2IBE4S Biology for Engineers, Common to All 4 Semester Branches of VTU, Kamataka Dr. Prasad Puthiyillam YouTube Channel: @ myintuition4865 Module 4 NATURE-BIOINSPIRED MATERIALS AND MECHANISMS 4.1 Echolocation: [Link] yZw0 Echolocation is a biological or technological process that involves emitting sound waves and listening to the echoes that bounce back off of objects in the e1 t to determine their location, distance, and shape. dark. The scientific study of echolocation in animals, howe in the early 20th century, with the pioneering work of British naturalist Dona search showed that bats were using echolocation to navigate and hunt and modern study of biological echolocation In technology, the use of echolocation can b ‘warfare, During World War I, the British navy,déveloped as "ASDIC") to detect submarines A comparison of biological echolé Biological Echolocation (6lthe early days of submarine ive form of sonar (known then logical echolocation is given below: Found in various, Relies on the s, and some species of whales. ally in the form of clicks or vocalizations sten for the echoes produced when the sound waves ‘These devices emit sound waves and analyze the echoes that bounce back from objects. The information from the echoes is processed and interpreted by the technology to generate usefil data, such as distance, location, and object recognition. '* Technological echolocation has applications in various fields, including navigation, roboties, obstacle detection, and medical imaging * It isa human-engineered solution inspired by the natural abilities of animals. 1 / Whatsapp +91 7975054865,21BE4S Biology for Engineers, Common to All 4” Semester Branches of VTU, Karnataka Dr. Prasad Puthiyillam YouTube Chanel: @ myintuition4865 Principle of Ecolocation Both biological and technological echolocation rely on the same basic principles and have the same underlying purpose: to determine the location, distance, and shape of objects in the environment using sound waves and their echoes. The principle of echolocation is based on the emission of sound waves and the interpretation of the echoes that bounce back from objects in the environment, en logical echolocation, this is typically achieved ile in technological echolocation, it is usually done ‘or ultrasonic sensors wes: The emitted sound waves travel through the environment, aractoristics Sensory Reception: The echolocating organism, whether biological or technological, has sensory receptors capable of detecting and processing the returning echoes. In biological echolocation, this is typically specialized organs or structures, such as bat ears or dolphin anelon, while in technological echolocation, it is achieved through sensors and receivers. Echo Interpretation: The information contained in the echoes is analyzed and interpreted dy the organisin or technology. This interpretation involves extracting relevant features from the echoes and making sense of the spatial and temporal pattems present. Perception and Response: Based on the interpretation of the echoes, the organism or technology can perceive and understand the surrounding environment, This perception 2 / Whatsapp +91 79750548652IBE4S Biology for Engineers, Common to All 4 Semester Branches of VTU, Kamataka Dr. Prasad Puthiyillam ‘YouTube Channel: @ myintuition4865 enables the organism fo navigate, locate objects, detect obstacles, or perform other relevant tasks, Comparing the Sound Emission and Reception in Biological Ecosystem and Technological Ecosystem In biological systems, sound emission and sensory reception organs are specialized adaptations that allow animals to engage in echolocation. Technological systems, on the other hand, employ devices designed to replicate and enhance these abilities. Here's a concise comparison of sound emission and sensory reception organs/devices in biological and technological systems: Biological System system Sound Emission Biological organisms, such as bats and cetaceans, have specialized sound emission organs to produce sounds for echolocation, Bats emit sounds using their larynx modify the emitted sounds —usié structures like the nose leaf or, cavity. Tl gins rely on artificial so wices, such as 5 » TO generate y's of souar systems ‘waves through these typically using piezoelectric transducers, aus that allow them ret retuming Dolphins and whales emit their blowholes, producing clicks or vocalizations. 255 ed t ive ears designed auialyze ultrasonic ome whales also receive ‘conducts sound vibrations to the nerve impulses for interpretation by the brain. Technological systems use sensors and receivers to capture and process the retuming echoes. Ultiasonie sensors are commonly employed, which consist of a transducer that emits sound waves and receives the echoes. Sonar systems often incorporate hydrophones or other specialized underwater microphones to detect and interpret the echoes. History of Technological Ecolocation ‘The history of technological echolocation can be traced back to the early development of sonar (sound navigation and ranging) technology. Here's a concise overview of the history of technological echolocation: 3. J Whatsapp +91 797505486521BE4S Biology for Engineers, Common to All 4” Semester Branches of VTU, Karnataka Dr. Prasad Puthiyillam YouTube Chanel: @ myintuition4865 ‘* Early Sonar Development (late 19th century): The foundations of technological echolocation were laid with the invention of the frst practical underwater sound detection device called the hydrophone. Developed by Reginald Fessenden in the late 19th century, the hydrophone allowed for the detection of underwater sounds, ‘© World War I (ealy 20th century): During Would War I, the need for detecting submarines led to significant advancements in sonar technology. Active sonar systems were developed, which involved the transmission of sound waves and the reception of echoes to detect submerged objects. © Further Advancements (mid-20th century): The mid-20th century saw continued advancements in sonar technology, driven by military [Link] systems were refimed and improved for applications underwater mapping, and marine research. ‘¢ Ultrasonic Applications (mid-20th century): In parallel sonar.“tiltrasonic technology began to find applications in fields such destructive testing, and industrial imaging. Ultrasonic sensors were dev 12 and ranging objects based on the principles of echolocation. ‘+ Evolution of Echolocation Technologies (late 20th present): As technology advanced, more sophisticated echolocation. 5 dvancements in signal processing, sensors, and algorithms allowg solution, accuraey, and interpretation of echoes. Echolocation tg nd applications in various fields including robotics, autonomous vehicld 4.1.1 Ultrasonography t Ample Monitor Figure: Representing working principle of ultrasonography Ultrasonography is a medical imaging technique that uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images of the intemal organs and tissues of the body. It is also known as ultrasound imaging or sonography. The ultrasound machine emits high-frequency sound waves (usually in the range of 2 to 18 MHz) that travel through the body and bounce back off of the internal organs and tissues. The retuming echoes are captured by the ultrasound machine and used to create images of the intemal structures. 4. ¢ Whatsapp +91 79750548652IBE4S Biology for Engineers, Common to All 4 Semester Branches of VTU, Kamataka Dr. Prasad Puthiyillam YouTube Channel: @ myintuition4865 Ultrasonography is a non-invasive, safe, and painless imaging method that can be used to visualize a wide range of structures within the body, including the organs of the abdomen, pelvis, and chest, as well as the uterus, fetus, and other soft tissues. It is coumonly used in prenatal care to monitor the growth and development of the fetus and to diagnose any potential problems. Ultrasonography has several advantages over other imaging methods, including its low cost, ease of use, and lack of ionizing radiation. It is also portable and can be used in a variety of settings, making it a valuable tool for medical professionals. Uses of Ultrasonography Ultrasonography is a versatile imaging method that is used. imyaavide range of medical applications Some of the most common uses of ultrasonography include: ‘© Obstetrics and gynecology: Ultrasonography is cof nonitor the growth and development of a fetus dnsing pregnancy, as wellia organs and female pelvic organs for conditions endometrial cancer. ‘* Abdominal imaging: Ultrasonography is ust as the liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, liver disease, gallstones, pancreatitis, a + Musculoskeletal imaging: Uliasonoar cle Strains, tendonitis, and ligament sprains. + Vaseular imaging: Ulraso and veins, to dia: © Eye and neck a conditions such atiGoma, and thyroid nodules. tolliniage blood vessels, such as the arteries 1d clots, blockages, and aneurysms. An ultrasonography machine consists of a transducer that is used to emit and receive high-frequency sound waves, The transducer is placed in direct contact with the skin or inserted into the body through a gel. ‘* Emission of sound waves: The transducer emits high-frequency sound waves (usually in the range of 2 to 18 MHz) into the body, These sound waves travel through the body and encounter different tissues and organs, which have different acoustic properties. ‘© Reflection of sound waves: The sound waves encounter boundaries between different tissues and organs and bounce back, creating echoes. The strength of the echoes depends ‘on the acoustic properties of the tissues and organs, such as density and stiffness. 5. J Whatsapp +91 797505486521BE4S Biology for Engineers, Common to All 4 Semester Branches of VTU, Kamataka Dr. Prasad Puthiyillam YouTube Channel: @ myintuition4865 ‘* Reception of echoes: The transducer in the ultrasonography machine receives the echoes and sends the information to a computer, which processes the data to create images ‘* Image formation: The computer uses the infomation from the echoes to create images of the internal organs and tissues of the body. The images are displayed on a screen, allowing the operator to see the structure and movement of the intemal organs and tissues. Advantages of Ultrasonography ‘+ Non-invasive: Ultrasonography does not involve any incisions or injections, making it a safe and convenient imaging method. ‘© No ionizing radiation: Ultrasonography does not use ionizil option for patients, especially pregnant women and children. ‘+ Real-time imaging: Ultrasonography provides rea at can be used to ‘monitor the movement and function of intemal organs ‘© Portable: Ultrasonography machines are portable and din a variety of settings, ‘making ita valuable tool for emergeney and ‘+ Cost-ofivetive: Ultrasonography is a cost-o hod that does not require any special preparation or recovery tim: ‘* Versatile: Ultrasonography can be ws body, including the organs of thheabdom and other soft tissues. range of structures within the chest, as well as the uterus, fetus, Limitations of Ultrasonography < * Operator dependen heavily on the skills has depth and is not as effective at imaging deep 185 OF Bas. Hie quality 6f the images produced by ultrasonography depends erience of the operator. lution: Ultrasoifography has limited resolution compared to other imaging 12 it less effective at visualizing small structures or detecting small eight patients: Ultrasonography may have limited usefulness in ents due to the difficulty in obtaining clear images through the layers of ‘* Limitations in detecting some types of eancer: Ultrasonography may not be as effective at detecting certain types of cancer, such as pancreatic cancer, due to the lack of characteristic signs on ultrasound images. 4.1.2 Sonars Sonar, which stands for Sound Navigation and Ranging, is a technology that uses sound waves to detect and locate underwater objects. 