFkku&1953 veyk uan ?kks’k@ch-ds Fkkij 1960
Kalibangan - Ghaggar – Rajasthan – 1953 Amala Nand Ghosh/BK
Thapar 1960
8- jksiM & lryt & iatkc & 1953 & okbZ- Mh- “kekZ
Ropad - Sutlej – Punjab- 1953 – Y.D Sharma
9- jk[khx<+h & ?k??kj & gfj;k.kk & 1963
Rakhigarhi - Ghaggar – Haryana – 1963
10- lqjdksVMk & 1964 & “kknh dkSj unh & xqtjkr & ts-ih- tks”kh
Surkotada - 1964 - Shadi Kaur River - Gujarat - J.P. Joshi
vU; LFky Other places
ikfdLrku & vejh & dksVnhth] x.ksjhokyk lcls cM+k LFky
Pakistan - Amri – Kotdiji, Ganeriwala
gfj;k.kk & ckyw & Hkxokuiqjk] ehukRFkFky ] dq.kky
Haryana - Sand - Bhagwanpura, Minathathal, Kunal
jktLFkku & ckykFkyh & d.kZiqjk
Rajasthan - Balathali - Karanpura
xqtjkr & nslyiqj & icqeFk] dqUrklh] jkstnh] jaxiqj
Gujarat - Desalpur - Pabumath, Kuntasi, Rojdi, Rangpur
mRrj izns”k & lukSyh & gqykl
Uttar Pradesh - Sanauli - Hulas
gM+Iik & Harappa
➢5 fdeh ifjf/k esa QSyk
Spread over 5 km radius
➢fxzM i)fr ls cuk uxj
Grid System City
➢“ko nQukus ds lk{;
Evidence of burial
➢dikl dh [ksrh lk{;
Cotton Cultivation Evidence
➢lqj{kk nqxZ & Mound - AB ¼Oghyj½
Security Fort – Mound - AB (Wheeler)
➢eqnzk cukus eas lsy[kM+h
Scallops in making currency
eksgutksnM+ks Mohenjodaro
vFkZ e`rdksa dk Vhyk meaning mound of the dead
fla/kq ?kkVh dk cxhpk Indus Valley Gardens
lokZf/kd tula[;k vkSj nwljk lcls cM+k LFky
Most populous and second largest site
➢ fo”kky vUukxkj Huge granary
lcls cM+h bekjr Largest building
➢ fo”kky Lukukxkj Spacious Bathroom
➢ gMIik dh tqM+ok¡ jkt/kkuh The twin capital of Harappa
➢ LokfLrd fpà Swastika symbol
➢ cqus diM+ks ds lk{; Evidence of Woven Fabrics
➢ nk<+h okyk egknso] i”kqifr nsork Bearded Mahadev, Pashupati deity
➢ dk¡ls dh urZdh bronze dancer (lost-wax Method)
pUgwnMks Chanhuddo
➢ eudk cukus dk dkj[kkuk ¼eSds us [kkstk½
Bead Factory (Invented by McKay)
➢ oØkdkj bVsa] fcYyh dk ihNs dqRrs ds in~fpà
Curved bricks, cat's back dog's footprints
➢ eSdvi fdV Makeup Kit ¼dkty] fyfifLVd½
➢ nokr inkpot
➢ ,dek= uxj gS ftlesa lqj{kk dh nhokj ugha FkhA
It is the only city that did not have a wall of protection.
yksFky Lothal
➢ y?kq eksgutksnM+ks mini mohenjodaro
➢ lQkbZ ds izfr ltx Cleanliness conscious
➢ O;kikfjd uxj trading town
➢ canjxkg ¼xksnhokM+k½ Port (Godivada)
➢ ?kksMs dh gfM~M;ksa ds lk{; Evidence of horse bones
➢ “krjat ds [ksy ds lk{; Evidence of a game of chess
➢ rhu ;qxy lekf/k Three Couples Tomb
➢ gkFkh nk¡r ls cuh eSlsiksVkfe;k dh eksgj
Mesepotamian seal made of elephant teeth
➢ pkoy dk fNydk rice husk
➢ gMIik lH;rk dk eSupsLVj Manchester of the Harappan Civilization
dkyhcaxu Kalibangan
vFkZ & dkyh pwfM;k¡ Black Bangles
➢ tqrs gq, [ksr vkSj pwfM;ksa dk lk{;
Evidence of plowing fields and bangles
➢ ydM+h dk gy Wooden plow
➢ 7 gou dqaM 7 Havan Kund
➢ Å¡V dh gfM~M;k¡ Camel bones
➢ HkwdEi ds lk{; Evidence of earthquake
/kkSykohjk Dholavira
➢ tyizca/ku O;oLFkk Water management
➢ lqukeh dk lk{; Tsunami Evidence

lqjdksVMk Surkotada
➢ ?kksM+s] gkFkh] HksfM+;k dh gM~Mh Horse, Elephant, Wolf Bone
➢ iRFkj dh fdyscanh Stone fortifications

cukoyh Banawali
➢ gkFkhnkar da?kh] tkS ds nkus
ivory comb, barley
oSfnd lH;rk Vedic Civilization

1- iwoZ oSfnd dky 2- mRrj oSfnd dky

Pre-Vedic Period Post-Vedic Period
1500 & 1000 bZlk iwoZ 1000&600 bZlk iwoZ
1500 - 1000 BC 1000-600 BC
_XoSfnd dky Rigvedic period
yksgs dk mi;ksx
Evidence –
varjth[ksM+k ¼,Vk½
vk;ksZ dk vkxeu LFky Aryans' arrival place
➢ vk;ksZ us bl O;oLFkk dks tUe fn;k
The Aryans gave birth to this system
➢ vk;Z “kCn dk lcls igys iz;ksx 1853 esa & eSDlewyj us fd;k
➢ The word Arya was first used in 1853 by Max Muller.
➢ vk;Z dk vFkZ & Js’B
Meaning of Arya - Best
➢ eSDlewyj & e/; ,f”k;k
Max Muller - Central Asia
➢ ,MoMZ es;j & ikehj dk iBkj
Edward Mayer - Plateau of the Pamirs
➢ isudk] gVZ & teZuh
Penka, Hert - Germany
➢ n;kuan ljLorh & frCcr
Dayanand Saraswati - Tibet
➢ xkbYl & gaxjh Gilles - Hungary
➢ fryd & mÙkjh /kzo Tilak - North Dhruv

vk;ksZ dk iaptu Aryan's Panchjan

➢ jk’Vª & Nation & lcls cM+h bdkbZ
➢ tu & people
➢ fo”k & wish
➢ xzke & gram
➢ dqy & kul & lcls NksVh bdkbZ
iwoZ oSfnd dky dh fo”ks’krk,a Features of Pre-Vedic Period:-
ek¡lkgkjh & “kkdkgkjh
non-vegetarian – vegetarian

