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GA ANKUR BANSAL
[Link] IIT DELHI
10 Years teaching experience in GATE Chemical Engg.
Most experienced f acuity in this field
Assignment P L E
S I M
ofE
A D
E M
Heat Transfer
A T
G
Q1. Consider two hollow metal cylinders A and B
L E
P
having different lengths. The difference between the

M
S I
inner and outer radii of A is 8 units of length whereas
the outer radius is 5 times the inner radius. For B, the

E
difference in radii is 6 units and the outer radius is

D
A
thrice that of the inner radius. Which of the two has

M
the larger mean radius responsible for heat transfer?

E
(a) A

T
(b) B

A
G
(c) Same for both
(d) Depends on length of cylinders
Ans. (b)
L E
Sol.

M P
For cylinder A,

S I
E
𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑜 − 𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑖 = 8

A
𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑜
=5
D
M
𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑖

E
The mean radius responsible for heat transfer is given by

A T 𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑜 − 𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑖 8

G
𝑟𝑟𝑚𝑚 = 𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑜 = = 4.97 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢
ln ln 5
𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑖
For cylinder B,
L E
𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑜 − 𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑖 = 6
M P
𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑜
=3
S I
E
𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑖

A D
The mean radius responsible for heat transfer is given by

E
𝑟𝑟𝑚𝑚 =
M
𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑜 − 𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑖
𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑜 =
6
= 5.46 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢

T
ln ln 3

A
𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑖

G
L E
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Q2. A composite wall is made of two slabs A and B of different
L E
P
materials placed in series. Slab A has a thickness thrice that of slab

M
S I
B whereas the specific heat capacities are different. The thermal
𝑘𝑘𝐴𝐴 1

E
conductivities of the slabs are in the ratio given as = . What
𝑘𝑘𝑏𝑏 3

A D
can be said about the temperature differences Δ𝑇𝑇𝐴𝐴 and Δ𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵
across the two slabs just after the heat transfer starts?
(a) 𝛥𝛥𝑇𝑇𝐴𝐴 < 𝛥𝛥𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵

E M
T
(b) 𝛥𝛥𝑇𝑇𝐴𝐴 = 𝛥𝛥𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵

A
c 𝛥𝛥𝑇𝑇𝐴𝐴 > 𝛥𝛥𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵

G
(d) Insufficient data
Ans. (c)
L E
Sol.

M P
For steady state heat conduction,

S I
E
𝑄𝑄 Δ𝑇𝑇𝐴𝐴 Δ𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵

D
= 𝑘𝑘𝐴𝐴 = 𝑘𝑘𝐵𝐵

A
𝐴𝐴 𝑙𝑙𝐴𝐴 𝑙𝑙𝐵𝐵

M
𝑘𝑘𝐵𝐵 Δ𝑇𝑇𝐴𝐴 Δ𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵
= 𝑘𝑘𝐵𝐵

E
3 3𝑙𝑙𝐵𝐵 𝑙𝑙𝐵𝐵

A T
From here, . Δ𝑇𝑇𝐴𝐴 = 9Δ𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵

G
L E
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L E
Q3. Two slabs A and B are arranged in series normal to the

P
direction of heat flow. Slab A has a thermal conductivity k

M
I
and a thickness equal to t and slab B has a thickness of 4t.

S
What should be the value of thermal resistance offered by

E
slab B such that the overall conductivity of the setup

D
becomes 0.75k?

A
12𝑘𝑘

M
(a)
17

E
17𝑡𝑡
(b)

T
12𝑘𝑘

A
17𝑡𝑡
(c )
3𝑘𝑘

G
3𝑡𝑡
(d)
17𝑘𝑘
Ans. (c)
L E
Sol.