6 J Whatsapp +91 797505486521BE4S Biology for Engineers, Common to All 4” Semester Branches of VTU, Karnataka Dr. Prasad Puthiyillam YouTube Chanel: @ myintuition4865 detect and locate other ships, submarines, and underwater obstacle’ to navigate safely and avoid potential collisions. Fishery: Sonars are used 9 locate schools of fish and determine ne efficiently target their catch. graphy to study the physical and biological the stmeture of the ocean floor, the movement of underwater objects. The time it takes for the echoes to retum is, te the distance to the objects, and the frequency and pattem of the echoes ferinine their size and shape, ‘Working Principle of Sonars ‘The working principle of sonar technology is based on the reflection of sound waves Here's how it works ‘* Transmitter: A sonar system consists of a transmitter that produces and emits a seties of sound pulses info the water. These sound pulses are typically in the form of high frequency, low-power acoustic signals, known as "ping." 7 / Whatsapp +91 7975054865,2IBE4S Biology for Engineers, Common to All 4 Semester Branches of VTU, Kamataka Dr. Prasad Puthiyillam YouTube Channel: @ myintuition4865 ‘+ Propagation of sound waves: The sound pulses propagate through the water, traveling to the target object and bouncing back as echoes. The speed of sound in water is slower than in air, and it depends on the temperature, pressure, and salinity of the water. ‘* Receiver: The sonar system also includes a receiver that listens for the retuming echoes. ‘The receiver is typically placed far away from the transmitter to minimize interference from the transmitted signals. ‘© Calculation of range: The time it takes for the echoes to retum to the receiver is used to calculate the range to the target object. The range is simply the product of the speed of sound in water and the time it takes for the echoes to return. ‘* Determination of target properties: The frequency and pa determine the properties of the target object, such as its size, example, a large, solid object will produce a stro porous object will produce a weaker, high-frequency shoes are used to compgsition, For sho, while’a small, ‘* Display of results: The results of the sonar meas screen or other output device, allowing the operat e the target object and its location, Advantages of Sonar Technology ‘© Versatility: Sonar technology is versaiil@™nd such as underwater navigation, mapy scientific purposes in a variety of applications, as well as for military and © Costeffective: Compared touother a ing technologies, sonar is relatively cost-effective and affordal ity: Sonar imaging is limited by the visibility of the water, which can be wctors such as sediment, algae, and water temperature. This can make it difficult to obtain clear and accurate images. ‘* Interference: Sonar signals can be affected by interference fiom other underwater sources, such as ships, submarines, and natural underwater features, which can lead to false readings and reduced accuracy. ‘¢ Short range: Sonar signals have a limited range, which can make it difficult to image larger underwater structures or objects that are located far away from the sonar system. ‘© Limited depth: The depth to which sonar can effectively penetrate is limited, making it unsuitable for imaging objects or structures that are located at great depths 8 J Whatsapp +91 797505486521BE4S Biology for Engineers, Common to All 4 Semester Branches of VTU, Kamataka Dr. Prasad Puthiyillam YouTube Chanel: @ myintuition4865 ‘+ Acoustic noise: The use of sonar technology can also generate acoustie noise, which can disturb marine life and harm marine ecosystems. This is particularly a concem for high- power, military-grade sonar systems, which have the potential to cause serious harm to marine life ‘+ Complex technology: Sonar technology can be complex, requiring specialized skills and equipment to operate and maintain. This can limit its accessibility and increase the cost of ‘implementation, © Inaccurate readings: Sonar readings can be inaccurate due to factors such as reflection, refraction, and absorption of sound waves, which can result and false readings ‘onrect measurements [Link] e bacteria convert light ‘energy fiom the sun into chemical energy stored in off s process is critical for life on Earth, as it provides the primary source of en Minerals Figure: Representing photosynthesis 9 / Whatsapp +91 797505486521BE4S Biology for Engineers, Common to All 4” Semester Branches of VTU, Karnataka Dr. Prasad Puthiyillam YouTube Chanel: @ myintuition4865 Chloroplast Figure: Indicating the mesophyll cell a n tems of the type of , the basic principle of The process starts with the absorption, then excites electrons. These excited hrough a series of chemical reactions. The chemical energy in the form of organic as in plants, with the absorption of light energy and the srganic molecules. such as jellyfish, have a symbiotic relationship with s, such as algae. In this relationship, the animal provides a safe and hotosynthetie organism, while the photosynthetic organism provides ic compounds produced through photosynthesis photosynthesis, Light-Dependent Reactions: Light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll and other pigments in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts. 4 10 / Whatsapp +91 797505486521BE4S Biology for Engineers, Common to All 4 Semester Branches of VTU, Kamataka Dr. Prasad Puthiyillam YouTube Chanel: @ myintuition4865 Water molecules (HO) are split through a process ealled photolysis, releasing electrons, protons (H’), and oxygen (02) 4 The excited electrons from photolysis are captured by electron carriers, stich as NADP + (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinueleotide Phosphate) and converted to NADPH (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate). L Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) combines with inorganic phosphate (Pi) to form adenosine triphosphate (ATP). This process is known as phosphorylation ental step in cellular energy metabolism. 1 ® Oxygen molecules (03) generated from the splitting of waterée released 48 a byproduct into the atmosphere. HO Chloroy Thylakoid °, Figure: Representing chloroplast, Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle): 11 / Whatsapp +91 79750548652IBE4S Biology for Engineers, Common to All 4 Semester Branches of VTU, Kamataka Dr. Prasad Puthiyillam YouTube Channel: @ myintuition4865 Carbon dioxide (CO) from the atmosphere enters the stroma of the chloroplasts. 4 Carbon fixation occurs and forms a unstable six-carbon compound 1 ‘The resulting unstable six-carbon compound quickly breaks down into two molecules of 3- phosphoglycerate (PGA). 4 ATP and NADPH, produced during the light-dependent reactions, py for the reduction of PGA to glyceraldehyde-3-phos energy and elections \ 4 s Some G3P molecules are used to produce glucose jolecules. t The remaining G3P molecules are recycled and used in sul Jes of the Calvin eyele, 4 Ghucose and other carbohydrates produced du utilized in metabolic processes to meet an be stored for later use oF vth needs of the plant Overall, the process of photosy primary source of energy for all li differ between plants, into usable forms of fe the specific details of the process may basie principle of converting light energy d in organic molecules, such as sugars and starches. In photovoltaics, electrical energy. thesis and photovoltaics use the same basic prineiple of converting light ns of energy, but the end products are different. In photosynthesis, the end femical energy, while in photovoltaics, the end product is electrical energy. However, the similarities between photosynthesis and photovoltaics go beyond just the conversion of light energy. Both processes also involve the use of specialized components and materials, such as chlorophyll in photosynthesis and silicon in photovoltaics, to absor and convert light energy into usable fomns ofenergy. energy into product is sto ‘The development of photovoltaics has been heavily influenced by the natural process of photosynthesis, and many researchers have sought to mimic and improve upon the efliciency and. effectiveness of photosynthesis in order to develop mote advanced and efficient photovoltaic systems. The study of photosynthesis has thus played a significant role in the development of 12. / Whatsapp +91 797505486521BE4S Biology for Engineers, Common to All 4” Semester Branches of VTU, Karnataka Dr. Prasad Puthiyillam YouTube Chanel: @ myintuition4865 sustainable energy systems and continues to be an important area of research in the field of renewable energy. ener from ight transparent i negative m= terminal ) air or a supplied source. The absorbed carbon dioxide (CO.) is, into carbon-based compounds, such as formic acid or metiyane, 4 rediction reaction. sed as 4 fel or converted into other useful chemicals, 1 ions of bionic leaf technology: ‘ay Production: One of the primary applications of bionic leaf technology oduction of renewable energy. Bionic leaf systems can hamess solar energy and convert it into chemical energy in the form of hydrogen gas or other carbon-based fuels. These fuels can be used as clean energy sources for various applications, including transportation, electricity generation, and heating ‘* Carbon Dioxide Reduction: Bionic leaf technology offers a promising solution for mitigating the rising levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. By capturing and utilizing carbon dioxide as a feedstock, bionic leaf systems can potentially help reduce ‘teenhouse gas emissions and combat climate change. This application hoids significant potential for carbon capture and utilization (CCU) strategies 16 / Whatsapp +91 79750548652IBE4S Biology for Engineers, Common to All 4 Semester Branches of VTU, Kamataka Dr. Prasad Puthiyillam YouTube Channel: @ myintuition4865 ‘* Sustainable Chemical Production: Bionic leaf systems can be utilized for sustainable chemical production. By utilizing carbon dioxide and renewable energy, these systems can produce a wide range of valuable chemicals, such as fertilizers, plastics, and pharmaceuticals. This application offers a more environmentally fiiendly and resource- efficient approach to chemical synthesis, ‘* Agriculture and Food Production: Bionic leaf technology can have spplications in agriculture and food production. By utilizing sunlight and eaibon dioxide, bionic leaf systems ean generate oxygen and enemy-tich compounds that can enhance plant growth and improve crop yields. This technology can potentially contribute to sustainable agriculture practices and help address global food security challengs ‘* Remote and Off-Grid Areas: Bionic leaf systems can provi energy solution for remote or underdeveloped areas. By alized and off-grid solar energy and 's for coifimunities Without access to conventional energy infrastruc ‘meet their energy needs and improve their quality of life. ‘© Environmental Remediation: Bionic leaf technol environmental remediation efforts. By utilizing enerated fiom sunlight, bionic leaf systems ean power processes that water, or soil, contributing to the restoration peosystems. ir body weight aud the movement of the air f visual cnes, the Earth's magnetic field, and to stay aloft. They n: celestial navigation, Ai hand, use engines to generate thrust and lift from the wings to stay in the ai used their wings and body to achieve lift and control their flight, and used jen and improve aircraft. the need for accurate and reliable navigation systems for various purposes, including aviation GPS uses a network of satellites to provide location and time information, which is used by aircraft for navigation, communication, and safety purposes. 17 / Whatsapp +91 797505486521BE4S Biology for Engineers, Common to All 4” Semester Branches of VTU, Karnataka Dr. Prasad Puthiyillam YouTube Chanel: @ myintuition4865 Direction 4 of flight Lift due to pressure difference — High velocity air flow | preSbire Low velocity air flow igh pressure Figure: Representing Bemoulli’s Princip! e ‘The science behind the birds flies using its wings and holding The ability of birds to fly and support their body anatomical and physiological adaptations. Here's a simplifc bird flight: heir body Weight in air air is a result of various of the science behind ‘© Wing Shape: Birds have specialized wings with 1e shape that generates lift. The wings are curved on the upper surfage and fla dottom, creating a pressure difference known a5 Bemoulli’s sure difference generates lift, allowing birds to stay airbome. ‘+ Wing Museles: Birds have stron iched to their wings, allowing them to flap their wings vi downstroke motion of the wings generates thrust, propellin air, a bones that are hollow and filled with air saes, akes it easier for them to stay aloft. cemicial role in flight. They provide both lift and control. The s of the wings help generate lift, while the tail feathers assist in reducing their ov ‘¢ Feathers: Feathers Air flows unidirectionally through their lungs, as well as through a cated throughout their body. This constant supply of oxygen fuels sbolie demands during flight. ulatory System: Birds have a highly effi flight, ensuring a steady supply of oxygen to meet the demands of their active muscles. ‘¢ Flight Control: Birds have remarkable coordination and control over their flight, ‘They can adjust the angle and shape of their wings, control their speed and direction, and perform intricate aerial maneuvers using their tail, wings, and body movements, It's important to note that bird flight is a complex process influenced by several factors, including aerodynamics, muscle strength, metabolic efficiency, and specialized adaptations. The science behind bird flight continues to be an area of study and fascination for researchers and aviation engineers alike 18 / Whatsapp +91 797505486521BE4S Biology for Engineers, Common to All 4” Semester Branches of VTU, Karnataka Dr. Prasad Puthiyillam YouTube Chanel: @ myintuition4865 4.3.1 GPS Technology GPS Global Positioning System) is a technology that uses a network of satellites to provide location and time information to users. The technology works by measuring the time it takes for signals to travel fiom satellites to a receiver on the ground or in a vehicle, and using this information to calculate the user's position. Here are some key components of GPS technology: '* Satellites: The GPS satellite network consists of 24-32 satellites orbiting the Earth. These satellites continuously broadcast signals containing informatis their location, time, and status, ‘* Receivers: GPS receivers, which are typically integra navigation systems, and aircraft, receive