Binalonan, Pangasinan
MODULE 8
ARCHITECTURE
Course Title: Art Appreciation
Course Code: GE 6
Name: __________________________________________________________
Course and Year: ________________________
Contact Number: ________________________
Date and Time Allotment::
Introduction
This module entitled An Overview of Art is about the meaning, scope and importance of humanities, the meaning
purposes, functions, and art styles together with the factors that influenced these styles.
I. Objectives
At the end of the end of this module, students should be able to:
a. Define Architecture, kinds and methods of Architectural Construction and Mediums used
b. Criticize some architectural structures and points out its architectural composition
c. Create a design or model of their desired structure
II. Lecture
ARCHITECTURE – it is the art and technique of designing and building, as distinguished from the skills associated with construction . The practice of
architecture is employed to fulfill both practical and expressive requirements, and thus it serves both utilitarian and aesthetic ends
It is a complex art inasmuch as the task of the architect is not only to create the design of the exterior of the building or similar structure, but also to do the
design of its interior.
Because every society—whether highly developed or less so, settled or nomadic—has a spatial relationship to the natural world and to other societies, the
structures they produce reveal much about their environment (including climate and weather), history, ceremonies, and artistic sensibility, as well as many
aspects of daily life.
The Great Court, designed by Foster and Partners
TYPES OF ARCHITECTURE
1. Domestic architecture
Domestic architecture is produced for the social unit: the individual, family, or clan and their dependents, human and animal. It provides shelter and security for
the basic physical functions of life and at times also for commercial, industrial, or agricultural activities that involve the family unit rather than the community.
The basic requirements of domestic architecture are simple: a place to sleep, prepare food, eat, and perhaps work; a place that has some light and is
protected from the weather. A single room with sturdy walls and roof, a door, a window, and a hearth are the necessities; all else is luxury.
POWER ARCHITECTURE VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE GROUP HOUSING
As wealth and expressive functions
increase, a special type of domestic
building can be distinguished that may
be called power architecture.
In almost every civilization the pattern of society gives to a few
of its members the power to utilize the resources of the This is the simplest form of addressing
community in the construction of their homes, palaces, villas, human needs, is seemingly forgotten in
gardens, and places of recreation. modern architecture. However, due to
recent rises in energy costs, the trend
has sensibly swung the other way.
Architects are embracing regionalism and
cultural building traditions, given that
these structures have proven to be
energy efficient and altogether susta
inable.
A third type of domestic architecture
accommodates the group rather than the unit
and is therefore public as well as private.
It is familiar through the widespread
development of mass housing in the modern
world, in which individuals or families find living
space either in multiple dwellings or in single
units produced in quantity.
2. Religious architecture
The history of architecture is concerned more with religious buildings than with any other type, because in most past cultures the universal and exalted appeal
of religion made the church or temple the most expressive, the most permanent, and the most influential building in any community.
Places of worship Shrines and memoria Funerary art
Temples, churches, mosques, and synagogues serve as Shrines consecrate a holy place for its Funerary architecture is produced by societies
places of worship and as shelters for the images, relics, and miraculous character or for its association whose belief in the afterlife is materialistic and
holy areas of the cult. In the older religions, the temple was with the life of the founder, gods, or saints of by individuals who want to perpetuate and
not always designed for communal use. a cult. symbolize their temporal importance.
No single formal design characterizes this Monumental tombs have been produced in
type, but the theme of the domed or central- ancient Egypt (pyramids), Hellenistic Greece
plan structure (round, square, polygon, (tomb of Mausolus at Halicarnassus, which is
Greek cross, etc.) connects the memoria of the source of the word mausoleum), ancient
Asia (the Indian stupa, Chinese pagoda), Rome (tomb of Hadrian), Renaissance Europe
pagan antiquity (the Pantheon in Rome), (Michelangelo’s Medici Chapel, Florence), and
and Christianity (the Church of the Holy Asia (Taj Mahal, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India).