lokZgkjh omnivorous
➢ [kk| inkFkZ & djHk
Foods - Karbh
➢ ;okaxw & tkS dk nfy;k
Ywangu - barley porridge
➢ ;o & tkS
yew – barley
➢ /kUo & e:LFy
Dhanva - desert
➢ v?kU;k & xk; ¼u ekjs tkus ;ksX;½ unkillable
Aghanya - Cow
➢ ikjkor & leqnz
Paravta - sea
➢ osdukV & lwn[kksj
Weknot - usurer
➢ moZjk & d`f’k Hkwfe
Urvara - agricultural land
➢ lqjk@lksejl & ifo= is; ¼R;kT; inkFkZ½
Sura/Somaras - sacred drink
➢ oIrk & ukbZa
wapta - Barber
➢ oL= & lwr$Åu $ e`xpeZ
Clothing – Yarn + Wool + Deer Skin
➢ Hkk’kk & laLd`r
Language - Sanskrit
_XoSfnd dkyhu ufn;ksa ds uke
Names of Rigvedic Rivers
unh & iqjkuk uke
river - old name
• dkcqy & dqaHkk
Kabul - Kunbha
• fla/kq & fla/k@fgjHk
Indus - Sindh/Hirabha
• >sye & forLrk
Jhelum - Vitasta
• Lokr & lqoLrq
swat - suvastu
• fpukc & vkfLd.kh
Chenab - Askini
• x.Md & lnkuhjk
Gandak - everlasting
• ?kX?kj & }’knrh ¼ljLorh½
Ghaggar - Duality (Sarswati)
• jkoh & i:’ki.kh
Ravi - Parushpani
• xkserh & xksey
Gomti - Gomal
• O;kl & foiklk
Vyasa - Vipassa
• lryt & “krqnzh
Sutlej - Shatudri
• dqjZe & d`ew
Kurram - Krimu
_XoSfnd dkyhu lekt dh fo”ks’krk,¡ %&
Characteristics of Rigvedic society:-
• lekt & fir`lÙkkRed
Society - Patriarchal
• Hkk’kk & laLd`r
Language – Sanskrit
• izeq[k nsork & bUnz ¼mÙkj oSfnd dky & iztkifr½
The main deity - Indra (late Vedic period - Prajapati)
¼iwoZ oSfnd dky esa½
lk{; & cksxktdksbZ vfHkys[k & rqdhZ ns”k
dLlh vfHkys[k & bZjku
• Hk{kh & “kkdkgkjh $ ek¡lkgkjh
eater - vegetarian $ non-vegetarian
_Xosn esa in Rigveda
• vk;Z “kCn & 33 ckj
Arya Shabd - 33 times
• bUnz & 250 ckj ea=ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k gS A
Indra - has used mantras 250 times.
• vfXu & 200 ckj
Agni - 200 times
• fo’.kq & 100 ckj
Vishnu - 100 times
• f”ko & 3 ckj
Shiva - 3 times
• fla/kq unh ¼fgj.;oh½ & 55 ckj
Indus River (Hiranyavi) - 55 times
• ;equk & 3 ckj
• Yamuna - 3 times
• xaxk & 1 ckj
• Ganga - 1 time
• ljLorh unh ¼lcls ifo=½ & 50 ckj
• Saraswati River (The Most Holy) - 50 times
oSfnd lkfgR; & Vedic Literature –

mifu’kn@osnkar Upanishads/Vedanta
fy[kus dk Øe %& osn czkãe.k vkj.;d mifu’kn
Order of writing :- Ved Brahman Aranyaka Upanishad
la[;k % 108 4 $ 2 $ 102

flQZ x| only prose x| prose flQZ i| only verse

$
dB & bZ”k rhetoric i| verse
“osrkEcj shvetamber iz”u question
eS=s.k;h Maitrenya dsu Cane
eq[; mifu’kn & 13
lcls cM+k mifu’kn~ & o`gnkj.;d mifu’kn
Biggest Upanishad - Brihadaranyaka Upanishad
• ;kKoYD; $ xkxhZ ds laokn @eS=s;h
Dialogues of Yajnavalkya + Gargi/ maitreyi
• relks ek T;ksfrZxe;
Om Tamaso Ma Jyotirgamaya
• vkse~ “kCn Om word
lcls NksVk mifu’kn & ek.MwD;ksifu’kn
Smallest Upanishad - Mandukyopanishad
• eq.Mdksifu’kn & ÞlR;eso t;rsß
Mundakopanishad - "Satyameva Jayate"
• dBksifu’kn~ & ;e ufpdsrk laokn
Kathopanishad - Yama Nachiketa Dialogue
• laLdkj ¼16½ & xHkkZ/kku laLdkj ¼L=h&iq:’k lEca/k& oa”k o`f) gsrq½
Sanskar (16) - Conception ceremony (female-male relationship -
for the growth of offspring)
• iqalou laLdkj ¼mÙke larku½
Punsavana Sanskar (best child)
• tkrdeZ laLdkj ¼”kgn] ?kh½
Jatkarma Sanskar (Honey, Ghee)
• ukedj.k laLdkj ¼uke½
Naming ceremony (name)
• fu’Øe.k laLdkj ¼lw;Z] pUnzek] ds n”kZu djokus½
Nishkraman Sanskar (Sun, Moon, sighting)
• vUu izk”ku laLdkj ¼vUu f[kyk;k½
Anna Prashan Sanskar (food fed)
• pwMkdeZ laLdkj ¼eqaMu½
Chudakarma Sanskar (Mundan)
• d.kZHksnu laLdkj ¼dku Nsnuk½
Ear piercing (ear piercing)
• ;Kksiohr laLdkj ¼tusŽ
The sacrificial ceremony (Janeu)
• lekorZu laLdkj
conversion rites
• vaR;s’Bh laLdkj
Funeral rites

vk;ksZa ds lH;rk easa& In Aryan civilization-

tkfr O;oLFkk Caste System& deZ ds vk/kkj Based on Karma √
inkZ izFkk Purdah system ×
cky fookg Purdah system ×
NqvkNwr untouchability ×
_Xosn & Rigveda -
ladyu drkZ & d`’.k }Sik;u osnO;kl
Compiler - Krishna Dvaipayana Veda Vyasa
e.My 10] v’Vd & 8] “kk[kk & 5
Mandala 10, Ashtak – 8, Branch - 5

lwDr 1028 _pk,¡ 10532 ¼ea=½

Sukta 1028 Hymns 10532 (Mantras)

1017 11
“kkdy shakal ckyf[kY; Balkhilya
“kCn & 1-50 yk[k
Words - 1.50 lakhs
i<+us okyk & gksr`@gksrk
Reader - would have been
rhljk e.My % xk;=h ea= ¼lw;Z ds fy, lefiZr½
Third Mandala: Gayatri Mantra (dedicated to the Sun)

