NCMA 113: FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING PRACTICE SUMMER

WEEK 1: NURSING AS A PROFESSION & INFECTION

CONTROL
TERM
JUNE 27,2022
AY 2021-2022
01
MIDTERMS LECTURER: MA’AM LAICHERRY Y. ROMAN, RN, RM, LPT 1ST YEAR NURSING

THE NURSE’S ROLE IN QUALITY, SAFETY AND week with patients on the acute care side, that’s all
SERVICE the work that nurses do.”
MELODIE OSBORN, RN, BSN, MBA
- Renown Health Chief Nursing Officer for NURSING TODAY (PODCAST)
Transitional Care Services. What Is Nursing?
- “The RN is really the closest person to the bedside, - Nursing is an art and a science.
and a nurse wears many different hats. Whether - Nursing is an art that requires you to deliver care
it’s, you know, getting that patient a warm blanket or artfully with compassion, caring, and respect for
delivering medications, they’re the closest person to each person's dignity.
the bedside. They spend more time with that patient - Nursing is a science, based on knowledge that is
than anyone else, and it really is the nurse’s constantly being changed with discoveries and
responsibility to really look at the care of that patient innovations.
from beginning to end and try to identify any
potential gaps.” NURSING AS A PROFESSION
- As a nurse, your patient is the center of your
JEN RICHARDS, PhD, RN practice
- Renown Health Vice President and Chief Nursing
Officer for Acute Care Services. Professionalism
- “In terms of quality, safety, and services, nurses are - Provide your patient with quality care in a safe,
really at the center of all that from a patient care prudent, and knowledgeable manner.
perspective. And so, I have a background in quality, - You are responsible for your patients, your peers,
so it would be remiss for me not to believe that that and yourself.
is the most important role of a nurse, but it really, - According to the American Nurses Association
truly is. So in terms of the experience and the (ANA), the professional practice of a nurse includes
outcome that a nurse creates for a patient, that is knowledge of social & behavioral sciences,
largely impacted by what the nurse delivers to that biological & physiological sciences, and nursing
patient every single day. And so, it really starts with theories.
their assessment of the patient. It’s making sure
that they've identified all of the potential risks for the Health Care Advocacy Groups
patient. So are they at risk for falls? Are they at risk - Recognizes the importance of quality professional
for a pressure ulcer? Do they have a risk of being nursing and the impact it has on healthcare, for
readmitted when they’re discharged from the example:
hospital? So it really starts with the assessment, a. Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF)
and then the care planning that the nurse does is Future of Nursing: Multifaceted campaign
critical in that. They plan the care for that patient on for action that works to transform
a day-to-day basis, as well as think about “ What’s healthcare through nursing.
going to happen when that patient discharges from b. Institute of Medicine (IOM) publication on
the hospital?” So that’s a significant component of The Future of Nursing
the quality and safety that they provide. It’s also c. Both groups work to prepare a
about how they do their work. So when they’re professional workforce to meet health
delivering medications, making sure that they’re promotion, illness prevention, and complex
giving the right medication to the right patient for the care needs of the population in a changing
right reason at the right time, the right dose, all of healthcare system.
those double-checks that they put in place are
keeping that patient safe while they’re in our care. Science & Art of Nursing
And so, we have to be focused on safety all the - Nursing Requires:
time. We have to be focused on providing the a. Current knowledge and practice standards
highest level of service to patients, and that b. Insightful and compassionate approach
means… When I think about experience and c. Critical thinking
outcomes, I think about it both from the perspective - Nursing has a specific body of knowledge, this is
of the clinical outcome and the experience that the why it is important to practice to understand, and to
patient has while they’re with us. And so, that really develop your expertise. This takes time and
ties in that sort of triad of quality, safety, and commitment, according to Benner's stages of
service. Nurses are at the center of that, and the nursing proficiency, a nurse goes through 5 levels of
fact that nurses spend 24 hours a day, 7 days a proficiency when acquiring nursing skills:

1
1. Novice - Beginner nursing student or any SIX STANDARDS OF PRACTICE:
nurse entering a situation with no previous 1. Assessment - The registered nurse collects
level of experience. comprehensive data relevant to the patient's health
2. Advanced Beginner - A nurse with some or situation.
level of experience with a situation. 2. Diagnosis - Registered nurse analyzes the
3. Competent - A nurse that has had the assessment data to determine the diagnoses or
same clinical position for 2-3 years. issues.
4. Proficient - Nurse with more than 2-3 year 3. Outcomes Identification - The Registered nurse
of the same clinical position. Has gained identifies expected outcomes for a plan
experience from multiple situations. individualized to the patient or situation.
5. Expert - Nurse has diverse experience 4. Planning - The registered nurse develops a plan
with an intuitive grasp to access clinical that describes strategies & alternatives that attain
situations. expected outcomes.
5. Implementation - Registered nurse implements
Scope & Standards of Practice identified plan.
- Nursing Definitions - Coordination of Care: RN coordinates care
- When giving care, it is important to provide service delivery.
based on the standards of practice and to follow a - Health Teaching & Health Promotion: Use
code of ethics. Both the American Nurses strategies to promote health & safe
Association (ANA), and the International Council of environment.
Nurses bear different definitions of what nursing is. - Consultation: Graduate or advanced
registered nurse consults to influence
The American Nurses Association (ANA) identified plan, enhance the abilities of
- According to the ANA, nursing is the protection, others, and effect change.
promotion, and optimization of health and abilities; - Prescriptive Authority & Treatment: APRN
illness & injury prevention; alleviation of suffering uses prescriptive authority, procedures,
through diagnosis and treatment of human referrals, treatment, and therapies in
response; & the advocacy of care for individuals, accordance with state and federal laws &
families, communities, and populations. (ANA,2015) regulations.
6. Evaluation - The registered nurse evaluates
The International Council of Nurses (ICN) progress toward attainment outcomes.
- The ICN defines nursing as the encompassing of
autonomous and collaborative care of individuals of STANDARDS OF PROFESSIONAL PERFORMANCE
all ages, families, groups, and communities, sick or
- Describes the thorough level of behavior in the
well, and in all settings. Nursing includes the
professional role of the nurse.
promotion of health, illness prevention, care of the
- The method ensures that the nurse provides high
ill, disabled & dying people. Advocacy, promotion of
quality care and knows what is necessary to do so.
a safe environment, research, participation in
- Provides measures to decide whether nursing care
shaping health policies, participation in shaping
is meeting the standards.
patient & health system management, and
1. Ethics - The registered nurse performs ethically.
education are key roles in nursing as well.
2. Education - The registered nurse retains
(ICN,2014)
knowledge & competency that reflects current
nursing practice.
Scope and Standards of Practice:
3. Evidence Based Practice and Research - RN
- Documentation began in 1960 by the ANA
integrates research findings & evidence into
- Include:
practice.
a. Standards of Practice
4. Quality Practice - The registered nurse contributes
b. Standards of Professionalism
to quality nursing practice.
- Goal of these standards is to guide nurses into
5. Communication - The registered nurse effectively
making significant & visual contributions that
communicates in all areas of practice.
improve the health and well-being of all individuals,
6. Leadership - The registered nurse conducts
communities, and populations.
leadership in the professional practice setting & in
the profession.
Standards of Practice
7. Collaboration - The registered nurse collaborates
- Standards of Practice describes a competent level
with health care consumer, family and others in the
of nursing care.
conduct of nursing practice.
- The levels of care is demonstrated by a critical
8. Professional Practice Evaluation - The RN
thinking model.
evaluates their own nursing practice in relation to
- Includes all of the significant actions taken by
professional practice standards and guidelines,
nurses in providing care to patients.
relevant statutes, rules, and regulations.
- The Standards of Practice process is the foundation
9. Resources - The registered nurse uses appropriate
of clinical decision making in nursing.
resources to provide nursing services that are safe,
effective and financially responsible.
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10. Environmental Health - The registered nurse a type of problem (ex: pain), a population
practices in an environmentally safe and healthy (ex:pediatric), a setting (ex:critical care) a disease
manner. (ex:diabetes) or a type of care (ex:rehabilitation).
b. Certified nurse practitioner (NP) provides
Code of Ethics healthcare to a group of patients, usually in
- A code of ethics is the philosophical ideals of right outpatient. This nurse provides comprehensive
and wrong that defines principles used to provide care, manages the nursing & medical care of
care. patients who are healthy and have chronic
- It is important for you to incorporate your own conditions.
values and ethics into your practice. c. Certified nurse midwife (CNM) is an APRN who is
- Ask yourself: How do your ethics, values, and also educated in midwifery. These nurses provide
practice compare with established standards? care for women during labor, delivery and care for
the newborn. This nurse may function in
Professional Roles & Responsibilities gynecological services such as pap smears, family
- As a nurse, you are responsible for maintaining & planning and treatment for vaginal infections.
obtaining certain skills and specific knowledge. You d. Certified registered nurse anesthetist (CRNA) is
will have various roles as a nurse. Nurses provide an APRN that has an advanced education from an
comfort and care for their patients, and have a accredited anesthetist program. Before applying to
constant obligation to meet their needs. the program, the nurse must have at least one year
1. Autonomy & Accountability - Autonomy means of critical care or ER experience. This nurse
initiating independent nursing interventions without provides surgical anesthesia.
medical orders. Accountability means that as the
nurse, you are professionally & legally responsible Nurse Educator
for the type & quality of care you provide. - Works in school of nursing, staff development
2. Caregiver - As a caregiver, you help patients to department of health care agencies and patient
maintain & regain health, manage disease & education departments.
symptoms, and attain a maximal level of function. - Master's degree
This role also requires you to meet all measures to
restore a patient's emotional, spiritual, and social Nurse Administrator
well-being. - Manages patient care
3. Advocate - As an advocate, you promote your - Nurse manager positions require at least a
patients human and legal rights. You also will bachelorette degree
provide assistance in asserting these rights if - Nursing administrators usually have a master's
needed. degree in nursing administration, hospital
4. Educator - Explain concepts and facts about administration, public health or master's of business
health, describe the reason behind routine care administration
activities and demonstrate self care activities. - Functions of the nurse administrator include
5. Communicator - The nurse's role as a staffing, budgeting, employee evaluation, employee
communicator is the center of the nurse-patient development and program & service planning
relationship. It allows you to gain knowledge of your
patient. Communicating helps the nurse to meet the Nurse Researcher
needs of the patient, families and communities. - Conducts evidence based practice and research to
6. Manager - Nurse managers establish a improve nursing care
collaborative patient-centered environment to - Works in academic setting, hospital, community
provide safe, quality care with positive patient service agency or independent professional
outcomes. This role requires the nurse to take on - Preferred education is a doctorates degree or at
an appropriate leadership style to ensure the least master's in nursing
nursing environment reflects the mission and values
of the healthcare setting. Nursing Shortage
- The nursing shortage is an ongoing problem due to
Career Development the expanding roles of nursing in healthcare, this
- Nursing provides an opportunity for you to commit may require the nurse to fill in and play multiple
to lifelong learning and career development. Today, roles at once.
new nursing roles are always being needed in a - With fewer available nurses, it is important for you
forever-changing field. Some clinical practices and to learn to use your patient contact time efficiently
career opportunities as a nurse: and professionally.
- Provider of care - These nurses provide direct care - Essential skills include:
to the patient. a. Time management
- Advanced practice registered nurses (APRN) b. Therapeutic communication
has an advanced education in a specialized area of c. Patient education
practice, such as: d. Compassionate implementation of bedside
a. Clinical nurse specialist (CNS) is an APRN with a skills
specialized practice, practice may be specialized by