Sepulchre in Jerusalem).
is
3. Governmental architecture
The basic functions of government, to an even greater extent than those of religion, are similar in all
societies: administration, legislation, and the dispensing of justice. But the architectural needs differ
according to the nature of the relationship between the governing and the governed.
.Some examples are: first, capitols, city halls, municipal halls, courthouses, parliament buildings, printing
offices, and mints and, later, post offices, embassies, archives, secretariats, and even laboratories,
4. Recreational architecture
Few recreations require architecture until they become institutionalized and must provide for both active and passive participation (athletic events, dramatic,
musical performances, etc.) or for communal participation in essentially private luxuries (baths, museums, libraries).
Throughout history, recreational architecture has been the most consistent in form of any type. Diversions may change, but, as in domestic architecture, the
physical makeup of human beings provides consistency. If their participation is passive, they must be able to hear and to see in comfort. If their participation is
active, they must be given spaces suited to the chosen activities. In most cultures, recreational institutions have their origins in religious rites, but they easily
gain independence, and religious expression is reduced or eliminated in their architecture.
Theatres Auditoriums Museum and library
Theatres originated in ancient Greece with the rites of the god The auditorium is distinguished by the Museum and library architecture was also an
Dionysus, first as temporary installations and later as outdoor absence of stage machinery and by its innovation of classical antiquity (library
architecture using the natural slope and curves of hillsides to greater size. The development of large architecture appears independently in ancient
bring the spectator close to the stage and to avoid the need for symphony orchestras and choirs and of China and Japan).
substructures. the institution of lectures and mass
A flat or inclined pit accommodated standing patrons, tiers of meetings combined with gro wing urban
boxes rose vertically above in a horseshoe plan, and populations/
permanent covering (for both acoustics and comfort) made
artificial lighting an important feature in theatrical * Athletic facilities
Sport arenas, racetracks, and public
swimming pools of the present day owe
their origin to the ancient Romans.
performances.
5. Architecture of welfare and education
The principal institutions of public welfare are those that provide facilities for education, health, public security, and utilities. Some of these functions are
performed by the church and the state, but, since their character is not essentially religious or political, they may require independent architectural solutions,
particularly in urban environments.
Schools, from the nursery to the university, now demand not only particular solutions at all levels but structures for a variety of purposes within each level;
advanced education demands buildings for scientific research, training for trades and professions, recreation, health, housing, religious institutions, and other
purposes.
6. Commercial and industrial architecture
Buildings for exchange, transportation, communication, manufacturing, and power production meet the principal needs of commerce and industry. In the past
these needs were mostly unspecialized. They were met either within domestic architecture or in buildings distinguished from domestic types chiefly by their
size.
All the types cannot be discussed here, but a categorical listing into which they can be fitted will illustrate their importance for architecture:
exchange (office buildings, stores, markets, banks, exchanges, warehouses, exhibition halls);
transportation (roads, bridges, tunnels; stations for rail, sea, and air transport and the dispensing of fuel; garages, hangars, and other storage
facilities; hotels);
communication (structures for the transmission and reception of telephone, telegraph, radio, television, and radar communication;
for the printing and distribution of newspapers, magazines, books, and other reading matter; for motion-picture production; and for advertising
functions);
production (mines, factories, laboratories, food-processing plants);
power (dams, generating plants; fuel storage, processing, and distribution installations).
METHODS OF ARCHITECTURAL CONSTRUCTION
POST AND LINTEL – consists of a horizontal beam called lintel and two vertical posts to support it. It is usually found in doors and entrances. The prehistoric
“Stonehenge” illustrates this type of architectural construction.
support the roof.
CANTILEVER – similar to the post and lintel, the cantilever has two vertical posts for support and a horizontal beam with one end more extended than the
other. Often times, steel is used for this type of architectural construction because of its tensile strength. At times, wood is also used less frequently because
of its tendency to warp, sag and rot.