signals from G ¢ the information, to caleulate the user's position ‘* Control segment: The control segment consists of gr track the GPS satellites, check the accuracy oftheir needed. '* User segment: The user segment consis e vers used by individuals and organizations to obtain location and time ififormatioy make adjustments as ‘Satelite Segment Controt Segment Figure: Representing GPS GPS technology has a wide range of applications, including navigation, mapping, surveying, search and rescue, and military operations. The accuracy and reliability of GPS have improved over time, and the technology continues to evolve with new developments in satellite and receiver technology, as well as the integration of GPS with other technologies such as ‘augmented reality and artificial intelligence Importance of GPS Technology in Aircrafts 19. / Whatsapp +91 797505486521BE4S Biology for Engineers, Common to All 4” Semester Branches of VTU, Karnataka Dr. Prasad Puthiyillam YouTube Chanel: @ myintuition4865 uo} " oe eee a a Figure: Representing GPS te GPS technology is essential for aitcraft navi Here's how itis used: Positioning and Navigation: GPS hely§ aircraft determine their position and follow precise routes. Signals fro ved by GPS receivers onboard, allowing the system to calculate, faft’s pos! Flight Planning: GPS assi srs in creating optimal flight plans, considering waypoints, al { information on navigation aids, weather, tion systems provide precise guidance during visibility. This enhances safety and reduces reliance and sittational awareness for controllers. \ce: GPS contributes to collision avoidance systems like TCAS and ms use GPS data to track nearby aircraft, provide alerts, and ensure a/ Recording: GPS data is often recorded by flight data recording systems, (flight analysis, accident investigation, and overall flight safety [Link] technology has revolutionized aircraft navigation and has become an integral part of modem aviation, It provides accurate positioning, enhances safety, improves operational efficiency, and contributes to the overall advancement of the aviation industry. Comparing Birds and Aircrafts with GPS Technology for Navigation Table: Comparison between birds and aircraft with GPS technology for navigation 20. / Whatsapp +91 79750548652IBE4S Biology for Engineers, Common to All 4 Semester Branches of VTU, Kamataka Dr. Prasad Puthiyillam ‘YouTube Channel: @ myintuition4865 Criteria Aircrafts Birds Mechanism GPS technology in aircraft relies on signals received from satellites to determine precise position, velocity, and time. Birds use a combination of visual cues, magnetic fields, landmarks, and celestial navigation to navigate aud orient themselves during fight. Accuracy GPS technology _ provides highly accurate position information with a margin of ertor typically within a few meters. Birds have remarkable navigational abilities ‘but may not possess the same level of accuracy as GPS. However, [Link] adjust their flight path based on vironmental cues, ynic and adaptable Sensory Input GPS technology relies solely ‘on receiving satellite signals. navigatio Birds integi sory inputs for navigatio ‘and interpret visual ened dmarks and the position of t di they may also have senistiv magnetic field, enabling Oss vast distances. Adaptability GPS_ technology in airera provides consistent and navigation regardless environmental coi other hand, demonstrate le adaptability in their navigation They can adjust their flight paths mn changing weather conditions, wind . and other factors, which allows for icient long-distance migration and navigation through complex landscapes. Evolutionary Aspect Birds, however, have evolved over millions of years, developing specialized neural and physiological adaptations that enable them to navigate and fly efficiently in diverse habitats. jology has advanced significantly since the first powered flight by the Wright brothers in 1903. Here are some key components of modem aircraft technology: © Aerodynamics: Modem aircraft are designed to be more aerodynamic, with wing shapes optimized for lift and efficiency. Advanced materials and manufacturing techniques have also been developed to reduce Weight and improve durability. # Jotengines: Jet engines, which use the principles of Newton's third law of motion to produce thrust, have replaced propeller engines in most modem aireraft. These engines are more powerful, fuel-eflicient, and reliable. 21. / Whatsapp +91 797508486521BE4S Biology for Engineers, Common to All 4 Semester Branches of VTU, Kamataka Dr. Prasad Puthiyillam YouTube Chanel: @ myintuition4865 ‘* Avionics: Avionics, or aviation electronics, have advanced significantly with the development of digital technology. Flight instruments, navigation systems, and communication systems have become more precise, reliable, and sophisticated. ‘+ Safety systems: Aircraft safety systems have been developed to reduce the risk of accidents and improve passenger safety, These include systems for collision avoidance, weather detection, and emergency response. ‘* Automation: Aireraf automation has increased significantly in recent years, with the development of advanced autopilot systems and computerized flight control systems. This technology has made flying safer and more efficient, but has also zaised concems about pilot ‘raining and the potential for overreliance on automation. fn nate solve Bio Mimicking Birds Fly for Aircraft Technology by birds’ flight. Biomimicry, or the practice of using designs a human problems, has led to the development of various Some examples include: * Wing design: The shape of bird wings has inspi have evolved to be more aerodynamic and Aight has also led to the development of winglets, reduce drag and inetease lift. » of aircraft wings, which It. The study of bind s at the tip of wings that ring the wing design of bird and aireraft searchers have developed drones that use flapping wings to fly, way birds and insects fly. These drones can be used for various Figure: Image ofa flapping-wing drone 22 / Whatsapp +91 79750548652IBE4S Biology for Engineers, Common to All 4 Semester Branches of VTU, Kamataka Dr. Prasad Puthiyillam YouTube Channel: @ myintuition4865 ‘© Soaring algorithms: Soaring refers to the flight technique used by birds and certain aircraft to stay aloft and travel long distances with minimal eneray expenditure. It involves utilizing rising air currents, such as thermals, ridge lift, wind shear, or atmospheric waves, to gain altitude and maintain flight. Birds use thermals, or cohumns of rising warm air, to gain altitude and soar. Researchers have developed algorithms inspired by bird fight to help gliders and other aircraft use thermals more efficiently, leading to longer and more sustainable flights. ‘* Landing gear: The legs and feet of binds have inspired the design of landing gear for aircraft, with shock-absorbing and retractable structures that help absorb impact upon landing The future of transportation through the air The fature of transportation through the air hold emergence of new technologies and concepts. Here transportation that could shape the future ‘+ Electric Vertical Takeoff and Landing (eVEO aircraft that can take off and land vertica designed for urban air mobility and efficient and environmentally friendly * Autonomous Flying Vehicles: Auton for various applications, inclu S @ii@ ‘lying taxis are being developed of people and goods. These vehicles would operate without a pilot fed sensors, artificial intelligence, and automation to navi ‘* High-Speed iypersonic aircraft are being explored to revolutionize If urcraft would travel at extremely high speeds, significantly re connectivity. Personal s and opening up new possibilities for global station: While not strictly an ait-based mode of transportation, the involves high-speed capsules traveling through low-pressure tubes, supersonic speeds. This mode of transportation could connect distant cities ‘a fast, energy-efiicient manner [Link] FvVPGNS4 23. / Whatsapp +91 797505486521BE4S Biology for Engineers, Common to All 4” Semester Branches of VTU, Karnataka Dr. Prasad Puthiyillam YouTube Chanel: @ myintuition4865 4.4 Lotus Leaf Effect: [Link] Introduction The lotus leaf effect, also known as the "lotus effect," refers to the ability of lotus leaves to repel water and self-clean through their unique surface structure. This effect has inspired the development of super hydrophobic and self-cleaning surfices, which have a wide range of applications in various industries, The lotus leaf surface has a microscale and nanoscale structure that consists of numerous small bumps and wax-coated hairs. This structure creates a high contact angle between the water droplets and the surface, causing the droplets to roll off and carry a lt or debris. This self-cleaning property is due to the lotus leaf’ ability to repel wate! idhesion. ® ‘Wax crystals Debis P Epidermal cell microstructures Let Faure: Representngfte sur f lots leat (») #4) stances 4 Figure: Representing the behavious of water drops on slanted surface of.) a lotus leaf surface, and b) any other solid surface Super hydrophobic and self-cleaning surfaces have applications in industries such as aerospace, automotive, building materials, and medical devices. For example, self-cleaning coatings can be used on the exterior of buildings to reduce the need for cleaning and maintenance, while super hydrophobic coatings can be used to prevent icing on aircraft wings 4.4.1 Super Hydrophobic Effect 24 / Whatsapp +91 797505486521BE4S Biology for Engineers, Common to All 4” Semester Branches of VTU, Karnataka Dr. Prasad Puthiyillam YouTube Chanel: @ myintuition4865 ‘The Principle of Super hydrophobic Surfaces The super hydrophobic effect refers to the ability of certain surfaces to repel water and resist wetting. Super hydrophobic surfaces are characterized by a high contact angle between, water droplets and the surface, typically over 150 degrees, and a low contact angle hysteresis, ‘meaning that the droplets roll off the surface with ease. Hydrophilic to Superhydrophilic Hydrophobic to Superhydrophobic 1* 50° 90° Hydrophilic ‘© 90°. 150° Hydrophobic © <80° Superhydrophilic © > 180° _Superhydrophobie ic effects, Figure: Representing super hydrophobi The super hydrophobic effect is achieved tt techniques exeate a surface structure that trap reducing the contact area between them and taking it surfae. rious techniques. These surface and the water droplets, ‘Materials and Examples techniques are used ‘materials and examples: ‘* Fluoropolym ® their low sitxface energy and water-repellent properties. Examples include ») and fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) coatings aps hir pockets, preventing water from wetting the surface. Additionally, im be modified with hydrophobic molecules. Examples include silica ‘oated with hydrophobie agents like alkylsilanes sed Materials: Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene, and carbon nanofibers are used to create super hydrophobic surfaces. These materials can be aligned or rmdomly distributed to form a rough surface with hydrophobic properties. The combination of their unique stmetures and hydrophobic coatings contributes to water repellency. ‘* Metal-based Materials: Various metals and metal oxides can be used to create super hydrophobic surfaces. One approach involves creating micro/nanostructured surfaces using etching techniques, such as chemical etching or electrochemical etching, on metals like aluminum, copper, or stainless steel. These structures, combined with appropriate surface treatments, enhance water repellency. 