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- It is important for your patient to leave the - Nursing specialization began in 1920's
healthcare setting with a positive image of nursing 3. 21st Century
and feel that they received quality care. - The profession of nursing is constantly
changing to meet the needs of society (an
HISTORICAL INFLUENCES aging population, disease management,
- Nurses: emerging infections, bioterrorism)
a. Always have and always will respond to - Advances in technology and informatics
needs of patients requires nurses to have a strong and
b. Today, nurses actively participate in current knowledge in the nursing practice
determining the best practices (skin care - Organizations and programs work to
management, pain control, nutrition) decrease the nursing shortage
- Knowledge of the history of the nursing profession - Nursing in the 21st century requires taking
increases your ability to understand the social and a leadership role in developing standards
intellectual origins of discipline and policies to address the needs of the
- Historical nursing leaders and milestones has a big current and future population
impact on nursing today
CONTEMPORARY INFLUENCES
Florence Nightingale Importance of Nurses' Self-Care
- First practicing epidemiologist 1. As a nurse, you can not give quality care to patients
- Organized first school of nursing if you do not feel cared for yourself.
- Improved sanitation in battlefield hospitals 2. Compassion Fatigue
- Practices remain a basic part of nursing today a. Lateral Violence
1. Civil War-20th Century b. Secondary Traumatic Stress
- The civil war stimulated a growth of nurses c. Burnout
in the United States. 3. Disengaging
a. Clara Barton 4. Changes in society lead to changes in nursing:
- Founder of the American Red a. The need for nurse's self care.
Cross b. Affordable Care Act (ACA), affects where
- Provided wound care to soldiers & how healthcare is paid for & provided.
on battlefield, comforted them c. Rising health care costs present
during death challenges to the nursing profession.
b. Mother Bickerdyke d. Demographic changes, a rise in
- Organized ambulance services, population requires health care resources
searched empty battlefields for to expand.
wounded soldiers e. Unemployment, unemployment,
c. Harriet Tubman homelessness, mental illnesses,
- Lead underground railroad, low-paying jobs and increasing healthcare
provided badly needed nursing costs, make up a medically underserved
care for black wounded soldiers population that is harder to care for.
and freed slaves
d. Mary Mahoney PROFESSIONAL REGISTERED NURSE EDUCATION
- The first professionally trained 1. Registered nurse education
black nurse. Brought awareness - 2-year associate's degree focuses on the
to cultural diversity & respect to basic, theoretical and clinical courses in
individuals regardless of nursing.
background, race, color or - The 4-year baccalaureate degree focuses
religion on basic sciences, theoretical and clinical
e. Lillian Wald and Mary Brewster courses; also courses in social sciences,
- Provided healthcare to poor arts and humanities to support nursing
people who lived in tenements in theory.
the streets of New York 2. Graduate education
2. 20th Century - Master's degree provides advanced
- Movement toward scientific practice to RN with strong skills in science
research-based practice defined body of & nursing theory.
nursing knowledge began - Doctoral degrees prepare graduates to
- Nurses assumed expanded and advanced apply research findings.
practice roles a. PhD prepares nurses for more
- Mary Adelaide Nutting vigorous research & theory
a. First nursing professor at development.
Columbia Teachers College b. DNP is a practice-focused
b. Advocated to move nursing to doctoral program that provides
universities skill in obtaining expanded
- Army and Navy Nurse Corps established
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knowledge of evidence based - On the bright side, these emerging
practice. technologies help nurses to use more
3. Continuing and In-Service Education noninvasive and accurate assessment
- Continuing education updates your tools, collect patient data and use clinical
knowledge about the latest research & support systems.
practice development, teaches you new 4. Genomics
skills and techniques. - Genomics is a term that describes the
- In-service education increases knowledge study of all genes in a person, how these
and skills of nurses. Often focuses on new genes interact with another and with that
technology. person's environment. Genomic
information allows nurses and other
NURSING PRACTICE healthcare providers to determine how
1. Nurse Practice Acts (NPAs) genomic changes contribute to a patient's
- Overseen by State Boards of Nursing condition and influence their treatment
- Regulate scope of nursing practice decisions.
Protect public health, safety, and welfare 5. Public perception of nursing
2. Licensure and certification - When you care for your patients, be
a. Licensure - NCLEX-RN® examination is mindful of how your approach to care
the same in every state and must be taken influences the public's opinion of nursing.
by all nurses regardless of educational - Always act professionally.
preparation. 6. Impact of nursing on politics and health policy
b. Certification - The requirements for a - Nurses' involvement in politics is receiving
nurse to become certified in a specific greater emphasis in nursing curricula,
practice (ex: medical surgical nurse, professional organizations and healthcare
geriatric nurse, pediatric nurse) may settings.
depend on the type of practice and vary in - As a nurse, you can always get involved
each state. by participating in local and national
efforts.
PROFESSIONAL NURSING ORGANIZATIONS
- Address member concerns for nurses
- Seek to improve standards of the nursing practice
and expand nursing roles
- Present educational programs
- Publish journals
- Student organizations consider issues relevant to
nursing students such as career development and
licensure preparation.
a. National Student Nurses Association
(NSNA)
b. Canadian Student Nurses Association
(CSNA)