M P
For a temperature
arrangement,
drop of Δ𝑇𝑇

S I
across the series

𝑄𝑄
D EΔ𝑇𝑇

A
= 𝑡𝑡 𝑡𝑡
𝐴𝐴

M
𝑏𝑏
+
𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘𝑏𝑏

E
Now, for the overall conductivity of the setup to be 0.75k,

T
GA Δ𝑇𝑇
𝑡𝑡 4𝑡𝑡
+
=
Δ𝑇𝑇
5𝑡𝑡
𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘𝑏𝑏 0.75𝑘𝑘
𝑡𝑡 4𝑡𝑡 5𝑡𝑡
L E
P
+ =

M
𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘𝑏𝑏 0.75𝑘𝑘
From here, we obtain 𝑘𝑘𝑏𝑏 =
12𝑘𝑘
17
S
= 0.706 𝑘𝑘
I
E
Thus, the resistance offered by the slab B is

D
A
4𝑡𝑡 17𝑡𝑡

M
𝑅𝑅𝑏𝑏 = =
12𝑘𝑘 3𝑘𝑘

E
17

A T
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L
Q4. A pipe carrying a hot fluid at 400 K is insulated with a
E
P
polymer coating having a conductivity of 500 mW/m-K. This

M
I
pipe loses heat to the atmosphere at 300 K. Assuming a heat

S
transfer coefficient of 10 W/m2K and the insulation thickness

E
to be 10 cm, which of the following statements is true?

D
MSQ Type

A
(a) The heat loss rate is greater than that for uninsulated pipe

M
(b) The heat loss rate is smaller than that for uninsulated

E
pipe

T
(c) The heat loss rate is greater than that for 5 cm insulation

A
(d) The heat loss rate is smaller than that for 5 cm insulation

G
Ans. (b), (d)
L E
Sol.

M P
I
The critical thickness for insulation is given by

S
E
𝑘𝑘

D
𝑟𝑟𝑐𝑐 =
ℎ
For the given case,

M A
E
0.5
𝑟𝑟𝑐𝑐 = = 0.05 𝑚𝑚 = 5 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐

T
10

GA
Thus, the critical thickness of insulation is 5 cm.
L E
P
This implies that the heat transferred for a 10 cm

M
I
insulation is less than that for an uninsulated pipe.

S
E
Since 10 cm is greater than the critical thickness of

D
insulation, the rate of heat lost is smaller for this

A
thickness than that for 5 cm.

M
TE
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L E
Q5. Consider the following arrangement of slabs. Slabs A, B,

P
C, D have equal thickness and equal resistance, k. What

M
I
should be the resistance of slab E such that the overall

S
resistance becomes equal to k?

D E
M A
TE
GA
5𝑘𝑘

L E
P
(a)
3

IM
3𝑘𝑘
(b)

S
5
(c) 3𝑘𝑘
(d) 𝑘𝑘

D E
M A
TE
GA
Ans. (a)
L E
Sol.

M P
I
Slab A is in series with the parallel combination of B and C.

S
E
Slab A, parallel combination of B and C, and slab D are in series.

D
The resultant of slab A, parallel combination of B and C, and slab D is in
parallel to slab E.

M A
Thus, the net thermal resistance is calculated as

TE
GA
L E
P
−1
1 1
+ = 𝑅𝑅𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛

I M
−1 𝑅𝑅𝐸𝐸
1 1
𝑅𝑅𝐴𝐴 + + + 𝑅𝑅𝐷𝐷

S
𝑅𝑅𝐵𝐵 𝑅𝑅𝐶𝐶

E
−1

D
1 1
+ = 𝑘𝑘

A
−1 𝑅𝑅𝐸𝐸
1 1

M
𝑘𝑘 + + + 𝑘𝑘
𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘

E
5𝑘𝑘

T
Upon simplifying, we get 𝑅𝑅𝐸𝐸 =
3

GA
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Q6. A slab of thickness 0.5 m having one side
L E
P
insulated and the other side maintained at a

M
S I
temperature of 400 K has a uniformly distributed
internal heat source producing heat at the rate of 10

E
Watts per cubic meter. Assuming the heat conduction

D
A
to be one directional, i.e., in the x-direction, where

M
does the maximum temperature occur?