25. / Whatsapp +91 7975054865Techniques used to prepare super hydrophobic surfaces 2IBE4S Biology for Engineers, Common to All 4 Semester Branches of VTU, Kamataka Dr. Prasad Puthiyillam YouTube Channel: @ myintuition4865 ‘+ Polymer-based Materials: Some polymers, when processed and structured appropriately, can exhibit super hydrophobic properties. For example, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) can be modified and structured to create rough surfaces with low surface energy, resulting in super hydrophobic behavior. ‘+ Natural Materials: Certain natural materials, such as lotus leaves and butterfly wings, have inherently super hydrophobic properties. Researchers have studied the surface structures and chemical composition of these natural surfaces to replicate them artificially. Mimicking the hietarchieal structures and utilizing hydrophobic coatings can create super hydrophobie surfaces. ‘© Hybrid Materials: Combinations of different materials are hydrophobic surfaces. For instance, hybrid coatings ca nanoparticles, polymers, and other materials to achieve 5; super hydiophobie properties. n, used to create super To prepare super hydrophobic surfaces, various tech surface stmictre and chemistry of materials. These tec! to create roughness and reduce surface energy, leading to high water reps techniques: * Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD): C substrate through chemical reactions i surface coatings with low surface hydrophobicity. ‘* Sol-Gel Method: The sol-a solution (sol) that position of thin films onto a y using appropriate precursors, achieved, resulting in super synthesis of inorganie materials from a ess to form a solid network. By controlling © Electrochemical M can be employed eate super hydrophobie surfaces. Anodization involves the tals, such as aluminum, to form a porous oxide layer with a can be used to deposit metals or alloys with desired surface Plasma treatment involves exposing the material surface to low- ich can modify the surface chemistry and morphology. Plasma ‘or flumctioualization techniques can be used to create micro- and nanostructures on surfaces, which contribute to super hydrophobicity. Examples include: © Photolithography: Photolithography uses light-sensitive materials (photoresists) to pattern surfaces at the microscale or nanoscale. These pattems can be transfered onto the substrate to create controlled roughness. © Laser Ablation: Laser ablation involves using a laser to remove or modify material on the surface, creating micro- or nanoscale features. This technique can generate rough structures and surface textures that enhance super hydrophobic properties 26 / Whatsapp +91 79750548652IBE4S Biology for Engineers, Common to All 4 Semester Branches of VTU, Kamataka Dr. Prasad Puthiyillam YouTube Channel: @ myintuition4865 © Nanosphere Lithography: Nanosphere lithography ufilizes selassembled monolayers of closely packed naospheres as a mask to create ordered nanoseale patterns on the substrate. These pattems can be tumusfetred into the substrate nnaterial to achieve superhydrophobicity. © Electrospinning: Electospinning involves using an electiie field to draw a polymer solution into fine fibers. These fibers ean be collected onto a substrate, creating a porous and rough surfice structure suitable for super hydrophobic applications © Chemical Modification: Surfiee fianetionalization with hydrophobic molecules, such as alkylsilanes (c.g, octadecyltrichlorosilane, OTS), can be emplayed to reduce the surface energy and create super hydrophobicity. This teehniqu depositing a self assembled monolayer (SAM) of the hydrophobic molecules strate These are just a few examples of the technique Me Muper nfMephodic surfaces. Each technique has its advantages, and the choic@depends on the specific material, substrate, and desired surfice characteristics. Often, a co ges is used t0 achieve optimal super hydrophobic properties Engineering Applications of Super Hydrophobic Super hydrophobic surfaces have potential pli ‘and aerospace industries, offering several benefits in applications: Electronics Industry: electronics, automobile, clors. Here are some specific ‘© Waterproofing Electronics coatings can protect electronic 2 super hydrophobic coatings on circuit ‘ie parts, water ingress can be minimized, lectronic devices. uper hydrophobic coatings. These coatings prevent tical electronic components, reducing the risk of short circuits, Displays: Super hydrophobic coatings applied to displays and touch oils, and fingerprints, making them easier to clean and maintain. This lity and fimctionality of electronic displays, especially in outdoor or ‘© Anti-Fogging Windows and Mirrors: Super hydrophobic coatings can be used on automobile windows and minors to prevent fogging or condensation formation, The water-repellent property helps maintain clear visibility, enhancing driver safety and comfort in humid or cold weather conditions, ‘* Self Cleaning Surfaces: Applying super hydrophobic coatings to the exterior surfaces of vehicles can facilitate self-cleaning by repelling water, dirt, and contaminants. This reduces the need for frequent washing and maintenance, keeping the vehicle cleaner and improving its appearance, ‘© Fuel Efficiency: Super hydrophobic coatings can reduce drag and fiietional resistance on vehicle surfaces, leading to improved aerodynamics and fuel efficiency. By minimizing 27 / Whatsapp +91 79750848652IBE4S Biology for Engineers, Common to All 4 Semester Branches of VTU, Kamataka Dr. Prasad Puthiyillam YouTube Channel: @ myintuition4865 water adhesion, the coatings help reduce the accumulation of water droplets on the vehicle's exterior, decreasing drag and optimizing performance. Aerospace Industry: ‘© Anti-Ieing and Deicing: Super hydrophobic coatings applied to aircraft surfaces can prevent ice formation or facilitate ice removal. This is particularly important for critical areas such as wings, engine components, and sensors, helping to ensure safe operations and reducing the risk of ice-related incidents. ‘* Drag Reduction: Super hydrophobic coatings on aircraft surfaces can minimize frictional drag during flight, leading to improved fuel efficiency and reduced emissions. The water- repellent property helps maintain a smooth airflow o; surface, optimizing aerodynamic performance. '* Corrosion Resistance: Super hydrophobic coatin, space céfinponents from corrosion caused by exposure to moisture, rail ments, By repelling water and reducing surface contact with conrosive ag help preserve the structural integrity and lifespan of aerospace equip 4.4.2 Self-Cleaning Surfaces Selfcleaning surfaces are surfaces that,[Link] ty ‘manual cleaning. These surfaces are typically super hal with water, which causes water droplets to be dirt or debris, themselves without the need for {and have a high contact angle fT the surface, camying away any Principle of Self Cleaning Surfac surf fed on two main mechanisms: the reduction of surftes texture. These mechanisms work together to her contaminants, enabling the self-cleaning effect. ‘The prineiple o: of surface eneray an minimize the adhesion for liquid and solid particles. Materials with low surface yater, oils, and other substances, preventing them from adhering to the erty is typically achieved through the application of hydrophobic or such as Duoropolymers or other low-surface-energy materials. hhe Lotus Effect is a phenomenon observed in nature on the leaves of lotus classic example of self-cleaning surfaces. Lotus leaves have a unique micro/niilestructured surface covered with hydrophobic wax crystals. When water droplets come into contact with the leaf surface, they form near-perfect spheres and roll off, collecting dirt and contaminants along the way. This is due to the combination of the surface's low surface energy and the presence of microlaanostructures, which reduce the contact area and enable easy droplet mobility. ‘* Micro/Nanostnictured Surfices: Surface texture plays a crucial role in self-cleaning surfaces. Microscopic or nanoscopic structures can be engineered or naturally occurring fon a surface to ereate a roughness that limits the contact between the surface and contaminants. These structures ean trap air pockets, causing liquids to form droplets with 28 / Whatsapp +91 79750848652IBE4S Biology for Engineers, Common to All 4 Semester Branches of VTU, Kamataka Dr. Prasad Puthiyillam YouTube Channel: @ myintuition4865 reduced contact area, minimizing adhesion. The trapped air can act as a lubricant, aiding in the easy removal of particles. ‘+ Extemal Factors: While the surface properties contribute to self-cleaning, extemal factors like water, wind, or light often play a role in activating the self-cleaning process. For example, the presence of water, either through rainfall or manual washing, can help remove loosely adhered particles from the surface. Sunlight or UV radiation can activate photocatalytic reactions on certain surfaces, breaking down organic matter and enhancing self-cleaning capabilities, By couibining low surface energy, micro/nauostructured surfices, and extemal factors, self-cleaning surfaces minimize the adhesion and retention of contam making them easier to clean or enabling them to self-elean when exposed to appropria ® idhesion of dit, dust, and other yhen exposed to of self-cleaning Materials and examples of self cleaning surfaces Selfcleaning surfaces are designed to minimize 1 contaminants, making them easier to clean or allowing th external forces like water or sunlight, Here are some mat example’ surfaces: ‘* Photocatalytic Coatings: Photocatalytic mate used as coatings on surfaces to create ultraviolet (UV) light, photocatalytic s down organic matter, resulting in the di '* Super hydrophobic Coatings: Si repellency, which helps in the s these surfaces, it forms spl Auoropolymers © Self-Cleaning Ste 5 (TiO) of other pl ings: Oleophobic surfaces repel oil and grease, making them resistant to clean. These coatings are typically made fiom fluorinated materials ice energy, preventing oil or oily substances fiom adhering to the dioxide (TiO), ean be ies. When exposed to tive oxygen species that break faces exhibit extremely high water ‘When water comes into contact with glass incorporates a thin layer of titanium dioxide als on the surface. When exposed to UV light, the \ctured Surfaces: Surfaces with micro- or nanostructures can exhibit self- operties due to their ability to reduce contact area and enhance surface roughness. The surface structures can trap air or create a lotus leafilike effect, preventing the adhesion of dirt and facilitating self-cleaning when exposed to water or airflow. ‘© SelfCleaning Fabrics: Fabrics treated with hydrophobic or oleophobie coatings can repel liquids, stains, and dirt, making them easier to clean. These coatings can be applied to textiles used in clothing, upholstery, or outdoor equipment, reducing the need for frequent washing and maintenance. Applications of self cleaning surfaces and coatings 29 / Whatsapp +91 79750548652IBE4S Biology for Engineers, Common to All 4 Semester Branches of VTU, Kamataka Dr. Prasad Puthiyillam YouTube Channel: @ myintuition4865 Self-cleaning surfaces have a wide range of applications in various industries. Here are some notable examples: © Architecture and Building Materials: Selfeleaning susfaces find applications in architectural structures and building materials, such as selfécleaing glass for windows and facades. These surfaces repel dirt, dust, and pollutants, reducing the need for frequent cleaning and maintenance ‘* Solar Panels: Selfcleaning coatings on solar panels prevent the accumulation of dust and dirt on the surface, ensuring optimal energy efficiency. By repelling contaminants, self cleaning surfaces help maintain the transparency and effectiveness of solar panels. ‘© Automotive Industry: Self-cleming surfaces can be applied exteriors, ineluding car windows and windshields. These surfaces repel ws .d dist, improving visibility and redneing the need for frequent cleaning '* Electronics: Self-cleaning coatings can be used on touchseltns, and optical lenses, These surfaces resist fingerprints, , ensuring clear lity and enhancing device performance. ‘© Textiles: Self-cleaning coatings can be applied 1d upholstery, and carpets. These coatings repel liquids, easier to clean and maintain, sed in outdoor elothing, dist, making the textiles ‘© Medical Equipment: Self-cleaning surfaces HMGHEdical equipment, such as hospital fisrniture, beds, and surfaces ation, These surfaces minimize the adhesion of microorganisms, redu jss-contamination and improving hygiene, © Kitchen and Bathroom Surficg faces can be employed in kitchen ouutetop, sks, a bal ‘water, oils, and stains. This helps keep the ef ed for cleaning and maintenance rds: leaning coatings on ontdoor signage and of ditt, grime, and pollutants. This helps maintain the ements, reducing the need for manual cleaning tilation Systems: Self-cleaning coatings can be applied to air u. system components, stich as filters and ducts. These surfaces aimers to prevent the adhesion of food residues, oils, and his enhances food safety and facilitates easier cleaning and sanitation. repel dist, dust, water, and oils offers advantages in terms of cleanliness, efficiency, and maintenance across numerous industries. By reducing the need for manual cleaning and improving the performance of various products and applications, self-cleaning surfaces have the potential to improve efficiency, reduce costs, and enhance safety across a range of industries. [Link] 30 / Whatsapp +91 797505486521BEAS Biology for Engineers, Common to All 4" Semester Branches of VTU, Kamataka Dr. Prasad Puthiyillam YouTube Channel: @ myintuition4865 Module 4 NATURE-BIOINSPIRED MATERIALS AND MECHANISMS (Part 2) [Link] 4.5 Plant Burrs and Velcro Plant burs, such as those found on burdock, inspired the invention of Velero, a popular hook-and-loop fastening system. | Dlidicating the hook shape ‘The burrs have small hooks Be jothing, fur, or feathers, allowing them to disperse their seeds over a wider aréa ete a) b) Figure: Image sHbwing 2) hook and loops normal view of Velero, b) microscopic view of hooks and loops of velero Velcro was invented by Swiss engineer George De Mestral in 1941, after he became fascinated by the way burrs ching to his clothes and his dog's fur during a walk. He examined the burrs under a microscope and found that they had small hooks that could lateh onto loops in fabric De Mestral spent years experimenting with different materials before finally developing Velero, which consists of two strips of nylon fabric, one with tiny hooks and the other with small 1 / Whatsapp +91 7975054865,21BEAS Biology for Engineers, Common to All 4" Semester Branches of VTU, Kamataka Dr. Prasad Puthiyillam YouTube Chanel: @ myintuition4865 loops. When pressed together, the hooks lateh onto the loops, ereating a strong bond that ean be easily detached by pulling the two strips apart, Velero has a wide range of applications, including in clothing, shoes, bags, and medical devices. It has become a popular altemative to traditional fasteners, such as buttons and zippers, due to its ease of use and versatility The name "Velero" is actually a combination of the words "velvet" and "crochet," as the Jabric sttips resemble velvet and are hooked together like crochet. Velero has since become a poptlar altemative to traditional fasteners, suich as buttons and zippers, due to its ease of use and versatility ‘Materials Used in Velcro Technology ‘Velero technology uses two main materials: nylon and polygster. 