TRENDS IN NURSING
- Nursing is a dynamic profession that grows and
evolves as society and lifestyles change, as health
care priorities and technologies change.
1. Evidence-based practice
- Your nursing practice should be based on
current evidence, not just according to
your education and experience.
2. Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN)
- QSEN addresses the challenge to prepare
nurses with the qualities needed to
continuously improve the quality of care in
their work environments.
- The QSEN surrounds competencies of
patient-centered care, teamwork,
collaboration, evidence-based practice,
quality improvement, safety and
informatics.
3. Impact of emerging technologies
- Emerging technologies rapidly change
nursing practice.
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WEEK 1: ORIENTATION, NURSING AS A PROFESSION educated;; some were even
(MODULE) incarcerated criminals
INTRODUCTION
● Nursing today is far different from nursing as it was NURSING EDUCATION
practiced years ago, and it is expected to continue - The practice of nursing is controlled from within
changing during the 21st century. To comprehend the profession through the state boards of
present-day nursing and at the same time prepare nursing and professional nursing organizations.
for the future, one must understand not only past These groups also determine the content
events but also contemporary nursing practice and and type of education that is required for
the sociological and historical factors that affect it. different levels or scopes of nursing practice.

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES TYPES OF EDUCATION PROGRAMS

- A look at nursing’s beginnings reveals its continuing 1. Licensed Practical (Vocational) Nursing
struggle for autonomy and professionalization. Programs
● Women’s Rules 2. Registered Nursing Programs
- Traditional female roles of wife, mother 2.1. Diploma Programs
daughter, and sister have always included 2.2. Associate Degree Programs
the care and nurturing of other family 2.3. Baccalaureate Degree Programs
members. From the beginning of time, 3. Graduate Nursing Programs
women have cared for infants and 3.1. Master’s Degree Programs
children; thus nursing could be said to 3.2. Doctoral Programs
have its roots in “the home”. 4. Continuing Education
● Religion
- Although many of the world’s religions THE NURSING LEADERS
encourage benevolence; it was the ● FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE (1820-1910)
Christian value of “love thy neighbor as ● CLARA BARTON (1821-1912)
thyself” and Christ’s parable of the Good ● LINDA RICHARDS (1821-1930)
Samaritan that had the significant impact ● MARY MAHONEY (1845-1926)
on the development of western nursing. ● LILIAN WAID (1867-1940)
- The Knights of Saint Lazarus ● LAVINIA DOCK (1858-1940)
dedicated themselves to the care of ● MARGARET HIGGINS SANGER (1879-1966)
people with leprosy, syphilis, and ● MARY BRECKINRIDGE (1881-1965)
chronic skin conditions.
- The Alexian Brothers organized care for CONTEMPORARY NURSING PRACTICE
victims of the Black Plague in the 14th ● Recipients of Nursing
century in Germany. 1. Patient – A Latin word meaning “to
● War suffer” or “to bear”;; person who is
- During the Crimean War (1854-­1856), waiting for or undergoing medical
the inadequacy of care given to treatment and care. Usually, people
soldiers led to a public outcry in Great become patients when they seek
Britain. The role Florence Nightingale assistance because of illness or for
played in addressing this problem is surgery.
well-­known. She was asked by Sir 2. Client – a person who engages the
Sidney Herbert of the British War advice or services of another who is
Department to recruit a contingent of qualified to provide this service. The
female nurses to provide care to the term client presents the receivers of
sick and injured in the Crimea. During health care as collaborators in the care,
the American Civil War (1861-­1865), that is, as people who are also
several nurses emerged who were responsible for their own health.
notable for their contributions to a
country torn by internal strife. Harriet ● Settings for Nursing – In the past, the acute
Tubman and Sojourner Truth provided care hospital was the main practice setting
care and safety to slaves fleeing to the open to most nurses. Today many nurses work
North on the Underground Railroad. in hospitals, but increasingly they work in
clients’ homes, community agencies,
● Societal Attitudes ambulatory clinics, long-­term care facilities,
- Before the mid-­1800s, nursing was health maintenance, organizations (HMOs), and
without organization, education, or nursing practice centers.
social status;; the prevailing attitude ● Nurse Practice Acts – or legal acts for
was that a woman’s place was in the professional nursing practice, differ in various
home and that no respectable woman jurisdictions, they all have a common purpose:
should have a career. Nurses in to protect the public. Nurses are responsible for
hospitals during this period were poorly
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knowing their state’s nurse practice act as it NURSING ORGANIZATIONS
governs their practice. As nursing has developed, an increasing number of nursing
● Standards of Nursing Practice – the purpose organizations have formed. These organizations are at the
is to describe the responsibilities for which local, state, national and international levels. Participation in
nurses are accountable. Establishing and the activities of nursing associations enhances the growth of
implementing standards of practice are major involved individuals and helps nurses collectively influence
functions of a professional organization. policies affecting nursing practice.
Standards of Professional Performance ● ANA (1896) - American Nurses Association
describe behaviors expected in the ● NLN (1952) - National League for Nursing
professional nursing role. ● ICN (1899) - International Council of Nurses
● NSNA (1953) - National Student Nurses Association
SCOPE OF NURSING ● International Honor Society: Sigma Theta Tau
1. Promoting health and wellness (1922)
2. Preventing illness ● Philippine Nursing Association
3. Restoring health ● Maternal and Child Nurses Association of the
4. Caring for dying Philippines
● Operating Room Nurses of the Philippines
CRITERIA OF A PROFESSION
1. Specialized Education TERMINOLOGIES:
2. Body of knowledge NURSING
3. Service orientation - “The act of utilizing the environment of the
4. Ongoing research patient to assist him in his recovery”-­ as
5. Code of ethics nursing was defined nearly 150 years ago
6. Autonomy (Nightingale, 1860/1969). “The unique function
7. Professional organizations of the nurse is to assist the individual, sick or
well, in the performance of those activities
FACTORS INFLUENCING CONTEMPORARY NURSING contributing to health or its recovery (or to
PRACTICE peaceful death) that he would perform unaided
1. Health Care Reform if he had the necessary strength, will, or
2. Family structure knowledge, and to do this in such a way as to
3. Legislation help him gain independence as rapidly possible”
4. Quality and safety in health care (Henderson, 1966).
5. Science and technology PROFESSION
6. Demography - an occupation that requires extensive education
7. Consumer demands or a calling that requires special knowledge,
8. Information, telehealth and telenursing skill, and preparation. A profession is
9. The current nursing shortage generally distinguished from other kinds of
occupations by (a) its requirement of prolonged,
ROLES AND FUNCTIONS OF THE NURSE specialized training to acquire a body of
1. Caregiver knowledge pertinent to the role to be
2. Communicator performed;; (b) an orientation of the individual
3. Teacher toward service, either to a community or to an
4. Change agent organization;; (c)ongoing research;; (d) a code
5. Client advocate of ethics;; (e) autonomy;; and (f) professional
6. Research consumer organization.
7. Manager PROFESSIONALISM
8. Counselor - refers to professional character, spirit, or
9. Leader methods. It is a set of attributes, a way of life
that implies responsibility and commitment.
EXPANDED CAREER ROLES
1. Nurse practitioner PROFESSIONALIZATION
2. Clinical nurse specialist - is the process of becoming professional, that is,
3. Nurse anesthetist of acquiring characteristics considered to be
4. Nurse midwife professional.
5. Nurse researcher
6. Nurse administrator
7. Nurse educator
8. Nurse entrepreneur
9. Forensic nurse

