EXPECTATION AFTER FINISHING THE COUSRE

1. Recognize examples of mechanical systems in which the application of the principles

discussed in this book is necessary to complete their design.
2. List what design skills are required to perform competent mechanical design.
3. Describe the importance of integrating individual machine elements into a more
comprehensive mechanical system.
4. Describe the main elements of the product realization process.
5. Write statements of functions and design requirements for mechanical devices.
6. Establish a set of criteria for evaluating proposed designs.
7. Work with appropriate units in mechanical design calculations both in the U.S.
Customary Unit System and in SI metric units.
8. Distinguish between force and mass, and express them properly in both unit systems.
9. Present design calculations in a professional, neat, and orderly manner that can be
understood and evaluated by others knowledgeable in the field of machine design.

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MACHINE DESIGN PROJECT
Machine design is an important part of engineering applications, but,

A. WHAT IS A MACHINE ELEMENT?

 Machine elements, components or parts are the smallest unit of a machine.

 Each element is a separate part of the machine and it may have to be designed
separately and in assembly.
 Each element in turn can be a complete part or made up of several small pieces
which are joined together by riveting, welding, screw etc. E.g. carburetors

1) General purpose elements are common to several different machines serving

diverse applications and hence, they are known as general purpose elements.
For instance, bearings, couplings, axles, nuts, keys, bolts, shafts, and so on.
2) Special purpose elements are used for specific purposes of machine, and hence,
known as special purpose and application elements. For example, connecting
rods and piston are used in compressors and engines, while blades are utilized
in blowers and turbines. Also, push roads, crankshaft, cylinder, cam shafts, are
other examples (Norton, 2010).

B. WHAT IS A MACHINE?

 Machine is the devise that comprises of the stationary and/or moving parts
combined together to:
 Generating Mechanical Energy;
 IC Engines, Turbines (Gas, Steam & Water), etc.…
 Transforming Mechanical Energy;
 Electric Generators, Hydraulic Pumps, etc.…
 Utilizing Mechanical Energy;
 Lathe Machine, washing Machine, etc.…
 All the machines are made up of elements or parts and units.
 Several machine parts are assembled together to form what we call as
complete machine.

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C. WHAT IS MACHINE DESIGN

CONCEPTS OF MACHINE DESIGN

Design is essentially a decision-making process. If we have a problem, we need
to design a solution. In other words, to design is to formulate a plan to satisfy a
particular need and to create something with a physical reality.

Consider for an example, design of a chair.

A number of factors need be considered first:

a) The purpose for which the chair is to be designed such as whether it is to be

used as an easy chair, an office chair or to accompany a dining table.
b) Whether the chair is to be designed for a grownup person or a child.
c) Material for the chair, its strength and cost need to be determined.
d) Finally, the aesthetics of the designed chair.

Almost everyone is involved in design, in one way or the other, in our daily lives
because problems are posed and they need to be solved.

 The designers consider different factors and come to certain conclusions leading
to an optimum design. Market survey gives an indication of what people want.
Existing norms play an important role. Once a critical decision is made, the rest
of the design features follow.

For example, once we decide the engine capacity, the shape and size, then the
subsequent course of the design would follow. A bad decision leads to a bad design
and a bad product.

 Machine Design is defined as the use of scientific principles, technical

information and imagination in the description of a machine or a mechanical
system to perform specific functions with maximum economy and efficiency.
 Design is an innovative and highly iterative process.

Mechanical design is the process of designing and/or selecting mechanical

components and putting them together to accomplish a desired function.

Machine Design or Mechanical Design can be defined as the process by which

resources or energy is converted into useful mechanical forms, or the
mechanisms so as to obtain useful output from the machines in the desired form
as per the needs of the human beings.

The subject Machine Design is the creation of new and better machines and
improving the existing ones.
A new or better machine is one which is more economical in the overall cost of
production and operation.
The process of design is a long and time consuming one. From the study of
existing ideas, a new idea has to be conceived.

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Machine design can lead to the formation of the entirely new machine or it can
lead to up-gradation or improvement of the existing machine.

