Greener Journal of Agricultural Sciences

Vol. 11(2), pp. 80-89, 2021

ISSN: 2276-7770
Copyright ©2021, the copyright of this article is retained by the author(s)

https://gjournals.org/GJAS

Impact of Bauchi State Agricultural Development

Programme (BSADP) on the Livelihood of Maize
Farmers in Western Agricultural Zone of Bauchi
State, Nigeria: 2009 - 2015
*
CHIROMA, Ibrahim Audu; TARKI, Sadik Kubmuto; BAKO,
Bulus Danladi; SHIRAMA, Lawan

Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Federal University of Kashere, Gombe

State-Nigeria.

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Article No.: 051121046 The study was conducted to study the impact of Bauchi State Agricultural
Development Programme (BSADP) on the livelihood of Maize Farmers in Western
Type: Research
Agricultural Zone of Bauchi State, Nigeria: 2009 – 2015.The objectives of the study
were to: describe the socio-economic characteristics of respondents, determine
type of technology received/adopted by respondents and examine the impact(s) of
maize technology adopted by the respondents over the years. A multi-stage
Accepted: 13/05/2021
sampling technique was used to collect primary data with the aid of a structured
Published: 29/06/2021 questionnaire. Results obtained showed that 63.9% of respondents in the study
area are in their prime stage of production and majority (79.1%) of the respondents
*Corresponding Author had one form of western education. It also revealed that 65.8% of the respondents
CHIROMA, Ibrahim Audu receive their major extension services from BSADP. Impact was made on farmers at
various significant levels of 0.05, 0.01 and 0.000. Highest impacts were on house
E-mail: buabudam@ gmail.com
type, means of transport type, communication means type, herbicide use and
Phone: +2348066950067 ownership of knapsack at a significant level of P<0.001. The study concluded that
BSADP had made Impact in the livelihood of maize farmers in western agricultural
Keywords: impact; BSADP; zone of Bauchi State. Extension providers should encourage farmers to keep
livelihood; maize farmers. records since most of them can read and write, this will not only help the farmers
but extension system as a whole. BSADP through its EAs; should uphold its good
work in the study area and build cordial relationship with the farmers. Government
and donor agencies should keep on supporting Bauchi State Agricultural
Development Programme (BSADP).

Greener Journal of Agricultural Sciences, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 80-89, 2021
Chiroma et al / Greener Journal of Agricultural Sciences 81