7 | TRANSCRIBED BY: MICHAEL GABRIEL JIMENEZ & MARIA ALYSSA JIMENEZ

because of leprosy happened back in the
WEEK 1: NURSING AS A PROFESSION (VIDEO) day and the Knight of Saint Lazarus was
INTRODUCTION established to care for people with leprosy,
What are the differences between ancient nursing not just leprosy, but also communicable
practice and nursing practice today? diseases like syphilis, and other chronic
- As you noticed, nursing from before and nursing skin condition.
today are far way different. Nursing today is - Back in the 14th century, when the black
different from nursing and as it was practiced years plague happened, the Alexian brothers
ago and it is expected to continue changing during helped the victims of black plague, to care
the 21st century. Because of course, the only for those people who were sick of black
constant thing in this world is change, technology plague.
changes, healthcare profession and healthcare in - The Deaconess Group (nuns), of which
general changes as well and with this Florence Nightingale was part of the
advancement, nursing should also keep up with deaconess group, cared for the people
these changes. during the crimean war and other wars.
- To comprehend present day nursing and at the - Religion played a big role in nursing
same time prepare for the future, one must practice.
understand not only the past events but also the ● “Love thy neighbor as thyself”
contemporary nursing practice and the sociological ● The Parable of the Good Samaritan had a
factors that affect it. significant impact on the development of
- To be able to appreciate nursing today we need to western nursing.
look back or learn about the history of nursing. ● The Knight of Saint Lazarus - dedicated
themselves to the care of people with
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES leprosy, syphilis and chronic skin
● conditions.The Alexian Brothers -
● Women’s Role
organized care for the victim of the Black
- What are the traditional female roles?
Plague in the 14th century in Germany.
- The traditional female roles would be wife,
● War
a mother, daughter, and sister. Women are
- How does the war accentuate the need
always related to caring and nurturing for
for nurses?
the family members. So, that’s why nursing
- Of course, war, if there’s a war, there will
could be said to have its truths in the
always be casualties. People who will die,
home, nursing started at home. Because
get injured, or get hurt, and of course if
before, we didn't have a formal education
there are people injured, you need
for nursing and the word of nursing is
someone to take care of them.
caring , and it started at home, and back in
- The war accentuated the need for nurses
the day, the only female was our only one
and even up until today. If there’s a war,
to care for the family, because the main
there will be military nurses who will rush
role of men is to provide financially for the
in the area to help the soldiers.
family.
- Throughout the century, wars have
● Traditional female roles of wife, mother,
accentuated the need for nurses,
daughter and sister have always included
especially during in the crimean war, back
the care and nurturing of other family
in the 1800’s, there is adequacy of care
members.
given to the soldiers that led to the public
● Nursing could be said to have its roots at
outcry in great britain, there are a lot of
home.
soldiers dying because of the war and this
● Religion
is when Florence Nightingale became a
- How does religion play an important
hero because she was able to address the
role in nursing practice?
problem, and she is very well known from
- As you know, if there is a crisis, if there is a
it. As you discussed during your TFN,
problem, opportunity for innovation, and
Florence Nightingale changes the game
advancement take place.
with how and the technique of
- For example; today with this pandemic,
handwashing and sanitation. Because
COVID-19 it is a crisis, it is a pandemic, it
before many soldiers died from the
is a problem, but because of this kind of
infection than the battlefield. Because the
crisis and problem, advancement in
Florence Nightingale idea provided a clean
technology, vaccination, and more
environment for the soldiers, the mortality
knowledge arises because of this problem.
rate decreased.
Same goes with religion, how does it help
- And there’s a american civil war, also in
in nursing practice?
1800’s, there’s a harriet tubman, and
- So, before the rise of different diseases
sojourner truth to provided care and
and places. For example; leprosy, the rise
safety to the slaves fleeing to the north
of leprosy back of early days, the Knights
america in underground railroad. There are
of Saint Lazarus was established,
8 | TRANSCRIBED BY: MICHAEL GABRIEL JIMENEZ & MARIA ALYSSA JIMENEZ
a lot of nurses who became very popular - She is known for introducing nurses’ notes
during the war. and doctor’s order
● Crimean War (1854-1856) - Pioneered in psychiatric & industrial
○ The inadequacy of care given to nursing
soldiers led to a public outcry in 4. MARY MAHONEY (1845-1926)
Great Britain. - Was 1st African American Professional
○ Florence Nightingale was asked Nurse
by SI SIdney Herbert of - Graduated from New England Hospital for
the British War Department to Women & Children in 1879 at the age of
recruit a contingent of female 34.
nurses to provide care to the sick - Constantly worked for acceptance of
and injured in the crimea. African American in nursing and the
● American Civil War promotion of equal opportunity for the
○ Several nurses emerged who black American people.
were notable for their 5. LILIAN WALD (1867-1940)
contributions to a country torn by - Founder of American Community Nursing
internal strife. - Considered founder of Public Health
○ Harriet Tubmena and Sojourner Nursing
Truth provided care and safety to - 1st to offer nursing to the poor in New York
slaves fleeing to the North on the swamps
underground railroad. 6. LAVINIA DOCK (1858-1940)
● Social Attitudes - Founded National League of Nursing
- How do attitudes about nurses and - Feminist politic writer, political activist, and
nursing influenced professionals a friend of Lilian Wald