DOME – it is a large hemispherical roof or ceiling that looks like an inverted cup. It is an extension of the
principle of the arch capable of enclosing a wide area, “The Dome of the Rock” in Jerusalem is a classic
example of this type of architectural construction.
VAULT – it is an arched structure of masonry usually forming a roof or ceiling. Similar to the dome, it is an extension of the principle of the arch capable of
enclosing a vast expanse of space.
It has several types, namely:
Barrel vault
Groined/Groin vault
Cross vault
Welsh
Cloister vault
Fan vault
Rib vault
TRUSS – it is consists of a braced framework of beams or bars forming one or more triangles. An assemblage of beams forming
a rigid framework, it is usually used to support the roof.
MEDIUMS
CLASSIFICATIONS:
LIGHT MATERIALS – include paper, nipa, bamboo, and other light wood
ADVANTAGE: They allow for good ventilation
DISADVANTAGE: They are not resistant to fire and other natural elements. For example, the houses made of light materials are described as fire hazards.
HEAVY MATERIALS – these materials are hardwood, stone, concrete (combination of cement, gravel and sand), brick, steel, and cast iron. They always form
part of high-rise building, for example, condominiums.
ADVANTAGE: They are not only fire resistant but also durable and able to withstand natural forces such as earthquakes, landslides, storms and floods.
The Burj Khalifa in Dubai is the tallest and Famous building
in the world. Besides being the tallest building it also holds
other world records:
Tallest free-standing structure
The highest outdoor observation deck
Building to hold the elevator with the longest travel
distance
Tallest service elevator and several other records
The tip of the Burj Khalifa is known to be seen up to a
distance 95 kilometers away from the structure.
At the zenith of its construction, 12000 workers were
working on building the structure every day. The
construction started in the year 2004 and was completed in
2009. The design resembled hymenocallis flower.
2. Chrysler building -May 27, 1930; designed by William Van
Alen; 282 m- 319 m to tip
The Chrysler building is an outstanding example of New
York’s creative and artistic skyscrapers. Being completed in
1930 it was the tallest and Famous building in the world.
3. Taj Mahal – 73 m
Taj Mahal is a beautiful ivory-white marble mausoleum in
Agra, India. Taj Mahal was commissioned by the Mughal
emperor Shah Jahan who build the structure in memory of
his wife Mumtaz who died while giving birth to their
fourteenth child, Gauhara Begum It took 22000 of his
followers to finish building the Taj Mahal in 1643.
He exchanged a large palace in the center of Agra with
Maharajah Jai Singh for the three acres of land where the
Taj Mahal now sits.
To get the goods to the construction site it apparently took a
thousand elephants. The famous shape of the Taj mahal,
the one that make it stand out compared to the other
buildings is called Mughal architecture.
The tomb itself is made up of complete marble and it is
uniquely designed so that if the structure was to collapse it
would fall away from the tomb of Mumtaz
4. The Burj Al Arab – 1999 designed by Tom
Wright
In a city famous for its architecture, the Burj Al Arab defines
the Dubai skyline. The newest building on a long list of
architecture built on a grand scale, the Burj Al Arab was built
in 1994 and is one of the most luxurious hotels in the world.
Perched on a man-made island in the Persian Gulf, it was
built to mimic the sail of a dhow. The hotel features a 590-
foot tall atrium, a large seawater aquarium, two restaurants
(one of which was voted in the top 10 restaurants in the
world by Conde Nast) and 202 luxuriously appointed suites.
The Burj Al Arab was designed by Tom Wright and built by
Atkins for Jumeirah Hotels and Resorts. It is currently the
second largest hotel in the world
5. Big Ben
One of the world’s most famous clocks, Big Ben is actually
the name of one of the bells but over the years it has come
to be used for both the clock and the tower as well. It was
completed during the restoration of the Palace of
Westminster in 1858. The tower stands 316 feet tall, each
clock face is 23 feet square with 4 foot numbers and the
great bell is seven and a half feet tall and weighs 13 tons.