1.0 INTRODUCTION: can act as levers to change existing behaviour in the

wider agricultural and rural sectors. However, coupled
According to Olusegun et al., (2014), agriculture still with this responsibility is a financial challenge as global
offers the leading source of livelihood, and contributes a economies navigate the recent turbulent macroeconomic
great percentage to national income for most developing cycles and there is a renewed emphasis on „value for
countries around the world. The rural area is the money‟ policies. Thus, an evaluation of the impact of
predominant food and fibre producing sector of the existing services is useful to ensure targeted efficient
Nigerian society and all natural resources which extension programmes are delivered into the future,
constitute the wealth of a nation are obtained from the thus, providing assistance in achieving targets set out in
rural areas. The importance of the rural areas in Nigeria policies such as Food Wise 2025 in Ireland (Cawley et
also lies in the mere fact that over 70% of the people live al, 2015). Ragasa et al, (2016) also reported that
and derive their livelihood from there. The state of the Governments and donors have initiated many programs
rural areas in Nigeria is determined by a combination of to improve the agricultural productivity and food security
methods which include available social, physical and of many poor SSA countries, but there are mixed results
institutional infrastructures as well as the people‟s level on their effectiveness. It is against these background
of living including their levels of perceived deprivation that the study aim at investigating Impact of Bauchi State
and satisfaction with current level of living. The rural Agricultural Development Programme (BSADP) on The
areas in Nigeria is characterized by lack of public Livelihood of Maize Farmers in Western Agricultural
infrastructure, sub-standard education, poor health Zone of Bauchi State, Nigeria: 2009 – 2015 and the
services and low agricultural productivity leading to poor specific objectives are to:
standard of living for the majority (Lawal et al 2009).
Agricultural extension service played a significant role in i. describe the socio-economic characteristics of
improving production in Nigeria through adequate the respondents
access to information, advisory services and ii. determine the types of technologies received
demonstration on improved techniques of production to from extension organizations
farmers .Various extension – teaching methods have iii. examine the types of technologies adopted/
been employed to make sure that the technologies get to level of adoption among respondents
the end – users. Prominent among these is the Training iv. examine the impact(s) of maize technologies
and Visit system of the Agricultural Development adopted by the respondents over the years.
Programme. The central principle or idea of the
extension strategy is to produce competent and well-
informed` Extension Agents who will frequently and 2.0 METHODOLOGY:
regularly visit farmers with relevant technical messages
and bring farmers problems to research. The system of The study was carried out in Bauchi State, Nigeria. The
extension entails that each extension agent is required State is located in the northeastern part of Nigeria;
to regularly visit the farmers/farmers‟ group with relevant 10.7761N and 9.9992 E. It covers a total of 49,
2
messages that are specific to the farm practices taking 259,01km of land mass with 20 Local Government
place in the field at that point in time. Feedback is also Areas. The vegetation of the state ranges from Sudan
taken by the extension agents from farmers to the savanna from the south to Sahel savanna with annual
Research stations. The extension service operates from mean rainfall of 1,091.4 mm (BASG, 2020).
the back drop belief that increased agricultural A multi-stage random sampling technique was
productivity depends primarily upon acceptance of used to select farmers for the study. Five sub zonal
improved cultural and technological change at the rural offices ( Alkaleri, Bauchi, Dass, Kirfi and Toro) were
farm level and that peasant farmers can achieve purposely selected based on interest on maize farmers.
improved production only if they adopt recommended Two blocks were then randomly selected per sub-zone
agricultural practices in place of traditional ones. and two cells in each block were randomly selected too.
Successful adoption of improved agricultural practices is Also, four respondents were randomly selected from
predicated upon rural farmers acquiring the required each sub-cell: given rise to 8 respondents per cell, 16
knowledge and understanding of these technologies. per block, 32 per sub- zone and finally a total of 160
This will improve productivity and raise the living respondents. These maize farmers were sampled
standards of the farmers who are the beneficiaries of the through the assistance of selected contact farmers; but
service (Benor and Harrison, 1983; in Lawal et al 157 questionnaires were retrieved and analyzed.
2009).There are many challenges for the agricultural Descriptive statistics was used to analyze objectives 1, 2
sector, such as the need to strike a balance between and 3 while inferential statistics was used to analyze
increased productivity to feed a growing global objective number 4: paired „T‟ test.
population and reducing negative environmental
externalities including climate change. Extension ∑
t=
∑ ∑
services are important in these circumstances as they √
82 Chiroma et al / Greener Journal of Agricultural Sciences

Table 1: Sample size of maize farmers participants in survey

Sub-Zones Blocks Cells Sub-Cells Sample Size
Alkaleri 2 2Cells/Block=4 2SubCell/Cell=8 4farmers/Sub-
Cell =32
Bauchi 2 2Cells/Block=4 2SubCell/Cell=8 4farmers/Sub-
Cell =32
Dass 2 2Cells/Block=4 2SubCell/Cell=8 4farmers/Sub-
Cell =32
Kirfi 2 2Cells/Block=4 2SubCell/Cell=8 4farmers/Sub-
Cell =32
Toro 2 2Cells/Block=4 2SubCell/Cell=8 4farmers/Sub-
Cell =32
TOTAL 10 20 32 160
Source: Field survey, 2016