1. The nylon is extruded to create tiny hooks that are then cut ald shapéd into the familiar hook shape. These hooks are designed to latch onto the loofiiside of the VBIér6. Figie: The hook of Velero The loop side of Véleco/is made offpolyester. Polyester is a synthetic fabric that is strong and durable. The polyester is Woven into a fabric that has many tiny loops. When the loops are pressed against thé Rook side ofthe Veleto, the hooks Intch onto the loops, creating a secure altachmente 5 Figure: The loop of Velero In addition to nylon and polyester, the adhesive used to attach the Velero to surfaces ean also vary. Some types of Velero use a pressure-sensitive adhesive that can be easily removed without leaving a residue, while others use a stronger adhesive that creates a more permanent bond. 2 / Whatsapp +91 797505486521BE4S Biology for Engineers, Common to All 4” Semester Branches of VTU, Karnataka Dr. Prasad Puthiyillam YouTube Chanel: @ myintuition4865 Engineering Applications of Velcro Technology Clothing and footwear: Veleto is commonly used in clothing and footwear for closures and adjustable straps. It can be easily opened and closed, making it convenient for users with limited dexterity or mobility. ‘Medical devict Velcro is used in medical devices such as braces, splints, a jession garments for its adjustable and secure fastening capabilities. Aerospace equipment: Velero is used in aerospace equipment, such Automotive industry: Velcro is used in the automotive industry for carpets and headliners, and attaching door panels an Packaging industry: Veleto is used in the packaging industiy for rest other types of packaging. Sports equipment: Weta wtin pt sfondi Sint nd hes, ris sbi w posite secure and adjustable 3. / Whatsapp +91 7975054865,2IBE4S Biology for Engineers, Common to All 4 Semester Branches of VTU, Kamataka Dr. Prasad Puthiyillam YouTube Channel: @ myintuition4865 Figure: Indicating the denticles on shark skin Deaticles on shark skin are like tiny bumps or ridges. They disrupt the flow of water around the shark's body, making it smoother and reducing tu:bulence. This disruption reduces the resistance the shark experiences as it swim, allowing it to move faster and with less effort. ‘Turbulence in Water ‘Turbulence is when a fluid, like water or air, becomes chaotic and unpredictable, Instead of flowing smoothly, it swirls and forms irregular pattems. This turbulence creates resistance or drag, which makes it harder for things to move through the fluid. In swimming, reducing turbulence is important because it helps to minimize resistance, swimmers to move more easily and efficiently through the water. Reducing Drag ‘When a shark swims through the water, the water 10 However, the denticles on the shark's skin disrupt this. disturbances in the water, which helps to break up turbulg down. By reducing turbulence, the denticles make the flo smoother. This smoother flow reduces the resistance through the water, allowing it to swim more efficien ally flows Sthoothly over its body. goth flow hey create small slow the shark around the shark's body experiences as it moves Frictionless Swim Suits Shak skin has inspired the developiment ducing swim suits, which are designed to improve the performance of simmer cing dag in the water. to that of shark skin to reduce dag a made from high-tech materials that mimic nd size of the denticles. ducing swim suits inspired by sherk skin include er that is commonly used in the production of swim suits, as swim suits, These fabrics are designed to be lightweight, water-repellent, and hydrodynamic, and often incorporate materials such as silicone or Teflon to reduce drag, Examples ‘© Speedo Fastskin: This swim suit was designed based on the structure of shark skin and is made from a high-tech fabric that incorporates a range of materials to reduce drag and turbulence in the water. 4. J Whatsapp +91 797505486521BE4S Biology for Engineers, Common to All 4” Semester Branches of VTU, Karnataka Dr. Prasad Puthiyillam YouTube Chanel: @ myintuition4865 ‘* Arena Powerskin Carbon Ultra: Another example of a frietion-redueing swim suit, the Arena Powerskin Carbon Ultra is made from a combination of polyurethane and high-tech fabries to provide a hydrodynamic and form-fitting design. ‘* TYR Venzo: The TYR Venzo is a friction-redueing swim suit that incorporates a unique surface structure inspired by shark skin, as well as other advanced materials to improve swimmer performance. 4.7 Kingfisher Beak and Bullet Train and design of the front of the bullet ple of nature's design for efficient diving and able the kingfisher to minimize the impact of water fisher is long, slender, and sharply pointed, which helps reduce drag or ives into the water. The streamlined shape allows the kingfisher to ‘Surface Tens fisher hits the water, it encounters the resistance caused by surface tension. Surface tension is the cohesive force between water molecules that creates a "skin" on the water's surface, The sharp beak of the kingfisher helps to pierce through the water's surface, breaking the surface tension and reducing the force required to enter the water. mizing Splash: As the kingfisher dives, it needs to enter the water with minimal disturbance to avoid searing away the fish it intends to eatch, The shape of the beak helps to reduce the splash, generated upon entry. The beak's narrow and pointed design helps create a smooth entry by 5 / Whatsapp +91 7975054865,21BEAS Biology for Engineers, Common to All 4" Semester Branches of VTU, Kamataka Dr. Prasad Puthiyillam YouTube Channel: @ myintuition4865 minimizing the disturbance of the water surface, allowing the kingfisher to enter silently and effectively Figure: Image of a Shinkased bullet fin OFTajpan ‘Technological Importance The use of the kingfisher beak as a,desiathansPirationior the front of the bullet train is an example of how nature-inspired engineéringjean lead fo)innovative solutions that improve the performance and efficiency of machines. Shinansengtillet train of Japan is the best example which used the biomimicry of kingfisher’s Yeek. Aerodynamic Designs é The fiont of the Shinkaisen is méticulously shaped to reduce air resistance aud improve aerodynamic performance. Th streamlinéd design minimizes drag as the train travels at high speeds, allowing itso maintain’stability and efficiency. The smooth, tapered shape reduces the pressure differenee between the HrOnf and rear of the train, reducing noise and vibration. Presstife Wave Reductio: When a high:spéée train moves through a tunnel, it creates pressure waves that can cause noise anddiscomfopt for Passengers. The nose of the Shinkansen is designed to reduce these pressure Wales by effectively managing airflow and minimizing the compression and expansion, of air as the frainénters and exits tunnels. This reduces the noise level and enhances passenger comfort 4.8 Human Blood Substitutes Introduction Human blood substitutes are synthetic products that are designed to act as a replacement for blood in the human body. Basic Requirement for Human Blood Substitutes 6 / Whatsapp +91 797505486521BE4S Biology for Engineers, Common to All 4 Semester Branches of VTU, Kamataka Dr. Prasad Puthiyillam YouTube Channel: @ myintuition4865 Effective Oxygen Transport: Human blood substitutes must be capable of efficiently carrying and delivering oxygen to the body's tissues. This is a findamental fiction of natural blood that any substitute should be able to replicate or improve upon. Safety and Compatibility: Blood substitutes should be safe for use in the human body and well-tolerated by the recipient, They should not cause significant adverse reactions, toxicity, or immmne responses Additionally, they should not interfere with normal blood clotting or other essential physiological processes. Storage and Transport: Human blood substitutes should be stable and capable of bei 1d and sported easily. This is particularly important in emergency situaii@as or areas aecess to blood products may be limited. The ability to store and transport stibstitutes effeetively ensures their availability when needed. Cost-Effectiveness and Scalabil Blood substitutes should be cost-effective settings. They should be affordable and feasible {6 p potential demand for blood produets. pread use in medical fe quantities, meeting the Types of HBS There are two types of in bl tutes - hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers bin molecule, which is the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen to the and then modified to ereate oxygen available to the tissues, which can be important in produce or transport enough red blood cells ey do not require modification fiom natural sources. PFCs are able sport it throughout the body, similar to the way that red blood cells 4.8.1 Hemoglobin-Based Oxygen Carriers (HBOCs) Hemoglobin-based oxygen cartiers (HBOCs) are a type of human blood substitute that is designed to camy and deliver oxygen to the body's tissues. They are made by isolating hemoglobin, the protein responsible for carrying oxygen in red blood cells, and formulating it info a solution or suspension that ean be infised into a patient's bloodstream. 7 J Whatsapp +91 79750548652IBE4S Biology for Engineers, Common to All 4 Semester Branches of VTU, Kamataka Dr. Prasad Puthiyillam YouTube Channel: @ myintuition4865 Advantages of hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers Increased oxygen-carrying capacity: HBOCS can potentially carry more oxygen per unit volume than whole blood. This can be advantageous in situations where there is a need for rapid oxygen delivery or when there is, limited availability of blood for transfusion. Universal compatibility: Unlike blood transfusions, which sequite blood atching 1 ensure compatibility, HBOCs can potentially be universally compal od type. This can be particularly useful in emergency situations or in areas limited. Longer shelf life: HBOCs have the potential for longer storage and ipared to donated blood, which has a limited lifspan. This can improvedBe avail oxygen-carying substitutes in critical situations and reduce the need for frequent blood Reduced of infections: Blood transfusions cany bacteria, from the donor to itting infections, such as viruses or ICs are synthetic and do not rely on human In remote or undei where access to safe blood transfusions may be limited, HBOCs cam, potentiallaprovide a viable alternative for oxygen delivery. This can be particularly benefigial in military challenges with HBOCS is ensuring efficient oxygen release to the tissues, The oxygen dissociation curve of HBOCs may differ from that of natural red blood cells, potentially leading to inadequate oxygen delivery to tissues in certain conditions. Short half-life: HBOCs tend to have a shorter half-life in the body compared to natural red blood cells. This means that the HBOCs may be rapidly cleared from circulation, reducing their effectiveness and requiring more frequent doses or infusions. Nitric oxide scavenging: 8 J Whatsapp +91 797505486521BE4S Biology for Engineers, Common to All 4 Semester Branches of VTU, Kamataka Dr, Prasad Puthiyillam YouTube Channel: @ myintuition4865 HBOCs have a tendency to scavenge nitric oxide, a molecule important for regulating blood vessel dilation and maintaining normal blood flow. Excessive nitric oxide scavenging by HBOCs can lead to vasoconsttiction, impairing blood Dow to vital organs and potentially causing adverse cardiovascular effects. Renal toxicity: Some HBOCs have shown a potential for renal toxicity, causing damage to the kidneys This can be a significant concem as the kidneys play a erucial role in filtering and exereting waste products from the body. Immunogenicity and adverse reactions: HBOCs can trigger immune responses in the body, reactions or other adverse events. Immunogenicity ean vary betwe and individuals, and careful] monitoring is necessary to adverse reactions, ding to allergic it HBO@produets ‘age any Potential Regulatory challenges: HBOCS are subject to rigorous regulatory serutin heir potential risks and complex nature. Obtaining regulatory approval for xy and costly process, and several HBOC products have faced setbacks in to safety concerns. Interference with diagnostic tests: HBOCs can interfere with certai ibo! . as those measuring bilirubin or liver enzymes. This interference can c ¢ intetpretation of results and potentially lead to diagnostic errors. Examples of HBOC: There are several been developed or are emi Jes of H@moglobin-based oxygen cartiers (HBOCs) that have in development. Here are a few examples: as shown promise in increasing oxygen delivery to tissues, is