_f’k fo”okfe= }kjk fy[kk x;k

Written by Rishi Vishwamitra
pkSFks e.My & d`f’k Fourth Division – Agriculture
izFkqoSU; iq:’k ds ckjs esa irk pyk
came to know about Prithuvainya Purush
Hkkjr dk igyk d`f’k bathfu;j
India's first agricultural engineer
7osa e.My & n”kjkt ;q) dk o.kZu
The description of 7th Mandal - Dasaraja War

_f’k of”k’B jktk lqnkl fot;h gq,

Sage Vashistha King Sudas was victorious

8osa e.My % gLrfyf[kr jpukvksa ds ckjs esa o.kZu ¼f[ky dgk tkrk Fkk½
8th Mandala: Description of handwritten compositions (called Khil)
9 osa e.My % lkse nsork ds ckjs esaA
9th Mandala: About Soma Devta.
izR;sd e.My dk ea= & vfXu nsork ds uke ls “kq: gksrk gS
The mantra of each mandala begins with the name of the fire god.
10osa e.My % tkfr O;oLFkk pkrq’o.kZ O;oLFkk % ¼iq:’k lwDr esa½
10th Mandal: Caste System Chatusvarna System: (In Purush Sukta)
czkã.k & f”k{kk
brahmin - education
{kf=; & j{kk इनके कर्तव्य धर्तसत्रू र्ें बर्ाए गए हैं
Kshatriya - Defense Their duties are mentioned in
oS”; & O;kikj the Dharmasutras
vaisya trade
lwnz & dkjhxj
sudra - artisan

izFke ckj o.kZ dk mYys[k iq:’k lwDr esa feyrk gSA

For the first time the mention of varna is found in Purush Sukta.
_Xosn dk miosn % vk;qoZsn Upveda of Rigveda: Ayurveda

lqJqr ds vuqlkj ] vk;qoZsn vFkoZosn dk miosn gSA

According to Sushruta, Ayurveda is a sub-veda of Atharvaveda.
_Xosn dh jpuk iwoZ oSfnd dky esa gq;h
The Rigveda was composed in the pre-Vedic period.

[kkst Search % yksgk iron

rEckdw tobacco
dk Kku ugh Fkk
mÙkj oSfnd dky ¼1000 BC & 600 BC½
Later Vedic period (1000 BC - 600 BC)
mÙkj oSfnd dky esa Þosn=;h@=;hÞ dh jpuk dh x;h % _Xosn] lkeosn] ;tqosZn
"Vedatrayi/Trayi" were composed in the later Vedic period: Rigveda,
Samveda, Yajurveda
lkeosn& Samaveda
➢ laxhr dk tud father of music
➢ Lojks dk igyk iz;ksx lkeosn esa gqvk
The first use of swaras was in Samaveda
➢ lkeosn dk i<+us okyk % mnzkr`@mn~xkrk
Reader of Samaveda: Udratri/Udgata
➢ miosn % xU/koZosn Upveda: Gandharvaveda
➢ ladyu drkZ % Hkjreqfu Compiler: Bharatmuni
;tqoZsn Yajurveda
➢ ;K $ deZdk.M ls lEcaf/kr
Yagya + related to rituals
➢ x| $ i| nksuksa esa gSA ¼pEiw dkO;½
Prose + is in both verse. (Champu Poetry)
➢ i<+us okyk v/o;qZ dgykrk gSA
The one who reads is called Adhwaryu.
➢ miosn % /kuqosZn Upveda: Dhanurveda
➢ ladyu drkZ % fo”okfe= Compiler: Vishwamitra
vFkoZosn & Atharvaveda -
➢ lcls yksdfiz; osn Most popular Vedas
➢ ¼czãosn½ & lcls u;k osn
Om (Brahmaveda) - Newest Veda
➢ tkVw Vksuk] o”khdj.k] d`f’k dks izHkkfor djus okyk dhV] vkS’kf/k ds ckjs esa
About witchcraft, captivity, insect affecting agriculture, medicine
➢ dU;k tUe ij fuUnk blasphemy on the birth of a girl child
➢ i<+us okyk % czã Reader: Brahma
➢ miosn % f”kYiosn Upveda: Shilpveda
➢ ladyu drkZ % fo”okfe= Compiler: Vishwamitra
czkã.k xazFk brahmin texts
➢ osnksa dk ljy Hkk’kk esa :ikarj.k % czkã.k xzaFk
Conversion of Vedas into simple language: Brahmanical texts
➢ czkã.k xzaFk dks osnksa dh Vhdk Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
The Brahman text is also called the commentary of the Vedas.
➢ _Xosn dk czkã.k xzaFk % ,srjs;] “ka[kk;u ¼dkS’khrdh½
Brahmanical texts of Rigveda: Aitareya, Shankhayana (Kaushitaki)
➢ lkeosn % iapfo”k ¼izkS<+½] ‘kMfo”k] tSfeuh;] vk’ksZ;
Samaveda: Panchvish, Shadvish, Jaiminiya, Arshey
➢ ;tqosZn % d`’.k “kk[kk ¼rSrjs;½] “kqDy “kk[kk ¼”kriFk½
Yajurveda: Krishna branch (Taitreya), Shukla branch (Satapatha)
➢ vFkoZosn % xksiFk czkã.k xzaFk & ¼fiIiykn “kk[kk½
Atharvaveda: Gopath Brahmin text
osnkax& Vedanga-
➢ f”k{kk Education
➢ dYi Kalpa
➢ fu:Dr Nirukta
➢ Nan verse
➢ T;ksfr’k astrology
➢ O;kdj.k % oS;kdj.k dks tkuus okyk
➢ Grammar: Knowing grammar
ikf.kuh & v’Vk/;k;h Panini - Ashtadhyayi
jkek;.k Ramayana
➢ laLd`r % egf’kZ okYehfd
Sanskrit: Maharishi Valmiki
➢ vo/kh % xksLokeh rqylhnkl
Awadhi: Goswami Tulsidas
➢ rfey % dEcu Tamil: Kamban
➢ Qkjlh % cnk¡;wuh Persian: Badayuni
➢ ckaXyk % d`rokl Bangla: kritavas
➢ vaxzsth % vkj- Vh- ,p- fxzfQFk
English: R. T. H. Griffith
➢ ckyjkek;.k % HkoHkwfr
Balaramayana: Bhavabhuti
➢ rsyxw % HkkLdj Telugu: Bhaskar
➢ dUuM+ % dqeqnsUnq Kannada: Kumudendu
➢ eSfFkyh & pUnk >k Maithili - Chanda Jha