3.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: agreement with the findings of Babalola and Olayemi
(2013), who in their study on Determinants of Farmers‟
3.1 Socio-Economic Characteristics of Respondents Preference for Sustainable Land Management, in Ogun
State, Nigeria. He reported that most (93.8%) of the
Table 1 revealed the socio-economic characteristics of farmers in the study area are married. Similarly, Ofuaku
the respondents; Respondents‟ age showed that (2011) found that, married farmers had responsibilities
majority (63.9%) of the farmers in the study area were that most be reflected on their farming activities. If
between 31-50years while 14.8% were below 31years marriage is a sign of responsibility, this shows that most
and only 7.7% were above 60 years. The implication of of the farmers in this study area are responsible people
this result is that majority of the farmers are in their who are committed to struggle so as to take care of
active age and can contribute immensely to food family responsibilities, and this make them increase their
production to ensure food security in the study area, the level of production.
state and the nation at large. This corroborates the The results also revealed that 28.80% of maize
findings of Yohanna et al., (2014).Who reported 41years farmers had attended one form of tertiary education or
as the mean age of farmers. So: most of the arable crop the other. Next is secondary education with 29.7%,
farmers were in their prime age and are still active followed by primary education which constituded19.4%
farmers that are capable of seeking information on and then Qoranic education constituted 16.8%. The high
farming. Majority (72.0%) of the respondents were percentage of maize farmers with tertiary education is
males. This implies that men in the study area were peculiar to western zone that has high percentage of
more involved in maize production than the women. In educated farmers as reported by BSADP in 2006. This
accordance with the prevailing culture, men are to cater finding corroborates Yohanna et al., (2014) who reported
for the households needs and may be assisted by other that, most farmers had one form of education or another
members of the household. This result is in line with the and the preponderance of such educated farmers in the
findings of Babalola and Olayemi (2013), who in their study can influence their information seeking behavior
study on Determinants of farmers‟ preference for which should be used to boost agricultural production.
sustainable land management, in Ogun State, Nigeria; Findings of this study revealed that 44.8% of the maize
reported that most (92.0%) farmers are males, which farmers have arable crop farming as their primary
may be attributed to religious and cultural factors. occupation, civil servant constituted 15.1%, followed by
However women should be encouraged by extension vegetable crop farming which constitute 14.5%, then
agents to participate in agricultural production by the agro-processing was 7.9%, commodity marketing 5.3%,
help of a trusted member within the family; where she tree crop, livestock constituted 3.3% each, poultry
cannot manage the activities herself. Women are also farming 5.3% and fish farming which is the least with
known to effectively handle some aspect of farming 0.7%. Arable crop farming been the primary occupation
activities along the agricultural value chain. They can of most farmers in the study is in consistence with Mark
therefore be engage in areas like local processing of (2011), who reported that over 70% of Nigerian
agricultural produce where they have comparative populations are rural dwellers where farming activities is
advantage over men. the major occupation.
Majority (82.2%) of respondents are married,
followed by 11.5% who are single, then 5.1% that are 3.2. Major Source of Information from the Various
widow and 1.3% who are divorcees. The high Extension Agencies
percentage of married individuals may be attributed to
regional factors where religion, norms and culture Major sources of extension service here refer to the
encourage marriage among citizens. This result is in major place, person or organization from which the
Chiroma et al / Greener Journal of Agricultural Sciences 83