Nobody knows exactly whom Big Ben is named after but
common theories include Sir Benjamin Hall (who oversaw
the installation of the bell) or English Heavyweight Boxing
Champion Benjamin Count.
Charles Barry designed Westminster Palace, however,
Augustus Pugin created the clock tower. Pugin fell into
madness and died in 1852 and Big Ben was the last building
he would ever design. The clock itself was designed by
Beckett Denison.
6. The Colosseum – 48 m; Vespasian; 70-80 A.D.
The Colosseum is one of the most famous and
recognized structures of antiquity. The amphitheater
was commissioned by Emperor Vespasian in 72 AD
and he built it on the side of New York’s palace to
finally erase memories of the hated emperor. At the
inaugural games over 9000 wild animals were killed for
entertainment in front of an audience of 55000 people.
There were also of course gladiators, Roman’s favorite
spectacle.
Following the collapse of the empire, the Colosseum
fell into ruin. But by the 14th-century architects had
learned to admire the classical detail and then
plundered the structure for building materials. Some of
it went to build the famous churches in the world.
7. The Leaning Tower of Pisa; by Bonanno Pisano;
1372; 55.86 m
The field of miracles and one of the most extraordinary
buildings in the world, the Leaning Tower of Pisa.
Alongside is Pisa’s cathedral and baptistery, all clad in
cream color marble and stone.
This famous landmark was begun in 1173 as a built
tower for the cathedral. But even before the third tier
was up, it had begun to tilt in the sandy subsoil.
Building continued and the tilt increased defying
gravity. In recent years the tower was closed in order
to stabilize it. The lean was decreased by 15 inches.
In 2001 the tower reopened. It has been declared safe
for the next 300 years
8. Eiffel tower - Eiffel tower in Paris is the most visited
paid monument in the world. The building is named
after its main designer, French metallic structure
expert, and engineer, Gustave Eiffel.
The iron lady as it is sometimes called hasn’t been
always the beloved sculpture as it is today. During its
construction phase, many protested against the
construction of the tower. Even after its construction ,
the tower was highly controversial amongst the
Persians.
Luckily for Eiffel tower haters, Eiffel had only the
permission to keep it for 20 years and after that, it
would be demolished. But as the tower was allowed to
remain unscathed even after the time had expired as it
proved valuable for the telecommunication purposes.
Throughout the years the Eiffel tower has seen a lot.
Today almost everybody loves the tower.
9. Space Needle
Well, actually this iconic structure in Seattle, USA is an
engineering model and is one of the safest places in the
world during extreme weather or ground conditions. Space
needle can also withstand wind speeds up to 100
miles/hour.
The foundation of the space needle plays a big role in its
stability.
10. TAIPEI 101
It is located in the capital of Taiwan is renowned as the icon
of modern Taiwan. Its design is reached with symbolism and
tradition. Soaring to height of 508 meters, the 101 floors
represent a number that is considered perfect and
auspicious in Chinese culture. There are 8 sections of the
tower because the number 8 is also considered as
auspicious.
S
III. APPLICATION/ACTIVITY
ART HISTORY: With the given names of the selected architectural buildings,complete the table below by writing the
sculptures’ respective artists, periods and places of origin.
SCULPTURE ARTIST PERIOD/YEAR PLACE OR COUNTRY OF
ORIGIN
1. PARTHENON
2. SAINT PETER’S BASILICA
3. EMPIRE STATE BUILDING
4. SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE
5. PETRONAS TOWER
6. NOTRE DAME
7.SAGRADA FAMILIA
8. FORBIDDEN CITY
9. WHITE HOUSE
10. THE MIND MUSEUM
IV. ASSESSMENT:
A. ART PRODUCTION
Create your own design of a skyscraper, building, house or structure. Explain briefly the meaning also of your own
architectural design. (30 pts.)