an HBOC that is being developed by Baxter Healthcare. It is designed to increase Oxygen delivery to tissues and also to scavenge harmful free radicals in the bloodstream. ‘+ Hemolink: Hemolink is an HBOC that is being developed by Hemosol Ine. It is designed to be used in trauma and surgical settings and has shown promise in improving oxygen delivery to tissues (Note: Many countries have not yet given regulatory approval for clinical usage of HBOCs) 4.8.2 Perflourocarbons (PFCs) 9. Whatsapp +91 797505486521BE4S Biology for Engineers, Common to All 4 Semester Branches of VTU, Kamataka Dr. Prasad Puthiyillam YouTube Channel: @ myintuition4865 Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) are a type of human blood substitute that are designed to deliver oxygen to the body's tissues. Unlike hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs), whieh are based on natural proteins, PFCs are synthetic chemicals that are similar in structure to some types of industrial solvents Advantages of PFCs High oxygen-carrying capacity: PFCs have the ability to dissolve a significant amount of oxygen, much higher than that of blood. This allows for efficient oxygen delivery to tissues, even i en environments. Improved oxygen solubil PFCs exhibit a high solubility for oxygen, meani dissolve in PEC solutions. This enables PFCs to transport at than other alternatives, Stability and long shelf life: PFCs are chemically stable and have a long and use in emergency situations where the availab: may be limited that oxygeRtaholecules caf readily more effectively sm suitable for storage ‘or other oxygen carriers No blood typing or cross-matching require Unlike blood transfusions, whi jre compatibility testing and matching of blood types, PFCs are not dependent on hhigaiakes them potentially universal oxygen carriers, suitable for use in indivi Reduced risk of infe PFCs are synthet associated with blood tran where the availabili ting the risk of transmitting infectious diseases antage can be particularly significant in situations of safe blood products is limited or in areas with a high prevalence of gnostic tests: Limited oxygen offloading: While PFCs have @ high capacity to camy and dissolve oxygen, they tend to have a reduced ability to release oxygen to tissues compared to red blood cells. This can result in inefficient oxygen delivery, especially in situations where oxygen demand is high or oxygen tension in tissues is low. ‘Need for specialized administration methods: 10. / Whatsapp +91 797505486521BE4S Biology for Engineers, Common to All 4 Semester Branches of VTU, Kamataka Dr. Prasad Puthiyillam YouTube Channel: @ myintuition4865 PFCs typically require specialized administration techniques, such as emulsification or encapsulation, to enhance their stability and improve their oxygen-eanying capacity. These techniques can add complexity and cost to the administration process. Short half PFCs have a relatively short half-life in the body, leading to the need for frequent administration to maintain adequate oxygen-canying capacity. This cau be impractical in certain, clinical scenarios or situations where prolonged oxygen delivery is required Clearance and elimination: PFCs are primarily eliminated from the body through the ineties can vary among individuals. This can impact their effed potentially limiting their duration of action. Side effects and toxicity: PECs have the potential for side effects and toxicit amounts or for prolonged periods. Adverse effects can if stress, immune reactions, and potential organ toxicity. The safety profile of and monitored. Regulatory considerations: PFCs are subject to regulatory approvil and sei lar to other medical products. Obtaining regulatory approval for PFC-bas involve extensive testing and evaluation to ensure their safety and e' Examples of PEG that Was developed in Russia and is used in several countries, and China? It has been used in the treatment of a variety of heart attack, and stroke. Hemopure-PFC is a hybrid blood substitute that combines a PFC with a hemoglobin-based oxygen carrier, It is being developed by HbO2 Therapeutics and has shown promise in inereasing oxygen delivery to tissues in preclinical studies, It’s important to note that while these technologies show promise, they are still in development and further studies are needed to evaluate their safety and effectiveness, [Link] 11 / Whatsapp +91 797505486521BE4S Biology for Engineers, Common to All 4” Semester Branches of VTU, Karnataka Dr. Prasad Puthiyillam YouTube Chanel: @ myintuition4865 Module 5 TRENDS IN BIOENGINEERING 5.1 Bioprinting Techniques and Materials Bioprinting is a rapidly growing field that uses various techniques to produce three- dimensional (3D) structares and_fanetional bi i applications. The main objective of bioprinting is to mimic the s tissues and organs, leading to the development of replacement pa organs (B) 3D Design (A) 3D Scanning (©) Bioink synthesis vy 2 (D) 3D Bioprinting process (F) Application qe (E) Maturation igut®: Schematic representation of bioprinting process 1 / Whatsapp +91 797505486521BE4S Biology for Engineers, Common to All 4” Semester Branches of VTU, Karnataka ‘YouTube Chanel: @ myintuition4865 Dr, A Prasad Puthiyillam Figure: Schematic representation of 3D bi ‘Comparison between 3D Printer and Biop) ‘The table provide a concise overview 3D printers and bioprinters. Table: Compariso, concept advantages, and limitations of co D ind “Bioprinters’ winters “Aspect ‘3D Printers Printing Fabrication of living tissues and organs Pumpose Materials ies, resins, | Bioinks (hydrogels, extracellular matrices, cell agaregates, etc.) ‘Applications Regenerative medicine, tissue engineering, dmg development, ete. ‘manufacturing, layer-by- ition Precise deposition of bioinks layer-by- layer Compatibilit Bioinks must support cell viability and fimetion Challenges Development of suitable bioinks, cell viability, vascularization, sealing up, ete. ‘Advantages Versatile, \wide range of applications Enables rapid prototyping Cost-effective for non-biological objects Potential for transplantation Enables tissue regenerative medicine Can create tissue models for studying diseases tissue and organ and engineering / Whatsapp +91 79750548652IBE4S Biology for Engineers, Common to All 4 Semester Branches of VTU, Kamataka Dr. Prasad Puthiyillam YouTube Channel: @ myintuition4865 Potential for personalized medicine and drug testing Limitations [Limited ability to _ create | Complex and rapidly evolving technology functional living tissues Challenges in developing suitable bioinks Limited choice of materials for | and sealing up certain applications Vascularization and long-term Lack of cell compatibility and | fimctionality of printed tissues tissue functionality (Note: Cell viability refers to the ability of cells to remain alive and ir normal cellular fianetions Vasculatization refers to the process of creating functional bloo: netwoR within bioprinted tissues or organs) printing Materials Bioprinting materials, also known as bioi ci jmed to be compatible with living cells and provide a supportive environment ir and organization. Here are some examples of commonly used bioprintiigéimateri Hydrogels: Hydrogels are water-based pol corks thaflclosely mimic the extracellular matrix compatibility, mechanical support, and to native tissues. Examples of hydrogels (ECM) found in living tissues. being incorporated into the bioink. These aggregates provide a more nent for the cells and enhance their viability and functionality. 3. / Whatsapp +91 797505486521BE4S Biology for Engineers, Common to All 4 Semester Branches of VTU, Kamataka Dr. Prasad Puthiyillam YouTube Chanel: @ myintuition4865 Blomolecules Biomaterials ‘Figure: Schematic representation of formation of cel gates Decellularized Extracellular Matrix (WECM): The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a complex ni 1f molecules surrounding cells in tissues and organs. It provides structural apport, al signaling, and regulatory fimetions The ECM of tissues can be effet and progéssed to remove cellular components, resulting in a decellularized ext 'M). dECM bioinks contain natural signaling molecules and pote ‘attachment, growth, and differentiation Examples of dECM b © Decellularized ine submucosa (SIS) Figure: Representing extracellular matrix in relation to epithelium, endothelium and connective tissue 4. / Whatsapp +91 797505486521BE4S Biology for Engineers, Common to All 4” Semester Branches of VTU, Karnataka Dr. Prasad Puthiyillam YouTube Chanel: @ myintuition4865 ‘Synthetic Polymer-based Bioinks: ‘Synthetic polymers can be used to create bioinks with well-defined mechanical properties and degradation rates. These bioinks provide control over various parameters, such as stiffness, porosity, and degradation, to support specific tissue engineering goals. Examples of synthetic polymer-based bioinks include: © Polyethylene glycol (PEG)-based bioinks ‘© Polycaprolacione (PCL)-based bioinks ‘+ Poly(lactic-co-glycolie acid) (PLGA)-Dased bioinks ‘Composite Bioin! Composite bioinks combine different materials to enhance th mechanical strength, printability, and cell behavior. These bioinks off natural and synthetic materials or a mixture of different bidiiigterials. E3 properties, such as ha combination ; of ‘© Gelatin-methaeryloyl (GelMA) combined with algina ‘* Collagen combined with hyaluronic acid (HA) ‘© Fibrin combined with nanoparticles or growth factor: ‘Most Commonly used Bioprinting T. Bioprinting techniques involve the dimensional structures with living cel: this, each with its own advantages , bioprinting techniques: Inkjet-based Bioprin Inkjet bioprint cartridges, and droplets droplets form layers, and the allows for high-resofittion printin the vis f the bioink and cel of bioinks to create three- shave been developed to accomplish we some of the most commonly used milaily, to standard inkjet printing, The bioink is loaded into oink af¥bejected through fine nozzles onto a substrate. The ure is built by depositing subsequent layers. Inkjet bioprinting \d precise control over droplet size, but it may be limited by ability during the ejection process Plezoclctre Heater actuator Figure: representing inkjet-based bioprinting 5 / Whatsapp +91 797505486521BE4S Biology for Engineers, Common to All 4” Semester Branches of VTU, Karnataka Dr. Prasad Puthiyillam YouTube Chanel: @ myintuition4865 Extrusion-based Bioprinting: Extrusion-based bioprinting uses a syringe or a similar mechanism to extrude the bioink through a nozzle, The bioink is deposited layer-by-layer to create the desired structure. This technique is versatile and can handle a wide range of bioinks with varying viscosities, including, those with living cells or cell aggregates. It allows for high cell viability and can produce structures with contiolled porosity. However, it may have limitations in achieving high resohttion and complex geometries, (A) Pneumatic (8)Piston (screw vnc @& epidgentin gWatifhion based bioprinting Laser-assisted biopritifing utilizes laser energy to precisely deposit bioinks onto a an energy-absorbing layer, and the laser creates a pressure substrate in a controlled manner. This technique offers high ind the ability to print complex structures, It can be used with delicate viability. However, laser-assisted bioprinting can be relatively slow terms of bioink viscosity. Mire Rios 4, Buhle Fxsing Lens ikem Bion’ « » 6 / Whatsapp +91 797505486521BE4S Biology for Engineers, Common to All 4” Semester Branches of VTU, Karnataka Dr. Prasad Puthiyillam YouTube Chanel: @ myintuition4865 a Ribbon ke oink — se sea l Substrate Substrate © © Figure: Representing the laser based bioprin Microvalve-based Bioprinting: Microvalve-based bioprinting employs microvalves to The bioink is pushed through microchannels, and the micro bioink precisely. This technique provides control over dropl accuracy. It is suitable for a variety of bioink vise a However, the complexity of the system and the nes 4 @ LJ a |___—> Microvalves —_ ‘igure: Representing microvalve based bioprinting wve high cell viability. ion can be limitations. Pulse generator -eform Fabrication: Fabrication (SFF) combines bioprinting with traditional 3D_printing methods, It deposition of both bioink and supporting materials to create complex, multi-material ‘stinctures, SFF techniques such as fised deposition modeling (FDM) or stereolithography (SLA) can be adapted to include bioinks and allow for the incorporation of living cells. This approach provides versatility in material selection and structural design but may require additional post-processing steps to remove supporting materials. 