D. CLASSIFICATION OF MACHINE DESIGN

1. Adaptive design; In most cases, the designer’s work is concerned with
adaptation of existing designs, for example, standard products or systems
adopted for a new application. Conveyor belts, control system of machines and
mechanisms or haulage systems are some of the examples where existing
design systems are adapted for a particular use
 This type of design needs no special knowledge or skill and can be attempted
by designers of ordinary technical training. The designer only makes minor
alternation or modification in the existing designs of the product.
2. Development design; In development design to modify the existing design into
a new idea by adopting material different method. Here we start with an
existing design but finally a modified design is obtained. For example; A new
model of a car is a typical example of a developmental design
 This type of design needs considerable scientific training and design ability
in order to modify the existing designs into a new idea by adopting a new
material or different method of manufacture.
 In this case, though the designer starts from the existing design, but the
final product may differ quite markedly from the original product.
3. New design; This type of design needs lot of research, technical ability and
creative thinking. This type of design is an entirely new one but based on
existing scientific principles. No scientific invention is involved but requires
creative thinking to solve a problem. Examples of this type of design may
include designing a small vehicle for transportation of men and material on
board a ship or in a desert. Some research activity may be necessary.
 Only those designers who have personal qualities of a sufficiently high order
can take up the work of a new design.
The designs, depending upon the methods used, may be classified as follows:
1. Rational design This type of design depends upon mathematical formulae of
principle of mechanics.
2. Empirical design This type of design depends upon empirical formulae based
on the practice and past experience.
3. Industrial design This type of design depends upon the production aspects to
manufacture any machine component in the industry.
4. Optimum design It is the best design for the given objective function under
the specified constraints. It may be achieved by minimizing the undesirable
effects.
5. System design It is the design of any complex mechanical system like a motor
car.
6. Element design It is the design of any element of the mechanical system like
piston, crankshaft, connecting rod, etc.
7. Computer aided design This type of design depends upon the use of computer
systems to assist in the creation, modification, analysis and optimization of
a design.
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Need or aim of machine design
Every design process start reorganization or identification of need is outcome of
either the requirement of this content with existing system.

Where do Mechanical Engineers Do?

Example,
If the existing gearbox is too heavy or cannot sustain the actual loads, entirely
new gearbox can be designed.

But if the same gearbox has the potential to lift more loads, it can be upgraded
by making certain important changes in its design.

Components of the gearbox above are;

1. couplings 4. Bearings
2. Gears 5. Keys
3. Shafts 6. Housing

THE PURPOSE OF MACHINE DESIGN COURSE

The course in Machine Design help students understand the fundamentals of
designing the most commonly used parts, elements and units of various
machines. Small components of machine on assembling make a big machine,
hence the machine as a whole as well as its individual components have to be
designed.
The knowledge of machine design helps the designers as follows:
1. To select proper materials and best suited shapes
2. To calculate the dimensions based on the loads on machines and strength
of the material,
3. Specify the manufacturing process for the manufacture of the designed
component of the machine or the whole machine.

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MACHINE DESIGN IS THE APPLICATION:
 Mathematics
 Engineering Mechanics; Kinematics, Kinetics, Statics, Dynamics, Strength of
Materials etc.….
 Engineering Materials, mechanical technology of metals and
 Thermal Engineering; Thermodynamics, Hydraulics, Engines, Turbines, Pumps etc.…
 Electrical Engineering Theory
 Engineering drawing and
 Machine drawing: is the integral part of the machine design, since all the
components or the machines that have been designed should be drawn to
manufacture them as per the specifications. Without machine drawing the subject
of machine design is incomplete.
 Sketch  Drawing
o Rough, approximate o Precise, complete
o Communicates general shape & proportion o Sufficient to enable
o Quick, cheap fabrication or assembly
o Produced by hand or with simple tools o Not quick, not cheap
o Produced with tools, esp.
E. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS computers.

A good design may start with the consideration of following material properties:
 Static yield strength
TYPES OF MATERIALS
 Fatigue FACTOR OF SELECTION
 Cast Iron
 Creep  Availability
 Plain carbon steel
 Toughness  Alloy steel  Cost
 Ductility  Ceramic  Mechanical
 Corrosion resistance  Cast steel properties
 Rubber  Manufacturing
 Plastics, etc… considerations

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STANDARDAZATION
 The obligatory norms, to which various characteristics of a product
should conform

STANDARDIZATION
 Codes: Set of specifications for analysis, design, testing
 Standards: Set of specifications for parts, materials or processes
 Standards for materials, their chemical compositions, Mechanical
properties and Heat Treatment.
 Standards for shapes and dimensions of commonly used machine
elements.
 Standards for fits, tolerances and surface finish of Component.
 Standards for testing of products.
 Standards for engineering drawing of components

F. THE DESIGN PROCESSES

 Carefully identifying the needs and expectations of the customer prior to
beginning the design of a mechanical device.
 You can formulate these by producing clear, complete statements of functions,
design requirements, and evaluation criteria:
• Functions tell what the device must do, using general, nonquantitative statements
that employ action phrases such as to support a load, to lift a crate, to transmit
power, or to hold two structural members together.

