Module 3 - NATURAL HAZARDS, MITIGATION, AND ADAPTATION

Site: New Era University Printed by: Raymundo, Mharc Jhefferson P.

Course: Earth and Life Science Date: Tuesday, 16 January 2024, 12:24 AM
Book: Module 3 - NATURAL HAZARDS, MITIGATION, AND ADAPTATION
Description

In this module you will learn the natural hazards and understand their impact in human lives. You will also learn how to be ready incase these events happens.
Table of contents

Introduction

Learning Outcomes

Contents

Lesson 1: Geologic Processes and Hazards

Lesson 2: Hydrometeorological Phenomena and Hazards

Lesson 3: Marine and Coastal Processes and their Effects

Quiz-Module 3

Forum

Assignment
Introduction

INTRODUCTION:

Natural Hazards

Events that occurs as a part of the natural cycles of Earth and may cause damage to a community.

The disruption of the normal functioning of a community is called disaster.

VULNERABILITY- Defines by the United Nations Office of Risk Reduction- Refers to the “characteristics and circumstances of a community, system or assets
that makes of it susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard.”
Learning Outcomes

At the end of this module, you should be able to:

1. describe the various hazards that may happen in the event of earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and landslides.

2. using hazard maps, identify areas prone to hazards brought about by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and landslides

3. give practical ways of coping with geological hazards caused by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and landslides

4. identify human activities that speed up or trigger landslides

5. suggest ways to help lessen the occurrence of landslides in your community

6. describe the various hazards that may happen in the wake of tropical cyclones, monsoons, floods, or ipo-ipo

7. using hazard maps, identify areas prone to hazards brought about by tropical cyclones, monsoons, floods, or ipo-ipo

8. give practical ways of coping with hydrometeorological hazards caused by tropical cyclones, monsoons, floods, or ipo- ipo

9. describe how coastal processes result in coastal erosion, submersion, and saltwater intrusion

10. identify areas in your community prone to coastal erosion, submersion, and saltwater intrusion

11. give practical ways of coping with coastal erosion, submersion, and saltwater intrusion

12. cite ways to prevent or mitigate the impact of land development

Contents

Lesson 1: Geologic Processes and Hazards

Lesson 2: Marine and Coastal Processes and their Effect
Lesson 1: Geologic Processes and Hazards

Geologic Processes and Hazards

1. Earthquake

· Ground Shaking

Ground shaking or ground motion, a principal cause of the total collapse of structures, is the vibration of the ground caused by seismic waves during an
earthquake.

· Surface Faulting

Surface Faulting is the offset or tearing of the ground by surface differential movement along a fault during an earthquake.

Ground Rupture & Surface Faulting - Earthquake Ground Displacement | CEA

· Tsunamis

Very high waves or seismic sea waves caused by the sudden movement of the ocean floor.
2. Volcanic Eruptions

· Lahar and Floods

A lahar (or mudflow) is a flowing slurry of volcanic debris and water that originates on a volcano. The eruption of a snow covered volcano can melt snow to
cause a lahar.

· Lava flows and Domes

Fluid lava forms long thin flows on slopes and flat topped lava in flat areas and topographic depressions, while viscous lava forms short stubby flows on slopes
and steep sided domes around their vents. In either case lava flows seldom threatens human life because they move slowly and their path can be predicted.

Volcanic eruption may only be predicted a week or days before occurrence. Despite Philippine being part of the Ring of Fire.
3. Landslides

Occur in a sloping terrain. It can be triggered by rainfall or earthquake.

· Rainfall- induced- caused by heavy rains that can loosen soil and makes the foundations of the structures weak.

· Earthquake-induced- occurs during or after an earthquake due to gravity.

Earthquakes may either be a natural occurrence or man-made.

Prevention Management of Geological Hazards

• What to do before an earthquake?

1. Make sure you have a fire extinguisher, first aid kit, a battery-powered radio, a flashlight, and extra batteries at home.
2. Learn first aid
3. Learn how to turn off the gas, water and electricity.
4. Make a plan of where to meet your family after an earthquake.
5. Don’t leave heavy objects on shelves (they’ll fall during an earthquake).

• What to do during an Earthquake?