Jhjkepfjr ekul &7 dk.M 1- ckydk.M

Shri Ramcharit Manas-7 Kand 1. Balkand
2- v;ks/;kdk.M Ayodhya Kand
3- vj.;dk.M Aranyakand
4- fdf’da/kkdk.M Kishkindhakand
5- lqanjdk.M Sunderkand
6- yadk dk.M Lanka scandal
7- mÙkjdk.M Lanka scandal
egkHkkjr % Mahabharata:
iqjk.k % 18 & lcls iqjkuk iqjk.k & eRL; iqjk.k & lkrokgu oa”k ds ckjs esa
Purana: 18 - Oldest Purana - Matsya Purana - About Satavahana Dynasty
Hkxoku fo’.kq ds 10 vorkj % eRL; vorkj
10 Avatars of Lord Vishnu: Matsya Avatar
dwekZorkj Kurmavatar
ojkgkorkj Varahavatara
u`flag vorkj Narasimha Avatar
okeukorkj Vamanavatar
JhjkepUnz sri ramchandra
d`’.k Krishna
ij”kqjke Parashuram
cq) Buddha
dfYd Kalki
fo’.kq iqjk.k & ekS;Zoa”k Vishnu Purana - Mauryan Dynasty
ok;q iqjk.k & xqIr oa”k Vayu Purana - Gupta Dynasty
Hkkxor iqjk.k & d`’.k HkfDr Bhagavata Purana - Krishna Bhakti
Tokyksifu’kn & 4 vkJe crk, x, gSa
Jvalopanishad - 4 Ashrams are mentioned
1- czãp;Z % 0&25 o’kZ Brahmacharya: 0-25 years
2- x`gLFk % 25&50 o’kZ Householder: 25-50 years
3- okuizLFk % 50&75 o’kZ Vanaprastha: 50-75 years
4- laU;kl % 75&100 o’kZ Sannyas: 75-100 years
uksV % iqjk.kks ds jpfr;k & ykseg’kZ ,oa muds iq= mxzJok
Note: The creators of the Puranas - Lomaharsha and his son Ugrashrava
egktuin dky & 6000 bZlk & 4000 bZlk
Mahajanapada period - 6000 AD - 4000 AD
➢ dqy & xzke&fo”k&tu&tuin & egktuin
➢ Total - Village-Vish-Jana-District - Mahajanapada
➢ egktuin dky & 600 bZlk iwoZ & jkT; dh ifjHkk’kk
➢ Mahajanapada period - 600 BC - Definition of state
➢ egktuinks ds ckjs esa dqN xzaFkks ls tkudkjh feyrh gSA
➢ Information about Mahajanpado is available from some texts.
1- vaxqÙkj fudk; & ckS) /keZ & 16 egktuin
Anguttar Nikaya - Buddhism - 16 Mahajanapadas
2- Hkxorh lw= & tSu /keZ & 16 egktuin
Bhagwati Sutra - Jainism - 16 Mahajanapadas
3- v’Vk/;k;h & 22 egktuin
Ashtadhyayi - 22 Mahajanapadas
16 egktuin & 14 ¼jktra=½
Mahajanapada - 14 (Monarchy)
2 ¼x.kra=½ & 1- ofTt &nqfu;k dk lcls igyk x.kra=
2 (Republic) - 1. Vajji - the world's first republic
2- eYy Mall

egktuin jkt/kkuh
Mahajanapada Capital
ex/k jktx`g@fxfjozt@ikVfyiq=
Magadha Rajgriha / Girivraj / Pataliputra
vax pEik ¼ekfyuh unh½
Ang Champa (Malini River)
dks”ky ¼lj;w½ lkdsr @ JkoLrh
Kosala (Saryu) Saket / Shravasti
vofUr mTtSu] efg’erh
Avanti Ujjain, Mahishmati
xka/kkj r{kf”kyk
Gandhara Taxila
dk”kh okjk.klh ¼jktk vo”lsu ds iq= 23osa rhFkZadj½
Kashi Varanasi (23rd Tirthankara, son of King Avassen)
ikapky ¼xaxk&2 Hkkxksa½ vfgPN=] dkfiY;
Panchala (Ganga - 2 parts) Ahichchhatra, Kapilya
ofTt oS”kkyh ¼vkezikyh dk lEca/k½
Vajji Vaishali (Affiliation of Amrapali)
dEckst gkVd ¼jktkiqj½ & ?kksM+ksa ds fy, izfl)
Kamboj Hatak (Rajapur) - Famous for horses
v”ed izfr’Bku ¼iSBu½
Ashmak Pritishthan (Paithan)
eYy dq”khuxj
mall kushinagar
lwjlsu eFkqjk
sursen mathura
eRL; fojkVuxj
Matsya Viratnagar
dq: bUnzizLFk ¼fnYyh½
kuru Indraprastha
oRl dks”kkEch
vats koshamb
psnh “kfDrerh ¼dfyax “kkld [kkjosy dk lEca/k½
Chedi Shaktimati (Affiliation of Kalinga ruler Kharavela)
uksV % nks egktu ,sls Fks tks orZeku Hkkjr dh lhek ls ckgj gS& dEckst]
xa/kkj 16 egktuinksa esa ls 8 egktu in mÙkj inzs”k esa iM+rs gSaA
16 egktuinksa esa lokZf/kd “kfDr”kkyh ex/k egktuin FkkA
lcls iwohZ egktuin vax
Note: There were two Mahajans which are outside the border of present
India- Kamboj, Gandhar 8 out of 16 Mahajanapadas fall in Uttar Pradesh.
Magadha Mahajanapada was the most powerful of the 16 Mahajanapadas.
Eastern Mahajanapada Anga
• blesa nks fo}ku jgrs Fks% 1- loZoeZu % dkra=
Two students lived in its center: Sarvavarman: Kantrat
2- xqM+kg~M; % c`grdFkk
Gudahdya: Brihatkath
blh ds vk/kkj ij ^^iapra=** iqLrd Based on this the
book "Panchtantra"
fo’.kq 'kekZ Vishnu Sharma
• (D) xkSreh iq= 'kkrd.khZ Gautami's son Shatkarni
▪ 23oka 'kkld 23rd ruler
▪ lkrokgu oa'k dk iquZlaLFkkid Restorer of the Satavahana Dynasty
▪ mikf/k % vf}rh; czkã.k Title: Unique Brahmin
,dk czkã.k single brahmin
f=leqnzhifr trisamudripati
os.kdVd Lokeh Venkataka Swami
▪ ekrk % cyJh ¼ukfld vfHkys[k½
Mother: Balashri (Nashik inscription)
vius iq= ds lkFk la;qDr #i ls 'kkfld jgh gSA
Ruled jointly with her son.
▪ lekt % fir`LkRRkkRed Society: Patriarchal
▪ blus 'kd'kkld ^^ugiku** dks gjk;k % ^^tksxyJkEch ¼ukfld½ ls
feys e`nHkk.Mks ls irk pyrk gSA % ¼13250½ flDds
It defeated the ruler "Nahapana": "It is known from the pottery
found from JogalShrimbi (Nashik). : (13250) Coins
▪ of'k’Bh iq= 'kkrd.khZ@¼iqyokeh½
Vashishthi son of Shatkarni/Pulwami
:nznkeu ls ijkftr gqvkA
defeated by Rudradaman.
iq=h $ of'k’Bh iq= 'kkrd.khZ dk iq= ¾ ^^fookg**
Daughter + Vashishti's son Shatakani's son = "Marriage"
f'koJh Shivshree
▪ ;K Jh 'kkrd.khZ Yagya Shree Shatkarni
ty;ku ds fp= okys flDds tkjh djk,A]
Issued coins with pictures of ships.
• vafre 'kkld % ^^fot;** Last Ruler: "Victory"
o lkrokguksa us 'kh'ks ds flDds tkjh djk, % ¼500xzsu½
Satavahanas issued glass coins: (500 grains)
$ iksVhu ,oa rk¡cs ds flDds Hkh pyok,A
+ Putty and copper coins were also made to run.
o lkrokgu oa'k ds 'kkld lokZf/kd O;kikj ^dY;k.k* ukxd canjxkg ls
djrs FksA
The rulers of the Satavahana dynasty used to do most of the trade from
'Kalyana' Nagak port.
Hkkjr ij fons'kh vkØe.k
• if'kZ;u@bZjkuh Persian/Iranian
• ;wukuh ¼fladnj½ Greek (Sikander)
• fgUn ;ou Hind Yavana ¼Indo-Greek½
• 'kd Shak
• igyo Pahlav
• dq’kk.k Kushan
• vjch Arabic
• rqdhZ Turkey
fgUn ;ou 'kkld ¼Indo-Greek½
• bUgsa cSfDVª;u Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
They are also called Bactrians.
• igyk 'kkld % MsfefVª;l ¼lsY;wdl dh rhljh ih<+h dk oa'kt½
First ruler: Demetrius (3rd generation descendant of Seleucus)
• Mk;ksMksV~l us lsY;wdl ds detksj gksus ij cSfDVª;k {ks= dks ,d Lora=
lkezkT; ds #i esa ?kksf’kr dj fn;k FkkA
Diodotes had declared the Bactria region as an independent kingdom when
Seleucus was weak.
• nwljk ;wukuh vkØe.kdkjh % MsfefVª;l
Second Greek Invader: Demetrius
• budh nks 'kk[kk,¡ Hkh% They also have two branches:
MsesfVª;'k 'kk[kk ;sØsVkbM~l 'kk[kk
Demetrius Branch Yecratides Branch
mÙkjkf/kdkjh Heir
1- viksyksMksV~l 2- vxkFkksfDyt 3- feukaMj ¼fefyan½ ,f.V;kydhM~l
1. Apollodotes 2. Agathoklij 3. Minander (Milind) Antialkids