during before and today? - Participated in protest movements for
- Society plays a major role with how people women’s rights which resulted in the 1920
think about each other. passage of the 19th amendment to the
- Before, nursing was only for women, it was United States constitution which granted
not suited for men. Women back in the women the right to vote
victorian era that 1500 - 1800s, they don’t 7. MARGARET HIGGINS SANGER (1879-1966)
work, they don’t have a profession, for - Popularized the term “birth control”
them, a respectable woman, they should - Public health nurse in New York and has a
care for the family, should be married, care lasting impact on women’s healthcare
for the husband and children, that’s the - Imprisoned for opening the 1st birth control
reason why they learn write, read books, is information clinic in America
to entertain the husband and to teach - Founder of planned parenthood
young children. 8. MARY BRECKINRIDGE (1881-1965)
● 1800’s - Nurse Midwife
○ Nursing was without organization, - Established the Frontier Nursing Services
education, or social statues; - 1980, she worked in the American
○ The prevailing attitude was that a Committee for devastated press
woman’s place was in the home distributing food, supplies, clothing to rural
and that no respectable woman villages and taking care of the sick
should have a career.
○ Nurses in hospitals during this MEN IN NURSING
period were poorly educated, ● Luther Christman
some were even incarcerated - One of the founder of American
criminals. Association for Male Nurses
- Was discriminated against, he was not
NURSING LEADERS allowed to enter the delivery room area
1. FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE (1820-1910) because of his gender.
- Lady with the Lamp - 1st man to become a dean of college of
- Founder of Modern Nursing nursing
- Known for handwashing, aseptic technique - He fought for men equality
helping soldiers moves faster ● Steve Miller
2. CLARA BARTON (1821-1912) - Formed an organization called “men in
- A school teacher who volunteered as a nursing”
nurse during the American civil war. ➔ These two men organized a group of male nurses in
- Known for her role in establishing the Chicago. They have a goal of recruiting more men
American Red Cross to nursing.
- Self taught nursing care
3. LINDA RICHARDS (1821-1930)
- Was american first trained nurse
9 | TRANSCRIBED BY: MICHAEL GABRIEL JIMENEZ & MARIA ALYSSA JIMENEZ
NURSING EDUCATION ➔ Nursing is holistic
● How and who manages nursing education? ➔ Nursing is adaptive
- Followed curriculum (CHED) ➔ Nursing is concerned with health
● How has nursing education evolved through promotion, health maintenance and health
time? restoration
- From being a training program to a ➔ Nursing is a helping profession
professional work
RECIPIENTS OF NURSING CARE
TYPES OF EDUCATION PROGRAMS ● Patient
- Person waiting for an undergoing medical
● Licensed Practical Nursing Programs
treatment or care
- Housed in community colleges, vocational
- “Patient” comes from a latin word
schools, hospitals, or other independent
meaning to suffer or to bare
health agency
- A person who is sick that needs treatment
- Lasts for 9-12 months
● Client
- Also has classroom & clinical experience
- Not necessarily sick
- NCLEX PN (to obtain Licensure)
- Someone who would need a service from
● Registered Nursing Program
a professional
○ Diploma Program
● Family
- 3 year diploma program, dominant back in
- You don’t only care for the patient/client,
the day until the 60s
you also care for family members
- More than 20% of RN in US finished a
- Family of the patient plays a significant
diploma program
role in wellness & recovery of the
● Associate Degree Programs
patient/client.
- Stated in the 1950’s
● Community
- Systematically developed from planned
- Larger scale of people.
research & controlled experimentation
- Most takes place in community colleges
SCOPE OF NURSING
● Baccalaureate Degree Programs
● Promotion of health & wellness
- Need to study in a university
- Actualization of human potential
- 3 to 4 years program
(wellness/health)
- Need to pass NCLEX RN examination
- You can still feel healthy even if
you have a disease and vice
GRADUATE NURSING PROGRAMS (PH)
versa for the people who feel
● Master’s Degree Programs
unhealthy when they’re really
● Doctoral Programs
healthy.
● Preventing illness
CONTINUING EDUCATION
- The goal is to maintain optimal health by
● CPD UNITS/CE UNITS
preventing diseases
- Formalized experience design to
- That’s why a key role of a nurse is to do
enhanced the knowledge and skills of
health education to prevent people from
practicing professionals
getting sick
- Can help the profession have up to date
● Restoring Health
knowledge with what’s happening in the
- Focuses on ill clients and it extends from
profession (enhancing knowledge)
early detection of disease through helping
(attending webinars, seminars)
the client during the recovery period
● IN - SERVICE EDUCATION
● Provide direct care to the ill
● Assist in performing diagnostic procedures
CONTEMPORARY NURSING PRACTICE
● Nurses consult other healthcare
● What is nursing?
professionals about client problem
- Act of utilizing the environment of the
because they work as a team
patient to assist him/her in his/her
● We teach the client how to recover
recovery. (Florence Nightingale)
● Assist in rehabilitating the client
- The unique function of the nurse is to
assist the individual, sick or well, in the
● Caring for the dying
performance of both activities, contributing
- “Nursing is caring from womb to tomb”
to health or its recovery or peaceful death.
(Virginia Henderson)
SETTING FOR NURSING
● Nurse Practice Act (RA 9173 Philippine Nursing Act
● What is your personal definition of nursing?
of 2002)
➔ Nursing is caring.
● Standards of Nursing Practice
➔ Nursing is an art.
- Philippine Nurse Association (PNA)
➔ Nursing is a science
○ American Nurses Association (ANA)
➔ Nursing is client centered
10 | TRANSCRIBED BY: MICHAEL GABRIEL JIMENEZ & MARIA ALYSSA JIMENEZ
○ International Council for Nurses (ICN) ● Autonomy
○ Code of Ethics for Nurses ● Professional Organization