7
• Design requirements are detailed, usually quantitative statements of expected
performance levels, environmental conditions in which the device must operate,
limitations on space or weight, or available materials and components that may
be used.
• Evaluation criteria are statements of desirable qualitative characteristics of a
design that assist the designer in deciding which alternative design is optimum—
that is, the design that maximizes benefits while minimizing disadvantages.
 Together these elements can be called the specifications for the design.

MORPHOLOGY OF DESIGN
Design morphology represents a logical sequence of activities that involved in
implementation of design process. It starts from conceptual design and ends up with the
retirement of the product. In morphology of design, at any point, you may need to go back
to a previous step. This is known as design morphology iterations.

8
G. GENERAL PROCEDURE IN MACHINE DESIGN
In designing a machine component, there is no rigid rule, the problem may
be attempted in several ways,

9
Selection of electric motor
 Discrete set of options available by catalog
o Highly dependent on mechanical usage
 Torque, speed, power
 Efficiency
 Simultaneously choose gear box
 Many types available
o one may consider AC/ DC motors

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STEP – 1: DEFINITION OF PROBLEM
what problems are we trying to solve?
The problem’s definition step consists of preparing a complete list of products.
The requirements include;
 All input parameters & constraints, like type of prime mover
 The output parameters & constraints, like capacity of the machine,
 Service life,
 Cost,
 Reliability and some others. In some cases, the overall dimensions and
weight of product are specified.

STEP – 2: SYNTHESIS
Synthesis is the process of selecting or creating mechanism for the machine
and the shape of mechanical elements, so as to get the desired output from
the given input.
For example, if you're designing a scooter. You'll have to select the mechanism
business, which is a single slider crank chain mechanism can see in the
animation.
STEP – 3: ANALYSIS OF FORCES
Analysis of forces is determination of forces acting on different parts of the
machine. So, it is necessary to draw a free body diagram of each element, and
then depending on its application the;
 Loads (static forces, force due to friction, inertial force, centrifugal force),
 Moments,
 Torques,
 Force due to thermal gradient/ variation in temperature, and so on.
In this step, a detailed analysis should be done to find out all the force.
STEP – 4: SELECTION OF MATERIAL
The basic factors which are considered in selecting materials are;
 Availability,
 Cost,
 Mechanical properties, and
 Manufacturing considerations.
So, while designing a machine we need to consider these four factors as prime
importance.
STEP – 5: DETERMINING MODE OF FAILURE
After doing all the above steps then we need to know how and at what condition
the machine will fail. And that is what we need to design in this design step.
Before considering the dimension of components, it is necessary to know the
type of failure by which the component will fail when subjected to force or

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load while in service. The machine component is said to be failed when it is
unable to perform its intended functions satisfactorily.
Types of failure; Failure due to elastic deflection, Failure due to general yielding,
Failure due to fracture.
MODES OF FAILURE TYPES;
i. Overload iv. Creep
ii. Buckling v. Fatigue
iii. Impact vi. Wear
i. Overload failure may occur under;
a) Stress exceed failure stress d) Improper use of components
b) Wrong selection of material e) Material flaws/ defects
c) Inaccuracy in design f) Changes to environment
ii. Buckling also occurs under;
a) Compressive stress in structural c) Unstable / sideways deflation
members d) Bending stresses exceed
b) Long, ‘slender’ members failure stress
iii. Impact
a) Material ‘toughness’ exceeded c) Object colliding with
(J/m2) component
b) Often unpredictable (force, d) Component colliding with
velocity, area…) object
iv. Creep
a) Stresses below failure stress c) Temperature dependent
b) Failure due to prolonged d) Impact on other components
loading
v. Fatigue
a) Stresses below failure stress c) Initiation, Propagation, Fractur
b) Failure due to cyclic loading
vi. Wear
a) Erosion – surface to surface contact, Kinetic energy, friction and heat loss
b) Affects efficiency and performance (seizing)
c) Pitting and scuffing
Next step is determining modes of failure. For example, you can see the beam
compression is the mode of failure here. So what type of failure will happen is
decided in this step.
STEP – 6: SELECTION OF FACTOR OF SAFETY
It is a load carrying capacity of a system / machine beyond the expected or
actual loads. Essentially, the factor of safety is how much stronger the system
/ machine is than it usually needs to be for an intended load.
Factor of safety is the ratio of actual load which act on the machine to the
design load.
The selection of a proper factor of safety to be used in designing any machine
component depends upon a number of considerations, such as the material,
mode of manufacture, type of stress, general service conditions and shape of
the parts.

