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    Chem2 MT 1st LT Notes

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    This document discusses key concepts in molecular chemistry including: 1) Molecules are formed by covalent bonds between atoms, which involve the sharing of electron pairs. Covalent bonds can be single, double, or triple based on the number of electron pairs shared. 2) Molecular compounds are formed between nonmetals and exist as electrically nonconducting molecules or discrete units. 3) Molecular geometry and valence shell electron pair repulsion theory are used to predict the three-dimensional arrangements of atoms in molecules and polyatomic ions.

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    Chem2 MT 1st LT Notes

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    nicolassarraga
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    This document discusses key concepts in molecular chemistry including: 1) Molecules are formed by covalent bonds between atoms, which involve the sharing of electron pairs. Covalent bonds can be single, double, or triple based on the number of electron pairs shared. 2) Molecular compounds are formed between nonmetals and exist as electrically nonconducting molecules or discrete units. 3) Molecular geometry and valence shell electron pair repulsion theory are used to predict the three-dimensional arrangements of atoms in molecules and polyatomic ions.

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    Chem2 Mt 1st Lt Notes

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    This document discusses key concepts in molecular chemistry including: 1) Molecules are formed by covalent bonds between atoms, which involve the sharing of electron pairs. Covalent bonds can be single, double, or triple based on the number of electron pairs shared. 2) Molecular compounds are formed between nonmetals and exist as electrically nonconducting molecules or discrete units. 3) Molecular geometry and valence shell electron pair repulsion theory are used to predict the three-dimensional arrangements of atoms in molecules and polyatomic ions.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    15 views3 pages

    Chem2 MT 1st LT Notes

    Uploaded by

    nicolassarraga
    This document discusses key concepts in molecular chemistry including: 1) Molecules are formed by covalent bonds between atoms, which involve the sharing of electron pairs. Covalent bonds can be single, double, or triple based on the number of electron pairs shared. 2) Molecular compounds are formed between nonmetals and exist as electrically nonconducting molecules or discrete units. 3) Molecular geometry and valence shell electron pair repulsion theory are used to predict the three-dimensional arrangements of atoms in molecules and polyatomic ions.

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    Chemistry 2nd Semester: 1st LT notes (Chapter 9)

    Molecules – are a group of atoms bound together by covalent bonds

    Covalent bond – the interatomic linkage that results from the sharing of an electron pair between
    two atoms, which have small electronegativity difference

    Molecular compounds – compounds that result from covalent bonding

    Types of Covalent Bonds

    ➢ Single
    o Shares 1 pair of valence electrons
    o Long bond length
    o Weakest
    o Lowest reactivity
    ➢ Double
    o Shares 2 pairs of valence electrons
    o Medium bond length
    o Intermediate
    o Medium reactivity
    ➢ Triple
    o Shares 3 pairs of valence electrons
    o Short bond length
    o Strongest
    o Highest reactivity

    Molecular compounds and their properties

    - Exists between two nonmetals (different or identical elements)


    - Molecule
    - Electrically nonconducting
    o Do not dissociate into ions when dissolved in water
    o Constituent atoms are bond to the molecule
    - Forces of attraction between covalent molecules are relatively weaker, hence,
    - Low melting point, low boiling point, and soft
    - Characteristics of compounds formed:
    o Contains discrete molecules
    o Solid, liquid, or gas at room temperature
    o Aqueous solution does not conduct electricity

    Polyatomic ions

    - Also known as a molecular ion


    - Is a covalently bonded set of two or more atoms

    LEDs of molecules and polyatomic ions – steps

    1. Write the chemical form of the compound


    2. Get the total valence electrons of this compound
    3. Draw a skeletal structure of the molecule. The least electronegative element is assigned as the
    central atom. The single atom in the formula is normally assigned as the central atom
    surrounded by the terminal atoms
    a. Central atom – covalently bonded to more than one atom
    b. Terminal atom – bonded to only one other atom
    4. Each bond accounts for 2 electrons. Subtract those used for the bonds from the total valence
    electrons calculated in step 2
    5. The remaining electrons are distributed to the atoms
    6. Check

    Molecular Geometry

    - Describes the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms within a molecule or polyatomic ion


    - LEDs and VSEPR (valence shell electron pair repulsion)
    o VSEPR theory suggests that electron pairs around an atom assume an arrangement in
    space that reduces the repulsions between them.

    Molecular Geometry and Electron Domain Model of Molecules

    Pattern No. of Lone No. of Shape


    Pairs Bonds
    𝐴𝐵2 0 2 Linear
    𝐴𝐵2 𝑁2 2 2 Angular/Bent/V-shape
    𝐴𝐵3 0 3 Trigonal planar
    𝐴𝐵3 𝑁 1 3 Trigonal pyramidal
    𝐴𝐵4 0 4 Tetrahedral
    𝐴𝐵5 0 5 Trigonal bipyramidal
    𝐴𝐵6 0 6 Octahedral

    Shape:
    Electronegativity

    - Can be used to predict the nature of the chemical bond


    - The higher electronegativity value of an element means that it has greater attraction for
    shared electrons in a chemical bond

    Bond Polarity

    - The larger the electronegativity difference (ΔEN) between the two atoms, the more polar the
    bond will be
    - ΔEN ≥ 1.7 Ionic bond
    - 1.7 > ΔEN > 0.4 Polar covalent bond
    - ΔEN ≤ 0.4 Nonpolar covalent bond
    - Results from the electron distribution (electron density) between atoms as a consequence of
    their electronegativities
    - Nonpolar bonds
    o Two atoms with equal electronegativities equally share the electrons, which results in an
    even electron density
    - Polar bonds
    o Unequal electronegativities result in an uneven electron distribution
    o One is partially positive and the other, partially negative
    ▪ Bond dipole – the charge separation resulting from the unequal sharing of the
    electrons (represented as ) where the arrowhead points to the more
    electronegative atom
    • The greater the electronegativity difference between the bonded atoms,
    the greater is the bond dipole

    Polarity of Molecules

    - A polar molecule always contains one or more polar bonds; but some molecules with polar
    bonds can be nonpolar overall
    - This difference can be explained by the net dipole moment
    o µ, Molecular dipole
    o Measured in debyes
    o Is affected by the shape of the molecule
    o The higher the value, the more polar is the molecule
    - Nonpolar molecules
    o Symmetrical shape (such as linear, trigonal planar, tetrahedral, octahedral, square
    planar, trigonal bipyramidal)
    o Lone pairs are present
    o 0 polarity (no difference)
    - Polar molecules
    o Can conduct electricity
    o There is a dipole moment (there is a difference)
    - The polarity of substances determines their solubility in different solvents
    o Follows the general rule “like dissolves like”
    ▪ A polar solute always dissolves in a polar solvent
    ▪ A nonpolar solute dissolves in a nonpolar solvent
    ▪ A nonpolar (or polar) solute will not dissolve in a polar (or nonpolar) solvent

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