Chapter 10 Section 4 Crossword Puzzle—America as a World Power

1 2

3 4 5

7 8

10 11

12

13 14

15

16 17

18 19

20 21

22 23

24

25 26 27

28 29

30

31

32

33

34 35

36

37
Down
Across 1. During the next decade, the United States exercised its
4. Before beginning work on the Panama Canal, the police power on several occasions. For example, when
United States had to get permission from Colombia, a 1911 rebellion in Nicaragua left the nation near
which then ruled Panama. When these negotiations bankruptcy, President _____, Roosevelt’s successor,
broke down, Bunau-Varilla helped organize a arranged for American bankers to loan Nicaragua
Panamanian ______ against Colombia. enough money to pay its debts. In return, the bankers
6. On November 3, 1903, nearly a dozen U.S. warships were given the right to recover their money by
were present as Panama declared its independence. collecting Nicaragua’s customs duties. (3 words)
Fifteen days later, Panama and the United States 2. The U.S. bankers also gained control of Nicaragua’s
signed a treaty in which the United States agreed to state-owned railroad system and its national bank.
pay Panama $10 million plus an annual rent of When Nicaraguan citizens heard about this deal, they
$250,000 for an area of land across Panama, called the revolted against President Adolfo Díaz. To prop up
_____. The payments were to begin in 1913. Díaz’s government, some 2,000 marines were sent to
10. Engineers identified two possible routes for the _____. The revolt was put down, but some marine
proposed canal. One, through Nicaragua, posed fewer detachments remained in the country until 1933.
obstacles because much of it crossed a large lake. The 3. Carranza demanded the withdrawal of U.S. troops, but
other route crossed through _____ (then a province of Wilson refused. War seemed imminent. However, in
Colombia) and was shorter and filled with mountains the end, both sides backed down. The United States,
and swamps. facing _____, needed peace on its southern border. In
11. Financial factors drew the United States further into February 1917, Wilson ordered Pershing to return
Latin American affairs. In the late 19th century, many home. Later that year, Mexico adopted a constitution
Latin American nations had borrowed huge sums from that gave the government control of the nation’s oil and
_____ to build railroads and develop industries. mineral resources and placed strict regulations on
Roosevelt feared that if these nations defaulted on their foreign investors. (3 words)
loans, Europeans might intervene. (2 words) 5. U.S. intervention in Mexican affairs provided a clear
14. The Monroe Doctrine, issued by President James model of American imperialist attitudes in the early
Monroe in 1823, had warned other nations against years of the 20th century. Americans believed in the
expanding their influence in _____. The Roosevelt superiority of free-enterprise _____, and the American
Corollary asserted, in 1904, that the United States had government attempted to extend the reach of this
a right to exercise international police power in the economic and political system, even through armed
Western Hemisphere. In 1913, President Woodrow intervention.
Wilson gave the Monroe Doctrine a moral tone. 7. Zapata—son of a mestizo peasant— was dedicated to
(2 words) _____. “It is better to die on your feet than live on your
15. Mexico had been ruled for more than three decades by knees,” Zapata told the peasants who joined him. Villa,
a military dictator, _____. A friend of the United a fierce nationalist, had frequently courted the support
States, Díaz had long encouraged foreign investments and aid of the United States. (2 words)
in his country. As a result, foreigners, mostly 8. As a result of these battles, Japan began to run out of
Americans, owned a large share of Mexican oil wells, men and money, a fact that it did not want to reveal to
mines, railroads, and ranches. While foreign investors Russia. Instead, Japanese officials approached President
and some Mexican landowners and politicians had Roosevelt in secret and asked him to mediate _____.
grown rich, the common people of the country were Roosevelt agreed, and in 1905, Russian and Japanese
desperately poor. (2 words) delegates convened in Portsmouth, New Hampshire. (2
17. The assassination of William McKinley in 1901 thrust words)
Vice-President _____ into the role of a world leader. 9. He was determined to make the United States the
Roosevelt was unwilling to allow the imperial powers predominant power in the Caribbean and Central
of Europe to control the world’s political and America. Roosevelt reminded European powers of the
economic destiny. In 1905, building on the Open Door Monroe Doctrine, which had been issued in 1823 by
notes to increase American influence in East Asia, President James Monroe. The _____ demanded that
Roosevelt mediated a settlement in a war between European countries stay out of the affairs of Latin
Russia and Japan. (2 words) American nations. (2 words)