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Before selecting a proper factor of safety, a design engineer should consider the
following points:
1. The reliability of the properties of the material and change of these
properties during service;
2. The reliability of test results and accuracy of application of these results
to actual machine parts;
3. The reliability of applied load;
4. The certainty as to exact mode of failure;
5. The extent of simplifying assumptions;
6. The extent of localized stresses;
7. The extent of initial stresses set up during manufacture;
8. The extent of loss of life if failure occurs; and
9. The extent of loss of property if failure occurs.
Each of the above factors must be carefully considered and evaluated.
Factor of safety is maximum stress upon allowable stress or permissible stress.
So, based on the material strength, one can find out the design stresses, and
again based on its application selection of factor of safety is done.
STEP – 7: DETERMINING DIMENSIONS
Determination of geometric dimensions consists of various criteria such as
yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, torsional or lateral deflection and
permissible bearing pressure are used to find out these dimensions.
On dimensions determination step, first find out all the loads forces moments
acting on the machine to determine the different types of stresses acting on
the machine.
Apply the theories of failure like maximum principle stress theory, maximum
shear stress theory distortion energy theory column mode theory, and then find
out the permissible stresses or allowable stresses that are acting on the
machine elements.
Then finally the dimension of each part will be determined.
STEP – 8: MODIFYING DIMENSIONS
Modify the dimensions of elements on the higher side, if required based on the
following;
 Selection of standard parts available in the market
 Convenience of assembly
 Convenience of manufacturing
The dimensions that you have decided will not remain permanent you'll have
to do some modification based on selecting the standard parts available in the
market.
You will have to make certain changes based on convenience of the assembly
certain changes have to be done based on convenience of the manufacturing.
STEP – 9: PREPARATION OF DRAWINGS

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The final drawing should consist of manufacturing process, material and detail
dimensions on them multiview (front top & side view) of the machine
components.
 Prepare working drawing of each elements with minimum two views if
possible.
 Prepare assembly drawing giving part numbers, overall dimensions and part
list.
 Part/components drawing which is supplied to the shop floor for
manufacturing purpose.
This step is showing the dimensions tolerances surface finish geometrical
tolerances on the drawing’s draftsman has a very crucial job to display
everything in nutshell. In the drawings as this drawing is going to go to the
production department.
He needs to show the special production requirements like heat treatment. He
needs to prepare the assembly drawings with a part list.
STEP – 10: PREPARING DESIGN REPORT
The last step is a compiling design report will give you a to set information of
everything occurred step wise in the designing of the part.

DESIGN CALCULATIONS

As you study this book and as you progress in your career as a designer, you
will make many design calculations. It is important to record the calculations
neatly, completely, and in an orderly fashion. You may have to explain to others
how you approached the design, which data you used, and which assumptions
and judgments you made. In some cases, someone else will actually check your
work when you are not there to comment on it or to answer questions. Also,
an accurate record of your design calculations is often useful if changes in
design are likely. In all of these situations, you are going to be asked to
communicate your design to someone else in written and graphic form.

To prepare a careful design record, you will usually take the following steps:
1. Identify the machine element being designed and the nature of the design
calculation.
2. Draw a sketch of the element, showing all features that affect
performance or stress analysis.
3. Show in a sketch the forces acting on the element (the free-body
diagram), and provide other drawings to clarify the actual physical
situation.
4. Identify the kind of analysis to be performed, such as stress due to
bending, deflection of a beam, buckling of a column, and so on.
5. List all given data and assumptions.
6. Write the formulas to be used in symbol form, and clearly indicate the
values and units of the variables involved. If a formula is not well known

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to a potential reader of your work, give the source. The reader may want
to refer to it to evaluate the appropriateness of the formula.
7. Solve each formula for the desired variable.
8. Insert data, check units, and perform computations.
9. Judge the reasonableness of the result.
10. If the result is not reasonable, change the design decisions and recompute.
Perhaps a different geometry or material would be more appropriate.
11. When a reasonable, satisfactory result has been achieved, specify the final
values for all important design parameters, using standard sizes,
convenient dimensions, readily available materials, and so on.