d`’.k $ cYkjke 1- fldanj ls T;knk Hkw& Hkkx thrs

Krishna + Balarama 1. Conquered more territory than Alexander blus 'kqax oa'k ds 'kkld ^^Hkkxor* ds
njckj esa ^^gsfy;ksMksjl** dks Hkstk FkkA
2- ckS)&fHk{kq ukxlsu ls okrkZ dh ** It sent "Heliodorus" to the court of
2. Talked to the Buddhist-monk Nagasena. "Bhagavata", the ruler of Shunga
flDds tkjh fd, fefyaniUgks % ckS) xzaFk ¼^^fefyan ds iz'u**½ dynasty.
Milimpadho: Buddhist texts
3- mikf/k % gfed'k] lksVj
4- lksus ds flDds pyok,A

jkt/kkuh Rajdhani ¼'kkdy ¼fl;kydksV½ (Shakal (Sialkot) r{kf'kyk Takshashila got

vafre 'kkld last ruler & gfeZ;l hermeus ^^bls dqtqy dMfQlsl us gjk;kA
"It was defeated by Kujul Kadphisese.
¼fgUn ;ou vkØe.k ds izHkko½%&
1- eqnzkvksa ds fyfi script of currencies
2- dSys.Mj esa lIrkg dk iz;ksx
use of weeks in calendar
3- 12 jkf'k;k¡ % ¼flag es"k] feFkqu------½
12 zodiac signs: (Leo, Aries, Gemini......)
4- inkZ izFkk ¼;ofudk½ Veil practice (Yavnika)
'kd ¼lhfFk;u½
• 'kd% e/; ,f'k;k ls vk,A The Shakas came from Central Asia.
• igyk 'kkld % ^^eksxk** First Ruler: "Moga"
• 'kdks dh Hkkjr esa ¼5½ 'kk[kk,¡ Fkh %& Shako also has (5) branches in India :-
1- vQxkfuLrku Afghanistan
2- iatkc Punjab
3- ekyok Malwa
4- mÙkjh 'kk[kk@{k=Ik ¼r{kf'kyk ls eFkqjk rd½
Northern branch / Kshatrapa (from Taxila to Mathura)
5- if'peh {k=Ik ¼ukfld ls mTTkSu rd½
Western Kshatraps (from Nashik to Ujjain)
#nznkeu dk lEcU/k if'peh {k=i 'kk[kk ls gSA
Rudradaman is related to the Western Kshatrapa branch.
^^twukx<+ vfHkys[k tkjh djk;k ** & ¼fo'kq) laLd`r esa tkjh½
"Junagarh inscription released" - (Issued in pure Sanskrit)
fxjukj (Girnar) - Gujrat
blh vfHkys[k ls ^^lqn'kZu >hy** ds fuekZ.k dk irk pyrk gS tks fd
pUnzxqIr ekS;Z ds jkT;iky % iq’;xqIr us djk;k FkkA
This record shows the construction of "Sudarshan Lake" which was
done by Pushyagupta, the governor of Chandragupta Maurya.
o lqn'kZu >hy ls ugjs fudyokbZ % ^^rq’kk’i** ¼lezkV v'kksd dk jkT;iky½
Canals were made out of Sudarshan Lake: "Tushashpa" (Governor of Emperor
Ashoka)
o th.kksZ)kj dj;k % #nznkeu us ¼lqfo'kk[k ds funsZ'ku esa½ & ea=h
Renovated by: Rudradaman (under the direction of Suvishak) - Minister
o iqu% th.kksZ)kj djk;k % ^^LdUnxqIr** Revived again: "Skandagupt"
• twukx<+ vfHkys[k ls % #nznkeu] pUnzxqIr ekS;Z o v'kksd ds ckjs esa tkudkjh feyrh
gSA
From Junagarh inscription: Information is available about Rudradaman,
Chandragupta Maurya and Ashoka.
igyo ¼ikfFkZ;u½
• laLFkkid % feFkzsM~sVl Founder: Mithadrates

bZjku ls vk, FksA Came from Iran.