E
(a) X = 0.25 m

T
(b) X = 0.5 m

A
G
(c) X = 0 m
(d) X = 0.375 m
Ans. (c)
L E
Sol.

M P
I
From the steady state heat conduction, we have
𝑑𝑑 2 𝑇𝑇 𝑆𝑆

E S
+ =0

D
𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥 2 𝑘𝑘

A
Where S is the rate of heat generation and k is the

M
conductivity.

E
𝑑𝑑 2 𝑇𝑇 𝑆𝑆

T
= −
𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥 2 𝑘𝑘

GA
Upon integrating,
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑆𝑆
= − 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑐𝑐
𝑘𝑘
We also have
L E
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

M P
I
𝑄𝑄 = −𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
0, = 0
E S
At x = 0, wall is insulated. Thus, Q = 0 and hence, 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥 =

D
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

A
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑆𝑆
= − 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑐𝑐

M
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑘𝑘

E
𝑐𝑐 = 0

T
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑆𝑆

A
∴ = − 𝑥𝑥

G
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑘𝑘
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
The maximum temperature occurs where = 0, i.e., at x=0
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
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L E
Q7. Consider a case of steady state heat generation in

P
a copper wire of length 2 m and a diameter of 2 mm.

M
S I
The heat is generated at a rate of 50 W due to the
heating effect of electric current. The wire is

E
insulated with PVC having a thickness of 1 mm and

D
A
having a thermal conductivity of 0.1 W/m-K. Assuming

M
that the ambient temperature is 300 K and the heat

E
transfer coefficient of 5 W/m2K, the temperature at

T
the interface between the wire and the insulation is

A
G
____ (rounded off to the nearest integer).
Ans. (724-746)
L E
Sol.

M P
S I
Let the temperature at the interface between the wire and
the insulation be 𝑇𝑇1 and the temperature at the outer
surface of the insulation be 𝑇𝑇2

D E with the ambient

A
temperature being 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜 .

M
The rate of heat transfer through the insulation is given by

TE 𝑇𝑇1 − 𝑇𝑇2 𝑇𝑇1 − 𝑇𝑇2

A
𝑄𝑄 = = = 50
1 𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑜 1 0.002

G
ln ln
2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑖 2𝜋𝜋 0.1 2 0.001
This gives
L E
𝑇𝑇1 − 𝑇𝑇2 = 27.579 𝐾𝐾

M P
S I
The rate of heat lost to the surroundings is given by

E
𝑄𝑄 = ℎ𝐴𝐴 𝑇𝑇2 − 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜 = (5)(2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋) 𝑇𝑇2 − 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜

A D
50 = (5)(2𝜋𝜋(0.002)(2)) 𝑇𝑇2 − 300

M
𝑇𝑇2 = 697.88 𝐾𝐾

E
This gives 𝑇𝑇1 = 725.466 𝐾𝐾

A T
G
L E
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Q8. A brick wall of thickness 40 cm has a thermal
L E
P
conductivity of 1 W/m.K. It is required to insulate it

M
S I
with stone wool such that the heat transfer across
the wall gets reduced by 50%. Assuming that the

E
same temperature difference is maintained across the

D
A
wall before and after insulating and assuming the

M
thermal conductivity of the insulation to be 0.25

E
W/m.K, the thickness of insulation required is ____ cm

T
(rounded off to the second decimal place).

A
G
Ans. 10 cm
L E
Sol.

M P
applied is given by
S I
The rate of heat lost per unit area before insulation is

𝑄𝑄1 Δ𝑇𝑇
D E Δ𝑇𝑇 Δ𝑇𝑇

A
= = =
𝐴𝐴 𝑙𝑙𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 0.4 0.4

M
𝑘𝑘𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 1

E
The rate of heat lost per unit area after insulation is applied

T
A
is given by

G 𝑄𝑄2
𝐴𝐴
=
Δ𝑇𝑇
=
Δ𝑇𝑇
𝑙𝑙𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 0.4 𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
+
𝑘𝑘𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝑘𝑘𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 1
+
0.25
Now,
L E
𝑄𝑄2 𝑄𝑄1