1. Be careful of chimneys (they may fall on you).

2. Stay away from beaches. Tsunamis and seiches sometimes hit after the ground has stopped shaking.
3. Stay away from damaged areas.
4. If you’re at school or work, follow the emergency plan or the instructions of the person in charge.
5. Expect aftershocks.

• Managing Volcanic Eruptions

1. Take note of surroundings.

2. Gather all members of household.
3. Put together an emergency supply kit.
4. Put important things on containers etc. preventing from ash fall.
5. Follow instruction of local authorities.

Volcanic activities is being watched by the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology or PhIVolcS
• Managing Landslides

1. Plant more trees.

2. Build channels for diversion of mudflow.
3. Put together an emergency supply kit.

Put important things on containers etc. preventing from ash fall.

• If landslides occur without warning:

1. Stay alert
2. Be attentive
3. Stay away from lower elevations or paths of debris.
4. Take shelter under sturdy table or structures.
Lesson 2: Hydrometeorological Phenomena and Hazards

Hazards caused by Hydrometeorological Phenomena

FACTS:

• Intertropical Convergence Zone

• -the area that encircles the Earth near the

• equator where trade winds meet.

• The Philippines is in the Northern

• Hemisphere, near the equator.

• PAGASA or Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services and Administration- the government agency that provides information on
meteorological, astronomical and climatological activities in the Philippine territory.

1. Tropical Cyclones-

• Typhoons (Northwest Pacific) or hurricanes (Atlantic and Northeast region) are storm system characterized by rapid spiraling storms, low-pressure center,
and intensely strong winds. Cyclones can increase the Strength of winds, which may cause tropical depression (45-62 km/h), storm (63-117 km/h), a typhoon
2. Monsoons

• These are seasonal winds. The Philippines expect two monsoons every year:

• Amihan - or northeast monsoon is characterized by cold gusty winds with little precipitation. It begins in early September - May or June. Winds blow in the
east.

• Habagat- or southwest monsoon is characterized by hot and humid atmosphere with frequent or heavy rainfall. It begins in June and Ends in August or
September. Winds blow in the west
3. Tornado

• Locally known as ipo-ipo. It is a rapidly swirling condensation funnel whose narrow end comes in contact with the ground. It usually carries debris and other
objects that can be picked up from the ground.

• Tornadoes occur anywhere in an average number of 12-24 times a year.

• Characterized by:

• Storm

• Debris

• Fire
Lesson 3: Marine and Coastal Processes and their Effects

COMMON COASTAL HAZARD

- Coastal areas are transition places between land and sea. These areas are considered low-lying. It is very dynamic, It interacts with all natural systems and
processes that happened on land, in the marine environment and in the atmosphere.

COMMON COASTAL HAZARDS:

• Coastal Erosion

-is the wearing away of land and the removal of beach or dune sediments by wave action, tidal currents, wave currents, drainage or high winds

• Submersion

is the sustainable cyclic portion of coastal erosion where coastal sediments move from the visible portion of a beach to the submerged near shore region, and
later return to the original visible portion of the beach. The recovery portion of the sustainable cycle of sediment behavior is (accretion).

• Storm Surges

-is a rise in sea level that occurs during tropical cyclones, intensestorms also known as typhoons or hurricanes. The storms produce strong winds that push the
water into shore, which can lead to flooding. This makes storm surges very dangerous for coastal regions.
• Saltwater Intrusion

Saltwater intrusion is the movement of saline water into freshwater aquifers, which can lead to contamination of drinking water sources and other
consequences. Saltwater intrusion occurs naturally to some degree in most coastal aquifers, owing to the hydraulic connection between groundwater and
seawater.

COASTAL HAZARD-PRONE AREAS IN THE PHILIPPINES

• Local government units in areas that are ranked extremely high in susceptibility to landslide and flooding are advised to immediately relocate the residents
of these zones to safer areas. Especially typhoons that can cause coastal hazards.

• The figure shows the areas prone to coastal hazard.

PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF MARINE AND COASTAL HAZARDS
1. Prepare and emergency survival kit.

2. Create an evacuation plan.

3. Know where the evacuation center is and how to get there.

4. Listen to news from any means.

Quiz-Module 3

Click the image or link to take your quiz

[Link]
Forum

Click the image to enter the forum:

Assignment

Read the given questions below,

1. How do you and your family preparing for a natural hazards such as volcanic eruptions and typhoon?

Click the Image to submit your assignment.