• bl oa'k dk lcls 'kfDr'kkyh 'kkld & xks.MksQuhZl ¼jkt/kkuh r{kf'kyk½

The most powerful ruler of this dynasty - Gondofarnes (Capital Taxila)
dq’kk.k
• laLFkkid % dqtqy dMfQlsl & mÙkjkf/kdkjh
Founder: Kujul Kadifises - successor
• dq’kk.k e/; ,f'k;k ls vk, FksA
The Kushans came from Central Asia.
• ;g ^lwph tutkfr* ds FksA ^^foe dMfQlsl** ¼okLrfod laLFkkid½
He belonged to the 'List Tribe'. "Wim Kadphises" (the real founder)
• foe dMfQlsl us lksus ds flDds pyok, ftls f}Hkk’kh; eqnzk Hkh dgk x;kA
Vim Kadphikes introduced gold coins which were also called bilingual currency.

;wukuh fyfi [kjks’Bh fyfi

Greek script Kharosthi script
• ^^foe dMfQQsl** % 'kSo /keZ dk vuq;k;h FkkA
Vim Kadphiface: Was a follower of Shaivism.
o f'ko] uanh] cSy dh vkd`fr ds flDds feys gSA
Coins in the shape of Shiva, Nandi, Bull have been found.
• foe dMfQQsl dks lezkVks dk lezkV] loZyksds'oj vkfn ukeks ls tkuk tkrk gSA
The emperor of emperors, Sarvalokeshwar is known by other names.
dfu’d ¼78AD-110AD½
• joSVd vfHkys[k ls dfu’d ds foe dMfQlsl dk iq= gksus dk irk pyrk gSA
The Ravitaka inscription reveals Kanishka to be the son of Vima Kadphises.
• budh nks jkt/kkfu;k¡ FkhA 1- iq#’kiqj
They had two capitals. Purushpur
2- eFkqjk Mathura
• dfu’d xn~nh ij cSBus ls iwoZ% r{kf'kyk dk xoZuj FksA
Before Kanishka ascended the throne: He was the governor of Takshashila.
• dfu’d ds 'kkludky esa ckS) /keZ dh pkSFkh laxhfr % d'ehj ds dq.My ou esa olqfe=
dh v/;{krk esa gq;hA
4th Music of Buddhism during the reign of Kanishka: Vasumitra in Kundal forest
of Kashmir Held under the chairmanship of
ghu;ku
pkSFkh ckS) laxhfr % esa ckS) /keZ nks 'kk[kk esa c¡V x;kA
forth Buddhist Council: In Buddhism, it was divided into two branches. egk;ku
• bUgas f}rh; v'kksd Hkh dgk tkrk gSA He is also called the second Ashoka.
1- xka/kkj dyk] eFkqjk dyk dk fodkl
1. Development of Gandhara Art, Mathura Art
2- 'kq) lksus ds flDds & ¼lw;Z nsork] gsfy;ksDyht dk izrhd½
2. Coins of pure gold - (symbol of the sun god, Heliocles)
3- njckjh % ¼1½ jktuSfrd dfo@ys[kd & ^^v'o?kks’k**
3. Darbari: (1) Political poet/writer - "Asvaghosh"
¼2½ ukxktqZu & ¼'kwU; okn dk tud@lkis{krk dk fl)kar½
(2) Nagarjuna - (Father of Zeroism/Theory of Relativity)

iqLrd %& izKkikjferk lw= Book :- Prajnaparamita Sutra

¼9½ pjd & ¼pjd lafgrk½ & ^^fpfdRlk**
(9) Charaka - (Charaka Samhita) - "Medicine"
• 78 bZLoh esa 'kd lEor~ pykA
Saka era started in 78 AD.
xqIr lkezkT; : [319AD-540AD]

Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dk Lo.kZ ;qx

¼The Golden Era of Indian History½
• laLFkkid % JhxqIr Founder: Srigupta

?kVksRdp Ghatotkach
• panzxqIr izFke ¼319AD-334AD½ Chandragupta I (319AD–334AD)
▪ XkqIr oa'k dk okLrfod laLFkkid ekuk tkrk gS% pUnzxqIr izFke dksA
The real founder of the Gupta dynasty is considered to be:
Chandrgupta I.
▪ panzxqIr izFke ftl fnu xn~nh ij cSBk% 319 bZ0 esa xqIr laor~
pyk;kA
The day Chandragupta I sat on the throne: In 319 AD, he started
the Gupta Samvat.
▪ mlh fnu ¾ jktk&jkuh dk flDdk pyk;k FkkA
On the same day = King-Queen's coin was run.
iRuh & ¼dqekj nsoh½
Wife - (Kumar Devi)
• leqnzxqIr ¼335AD-380AD½ Samudragupta (335AD–380AD)
o Hkkjr dk usiksfy;u ¼blus 9$12 jktkvksa dks gjk;k½
Napoleon of India (It defeated 9+12 kings)
o dfojkt Kaviraj foalsV fLeFk % Early History of India
o ije Hkkxor Param Bhagwat
o ije Øekad ultimate number
o fyPNoh nkSfg= litchi dauhitar
o O;k?kz ijkØe tiger might
o lej”kFk Samarshath
o dkp Katch
• ;g laxhr izseh Fkk] flDds ij oh.kk ctkrs gq, fn[kk;k x;k gSA
He was a music lover, the coin is shown playing Veena.
• buds njckjh gfj’ks.k Fks ftlus iz;kx iz'kfLr vfHkys[k fy[kk gSA
His courtier was Harishen, who wrote the Prayag Prashasti inscription.
• blds ikl ,d laxfBr ukSlsuk FkhA It had an organized navy.
• ,j.k vfHkys[k & lrh izFkk izpfyr FkhA
Eran records - Sati practice was prevalent.
^^Hkkuq xqIr** us tkjh djk;k* Released by "Bhanu Gupta"
• Hkk’kk & laLd`r Language – Sanskrit
leqUnzxqIr
'kd dk jktk
iRuh
panzxqIr II jkexqIr /kzqonsoh #nz III