NURSING PRACTICE ACTS FACTORS INFLUENCING THE CONTEMPORARY

● Legal acts for professional nursing practice, differ in NURSING PRACTICE
various jurisdictions, they all have a common 1. Health Care Reform - reform is changing and
purpose: to protect the public healthcare changes over the years
● Nurses are responsible for knowing their state’s 2. Family structure
nurse practice act as it governs their practice 3. Legislation (laws)
4. Quality and safety in health care
STANDARD OF NURSING PRACTICE 5. Science and technology
● The purpose is to describe the responsibilities for 6. Demography (area/country)
which nurses are accountable 7. Consumer demands
● Establishing and implementing standards of 8. Information, telehealth and telenursing
practice are major functions of a professional 9. Current nursing shortage
organization 10. Collective Bargaining
● Standard of professional performance describe 11. Nursing Associations
behaviors expected in the professional nursing role

ROLES AND FUNCTIONS OF THE NURSE

● Caregiver
● Communicator
● Teacher
● Client Advocate - we advocate & respect for client’s
rights
● Counselor
● Change Agent
● Leader
● Manager
● Case Manager
● Research Consumer

EXPANDED CAREER ROLES

● Nurse Practitioner
● Clinical Nurse Specialist
● Nurse Midwife
● Nurse Educator
● Nurse Researcher
● Nurse Anesthetist
● Nurse Administrator
● Nurse Entrepreneur
● Forensic Nurse

CRITERIA OF A PROFESSION
● Profession
- An occupation that requires extensive
education or a calling that requires special
knowledge, skill and preparation

● Professionalism
- Refers to the professional character, spirit
or methods.
- It is a set of attributes, a way of life that
implies responsibility and commitment
● Professionalization
- Process of becoming professional, that is,
of acquiring characteristics considered to
be professional.
● Specialized Education
● Body of Knowledge
● Service Orientation
● Ongoing Research
● Code of Ethics
11 | TRANSCRIBED BY: MICHAEL GABRIEL JIMENEZ & MARIA ALYSSA JIMENEZ
2. LEVEL B - Positive pressure with non-encapsulated
WEEK 1:
chemical suit
LABORATORY: CONCEPT OF ASEPSIS AND INFECTION a. Design: Positive pressure with
CONTROL non-encapsulated chemical suit
ASEPSIS b. Protects: Highest level of respiratory
- Is the freedom from disease causing protection; lower level of skin protection
microorganisms.
2 Two types: 3. LEVEL C - Air purifying respirator
1. Medical Asepsis – procedures used to reduce the a. Design: Splash suit and air purifying
number of microbes and prevent spread respirator.
2. Surgical Asepsis – procedures use to eliminate b. Protect: Lower level of respiratory and
any microorganisms (sterile technique) skin protection.

Type of Microorganism causing infections 4. LEVEL D - Standard work clothes without a

1. Bacteria respirator
2. Fungi
3. Parasites CHAIN OF INFECTION
4. Virus

Infection
- Implantation and successful replication of an
organism the tissue of the host resulting in signs
and symptoms
a. Carrier - An individual who harbors the organism
and capable of transmitting it to a susceptible host
but not show manifestations of a disease.
b. Contact - Any person or animal in close association
with the source of infection - The chain of infection is a way of gathering the
Disinfection information needed to interrupt or prevent an
- Destruction of pathogenic microorganisms outside epidemic. Each of the links in the chain must be
the body through direct physical or chemical means favorable to the organism for the epidemic to
a. Concurrent - Done while the individual is still the continue. Breaking any link in the chain can disrupt
source of infection the epidemic. Which link it is most effective to target
b. Terminal - The patient is no longer the source of will depend on the organism.
infection
Quarantine The Organism
- Limitation of the freedom of movement of persons - What is the organism? Bacteria, virus, protist,
or animals which have been exposed to a parasite, or fungi? The type of organism informs
communicable disease for a period of time you of the types of disinfectants, antiseptics and
equivalent to the longest incubation period of that antimicrobials to use. Is it aerobic or anaerobic?
disease What are its virulence factors? Toxin production in
Reservoir particular affects the course of the infection. What is
- Where the infectious agent lives. its target host tissue?