M P
I
= 0.5

S
𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴

E
Δ𝑇𝑇 Δ𝑇𝑇

D
= 0.5
0.4 𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 0.4

A
+
1 0.25

E M Δ𝑇𝑇
𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
=
Δ𝑇𝑇

T
0.4 + 0.8

A
0.25

G
0.4 + 4𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 0.8
𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 0.1 𝑚𝑚
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L
Q9. For a red hot metallic object having a density of
E
8000 kg/m3 at a temperature of 900 K, the

M P
S I
characteristic length is 5 m. It is immersed in a fluid
at a temperature at 300 K. The heat transfer

E
coefficient is given as 0.05 kW/m2K. Assuming that

D
A
the object cools down to a temperature of 500 K in

M
half an hour, what is its heat capacity (rounded off to

E
second place of decimal) (in SI units)?

A T
G
Ans. 1.90 – 2.10
L E
Sol.

M P
For a metallic object immersed in a fluid at an ambient
temperature 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜 , the temperature profile is given as
S I
𝑇𝑇 − 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜

D E ℎ

A
ln =− 𝑡𝑡
𝑇𝑇𝑖𝑖 − 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌

E
ln M
500 − 300
=−
50
(1800)

T
900 − 300 8000 5 𝐶𝐶

GA −1.0986 = −
This yields 𝐶𝐶 = 2.04806 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢
2.25
𝐶𝐶
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L E
Q10. In a solid cylindrical piece of metal with heat

P
generation term Q, what can be said about the

M
at steady state?
S I
temperature distribution about the radial direction r

E
(a) The temperature profile depends on the heat

D
A
conductivity of the material

M
(b) The temperature profile is constant and depends

E
on the specific heat capacity of the material

T
(c) The temperature profile is parabolic and depends

A
G
on the heat conductivity of the material
(d) The temperature profile is parabolic and depends
on the length of the cylinder
Ans. (a), (c)

L E
P
Sol.

I M
For a solid cylindrical piece with heat generation, the temperature

S
profile is given as a function of r by the following relationship:

E
𝑄𝑄 2
𝑇𝑇 − 𝑇𝑇𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 = 𝑅𝑅 − 𝑟𝑟 2

D
4𝑘𝑘

A
This shows that the temperature varies parabolically across the

M
radial distance.

E
It can also be seen that the temperature depends on the heat

T
conductivity of the material.

A
Since this expression is for steady state, the heat capacity term is

G
not considered.
The temperature across the radial direction does not depend on
the length of the cylinder.
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Q11. In a solid cylinder of radius R with heat
L E
generation having a wall temperature of 500 K, what

M P
is the value of maximum temperature?
𝑄𝑄𝑅𝑅 2
S I
E
(a) 𝑇𝑇𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = + 250

D
8𝑘𝑘
𝑄𝑄(𝑅𝑅 2 −𝑟𝑟 2 )

A
(b) 𝑇𝑇𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = + 500
4𝑘𝑘

M
𝑄𝑄𝑅𝑅 2
(c ) 𝑇𝑇𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = + 500

E
4𝑘𝑘

T
(d) 𝑇𝑇𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 500

GA
Ans. (c)
L E
Sol.

M P
The temperature profile is given by

S I
E
𝑄𝑄 2
𝑇𝑇 − 𝑇𝑇𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 = 𝑅𝑅 − 𝑟𝑟 2

D
4𝑘𝑘

A
From here,

E M 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
=−
𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄

T
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2𝑘𝑘

A
For max temperature,

G 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= 0 ⇒ 𝑟𝑟 = 0
Thus, the maximum value of temperature occurs at the
L E
center of the cylinder.

M P
The value of max temp is given for r = 0 by

S I
E
𝑄𝑄 2
𝑅𝑅 − 02 + 𝑇𝑇𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤

D
𝑇𝑇 =
4𝑘𝑘

M A
𝑇𝑇𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 =
𝑄𝑄𝑅𝑅 2
4𝑘𝑘
+ 𝑇𝑇𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤

TE
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Q12. A fluid having a bulk temperature of 90 0C is
L E
P
flowing over a hot plate at a temperature of 200 0C.