12. With the American public demanding revenge,

18. In 1904, Russia and Japan, Russia’s neighbor in East President Wilson ordered Brigadier General _____ and
Asia, were both imperialist powers, and they were an expeditionary force of about 15,000 soldiers into
competing for control of Korea. The Japanese took the Mexico to capture Villa dead or alive. For almost a
first action in what would become the _____ with a year, Villa eluded Pershing’s forces. Wilson then called
sudden attack on the Russian Pacific fleet. To out 150,000 National Guardsmen and stationed them
everyone’s surprise, Japan destroyed it. Japan then along the Mexican border. In the meantime, Mexicans
proceeded to destroy a second fleet sent as grew angrier over the U.S. invasion of their land. In
reinforcement. Japan also won a series of land battles, June 1916, U.S. troops clashed with Carranza’s army,
securing Korea and Manchuria. (3 words) resulting in deaths on both sides. (3 words)
19. Despite Villa’s talk of friendship, when President 13. In 1911, Mexican peasants and workers led by _____
Wilson recognized Carranza’s government, Villa overthrew Díaz. Madero promised democratic reforms,
threatened reprisals against the United States. In but he proved unable to satisfy the conflicting demands
January 1916, Carranza invited American engineers to of landowners, peasants, factory workers, and the urban
operate mines in northern Mexico. Before they reached middle class. (2 words)
the mines, however, Villa’s men took the Americans 16. On August 15, 1914, the canal opened for business, and
off a train and shot them. Two months later, some of more than 1,000 merchant ships passed through during
Villa’s followers raided Columbus, New Mexico, and its first year. U.S.-Latin American relations, however,
killed 17 Americans. Americans held _____ had been damaged by American support of the rebellion
responsible. in Panama. The resulting ill will lasted for decades,
22. Although Carranza had called for the constitution of despite Congress’s paying _____ $25 million in 1921 to
1917, he failed to carry out its measures. Instead, he compensate the country for its lost territory.
ruled oppressively until 1920 when a moderate named 17. The Japanese wanted Sakhalin Island, off the coast of
_____ came to power. Obregón’s presidency marked Siberia, and a large sum of money from Russia. Russia
the end of civil war and the beginning of reform. refused. Roosevelt persuaded Japan to accept half the
(2 words) island and forgo the cash payment. In exchange, Russia
24. Roosevelt based his Latin America policy on a West agreed to let Japan take over Russian interests in
African proverb that said, “Speak softly and carry a Manchuria and Korea. The successful efforts in
big stick.” In his December 1904 message to Congress, negotiating the _____ won Roosevelt the 1906 Nobel
Roosevelt added the _____ to the Monroe Doctrine. Peace Prize. (3 words)
He warned that disorder in Latin America might “force 20. The Taft administration followed the policy of using the
the United States . . . to the exercise of an international U.S. government to guarantee loans made to foreign
police power.” In effect, the corollary said that the countries by American businesspeople. This policy was
United States would now use force to protect its called _____ by its critics and was often used to justify
economic interests in Latin America. keeping European powers out of the Caribbean. (2
(2 words) words)
28. The United States pursued and achieved several 21. As early as 1850, the United States and Britain had
foreign policy goals in the early 20th century. First, it agreed to share the rights to such a canal. In the _____
expanded its access to foreign markets in order to of 1901, however, Britain gave the United States
ensure the continued growth of the domestic economy. exclusive rights to build and control a canal through
Second, the United States built a modern navy to Central America. (3 words)
protect its interests abroad. Third, the United States 23. The Huerta regime soon collapsed, however, and
exercised its international _____ to ensure dominance _____, a nationalist leader, became president in 1915.
in Latin America. (2 words) Wilson withdrew the troops and formally recognized
31. By the time Roosevelt became president, many the Carranza government. (2 words)
Americans, including Roosevelt, felt that the United 25. The first meeting took place on the presidential yacht.
States needed a canal cutting across Central America. _____ had a charming way of greeting people with a
Such a canal would greatly reduce travel time for grasp of the hand, a broad grin, and a hearty “Dee-
commercial and military ships by providing a shortcut lighted.” Soon the opposing delegates began to relax
between the _____ oceans. (3 words) and cordially shook hands.

26. In the late 1800s, a _____ company had tried to build a

33. Prior to this policy, the United States recognized any canal in Panama. After ten years, the company gave up.
government that controlled a nation, regardless of that It sent an agent, Philippe Bunau-Varilla, to Washington
nation’s policies or how it had come to power. to convince the United States to buy its claim. In 1903,
Wilson’s policy pressured nations in the Western the president and Congress decided to use the Panama
Hemisphere to establish democratic governments. route and agreed to buy the French company’s route for
Almost immediately, the _____ put Wilson’s policy to $40 million.
the test. (2 words) 27. After two years, General _____ took over the
34. Carranza was in charge, but like others before him, he government. Within days Madero was murdered.
did not have the support of all Mexicans. Rebels under Wilson refused to recognize the government that Huerta
the leadership of Francisco “Pancho” Villa and _____ formed. He called it “a government of butchers.” (2
opposed Carranza’s provisional government. words)
(2 words) 29. Wilson adopted a plan of “watchful waiting,” looking
35. Construction of the _____ ranks as one of the world’s for an opportunity to act against Huerta. The
greatest engineering feats. Builders fought diseases, opportunity came in April 1914, when one of Huerta’s
such as yellow fever and malaria, and soft volcanic officers arrested a small group of American sailors in
soil that proved difficult to remove from where it lay. Tampico, on Mexico’s eastern shore. The Mexicans
Work began in 1904 with the clearing of brush and quickly released them and apologized, but Wilson used
draining of swamps. (2 words) the incident as an excuse to _____ in Mexico and
36. By 1913, the height of the construction, more than ordered U.S. Marines to occupy Veracruz, an important
43,400 workers were employed. Some had come from Mexican port. Eighteen Americans and at least 200
Italy and Spain; three-quarters were blacks from the Mexicans died during the invasion.
British West Indies. More than 5,600 workers on the 30. The incident brought the United States and Mexico
canal died from _____. The total cost to the United close to _____. Argentina, Brazil, and Chile stepped in
States was about $380 million. (3 words) to mediate the conflict. They proposed that Huerta step
37. According to Wilson’s “_____,” the United States had down and that U.S. troops withdraw without paying
a moral responsibility to deny recognition to any Latin Mexico for damages. Mexico rejected the plan, and
American government it viewed as oppressive, Wilson refused to recognize a government that had
undemocratic, or hostile to U.S. interests. (2 words) come to power as a result of violence.
32. As U.S. and _____ interests expanded in East Asia, the
two nations continued diplomatic talks. In later
agreements, they pledged to respect each other’s
possessions and interests in East Asia and the Pacific.