ukVd % nsoh pUnzxqRe esa fy[kk gSa

“kd vafre “kkld

• panzxqIr f}rh; ¼380AD-414AD½ foØeh lEor~ & 57BC
Chandragupta II (380AD 414AD) mTTkSu ds 'kkld us pyk;k
o mikf/k % 'kdkfj FkkA
Title: Shikari
foØekad Vikramank
ijeHkkxor Param Bhagwat
foØekfnR; ¼14 foØekfnR; esa ls ,d½
Vikramaditya (one of the 14 Vikramadityas)
o blds njckj esa 9 jRu jgrs Fks% 9 gems lived in his court:
1- dkfynkl Kalidas ¾ es?knwre~ Meghdootam
j?kqoa'ke~ raghuvansham
Hkkjr dk lsDlfi;j vfHkKku 'kkadqrye~ ¼igyk vuqokfnr xzaFk½
India's Shakespeare Abhigyan Shankutalam (first translated text)
nq’;ar $ 'kdqaryk ¾ izsedFkk
Dushyant + Shakuntala = love story
foØekso'khZ; Vikramvarshi
ekyfodkfXufe=e~ malavikagnimitram
dqekj lEHkoe~ Kumar Sambhavam
2- ojkgfefgj Varahamihira
o`grlafgrk Great Samhita
iapfl)kafrdk panchsiddhantika
c`TTkkrd brajjatak
3- 'kadq ¾ okLrqdkj Shanku = Architect
4- {ki.kd ¾ T;ksfr’k Kshapanaka = Astrology
5- vej flag ¾ vejdks’k Amarkosh
6- ?kVdiZj ¾ eq[; lykgdkj Ghatkarpar = Chief Advisor
7- /kUoUrfj ¾ fpfdRld Dhanvantari = doctor
8- Okj#fp Varruchi
9- csrky HkV~V ¾ tknwxj ¼flagklu cUrhlh½ & iqLrd
Betala Bhatta = Magician (Singhasan Bantisi) - Book
o vk;ZHkV~V %& lw;Zfl)kar ¼vk;ZHkV~Vh;e½ & iqLrd
Aryabhata :- Suryasiddhanta (Aryabhattiyam) - Book
𝟑
O, V, √ , √ i`Foh dh f=T;k
𝟑
O, V, √ , √ Radius of the Earth
o okRL;k;u ¾ dkelw= Vatsyayana = Kamasutra
o Qkfg;ku % 399 bZ&414 bZ0 rd Hkkjr esa jgkA
Fahian: Lived in India till 399 AD - 414 AD.
o iqLrd & Qk- D;ks& dh Book – Pha Kyo-ki
o phuh ys[kd Hkkjrh;ksa dks f;Urw dgrs FksA
Chinese writers used to call Indians Yintu.
o pUnzxqIr dh nks jkt/kkfu;k¡ Hkh %&
Chandragupta also had two capitals :- 1- ikVfyiq= Pataliputra
2- mTtSu Ujjain
• pUnzxqIr f}rh; us viuh iq=h dk fookg % okdkVd ujs'k% #nz f}rh; ls
dhA vkSj budh enn ysdj 'kkld % #nz III dks gjk;kA ¼'kd 'kkld&
#nz III dk gjk;k½
Chandragupta II married his daughter to Vakataka king Rudra II. And
by taking their help defeated the ruler: Rudra III. (Saka ruler- defeated
by Rudra III)
• pUnzxqIr f}rh; us dnEc lkezkT; ds 'kkld % dkdqRl oekZ dh csVh ls
vius iq= dk fookg djok;kA
Chandragupta II got his son married to the daughter of Kakutsa Varma,
the ruler of the Kadamba kingdom.
• blus eFkqjk {ks= dks dq’kk.kksa ls thrk % ¼eFkqjk vfHkys[k½
He conquered the Mathura region from the Kushans: (Mathura
inscription)
• egjkSyh ykSg LrEHk vfHkys[k % panzxqIr f}rh; us fy[kok;kA
Mehrauli Iron Pillar Inscription: Chandragupta II got it written.
pUnz Chandra
• lkaph ds LrEHk ys[k ls xzkenku ds ckjs esa irk pyrk gSA
From the pillar inscription of Sanchi, it is known about Gramdan.
• panzxqIr f}rh; ds le; dh tkudkjh dk lcls vPNk L=ksr %
^^nsohpUnzxqIre~ gSA
The best source of information about the time of Chandragupta
II is: “Devichandraguptam.
ys[kd ^^fo'kk[kknÙk** Writer Vishakhadatta
dqekj xqIr izFke & ¼414&454AD½
• lksus dk flDdk & fnukj
• ekrk % /kzqonsoh Mother : Dhruvdevi panzxqIr I
• pkanh dk flDdk & :I;d
• firk % pUnzxqIr f}rh; Father: Chandragupta II
pnzxqIr II
• ukyank fo'ofo|ky; dh LFkkiuk ¼BR½ • rkacs dk flDdk & dkSM+h
Establishment of Nalanda University (BR)
• mikf/k % egsUnzkfnR; Title: Mahendraditya
• eksj$dkfrZdsa; ds fp= okys flDds pyok, & ¼pk¡nh½
Coins with the picture of peacock + Kartikeya - (silver)
↓
LdUnxqIr Skandagupta
• LdU/kxqIr ¼454&467AD½ Sakandagupta (454-467AD)
▪ blds le; ij gw.kks dk vkØe.k ¼gw.kks dk usr`RodrkZ % rksjek.k½
At its time the attack of Huno (Leader of Huno: Toramana)
▪ lqn'kZu >hy dk iqu% th.kksZ)kj djk;k
Revived Sudarshan Lake ^^twukx<+ LrEHk ys[k** ls
tkudkjh
▪ xqIr oa'k esa dqy 24 'kkld gq,A
There were a total of 24 rulers in the Gupta dynasty.
▪ xqIr dq’kk.kksa ds lkear FksA
The Guptas were feudatories of the Kushans.
▪ vafre 'kkld & fo’.kqxqIr@dqekj xqIr III
Last Ruler - Vishnugupta/Kumar Gupta III
• vFkZO;oLFkk Economy
▪ Hkw&jktLo & mit dk 𝟏/𝟔
Land revenue - 1/6 of the produce
▪ fcuk tqrh gq;h Hkwfe & vizgr
biana juti Huyi Bhoomi - Aprahat
• iz'kklfud O;oLFkk Administrative Law
▪ n.Mikf'kd % iqfyl izeq[k
Dandapashi: chief of police
▪ egklaf/kd foxzg % fons'kh uhfr
Mahasandhi Vigraha: Foreign Policy
▪ egknaM uk;d % U;k; foHkkx dk izeq[k
Mahadand Nayak: Head of the Department of Justice
▪ vxzgkfjd %& nku foHkkx
Agraharik :- Department of charity
• dj ¼Tax½
▪ HkV~Vdj & iqfyl dj
Bhattkar - Police Tax
▪ pkVdj & yqVsjkas ij dj
Chatkar - tax on looters
• eafnj Temple
❖ frxok fo’.kq eafnj & e0iz0 Tigwa Vishnu Temple - M.P.
❖ Hkwejk f'ko eafnj & e0iz0 Bhumra Shiva Temple - M.P.
❖ n'kkorkj eafnj & >k¡lh ¼;w-ih½ ¼nsox<+½
Dashavatar Temple - Jhansi (U.P) (Devgarh)
❖ ,j.k fo’.kq eafnj & e0iz0 ¼lkxj½
Eran Vishnu Temple - M.P. (Sagar)
❖ Hkhrj xk¡o y{e.k eafnj & dkuiqj ¼mÙkj izns'k½
Inner Village Laxman Temple - Kanpur (Uttar Pradesh)
• vtark dh xqQk, % ¼29½ & ¼1983½ & ¼UNESCO½ ^fo'o fojklr lwph esa 'kkfey**
Ajanta Caves : (29) - (1983) - (UNESCO) "Included in the World Heritage List"
“kEHkkth uxj ¼e0iz0½ Shambhaji Nagar (M.P.)
Fkkus'oj dk iq’;Hkwfr oa'k ¼o/kZu oa'k½
olaLFkkid & iq’;Hkwfr # ekS[kjh oa'k dk 'kkld& ^^voafr oeZu** dk lkear