Example:

Design of Coffee Grinding Machine

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Selection of Factor of Safety

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Introduction:
The high factor of safety results in unnecessary risk of failure.
The high factor of safety results in unnecessary risk of failure. The values of
factor of safety based on ultimate strength for different materials and type of
load are given in the following table:

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Factor of Safety in Design and Engineering: The Basics

Good design engineers must consider so many factors when designing a part or
component. Design for assembly, cost, logistics, manufacturability, reliability,
and other qualities all require forethought and creativity. Perhaps one of the
most important qualities to be considered when creating parts or products is
safety...and naturally, an entire industry has cropped up around the need to
manufacture safe products and structures for consumer use. Most commonly,
you’ll hear the terms “Factor of Safety” (FoS) or “Safety Factor (SF), but there
are several definitions and calculations that may be referred to. Let’s look at
the basics of FoS for design and engineering.

“Factor of Safety” usually refers to one of two things: 1) the actual load-bearing
capacity of a structure or component, or 2) the required margin of safety for a
structure or component according to code, law, or design requirements. A very
basic equation to calculate FoS is to divide the ultimate (or maximum) stress
by the typical (or working) stress. A FoS of 1 means that a structure or
component will fail exactly when it reaches the design load, and cannot
support any additional load. Structures or components with FoS < 1 are not
viable; basically, 1 is the minimum. With the equation above, an FoS of 2 means
that a component will fail at twice the design load, and so on.

Different industries have different ideas on what a required margin of safety

should be; one of the difficulties associated with using a FoS or SF is some
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measure of ambiguity. But there are some general rules of thumb across
multiple verticals. Obviously, if the consequences of failure are significant,
such as loss of life, personal harm, or property loss, a higher FoS will be required
by design or by law. Another consideration is cost: how much extra does it cost
per part to achieve a certain FoS, and is that a viable business model?

Other factors to consider when designing parts with safety in mind

Depending on the intended use for a product, both the overall design and
individual components need to be assessed as accurately as possible for
anticipated conditions. The following considerations can help design engineers
account for real-world conditions, and create a better product.

o Intensity of stress concentrations; which components will be subjected to

more intense stress, more often?
o Is thermal cycling or extreme temperature exposure an issue? How does this
impact function, or the materials to be used?
o Is scheduled maintenance likely to occur? Will it happen regularly, and be of
similar quality each time?
o Does the combination of materials used weaken or strengthen the overall
design?
o Is it likely that wear and tear will be accelerated through consumer use (say,
regularly exceeding rated capacity, etc)? Are there controls in place to help
prevent this?
o Is the structure or component subject to deterioration through corrosion?

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Group Assignment;
1. The hood latch for an automobile.
2. A hydraulic jack used for car repair.
3. A portable crane to be used in small garages and homes.
4. A machine to crush soft-drink or beer cans.
5. An automatic transfer device for a production line.
6. A device to raise a 0.5m3 drum of bulk materials and dump the contents
into a hopper.
7. A paper feed device for a copier.
8. A conveyor to elevate and load gravel into a truck.
9. A crane to lift building materials from the ground to the top of a building
during construction.
10. A machine to insert toothpaste tubes into cartons.
11. A machine to insert 24 cartons of toothpaste into a shipping container.
12. A gripper for a robot to grasp a spare tire assembly and insert it into the
trunk of an automobile on an assembly line.
13. A table for positioning a weldment in relation to a robotic welder.
14. A garage door opener

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1. Machines generating mechanical energy:
 Internal combustion engine in which the chemical energy of the fuel is converted
into heat energy which in turn is converted into mechanical work in the form
of the rotation of the wheels of the vehicle. Some other examples of this group
of machines are gas turbines, water turbines, steam engine etc.
2. Machines transforming mechanical energy
 Electric generator in which the rotation of the shaft is converted into electrical
energy, and hydraulic pump in which the rotation energy of the rotors is
converted into the hydraulic energy of the fluid.
3. Machines utilizing mechanical energy
 lathe machine that utilizes the mechanical energy to cut metals and washing
machine that utilizes the rotation of the rotor for washing the clothes.