7 / Whatsapp +91 797505486521BEAS Biology for Engineers, Common to All 4" Semester Branches of VTU, Kamataka Dr. Prasad Puthiyillam YouTube Channel: @ myintuition4865 Extrusion dispensing nozzles Layered gear (build) Foam base Build material spool : x Build platform Platform elevator ‘Support material spool Figure: Represingised ion modeling “Uvi laser source UVilaser radiation Cured resin part < ~~ Platform assembly setup Resin liquid mixture Figure: Representing steriolithography 8 / Whatsapp +91 79750548652IBE4S Biology for Engineers, Common to All 4 Semester Branches of VTU, Kamataka Dr. Prasad Puthiyillam YouTube Channel: @ myintuition4865 ‘The Basic Steps of Bioprinting Process Preparation of the bioink: ‘The bioink used in bioprinting is a mixture of cells, growth factors, and other biological ‘materials that are formulated to promote cell growth and tissue formation. J Design of the tissue struct The tissue structure to be printed is designed using computer-aided design (CAD) software, which is then used to control the movement of the bioprinteg’s print head. ® The bioprinter dispenses the bioink in a controlled manner, build up the final tissue stmieture. The bioink is deposited in a manner that al and tissue formation, 4 Incubat After printing, the tissue is incubated in a gofitrolled mnt, such as a cell culture incubator, to promote cell growth an mation ‘The printed tissue is a The field of bioprintidg, is constantly evolving, and new techniques and materials are being developed tofiiiprove the printing of humaireats, This process involves using a 3D printer to create an ear-shaped structure ‘using. a special material, stich as a biocompatible polymer or a hydrogel, as the "ink." The printed car structure is then seeded with human cartilage cells, which grow and develop into fictional ear tissue over time. 9 / Whatsapp +91 797505486521BE4S Biology for Engineers, Common to All 4” Semester Branches of VTU, Karnataka Dr. Prasad Puthiyillam YouTube Chanel: @ myintuition4865 femme eee ted Care — Figure: Repres ‘The main advantage of 3D printing an custom-fitted to an individual patient, especially useful for children with cor car injuries or losses. Additionally, 3 fanetionally similar t ‘traditional surgical meth Materials Used for 3D Printing of Human Ear The material used for 3) ting of human ears can vary, depending on the specific d 1e desired outcome. Some of the most commonly used materials for 3D soft, gel-like materials that are commonly used in bioprinting due to their ‘hanical properties of human tissues. They can be used as the "ink" in 3D printing, providiiig a supportive structure for the cells to grow and develop into functional tissue. Examples of hydrogels used in 3D printing of ears include alginate, gelatin, and collagen. They have been used in the 3D printing of ear structures due to their ebility to mimic the mechanical properties of human ear tissue. Biocompatible polymers: Biocompatible polymers are synthetic materials that are compatible with human tissues, and do not cause adverse reactions. They are commonly used as the "ink" in 3D printing of human ears because they provide a stable structure for the cells to grow and develop into fimetional tissue. Polylactide (PLA): Polylactide is a biocompatible polymer that has been used 10 / Whatsapp +91 79750548652IBE4S Biology for Engineers, Common to All 4 Semester Branches of VTU, Kamataka Dr. Prasad Puthiyillam YouTube Channel: @ myintuition4865 in 3D printing of ear structures. This material is favored for its biocompatibility and ability to support cell growth. Scaffolds: Scaffolds are structures that provide a supportive framework for the cells to grow and develop. In the ease of 3D printing of ears, seaffolds can be used to create a specific shape or structure forthe ear tissue to grow around, Cell-embedded materials: Cellembedded materials are materials that contain living cells, which can be used to seed the 3D printed stmeture. The cells then grow and develop into fimnet Ceramic Ceramics, such as hydroxyapatite, can be used ‘material is a natural component of human bones and has bi effective in 3D printing of bones and other tissues. Technological Importance of 3D Printing of ama Personalized ear prosthesis: 3D printing allows for the creation offgustom: C.) Bstheses that mateh the unique anatomy of each patient. Faster production and lower costs: ‘Traditional methods of e: “aba 3D printing can reduce, nc! fion can be time-consuming and expensive, of ear prosthesis. Biocompatibility: 3D printing can us@ybiocompatible materials for the production of ear prostheses, reducing the risk ofadverse reagtions and improving patient outcomes. yiman ears can be used to educate medical stidents and healtheare and treatment of ear defects and injuries. 3D printing has revolutionized the field of medicine, and one of its applications is the 3D printing of bones. This process involves using 3D printer to create a bone-shaped stricture using a special material, such as @ biocompatible polymer or a ceramic material, as the "ink." The printed bone structure can then be implanted into a patient fo replace missing or damaged bone tissue, There are two main approaches to 3D printing of bones: additive manufacturing and scafiold-based techniques. Additive manufacturing involves building up the bone structure layer 11_/- Whatsapp +91 79750548652IBE4S Biology for Engineers, Common to All 4 Semester Branches of VTU, Kamataka Dr. Prasad Puthiyillam YouTube Channel: @ myintuition4865 by layer, whereas scaffold-based techniques involve creating a porous structure that provides a framework for bone cells to grow and develop, Additive manufacturing in 3D Printing of Bone Additive manufacturing involves building up the bone structure layer by layer using biocompatible materials. The layer-by-layer deposition of material enables the creation of complex three-dimensional structures that mimic the natural bone tissue. The process of additive manufacturing in 3D printing of bone involves several key steps. Steps involved in additive manufacturing of 3D Printed Bone Patient Imaging: The process begins with obtaining accurate imaging data digital model of the patient's bone structure. This dig the customized Bone sc determining the ay patient's anatomy ‘oftware tools are used to create the design, ensui suppéxt, porosity, and structural integrity. 1 Material Selection: Big thaterials suitable for bone tissue engineering are chosen for the 3D printing : 2 thatet¥als should be capable of supporting cell attachment, growth, and eventual ‘ontiiyn materials include biocompatible polymers, ceramic composites, or biodegradable materials. J 3D Printing Process: Once the scaffold design and material selection are finalized, the actual 3D printing process takes place. The chosen technique, is used to build the seaffold layer by layer. The 3D printer preeisely deposits or fuses the chosen material, following the digital model's specifications. t Post-processing: 12. | Whatsapp +91 79750548652IBE4S Biology for Engineers, Common to All 4 Semester Branches of VTU, Kamataka Dr. Prasad Puthiyillam YouTube Channel: @ myintuition4865 ‘After the 3D printing is complete, post-processing steps may be required. This can include removing support structures, cleaning the scaffold, and performing any necessary surface ‘treatments to enhance biocompatibility and optimize the scaffold’s properties t Sterilization: To ensure the implant is fiee from contaminants and ready for elinical use, the 3D printed bone scaffold undergoes sterilization using. appropriate methods. Common techniques incinde autoclaving, ethylene oxide sterilization, or gamma irradiation. 4 ‘Surgical Implantation: The final step involves the surgical implantation of the 3D: Surgeons carefully position the scaffold in the intended stability. Over time, the scaffold provides support for bone 1 surrounding tissve. Seaffold-based techniques in 3D print scaffolds as a framework or template for th involve the fabrication of biocompatible technology, whieh can mimic the struct The scaffold serves as a felnporary and guides the grow interconnected pores extracellular matrix. Design: desired bone structure or defect is created using computer-aided design takes into account factors such as shape, size, pore architecture, and ‘mechanical properties. J ‘Material Selection: Biocompatible and biodegradable materials are chosen for the fabrication of the scaffold ‘Common materials include synthetic polymers, such as polycaprolactone (PCL) or poly(lactic- co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), and natural polymers, such as collagen or gelatin. 1 3D Printing Process: The 3D printing process begins by loading the selected material into the 3D printer. The printer then deposits or solidifies the material layer by layer, following the digital design. The printing technology can vary, including extmusion-based methods, inkjet printing, or stereolithography. 13. | Whatsapp +91 79750548652IBE4S Biology for Engineers, Common to All 4 Semester Branches of VTU, Kamataka Dr. Prasad Puthiyillam YouTube Channel: @ myintuition4865 4 Pore Formation: During the printing process, the sealfold is designed to have a porous structure with interconnected pores. These pores provide space for cell infiltration, mutrient supply, and vascularization, Various techniques can be used to control the pore size, distribution, and interconnectivity. 1 Post-Processing: ‘After the scaffold is printed, post-processing steps may be perfon properties. This can include removing any support structures, steril surface treatments to enhance biccompatibi 1 Cell Seeding and Cultur Once the scaffold is prepared, it can be seeded with bone-fa stem cells or osteoblasts, The seeded scaffold is th promote cell attachment, proliferation, and the fo such as mesenchymal priate conditions to ssue within the scaffold. Once the seaffold-based construct has, the patient's body. The scaffold pro vessels infiltrate and rep] sufficieht maturation, it can be implanted into supfport while the surrounding cells and blood formed bone tissue. Over time, the scaffold ional regenerated bone, polymers are synthetic materials that are compatible with human tissues Atise diverse reactions. They can be used as the "ink" in 3D printing, providing a supportive structire for the cells to grow and develop into fictional bone tissue. Examples: polyethylene, polycaprolactone, polylactide, and polyvinyl aleohol Cerami Ceramics, such as hydroxyapatite, are natural components of human bones and can be used as the "ink" in 3D printing. Hydroxyapatite is a biocompatible material that has been shown to be an effective material for 3D printing of bones, Examples: Hydroxyapatite, Calcium phosphate, Tricalcium phosphate Scaffolds: 14 J Whatsapp +91 797505486521BE4S Biology for Engineers, Common to All 4 Semester Branches of VTU, Kamataka Dr. Prasad Puthiyillam YouTube Chanel: @ myintuition4865 Scaliolds are stmctures that provide a supportive fiamework for the cells to grow and develop, In the case of 3D printing of bones, scaffolds can be used to ereate a specific shape or structure for the bone tissue to grow around. Examples: Polyglycolie acid (PGA), Poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA), Polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Cell-embedded materials: Cell-embedded materials are materials that contain living eells, which can be used to seed the 3D printed stmeture. The cells then grow and develop into fimnetional bone tissue over time Examples: Gelatine methacryloyl, Alginate. 5.4 3D Printing of Skin 3D printing of skin refers to the process of creating nan Ba tissue using 3D printer. The goal of 3D printing skin is to create fi used for a variety of purposes, such as cosmetic testing, wo) made from living cells se structure. Figure: Image of a 3D printed skin The Process of 3D Printing of Skin The process of 3D printing skin typically involves the following steps: Preparation of the bioink: A bioink is made by mixing human skin cells, such as fibroblasts and keratinocytes, with a ‘hydrogel matrix that provides a supportive environment for cell growth. 15 / Whatsapp +91 79750548652IBE4S Biology for Engineers, Common to All 4 Semester Branches of VTU, Kamataka Dr. Prasad Puthiyillam YouTube Channel: @ myintuition4865 + Design of the tissue structure: ‘The tissue structure to be printed is designed using computer-aided design (CAD) software, which is then used to control the dispensing of the bioink. 