❖Study of how social, political, and
cultural values affect scientific
research and technological
innovation and how these, in turn,
affect the community, political and
culture.
❖ “Rational inquiry into Nature”, it means
such inquiry be within some logical
structure, to gain knowledge about
Nature.
❖Scientific knowledge is more than just a
collection of empirical statement. It
satisfies the following requirements.
a. The collections must be internally
consistent.
b. There must be a logical interrelationship
between statements that organizes these
into coherent whole (logical and
consistent).
c. We should be able to deduce a
prediction, which can be tested by an
experiment or observation.
❖A systematic approach that organizes
knowledge in the form of testable
explanation and predictions about nature
and the universe.
❖Is a systematic way of acquiring
knowledge about a particular field of
study through observation and
experimentation, to describe different
natural phenomena.
❖In science, we seek the so-called “Laws of
Nature” (general statements about the
behavior of Nature), but this depends on
crucial assumptions:
a. There is regularity in Nature that is
expressed by these Laws.
The human mind can “know” these Laws.
❖ Remove these assumptions, the scientific
structure will fall down
❖ In Physics, chemistry and biology, this
regularity in Nature is often expressed in the
language of mathematics, thus this is another
assumption that the regularity in Nature has
the same logical structure as mathematics.
❖ The Laws of Nature do not carry any time
stamp that indicates when and where they
were discovered, or where they are
applicable. This implies that we assume that
the Laws of Nature are the same everywhere
and remain so for all time-again a
philosophical assumption.
I. Pure/Theoretical Science – method of
investigating nature by the experimental
method in an attempt to satisfy the need to
know (matter of understanding); explains a
phenomenon.
a. Physical sciences – which deal with matter
and energy and allows us to describe the
material universe in terms of weight, mass,
volume, and other standard, objective
measures.
Life Sciences is divided into
❖Microbiology
❖Botany
❖Zoology
Earth Sciences is divided into
❖Geology
❖Meteorology
❖Astronomy
❖Physics + Chemistry = Physical Chemistry
❖Astronomy + Physics = Astrophysics
❖Biology + Chemistry = Biochemistry/Organic
Chemistry
❖Biology + Geology = Paleontology
❖Biology + Astronomy + Physics = Astronautics
❖Geology + Chemistry = Geochemistry
❖Geology + Astronomy = Astrogeology
II. Applied/Practical Science – determines
how a particular phenomenon may be
put to use
• Applies existing scientific knowledge to
develop more practical applications, like
technology or inventions.
A. Engineering sciences – include
thermodynamics, heat transfer, fluid
mechanics, statics, dynamics, mechanics
of materials, kinematics,
electromagnetism, materials science,
engineering physics.
B. Medical science – include medical
microbiology, clinical virology.
❖Science used the scientific method
❖It is a set of techniques for investigating
phenomena
❖Acquiring knowledge
❖Correcting and integrating previous
understanding.
Scientific Method vs. Creationism
Ask a Perform Formulate Conduct
question Research Hypothesis Experiment
Formulate Gather and
conclusion and Observe
provide Analyze Data
recommendation
❖ Is the practical application of scientific
knowledge to human life; to solve problem.
❖As the production, tools and processes used
to accomplish tasks.
❖The collection of techniques, methods or
processes used in the production of goods or
services or in the accomplishment of
objectives of scientific investigation.
Scientific and technological changes are
caused by scientific and technological
discoveries and inventions
❖ Life becomes easy and comfortable
through science and technology.
❖ Travelling has become easy and fast in
minutes.
❖Communication becomes easy, fast and
cheaper.
❖Standard of living have increased with the
increase in technology
❖Man have become advanced by using
various new technology.
❖Due to the development in the science and
technology impossible have become
possible.
❖Difficult thing and work have become easy
and comfort to man due to science and
technology
❖Life has become easy and stable.
❖Man had misused the technology and
used in destructive purpose.
❖Man is doing illegal things by using it.
❖New technology like mobile, i-pads, etc.
are creating bad effect on children.
❖Terrorist are using modern technology for
their destructive work.
❖Due to the development of atomic energy
and atomic bomb create many harmful
diseases like skin, lung diseases, etc.
❖Heart disease, brain disease are caused due
to the vibration of the mobile phone.
❖Modern technology have not only affected
man but it also affected plants and animals
due to nuclear energy.
❖Due to the development of modern
technology natural beauty is decreasing.