farmer gets his extension service. Results from Table 2 respondents to include: land preparation, plant spacing,
shows that majority (65.8%) of the maize farmers in the planting dept, plant protection, harvesting and storage
study area received their major extension service from among others; with the response of saying yes, as:
BSADP, 8.6% received from their Local Government 82.6%, 89.7%, 75.8%, 87.2%, 69.7%, and 85.6%
extension agencies, 7.9% received from NGOs. The respectively. These agrees with BSADP annual reports
least was 1.3% who received their major extension of 2009 to 2012 on extension activities and types of
service from private organizations. Which agrees with packages been disseminated independently or in
Issa and Kagbu (2017) in their studies of institutional collaboration with such organizations like SG2000, IITA,
Factors Influencing Crop Farmers Adoption of etc.
Recommended Agrochemical Practices in Nigeria; who
finds that majority (93.1%) of farmers gets their 3.4. Types of Technologies Adopted/ Level of
information on new technology from Agricutural Adoption among Respondents
Development Programme (ADP). Yohanna et al, (2014)
in his study on the Sources of Information on Climate Table 6 reveals that technologies on land preparation,
Change among Arable Crop Farmers, In Adamawa plant spacing and planting dept‟s were adopted by
State, Nigeria also reported that close to half of the 85.8%, 78.7% and 64.5% of respondents respectively:
respondents (42.28%) did not get information from land preparation has the highest level of adoption with
extension agents. The contrast may be due to the 85.8%; followed by plant spacing 78.7% and then
general studies on topic done by most researchers and planting dept 64.5%. Technologies on land preparation
the specific focus on extension agencies in this were highly adopted; while plant protection, harvesting
research. Other sources of information are considered and storage were poorly adopted by 30.3%, 19.2% and
good; depending only on the nature and aim of 27.5% respectively. Adoption level was lowest in
information. Results from Table 2 shows that majority of harvesting techniques. The result is in contrast with
the maize farmers who constitutes 53.6% consider radio Ugwumba and Okechukwu (2015) in their study of
as the most appropriate, affordable and convenient Adoption of Improved Maize Production Technologies in
means of communication; followed by 32.7%, who Enugu State, Nigeria; that shows a general low adoption
preferred EAs. The least is 1.3% who considers other level of the technologies except for the seed; but agrees
means of communication as most appropriate. This with Anyanwu 2018 in her study of: Constraints to
concurred with Arbuckler Jr. (2017) in his study of Adoption and Utilization of Cassava Production
Communication Preferred by Iowa Farmers, Iowa, USA; Technologies among Farmers in Imo State, Nigeria; who
fine out that farmers still prefer traditional forms shows that land preparation was one of the techniques
(extension visit, meetings, workshops, field trips and that were adopted by farmers. The adoption may be
radio) of communication than the new media forms ( attributed to increase in yield, low cost of production or
inter-net, face book, whatsApp, etc) . Generally the reduction in drudgery. Land preparation is paramount in
farmers prefer radio as most appropriate means of maize production in terms of moisture control (water
communication in this part of the world, but extension logging or dryness of farm lands) and so farmers will
scientist/experts do consider the nature of massage gladly adopt the technology each as his case may be; as
(simple or complex) and the ultimate aim (just to create the effect on yield is obvious. Plant spacing (inter and
awareness or adopt a technology). Other means of intra row) determine plant population and ultimately yield
communication are good but extension agent is the best this may be the reason for high adoption. The low
considering it as an individual and or group method that adoption rate seen in storage and harvesting techniques
is done by physical contact, which cannot be easily may be attributed to the needs of the farmers as
replaced; thus a need for attention and more studies by traditional methods are satisfactory and relatively
researchers. Family, friends, neighbors, farmers‟ cheaper compared to modern ones.
association etc cannot replace extension agents, as their
massage/source may be questionable and may be 3.5. Impacts of Maize Technologies Adopted By
distorted as it pass from one person to another; except Respondents over the Years.
otherwise been trained.
Table 5 reveals an impact in residence ownership where
3.3. Types of Technologies Received from Extension 35% of respondents had either build or purchase a
Organizations house after 2009 as against 18.5% before 2009; there
was also improvement in farm machinery ownership
Table 5 revealed that majority of maize farmers which where 26.1% of respondents had acquired maize
constituted 79.0% had at least, a maize demonstration crusher after 2009 as against 16.9% before 2009.
farm in there locality within the 7 years under study, Herbicide use witness positive impact as well 82% of the
while 21% had not. Majority of them had seen a maize farmers now using herbicides as against 67.3% of the
demonstration farm, this is consistent with BSADP report former. These are in agreement with Ragasa et al.,
of 1999-2006 where it reported that 75% of (2016) in their studies of the Impact of Agricultural
demonstration farm that was intended were conducted. It Extension Services in the Context of a Heavily
also shows types of technologies received by Subsidized Input System shows that 79% of farmers
84 Chiroma et al / Greener Journal of Agricultural Sciences

attested to have seen impact as against 21% who did machines. Tested statistics on water sources was 0.002
not; Lawal et al., (2009) in their studies – Impact of at P<0.01 significant level; this means there was high
Agricultural Extension Practices on the Nigerian Poultry impact on water source. Herbicide use and knapsack
Farmers Standard of Living show a 50% increase in egg ownership had shown to be birds of the same feathers
production compared to initial 20%, and 58.3% of poultry that flies to the same direction with very high impact of
farmers‟ had improvement in their housing conditions. 0.000 at P<0.001. This may be as a result of the need of
Cowley et al., (2015) in their studies The Impact of timely operation in maize. Ownership of work bulls
Extension on Farm Level Outcome; report a 19% shows high impact of 0.003 when tested at P<0.01.
increase as well.