ISOLATION The Reservoir

- Where do you find the organism in between
a. Strict isolation - Prevention of highly contagious or
outbreaks? What is the continual source of the
virulent infection (handwashing, PPEs)
infection? A reservoir can be environmental, the
b. Contact isolation - Prevent infections transmitted
hospital setting or the water supply, or in a living
primarily by direct contact
organism, a rodent, bird or even snail. Humans are
c. Respiratory isolation - Prevent transmission over
the only reservoir for many human pathogens.
a short distance through the air
d. Enteric isolation - Prevent the spread through
Portal of Exit
direct contact from feces
- How does the organism leave the reservoir? Does it
leave in feces, blood or mucus; in contaminated
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTS
water; or in the blood meal of an insect.
1. LEVEL A - Self-rebreathing apparatus with garment
totally encapsulated chemical suit (gives the highest
protection)
a. Design: Completely encapsulated suit
breathing apparatus
b. Protect: Gives the highest
protection

12 | TRANSCRIBED BY: MICHAEL GABRIEL JIMENEZ & MARIA ALYSSA JIMENEZ

Transmission MODE OF TRANSMISSION
- How is the organism transmitted from one host to - Means by which the infectious agent passes
the next host? Does it need a living vector like a through from portal of exit to the susceptible host
mosquito or flea? Some organisms like malaria (easiest link to break)
have complicated life cycles involving more than 1. Contact Transmission
one species. Can it be passed from human to - Direct (person-to-person)
human? When passed from human to human, is it - Person to person,(oral-fecal route)
transmitted by respiratory droplets, blood contact, - Skin to skin contact
semen or other secretions? Is it transmitted on the 2. Indirect Transmission (contaminated
hands of health care workers or the hospital objects/fomites)
ventilation system? Hand-to-mouth is a common a. Air-borne Transmission - Microbes remain
mode for gastrointestinal pathogens. suspended in the air for prolonged periods.
Involves droplet nuclei or residue.
Portal of Entry b. Vehicle borne transmission - Spread
- How does the organism enter the body? Does it through articles or substances that harbor
come through inhalation, a break in the skin or the microorganism. Ex. Fomites
mucous membrane, an insect bite, contaminated (handkerchief, toys, surgical dressing)
food? The portals of entry would be through the c. Vector-borne transmission - Occurs when
nose, skin, or mouth. Portal of entry tells you what intermediate carriers transfer the microbes
type of personal protective equipment (PPE) to use to another living organism. An animal,
to keep health care workers, family and visitors flying or crawling insect (flies, mosquitoes,
safe. ticks, Mouse).
- Biological
Vulnerable Populations - Mechanical
- Who is most vulnerable to this organism? Common - Transovarial
vulnerable populations are the very young and the d. Droplet spread (respiratory secretions that
very old, and the immune suppressed (due to settles on surfaces) - Large particles that
genetics, transplant drugs, malnutrition, or viral travel up to 3 ft when coughing, sneezing
infection like HIV). Occupational exposure should
be considered. For many human pathogens, all of PORTAL OF ENTRY TO THE SUSCEPTIBLE HOST
the non-immune diseases are vulnerable. The - Same as the portal of exit used
non-immune is everyone who has not been
previously exposed and generated a specific PORTAL OF EXIT
immune response to the pathogen. Previous - Venue through which the organism gains access
exposure comes from either a previous infection or into the susceptible host
vaccination, or rarely with infection of a similar
species that gives cross-immunity. SUSCEPTIBLE HOST
- Persons with weak immune systems. (highly
CAUSATIVE AGENT susceptible to illness: very young and very old
- Any microbe capable of producing disease clients; with immune suppression treatment )
(bacteria, virus, fungie, protozoa, etc)
- Factors To Consider LEVELS OF PREVENTIVE CARE
a. number of microorganisms present.
1. PRIMARY PREVENTION
b. their ability to enter and survive inside a
- “True prevention”
host
- Applied to clients that are healthy
c. Virulence
- Health promotion, health education,
d. susceptibility of the host
immunization, nutrition, physical fitness
2. SECONDARY PREVENTION
RESERVOIR OF INFECTION
- Focuses on ill or sick individuals, and
- Where organisms survives and multiplies
those at risk of developing complications
and await transfer to a susceptible host
- Directed towards diagnosis and
- other humans
intervention
- Plants , animals, insects
- Screenings, surgery, medications
- Food and water
3. TERTIARY PREVENTION
- fomites
- Focuses on permanent or irreversible
disability
PORTAL OF EXIT
- Minimizing the long-term effects of illness
- Path through which the organism leaves the
- Rehabilitation (PT)
reservoir (Respi, GUT, GIT,skin, mucus mem)

13 | TRANSCRIBED BY: MICHAEL GABRIEL JIMENEZ & MARIA ALYSSA JIMENEZ

PHASES OF ILLNESS

TERMINOLOGIES:
1. Asepsis - Is the freedom from disease causing
microorganisms.
2. Nosocomial infection - Infections that are
associated with the delivery of health care services
in a health care facilities (Kozier, 2008)
3. Iatrogenic infection - Are the direct result of
diagnostic or therapeutic procedures (Kozier, 2008)
4. Communicable Disease - any disease that
spreads from one host to another, either directly or
indirectly
5. Contagious Disease - disease that easily spreads
directly from one person to another
6. Infectious Disease - disease not transmitted by
ordinary contact but requires a direct inoculation
through a break in a previously intact mucous
membrane. On the other hand, all contagious
diseases are infectious.
7. Carrier - is an individual who harbors the organism
and is capable of transmitting it to a susceptible
host without showing manifestations of the disease.
8. Contact - is any person or animal who is in close
association with an infected person, animal, or
freshly soiled material
9. Prodromal - early, mild appearance of symptoms of
the disease

14 | TRANSCRIBED BY: MICHAEL GABRIEL JIMENEZ & MARIA ALYSSA JIMENEZ