Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
TANDAG NATIONAL SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
Tabon-tabon, Quezon, Tandag City
HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES STRAND

Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

Introduction

This day the Philippine folklore is very common among elderly who believed

“aswang” a ghost or an old hag witch. The narrative unfolds the story of an old

woman who experience the curse of an “aswang” as she navigates a unique ritual,

tapping those who touched her twice. The research explores the significance of this

tactile interaction and how, when facing an anonymous encounter, she discloses her

dreams directly to prevent the “aswang’s” influence. Rooted in a grandmother’s story,

this study illuminates the mythological dimension of Filipino folklore, offering

insights into the mysterious transformation orchestrated through ritualistic encounters.

Aswang is the common name for Filipino citizens for ghost, sorcerers with

horrifying face. In Philippines they called it based in Folklore has always been a part

of people’s lives, making it an all-encompassing body of culture which persists to

exist from pre-industrial times even up to this day (Barber, 2006). The belief in

supernatural beings like the aswang is not unique to the Philippines but is a common

theme across Southeast Asia, where various forms of vampires and spirits are

prevalent (Joyce, 2018). Such beliefs are deeply ingrained in cultural practices and are

often intertwined with religious and spiritual worldviews. Studies have shown that

supernatural beliefs are prevalent across different cultures and are often linked to

cognitive tendencies to perceive intent and agency in natural phenomena (Jackson et

al., 2021).

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Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
TANDAG NATIONAL SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
Tabon-tabon, Quezon, Tandag City
HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES STRAND

If we talk about Filipino folklore the first thing that came to our mind is all

about aswang. Aswang has a different kind, this study aims to understand and to gain

more knowledge about the story of the old woman who experienced being cursed to

become an aswang. The who is cursed by the aswang or being so called “pikpik” by a

true aswang. Their appearances like sigbin, manananggal, tiktik and more. These

creatures appear to be a normal person during daytime and at night aswang became

the number one predator of human being and turn into their hideous appearance and

some of theme, are prefer to fest on human meat, children, and pregnant woman.

Aswang is now one of the very famous folktales of people leaving in secluded places.

Aswangs are afraid of garlic, salt, and religious artifacts/weapons (e.g. Holy water,

crucifix, rosary, prayers, and religious verses). They can't step on holy consecrated

ground (i.e. churches, mosques, temples, etc.). They can be killed using a whip made

entirely of a stingray's tail.

This study aims to qualitatively explore the experiences of the elderly woman

who has fallen victim to the 'aswang' curse. Through thorough investigation, the

research seeks to comprehend how individuals navigate encounters with supernatural

beliefs, specifically focusing on the rituals and customs associated with the 'aswang'

phenomenon. By uncovering the deeper significance within these narratives, the

research intends to offer a nuanced understanding of folklore, belief systems, and

human experiences within the framework of Philippine culture.

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Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
TANDAG NATIONAL SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
Tabon-tabon, Quezon, Tandag City
HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES STRAND

Theoretical Framework

The theory of "Folklore as Social Control" posits that folklore, encompassing

myths and legends such as the Aswang in Filipino culture, operates as a mechanism

for regulating behavior within society. It suggests that folklore serves to instill fear,

uphold moral values, and dissuade individuals from engaging in taboo or undesirable

actions. By examining the Aswang legend through the lens of "Folklore as Social

Control," researchers can explore how these narratives play a pivotal role in shaping

social norms, maintaining order, and transmitting cultural values across generations

(Case, 1995).

Furthermore, integrating Durkheim's concept of social facts into the study of

folklore establishes a connection between the significance of folklore and its influence

on societal behavior. This link underscores how folklore acts as a form of social

control by shaping individuals' beliefs, attitudes, and actions within a community.

Through this perspective, the Aswang legend can be viewed as a tool for reinforcing

collective values, fostering social cohesion, and guiding behavior in alignment with

cultural norms.

Additionally, the theory of "Folklore as Social Control" aligns with the

broader understanding of folklore as serving functions within society. Folklore not

only entertains or expresses culture but also acts as a potent instrument for

maintaining social order and regulating conduct. By acknowledging folklore's role in

social control, researchers can delve deeper into how myths and legends like the

Aswang contribute to shaping individual behavior, upholding societal norms, and

preserving cultural heritage (Abrahams, 1978).

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Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
TANDAG NATIONAL SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
Tabon-tabon, Quezon, Tandag City
HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES STRAND

Psychological Impact of Folklore theory delves into how stories, myths, and

legends like the Aswang in Filipino culture can influence individuals' emotions,

thoughts, and behaviors. This theory explores the psychological responses evoked by

folklore narratives, such as fear, curiosity, or fascination, and how these responses

shape individuals' perceptions and actions within a cultural context. By examining the

psychological effects of folklore on individuals who believe in or are exposed to tales

of supernatural beings like the Aswang, researchers can gain insights into how these

narratives impact human cognition and behavior (Bronner, 2021).

Moreover, the "Psychological Impact of Folklore" theory emphasizes the role

of folklore in shaping individuals' mental frameworks and belief systems. Folklore

stories often contain moral lessons, warnings, or explanations for natural phenomena

that can influence how individuals perceive the world around them. The psychological

impact of folklore extends beyond entertainment value to encompass deep-seated

beliefs, fears, and cultural norms that shape individuals' identities and behaviors.

