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    Vlsi ch1

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    Vlsi ch1

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    of 64

    VLSI ENGINEERING

    Credit: 3 L-T-P: 3-0-0 Course Code: ECC362


    syllabus
    • MODULE I: INTRODUCTION TO VLSI(9 Hours)
    • Introduction, historical perspective, VLSI Design methodologies, VLSI Design flow, Design hierarchy, Design styles,
    CAD Technology. Fabrication of MOSFETS, Fabrication processes, NMOS Fabrication, CMOS n-well process, Layout
    Design rules, Full Custom Mask Layout Design, MOS Transistor, Review of structure and operation of MOSFET (n-
    MOS enhancement type), CMOS, MOSFET V-I characteristics, MOSFET scaling and small geometry effects, MOSFET
    capacitances, Modelling of MOS transistors using SPICE- Basic concept.
    • MODULE II: MOS INVERTERS(9 Hours)
    • Basic NMOS inverters, characteristics, inverters with resistive load and with n-type MOSFET LOAD, CMOS Inverter
    and characteristics. MOS Inverters: switching characteristics and interconnect effects : Delay time definitions
    and calculation, inverter design with delay constraints, estimation of parasitic switching power dissipation of
    CMOS inverters.
    • MODULE III: COMBINATIONAL AND SEQUENTIAL MOS LOGIC CIRCUITS (9 Hours)
    • Combinational MOS logic circuits: CMOS logic circuits, complex logic circuits, pass transistor logic. Sequential MOS
    logic circuits: introduction, SR latch, clocked latch & flip-flop circuits, CMOS D latch and edge triggered flip-flop.
    Dynamic logic circuits: Dynamic logic, basic principles, high performance dynamics CMOS circuits, Dynamic RAM,
    Static RAM, Flash memory.
    • MODULE IV:INTRODUCTION TO VERILOG(9 Hours)
    • Introduction to Verilog, modules, operators, Verilog ports, data types and assignments, basics of Gate level
    modelling, basics of dataflow modelling, basics of behavioral modelling, combinational circuit examples,
    sequential circuit examples.
    • TEXT BOOKS:
    • CMOS Digital Integrated Circuits – Analysis & Design – Sung -Mo Kang &YussufLeblebici, TMH.
    • Basic VLSI Design by Douglas APucknell and Kamran Eshraghian, PHI, 3rd edition.
    • VLSI Design by Debaprasad Das, OXFORD Higher Education.
    • Verilog HDL- A guide to Digital Design and Synthesis by Samir Palnitkar, SunSoft Press.
    •
    • REFERENCE BOOKS:
    • Digital Integrated Circuits: A Design Perspective – Rabey et.al. Pearson Education.
    • VLSI Design Techniques for analog and digital circuits – Geiger et. Al. McGraw Hill.
    •
    FinFET designs have been reported, which has gone down up to 14 nanometer. And very
    recently, some communication chips from Qualcomm have been reported. They have used
    FinFET 14 nanometer technology.
    A fin field-effect transistor (FinFET) is a multigate device, a MOSFET (metal–
    oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor) built on a substrate where the gate
    is placed on two, three, or four sides of the channel or wrapped around the
    channel, forming a double or even multi gate structure. These devices have
    been given the generic name "FinFETs" because the source/drain region forms
    fins on the silicon surface. The FinFET devices have significantly faster switching
    times and higher current density than planar CMOS (complementary metal–
    oxide–semiconductor) technology
    Evolution in logic complexity in IC’s
    What is VLSI?
    Very-large-scale integration (VLSI) is the process of creating
    an integrated circuit (IC) by combining thousands
    of transistors into a single chip.
    VLSI began in the 1970s when
    complex semiconductor and communication technologies
    were being developed.
    The microprocessor is a VLSI device.
    Before the introduction of VLSI technology most ICs had a
    limited set of functions they could perform.
    An electronic circuit might consist of a CPU, ROM, RAM . VLSI
    lets IC designers add all of these into one chip.

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    VLSI Applications
    VLSI is an implementation technology for electronic circuitry -
    analogue or digital
    It is concerned with forming a pattern of interconnected switches and
    gates on the surface of a crystal of semiconductor
    • Microprocessors
    • personal computers
    • microcontrollers
    • Memory - DRAM / SRAM
    • Special Purpose Processors - ASICS (CD players, DSP
    applications)
    • Optical Switches
    Has made highly sophisticated control systems mass-
    producable and therefore cheap
    VLSI Applications

    In today's world VLSI chips are widely used in various


    branches of Engineering like:
    1.Voice and Data Communication networks
    2.Digital Signal Processing
    3.Computers
    4.Commercial Electronics
    5.Automobiles
    6.Medicine and many more.
    VLSI DESIGN METHODOLOGIES
    CONTD.
    Differences
    The best way to design complex systems
    is to decompose them into simpler
    pieces
    VLSI DESIGN STYLES
    • Depending on the application, cost of production, performance, and the volume of
    production, there are different VLSI design styles that are followed to implement a
    chip. Each of the styles has its own advantages and disadvantages and is chosen on
    the basis of the target application. The commonly used design styles are as
    follows:
    • Field programmable gate array (FPGA) design
    • Gate array design
    • Standard cell-based design
    • Full-custom design
    • Semi-custom design
    • Programmable logic device (PLD)
    FPGA –FIELD PROGRAMMABLE GATE
    ARRAY DESIGN
    • In this example, each CLB contains
    • two independent 4-input combinational function
    generators,
    • a clock signal terminal,
    • user-programmable multiplexers and
    • two flip-flops.
    • The function generators, which are capable of
    realizing any arbitrarily defined Boolean function
    of their four inputs, are implemented as memory
    look-up tables.
    Gate array based design
    Standard cell based design
    Programmable Logic Device (PLD)
    • Programmable logic devices (PLDs) are standard products,
    which can be programmed to obtain the desired functionality
    required for a specific application.
    • The programming can be done either by the end user or by
    the manufacturer.
    • The PLDs have wide range of applications and have low risk
    and cost in manufacturing in large volume.
    • Hence, the PLDs are cheaper. As the PLDs are
    premanufactured, tested, and placed in inventory in advance,
    the design cycle time is very short.
    • The PLDs are classified into three categories
    based on the architecture and
    programmability.
    • Read only memory (ROM)
    • Programmable array logic (PAL)
    • Programmable logic array (PLA)
    • Digital design has become very dependent on
    computer-aided design (CAD) – also known as
    design automation (DA) or electronic design
    automation (EDA).
    • The EDA tools allow two tasks to be performed:
    synthesis, in other words the translation of a
    specification into an actual implementation of the
    design;
    • and simulation, in which the specification or the
    detailed implementation can be exercised in
    order to verify correct operation.

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