3.6. Impact Analysis of BSADP on the Livelihood of 5.0. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Respondents Using ‘T’ test
Most of the maize farmers in the study area were male
„T‟ test was used to measure the impact of BSADP on who were in their prime age of production and married.
some variables as they affect the respondents. Table 6 Majority of them has formal education with farming as
shows that there was impact on the residence ownership their primary occupation. Respondents‟ major source of
of respondents at P< 0.05 level of significant, 2- tail test. information on maize technology among various
The tested result of 0.025 shows a moderate significant extension delivery agencies in the study area is BSADP.
which confirmed the impact seen in the descriptive BSADP had made Impact in the livelihood of maize
statistics analysis. It also shows an impact on housing farmers in western agricultural zone of Bauchi State:
type at P<0.001 significant level. The tested result of highest impacts were on house type, means of transport
0.000 shows a very high significance there by confirming type, communication means type, herbicide use and
the descriptive statistic analysis. The result further ownership of knapsack at a significant level of P<0.001.
reveals that impact was made on the transport means of It is recommended that, all encompassing agricultural
respondents at P< 0.001 significant level; tested statistic packages that will include all members of the family be
of 0.000 means that the degree of significance is very considered in design of packages by consultants.
high. It is similar it is similar to communication means in Extension providers should encourage farmers to keep
same Table 6 which also tested 0.000 with a very high records since most of them can read and write, this will
degree of significance on the communication means of not only help the farmers but extension system as a
maize farmers at P<0.001 significant level. There was whole. BSADP through its EAs; should uphold its good
low significant impact on the ownership of farm work in the study area and build cordial relationship with
machinery among farmers with 0.041 tested statistics at the farmers. Government and other donor agencies
P<0.05 significant level of two tail test. This may be due should keep on supporting Bauchi State Agricultural
to alternatives such as human labour which is abundant Development Programme (BSADP).
and relatively cheap compared to maintenance of
Chiroma et al / Greener Journal of Agricultural Sciences 85

Table 1: Socio-economic characteristics of respondents

Variable Frequency Percentage
Age range
Below 21 11 7.1
21-30 12 7.7
31-40 51 32.9
41-50 48 31.0
51-60 21 13.5
Above 60. 12 7.7
Total 155 100

Sex
Male 113 72.0
Female 44 28.0
Total 157 100

Marital status
Married 129 82.2
Single 18 11.5
Widow 8 5.1
Divorce 2 1.3
Total 157 100

Education level
Primary 30 19.4
Secondary 46 29.7
Tertiary 23 14.8
Quranic 26 16.8
None 30 5.4
Total 155 100

Occupation
Civil servant 23 15.1
Arable crop farming 68 44.8
Vegetable crop farming 22 14.5
Tree crop farming 5 3.3
Live stock farming 5 3.3
Fish farming 1 0.7
Poultry farming 8 5.3
Commodity marketing 8 5.3
Agro processing 12 7.9
Total 152 100
Source: Field survey, 2016

Table 2: Major source of information from the various extension agencies

Variables Frequency Percentage

Major sources of extension service

University 9 5.9
Research institute 8 5.3
NGOs 12 7.9
Private organizations 2 1.3
Donor agencies 5 3.3
Local Government agencies 13 8.6
Federal Government agencies 3 2.0
BSADP 100 65.8
Total 152 100

Source: Field survey, 2016

86 Chiroma et al / Greener Journal of Agricultural Sciences

Table 3: Distribution of respondents according to types of technologies received.