izHkkdj o/kZu

1- jkT; o)Zu ¼cM+kiq=½ 2- jkT;Jh ¼iq=h½ 3- g’kZo)Zu ¼NksVk iq=½

• izHkkdj o)Zu us jkT;Jh dh 'kknh voafroeZu ds iq= x`goeZu ls dj nhA

Prabhakara Vardhana married Rajyashri to Grihavarman, son of
Avantivarman.
• 'k'kkad vkSj nsoxqIr us feydj x`goeZu dh gR;kdj ^^jkT;Jh** dk vigj.k dj
fy;kA
Shashank and Devagupt together abducted "Rajyashri" after killing
Grihavarman.
• izHkkdj o/kZu ds le; ij gw.kks us vkØe.k fd;k ftldk neu djus ds fy, jkT;o/kZu
dks Hkstk!
At the time of Prabhakar Vardhan, Huno attacked, sent Rajyavardhan to suppress it!
• dqjaxd nwr ls g’kZo/kZu us vius firk izHkkdj o/kZu o ekrk ;'kkserh ¼lrh½ dh e`R;q dk
[kcj lqudj vius jkT; vkrs gSA
Harshvardhan came to his kingdom after hearing the news of the death of his father
Prabhakar Vardhan and mother Yashomati (Sati) from the messenger of Kurangak.
• jkT;o/kZu us nsoxqIr dh gR;k dj nhA Rajyavardhana killed Devagupta.
• 'k'kkad us jkT;o/kZu dh gR;k dhA Shashank killed Rajyavardhan.
↓
g’kZo/kZu ¼606&647bZ0½ Harshavardhana (606-647 AD)
▪ tUe & 590 AD Birth - 590 AD
▪ IkRuh & nqxkZorh Wife - Durgavati
▪ Xkn~nh & 606 AD esa Gaddi - in 606 AD
o xkSM+ ujs'k 'k'kkad dks ijkftr dj fn;kA Gaur king Shashank was defeated.
o fnokdj fe= ¼ckS) fHk{kq½ dh enn ls g’kZo/kZu us vius cgu jkT;Jh dks [kkstkA
With the help of Diwakar Mitra (Buddhist monk), Harshavardhana found his
sister Rajyashri.
o g’kZo)Zu dks lkfgR; dk lezkV dgk tkrk gS!
Harshvardhan is called the emperor of literature!
o jkt/kkuh & dkU;dqCt ¼dUUkkSt½ Capital - Kanyakubj (Kannauj)

o g’kZo/kZu dks Ikqydsf'ku us gjk;k Fkk! ¼ueZnk unh ds rV ij½ & 618 bZ0 esaA
Harshavardhana was defeated by Pulakeshin! (On the banks of Narmada river) -
In 618 AD.
• g’kZo)Zu ds ukVd & 1- ukxkuan bu ukVdks dks fy[kus dk Js; dfo ^^/kkod** dks fn;kA
2- jRukoyh /kks;h & iqLrd
laLd`r Hkk’kk 3- fiz;nf'kZdk iounwr
• g’kZ o)Zu ds njckjh & 1- ck.kHkV~V % The courtiers of Harshvardhan - 1. Banabhatta:
dknEcjh ] ¼g’kZpfjr½ & Kadambari, (Harshacharita)
8 Hkkxksa esa
izR;sd Hkkx dks ¼mPNokl½
2- e;wj HkV~V % lw;Z'krd 3$5
Mayur Bhatt: Suryashtak 3+5
3- ekrax fnokdj % e;wj 'krd ck.kHkV~V g’kZ
Matang Diwakar: Mayur Shatak Banabhatta Harsha
dksbZ Book ugha
4- HkrZ`gjh
❖ “kks<+y us g’kZo/kZu dks ^lkfgfR;d g’kZ* dgk gSA
Shodhal has called Harshvardhan a 'literary joy'.
• àsulkax Hnensang
• phu ls vk;k ¼phuh ;k=h½ Came from China (Chinese traveller)
630 & 645 • ;kf=;ks dk jktdqekj ¼Prince of Pilgrlims½
Came from China (Chinese traveller) Prince of Pilgrlims
• Rlkax Hkh dgk tkrk gSA Also called Tsang.
• 18 eghus % ukyank esa egk;ku 'kk[kk dk v/;;u fd;kA
15 o’kksZ rd jgk 18 months: Studied Mahayana school at Nalandha.
dqyifr %& 'khyHknz ¼5 % 1½ & fo|kFkhZ $ f'k{kd%
Vice Chancellor :- Sheelbhadra (5:1) - Teacher : Student
• ;k=k fooj.k % ^^lh-;w-dh** iqLrdA Travel Details: “C.U.Ki” book.
• àsulkax dh thouh & fOgyh Biography of Hsien Tsang - Whillie
• ^^lh-;w-dh** iqLrd %& • O;kikj dk egRoiw.kZ dsanz % dUUkkSt
Book "C.U.Ki." • nf{k.k esa O;kikj dk egRoiw.kZ dsUnz % dkaph
• g’kZ dh lsuk % prqjafx.kh
• g’kZ dk uke % f'kykfnR;
• g’kZ ds lsuk esa vjc lsuk dk lsukifr % dqary
Commander of Arab army in Harsha's army: Kuntal
1- iz;kx
• g’kZo)Zu ds dk;Z % 1- egkeks{k ifj’kn dk vk;kstu %& 2
Commander of Arab army in Harsha's army: Kuntal 2- dUUkkSt
2- dqaHk esyksa dh 'kq:vkr % 1- iz;kxjkt ¼;w-ih½
Beginning of Kumbh Melas: Prayagraj (U.P.)
2- gfj}kj ¼;w-ds½
Haridwar (U.K.)
v)ZdqEHk & 6 o’kZ 3- ukfld ¼egkjk’Vª½
Ardh Kumbh - 6 years 3. Nasik (Maharashtra)
dqEHk & 12 o’kZ 4- mTTkSu ¼e/; izns'k½
Aquarius - 12 years 4. Ujjain (Madhya Pradesh)
egkdqEHk & 24 o’kZ Mahakumbh - 24 years
• g’kZ ds iq= ¾ Son of Harsha
okX;o/kZu Vagyavardhan
dY;k.ko/kZu Kalyanvardhan