1 Printing: The bioink is printed layer by layer using a 3D printer to create the desired tissue structure 1 Incubation: After printing, the tissue is incubated in a controlled incubator, to promote cell growth and + Assessment: ronment, acell cure ‘The printed tissue is assessed for its fimetional prop, a and tissue fungtion, Materials used for 3D printing of,Skin Hydrogels: id col ‘hese bility, tissue structure, Hydrogels, such [Link] an hydrophilic materials that can be used to create 3D stmictures due to their ability to skin, wt Is have been used in the 3D printing of skin meclignical properties and water-retaining capacity of human. Polymers: Biocompatible polymers, stich as polyethylene glycol and polycaprolactone, can be used These materials are synthetic and biocompatible, making them suitable for rinted skin structures. ogels are materials that contain living cells and can be used to create 3D printed skin stnietiyes. The cells within the hydrogel will grow and develop into functional skin tissue over time, Seaffolds: Seaffolds are structures that provide a supportive framework for cells to grow and develop. In the ease of 3D printing of skin, seaffolds can be used to create a specific shape or structure for the skin tissue to grow around. ‘These materials can be used alone or in combination with other materials to create the desired structure and properties for 3D printing of skin, The choice of material will depend on 16 / Whatsapp +91 79750548652IBE4S Biology for Engineers, Common to All 4 Semester Branches of VTU, Kamataka Dr. Prasad Puthiyillam YouTube Channel: @ myintuition4865 several factors, including the specific 3D printing technique used, the desired outcome, and the intended use of the 3D printed skin. Technological Importance of 3D Printing of Human Skin Better wound healing: 3D printing of skin can produce customized skin grafts that promote wound healing and reduce the risk of infection. This is particularly important for patients with bums, chronic wounds, or other skin injuries. Reduced scarring: cosmetic appearance of the skin after injury. Replication of skin structure: 3D printing can replicate the structure and prop watural skin, such as the thickness and elasticity of ve the fimetionality and durability of the skin graft morbidity: 3D printing of skin can reduce the n¢ body, reducing donor site morbidity and Alternative to animal testing: 3D printing of skin can pi@¥ide ai \Ve to animal testing in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical indust the mncems and improving the accuracy and relevance of testing Reduced donor Research and develop 3D printing of skin c: behavior of diffeseht skin types, used in research and development to study the properties and the effectiveness of new treatments, and develop new skin d Foods Xd refers to food items that are created using 3D printing technology. This for the creation of food items with intricate shapes and designs, which can be customized based on individual preferences and dietary needs. The process of 3D printing food involves the use of edible materials, stich as pastes, gels, and powders, which are combined and. printed layer by layer to create the final produet ‘The use of 3D printing in the food industry has the potential to revolutionize the way food is produced, as it allows for the precise control of portion sizes and ingredients, which ean be beneficial for individuals with specific dietary needs or restrictions. Additionally, 3D printing technology can be used to create unique and customized food items that would be difficult to achieve using traditional cooking methods 17 J Whatsapp +91 797505486521BEAS Biology for Engineers, Common to All 4" Semester Branches of VTU, Kamataka Dr. Prasad Puthiyillam YouTube Channel: @ myintuition4865 Figure: A smaple image@p3Dipsint€@ food item, Materials used for 3D Printing of Food Edible pastes: Edible pastes, @ttch a8lpureet fruit, Chigeolate, and cream cheese, can be used in 3D. printing of food. These thaterials| are eagily printable and can be used to create intricate shapes and designs. “ Edible gels: Egiible gel such as agar an@ gelatin, can be used in 3D printing of food. These materials are fIéSible Ali, canbe used to create 3D structures that are both aesthetically pleasing and functional. Edible powders: Ediblejpowdlers, such as flour and sugar, can be used in 3D printing of food. These materials can be @ombined with liquids to form a printable mixture that can be used to create 3D structures. Examples of 3D Printed Food ‘Sweet and savory snacks: 3D printed snacks, such as crackers, cookies, and chips, can be customized to include intricate shapes and designs. Pastri 18 / Whatsapp +91 79750548652IBE4S Biology for Engineers, Common to All 4 Semester Branches of VTU, Kamataka Dr. Prasad Puthiyillam YouTube Channel: @ myintuition4865 3D printing technology can be used to create intricate and aesthetically pleasing pastries, such as cakes and cupcakes, Decorative garnishes: 3D printing technology can be used to create unique and attractive gamishes for dishes, such as cheese and fruit designs. ‘The importance of 3D printing in the food industry 3D printing has gained significant importance in the food revolutionize various aspects of food production, customization, key reasons why 3D printing is important in the food industry: due to its potential to Customization and Personalization: 3D printing enables the creation of customized and pe oducts. It allows for the precise control of ingredients, textures, flavors, individual preferences, dietary restrictions, and specific mi ds. This customization capability opens up new possibilities for personaliz infolerances, and specific dietary requirements. Novelty and Creativity: 3D printing in the food industry allows food designs that are difficult to achievagtith t: opportunity to experiment with shapes, structires, c dining experience and presentation Bfood Enhanced Food Safety: With 3D prin = automated, reducing the intricate and visually appealing ‘od preparation methods. It offers the and pattems, thereby enhaneing the ptire Bod production process can be tightly controlled and fontaminétion and human error. The technology allows for the ients and eliminates the need for excessive processing and ting enables the production of food in a controlled, sterile al for bacterial growth and contamination, produced locallyjpinimizing the time and resources required for distribution, Sustainable Food Production: 3D printing has the potential to reduce food waste by using precise ingredient measurements and optimizing production processes. Tt allows for the utilization of altemative food sources and byproducts, reducing the strain on traditional food resources. Fuxthemore, 3D printing can promote sustainable farming practices by reducing water usage and minimizing environmental impact. Food Innovation and Research: 19 Whatsapp +91 797505486521BE4S Biology for Engineers, Common to All 4” Semester Branches of VTU, Karnataka Dr. Prasad Puthiyillam YouTube Chanel: @ myintuition4865 3D printing provides a platform for food scientists, chefs, and researchers to explore new culinary concepts, textures, and flavors. It facilitates the development of novel food produets and techniques that push the boundaries of traditional food preparation. This innovation ean lead to the creation of unique food experiences and contribute to advancements in the field of gastronomy. 5.6 Electrical Tongue in Food Science ‘The human tongue distinguish various ta! tastes’ Taste Buds: primary taste qualities recognized by taste receptor cells: sweet, salty, sour, Savory). Each taste receptor cell is sensitive to specific taste compounds associated with these qualities. ‘Taste Pores: Taste receptor cells have small openings called taste pores that are in direet contact with the oral cavity, Through these pores, taste compounds dissolved in saliva come into contaet with, the taste receptor cells. 20. / Whatsapp +91 79750548652IBE4S Biology for Engineers, Common to All 4 Semester Branches of VTU, Kamataka Dr. Prasad Puthiyillam YouTube Channel: @ myintuition4865 Binding of Taste Compounds: ‘When taste compounds enter the taste pores and come into contact with the taste receptor cells, they bind to specific receptors on the surface of the cells. Each taste receptor cell is specialized to detect a particular taste quality. Neural Signals: ‘The binding of taste compounds to the taste receptor cells triggers an electrical signal in the form of action potentials. These signals are then transmitted to the brain via the cranial nerves, specifically the facial nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve, and vagus nerve. Taste Processing in the Brain: The neural signals fiom taste receptor cells reach the bra ally the gustatory cortex, where the signals are processed and interpreted. The brain couk inforniftion from different taste receptor cells to create the perception of taste Taste Perception: ‘The brain's interpretation of the signals from taste re differentiate varions tastes, The combination and intensity of give rise to the complex flavors we experience when allows us to perceive and different taste qualities The Electrical Tongue The electrical tongue is a devi food séignce to analyze the taste and flavor of, food and beverages. It works bj thewglectrical conductivity, impedance, and related fo the concentration of ions in the representation of the taste aiid flavor of the sample, which can be used to compare and analyze different food and BB¥erage prod ¢ Electrical Tongue y behind the electrical tongue involves the measurement of electrical or beverage sample. The electrical tongue typically consists of a sensor din contact with the food or beverage sample. Sensor Array used in Electronic Tongue Applications A sensor array in the electrical tongue refers to a collection of multiple sensors that are designed to detect and measure different taste qualities. These sensors are often specific to particular taste components and provide information about the presence and intensity of specific taste attributes. Here are some examples of sensor types used in an electrical tongue’ Potentiometric Ion-Selective Electrodes: 21 / Whatsapp +91 797505486521BE4S Biology for Engineers, Common to All 4 Semester Branches of VTU, Kamataka Dr. Prasad Puthiyillam YouTube Channel: @ myintuition4865 ‘These sensors measure the concentration of specific ions associated with taste. For example, a sodium-selective electrode can detect the salty taste by measuring the concentration ofsodium ions in a sample, Voltammetric Sensors: ‘Voltammetric sensors measure changes in electrical current resulting from the oxidation or reduction of specific chemical compounds. These sensors can be used to detect and quantify various taste components. For example, a sensor designed to detect bitter taste may measure the oxidation current produced by bitter compounds interacting with the sensor surface. Impedance Sensors: Impedance-based sensors measure changes in electric: -e caused by the interaction of taste compounds with the sensor surface. Different ta ps can bedetecied by monitoring impedance changes associated with spéific intern For example, an impedance sensor may detect changes in impedance catt orption of sweet compounds on its surface. Optical Sensors: Optical sensors can be used to measure | Sibance oF fluorescence caused by specific taste compounds, These sensors ean p: ition about the presence and concentration of taste components. For instance, an ensor may measure changes in fluorescence intensity resulting from the bindiag of a son nd to a fluorescent indicator. Conductometric Sensors: Conductometrie sensors detzet eh: in elebtrical conductivity resulting from the interaction of taste compounds wil 1e Ser ¢. These sensors can be used to detect and quantify different taste examy luctometric sensor may measure changes in o « conductivity caused b; sounds to its surface. Mass-Sensitive Sensors: ¢ sensors can provide information about the presence and For instance, a mass-sensitive sensor may detect changes ‘© Polymers: Polymers, such as polyvinyl aleohol (PVA) and polyethylene oxide (PEO), are often used as the substrate or matrix material in electrical tongue sensors, as they have high sensitivity to changes in ion coneentration and are flexible © Metal Oxides: Metal oxides, such as tin dioxide (Sn0:) and zinc oxide (ZnO), are commonly used in electrical tongue sensors because of their high sensitivity to changes in ion concentration and ability to undergo changes in electtical conductivity in response to different tastes. 22 / Whatsapp +91 79750548652IBE4S Biology for Engineers, Common to All 4 Semester Branches of VTU, Kamataka Dr. Prasad Puthiyillam YouTube Channel: @ myintuition4865 © Carbon Nanotubes: Carbon nanotubes are small tubes made of carbon atoms that have high electrical conductivity and sensitivity to changes in ion concentration, making them an attractive material for use in electrical tongue sensors. ‘© Dendrimers: Dendrimers are synthetic, branched nanostmuetures that ean be fictionalized with specific receptors or enzymes to target specific tastes. They are being explored as potential materials for use in electrical tongue sensors. © Microfhtidic Devices: Microfluidic devices, which are small devices that can manipulate suiall volumes of fluid, are being used in the development of electrical tongue sensors. These devices can be made from a variety of materials, including silicon, glass, and polymers, and can be fimetionalized with specific receptors s to target specific tastes, ‘Aspect ‘Human Tongue gue Sensing Taste buds on the tongue detect ors detect chemical Mechanism taste compounds s tongue can be Humans perceive _ basic en Taste mrreiaLannalictiions to detect. vatious taste Perception | salty, but it may not perceive tastes uumami same way humans do Human taste buds tronic sensors can have high Sensitivity | ow itivity to detect minute differences in chemical properties . Bleetronie tongue provides objective Subjectivity and standardized measurements Electronic tongue may not filly capture the complexity and nuances of Iman taste perception Limitations Electronic tongue can analyze multiple samples simultaneously, providing fast and high-throughput analysis Electronic tongue requires calibration to ensure accuracy and consistency of sensor responses maintenance or calibration quired for the human tongue ‘Human taste testing is commonly |Electronie tongue is used in various used in food and beverage | applications, including food and industries for sensory evaluation | beverage analysis, quality control, and and quality control Alavor profiling Application 23. / Whatsapp +91 7975054865