Variables Frequency Percentage
Presence of demonstration farm
Yes 124 79.0
No 33 21.0
Total 156 100
Types of technology received
Land preparation
Yes 130 82.6
No 27 17.4
Total 157 100
Plant spacing
Yes 141 89.7
No 16 10.3
Total 157 100
Planting dept
Yes 121 75.8
No 36 22.7
Total 157 100
Plant protection
Yes 137 87.2
No 20 12.8
Total 157 100
Harvesting
Yes 110 69.7
No 47 30.3
Total 157 100
Storage
Yes 134 85.2
No 23 14.8
Total 157 100
Source: Field survey, 2016

Table 4. Percentage distribution of respondents by technology adopted/level of adoption (n=157)

Technology Percentage
Land preparation 85.8
Plant spacing 78.7
Planting dept 64.5
Plant protection 30.3
Harvesting 19.2
Storage 27.5

Source: Field survey, 2016

Chiroma et al / Greener Journal of Agricultural Sciences 87

Table 5a: Distribution of respondents according to living condition before and after 2009
Variables Before 2009 After 2009
Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage
Residence ownership
Purchase/ build 29 18.5 55 35.0
Inherited 79 50.3 63 40.1
Rented 20 12.7 12 7.6
Family 25 15.9 19 12.1
Others 4 2.5 8 5.1
Total 157 100 157 100

House type
Mud thatched 21 13.4 6 3.8
Mud zinc 92 58.6 89 56.7
Cement bricks zinc 43 27.6 60 38.2
Others 1 0.6 2 1.3
Total 157 100 157 100

Type of major transport means

None 20 12.8 13 8.3
Bicycle 34 21.8 19 12.2
Motorcycle 94 59.6 89 59.4
Tricycle 2 1.3 17 10.9
Pick-up 6 3.8 18 11.5
Others 1 0.6 1 0.6
Total 157 100 157 100

Means of communication
owned
Radio only 108 68.9 68 43.1
TV only 1 0.6 3 2.0
TV and Radio 46 29.2 84 53.6
None 2 1.3 2 1.3
Total 157 100 157 100

Water source
Well 76 47.7 70 44.2
Borehole 55 35.5 44 28.2
River/stream 21 13.5 22 14.2
Tap water 2 3.2 21 13.5
Total 157 100 157 100

Herbicide use
Yes 106 67.3 128 82.0
No 51 32.7 29 18.0
Total 157 100 157 100

Source: Field survey, 2016

88 Chiroma et al / Greener Journal of Agricultural Sciences

Table 5b: Distribution of respondents according to living condition before and after 2009

Variables Before 2009 After 2009

Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage
Farm machinery ownership
Tractor 12 6.8 22 14.1
Planter 18 10.2 13 8.9
Water pump 51 32.2 48 30.4
Maize crusher 29 16.9 42 26.1
Others 56 33.9 32 20.0
Total 157 100 135 100
Work bulls
None 75 47.1 59 37.8
Two 55 35.5 56 35.8
Four 22 14.2 32 20.9
Six 4 2.6 3 2.0
Eight 1 0.6 2 1.4
Ten 0 0 3 2.0
Total 157 100 157 100

Source: Field survey, 2016

Variables Mean ‘T’ Df Sig. (2- tail )

Residence 0.19108 2.265 156 0.025*

ownership
House type -0.21656 -4.671 156 0.000***
Transport means -4.3226 -5.812 154 0.000***
Communication -0.50667 -6.074 149 0.000***
means
Farm machinery 0.24545 2.071 109 0.041*
ownership
Major water -0.253225 -3.121 153 0.002**
source
Herbicide use 0.29530 7.209 148 0.000***
Knapsack 0.14094 3.952 148 0.000***
ownership
Work bulls -0.26351 -2.975 147 0.003**
ownership

Source: Field survey, 2016

*= significant at P<0.05, **= significant at P<0.01, ***= significant at P<0.001

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Cite this Article: Chiroma, IA; Tarki, SK; Bako, BD; Shirama, L (2021). Impact of Bauchi State Agricultural
Development Programme (BSADP) on the Livelihood of Maize Farmers in Western Agricultural Zone of Bauchi State,
Nigeria: 2009 - 2015. Greener Journal of Agricultural Sciences 11(2): 80-89.