Factors to be considered while Designing Machine

1. Cost: Cost has always been the major factor of consideration while designing the machine
elements or machine and in this age of competition it has become more important. The
best machine design is the one which helps get the finished product with all the major
functionalities and highest possible quality at the lowest possible cost. Gone are the days
when expensive and bulky materials were used for making the machine elements.
2. High output and efficiency: Earlier machines used to be very heavy and consume lots of
power. Now the trend is of full functional machines consuming low power and giving high
output in terms of the number of the of products manufactured. Some computer controlled
machines can manufacture the components very fast and are highly efficient.
3. Strength: The machine elements or the machine should be strong enough to sustain all the
forces it is designed for so that it is not damaged or permanently deformed during its life
time. Right at the time of the designing the machine the designer should consider the force
machine can be applied to and consider all the relevant factors that could affects its life.
4. Stiffness or rigidity: The machine should be rigid enough so that under the effect of applied
forces for which it is designed there is no deformation of the machine or machine elements
beyond the specified limits. If there is excessive deformation, there are chances of the
failure of the machine elements and the whole machine.
5. Wear resistance: Wear is the removal of the material from the metallic surface when two
surfaces rub with each other. If there is more removal of the material, the component will
become weaker and eventually break. The wear of the contacting surfaces can be reduced
by the lubrication of the surfaces, increasing the strength or the hardness of the working
surfaces. The effect of wear can also be reduce by increasing the surface, so that during
the lifetime of the mating machine elements they will not fail even if there is some wearing
between them.
6. Lubrication: Lubrication between the two mating surfaces of the elements of the machine
help reducing friction between them and wearing of the two surfaces, which results in the
increase in life of the components of the machine.
7. Operational safety: For the safety of the operator of the machine, the hazard producing
things from the machine should be eliminated and the design should confirm to the safety
codes.
8. Ease of assembly: The elements of the machine should be such that the machine can be
assembled very easily. For the mass production of the complex machines like automobiles,
type writers etc, the concept of unit assemblies are common. The unit assemblies are
assembled together to form the complete machine

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9. Ease and simplicity of disassembly: Like assembly, the disassembly of the machine also
should be easy so as to easily carry out replacement of the parts, and repair and
maintenance of the machine and machine elements.
10. Ease and simplicity of servicing and control: The machine and its element should be simple
enough so that very little maintenance and servicing is required. The repair and
maintenance of the machine should be easy and cheap and simple replacements should be
available.
11. Light weight and minimum dimensions: The machine elements and machine should be
strong, rigid and wear resistant with minimum weight and least dimensions. This can be
achieved by using light weight rolled sections and hardening the metals. Using high
strength grades of cast iron and light alloys can further help getting light materials and
minimum dimensions of the machine elements. Improving the design in this direction is
very important.
12. Reliability: The reliability of the machine is a very important if the machine has to find the
huge market in the business.
13. Durability: The longer the life of the machine more it develops the reputation of being the
dependable machine and more will be its sale. Hence the right at the time of designing
reliability and durability should be given priority. For this the machine should be designed
for least maintenance requirements and long-life.
14. Economy of performance: For the proper economic performance of the machine correct
mechanical, hydraulic, thermodynamic and other principles should be applied while
designing the elements of the machine and the whole machine.
15. Accessibility: The machine elements and machine the whole should be easy to handle and
access.
16. Processability: The shape and the materials for the elements of the machine should be such
that they can the processing costs and labor costs are lowest possible.
17. Compliance with state standards: Following the standards makes designing easier and
availability of various parts faster and easier.
18. Economy of repairs and maintenance: While designing the machine elements and machine
the designing should be such that least amount of repairs and maintenance will be required
for the machine.
19. Use of standard parts: There should be maximum possible standard parts in the design of
the machine. This will help reduce the cost of the machine and ensure easy availability of
the parts. With standard parts the design can be modified easily.
20. Use of easily available materials: Materials selected for the machine elements during the
design should be available easily and lowest possible costs.
21. Appearance of the machine: While designing the machine the aesthetics and ergonomics of
the machine should be given due consideration without affecting its functionality.
22. Number of machines to be built: Designing of the machine will depend a lot on the number
of machines to be manufactured. If few numbers of machines are to be manufactured then
expensive materials and high production costs can be considered, but for the mass
production economy of the machine should be top priority.

• Functions are specified for what a product can fulfill. Functions are usually described
by nonquantitative statements. Exemplifying product functions are to charge power
on electronics (charger), clean floors (vacuum), transport objects (mobile platform), or
support loads (structure).
• Design requirements/Specifications are detailed requirements described by quantitative
statements. For example, product specifications can be defined in terms of size, weight,

20
precision, working volume, speed, or load capacity. Specifications turn into design
constraints in problem-solving processes.
• Evaluation criteria are the statements of desirable qualitative characteristics.
Evaluation criteria are treated as design objectives to optimize the solutions in
problem-solving processes. Evaluation criteria are set to maximize benefits and
minimize disadvantages of mechanical designs.

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