Understanding how folklore narratives like the Aswang legend interact with

individuals' psychological processes provides valuable insights into the intricate

relationship between storytelling, culture, and human psychology (Puligsi et al.,

2016).

Furthermore, the theory of the "Psychological Impact of Folklore" highlights

how folklore can serve as a mirror reflecting societal values, fears, and aspirations. By

analyzing the psychological responses elicited by folklore

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Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
TANDAG NATIONAL SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
Tabon-tabon, Quezon, Tandag City
HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES STRAND

narratives like the Aswang legend, researchers can uncover underlying cultural

themes and collective anxieties present within a community. The psychological

impact of folklore goes beyond individual experiences to reveal broader patterns of

belief, emotion, and cognition that contribute to the rich tapestry of cultural heritage

and identity. Exploring how folklore influences mental health perceptions and

behaviors offers a nuanced understanding of how storytelling traditions shape human

psychology and societal dynamics (Barre, 1948).

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Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
TANDAG NATIONAL SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
Tabon-tabon, Quezon, Tandag City
HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES STRAND

Conceptual Framework

Challenges of an Old
Woman Comprehensive
Lived Experiences Understanding of the
Collection and
of an Old Woman Coping Mechanisms
Analysis of Data
Experiencing the of an old, cursed
Through:
curse of an Aswang Woman throughout
 Interview her experiences
 Recording and
Transcription

Figure 1. Schematic Diagram of the Study

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Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
TANDAG NATIONAL SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
Tabon-tabon, Quezon, Tandag City
HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES STRAND

Statement of the Problem

The study was designed to know the experiences of an old woman of how she

handled the situations regarding the curse of an aswang. Specifically, this study seeks

to answer the following questions:

1. How do elderly Filipinos experience and cope with the Aswang curse, and what

rituals do they use to ward off its influence?

2. What are the psychological and emotional impacts of the Aswang curse on

elderly Filipinos, and how do they disclose their experiences to prevent its influence?

3. How do Filipino cultural beliefs in supernatural beings like the Aswang affect

elderly individuals' daily lives and coping strategies, and what role do rituals and

customs play in mitigating the effects of such mythical encounters?

Scope and Limitations of the Study

This study will encompass the duration of the 2nd semester of the Academic

Year 2023-2024 and will be conducted in Barangay San Isidro, Tandag City, Surigao

Del Sur. The primary focus will be on an elderly woman who has been cursed by an

'aswang'. The participant will be asked questions regarding their experiences,

challenges, and strategies for handling the situation. Interviews will be conducted

with the explicit consent of the participant, and confidentiality will be strictly

maintained throughout the study.

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Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
TANDAG NATIONAL SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
Tabon-tabon, Quezon, Tandag City
HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES STRAND

Significance of the Study

The findings of this study will be used to examine and know the experiences

of an elderly woman who has been cursed by an aswang, after acquiring all vital

information, this would be beneficial to the following:

Folklore Enthusiasts. The study provides insights into the mythological

dimension of Filipino folklore, offering a deeper understanding of the "aswang"

phenomenon and its cultural significance.

Cultural Preservationists. The study highlights the importance of

preserving and documenting traditional beliefs and practices, which are often

overlooked in modern society.

General Public. The study can raise awareness about the "aswang"

phenomenon and its cultural significance, promoting a better understanding and

appreciation of Filipino folklore.

Future Researchers. The results of this will be a source of information for

another research study. Also, this can be a source of information for future purposes

as the main primary source.

Definition of Terms

Aswang. The "aswang" is a mythical creature in Filipino folklore known for

its shape-shifting abilities and reputation for preying on humans, particularly pregnant

women, and children.

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Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
TANDAG NATIONAL SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
Tabon-tabon, Quezon, Tandag City
HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES STRAND

Curse. Is a supernatural or magical invocation intended to bring harm,

misfortune, or suffering upon a person, often believed to be inflicted through

ritualistic or supernatural means.

Folklore. Refers to the traditional stories, beliefs, customs, and practices

passed down orally or through cultural traditions within a particular community or

society, often reflecting the values, customs, and worldview of the people.

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Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
TANDAG NATIONAL SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
Tabon-tabon, Quezon, Tandag City
HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES STRAND

References Cited

Abrahams, R. D. (1978). Towards a Sociological Theory of Folklore: Performing

Bering, J. (2006). The folk psychology of souls. Behavioral and Brain Sciences,
29(5), 453-462. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x06009101

Bronner, S. J. (2021). The (Re)Cognition of Folklore: A History and Philosophy.

Case, C., & Farrell, R. A. (1995). Myth, Allegiances, and the Study of Social Control.
The American Sociologist, 26(1), 62–75. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27698714
Joyce, M. (2018). The vampires our age deserves: 21st century forms of ancient evil.
Etropic Electronic Journal of Studies in the Tropics, 17(1).
https://doi.org/10.25120/etropic.17.1.2018.3645

La Barre, W. (1948). Folklore and Psychology. The Journal of American Folklore,

Puligsi, Reed, & Campus. (2016). Running head: DOES FOLKLORE CREATE A
FRAMEWORK FOR MENTAL HEALTH? escholarship.org. Retrieved
March 3, 2024.

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