M
S I
Assuming that the ratio of thermal conductivity of the
fluid and the heat transfer coefficient has a value of

E
20 in SI units, what is the value of temperature

D
A
gradient at the surface of the plate?

E M
A T
G
Ans. (5.4 – 5.6)
L E
Sol.

M P
I
The heat transferred per unit area from the hot plate to

E S
the fluid occurs due to both convection and conduction.
The amount of heat transferred per unit area due to
convection is given by

A D
M
𝑄𝑄
= ℎ(𝑇𝑇𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 − 𝑇𝑇𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 )

E
𝐴𝐴 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐

A T
The amount of heat transferred per unit area due to
conduction is given by

G 𝑄𝑄
𝐴𝐴 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
= −𝑘𝑘
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤
From the conservation of energy,

L E
𝑄𝑄 𝑄𝑄

M P
I
=
𝐴𝐴 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝐴𝐴

S
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐

ℎ 𝑇𝑇𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 − 𝑇𝑇𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏

D E = −𝑘𝑘
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

A
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤

M
𝑘𝑘
= 20

E
ℎ

T
200 − 90 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

A
=−
20 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

G
𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤
Thus,
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 5.5 0 𝐶𝐶
=
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤
𝑚𝑚
L E
M P
S I
D E
M A
TE
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L E
Q13. A fluid flowing at a velocity of 25 m/s and having

P
a kinematic viscosity of 2 m2/s is flowing over a solid

M
S I
plate. Considering the von Kerman analysis to be
applicable to this case, what is the thickness of

E
thermal boundary layer in metres at a distance of 2 m

D
A
from the leading edge, if the value of Prandtl number

M
is 0.8? (rounded off to the second place of decimal)

TE
GA
Ans. (2.05 – 2.125)
L E
Sol.

M P
S I
The thickness of the hydrodynamic boundary layer at a
distance x from the leading edge is given by
𝛿𝛿
D E
4.64

A
=
𝑥𝑥 𝑅𝑅𝑒𝑒𝑥𝑥

M
Where the local Reynolds number is given by

E
A T 𝑅𝑅𝑒𝑒𝑥𝑥 =
𝑢𝑢0 𝑥𝑥 2
= 25 ∗ = 25

G
𝜈𝜈 2
Thus, the thickness of hydrodynamic boundary layer is
L E
4.64

M P
I
𝛿𝛿 = ∗ 2 = 2 𝑚𝑚

S
25

E
The thickness of HBL and thermal boundary layer is

D
related by

M A 𝛿𝛿𝑡𝑡
= 1
1

E
𝛿𝛿
𝑃𝑃𝑟𝑟 3

A T 𝛿𝛿𝑡𝑡 =
2
1 = 2.15 𝑚𝑚

G
0.83
L E
M P
S I
D E
M A
TE
GA
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Q14. Which of the following statements about
L E
dimensionless numbers are incorrect?

M P
I
MSQ Type question

E S
(a) Nusselt number is the ratio of rate of conductive heat
transfer in the fluid to that of convective heat transfer in
the fluid

A D
M
(b) Nusselt number is the ratio of resistance to
conductive heat transfer in the solid to resistance to

TE
convective heat transfer in the fluid

A
(c) Biot number is the ratio of resistance to conductive

G
heat transfer in the solid body to resistance to
convective heat transfer in the fluid
(d) Nusselt number is the same as Biot number
Ans. (a), (b) & (d)
L E
Sol.

M P
S I
The Nusselt number is the ratio of rate of convective heat
transfer to that of conductive heat transfer.

D E
Biot number is the ratio of resistance to conductive heat

A
transfer to the resistance to convective heat transfer.

E M
A T
G
Q15. For air having a bulk velocity of 5 mm/s and a
L E
kinematic viscosity of 10-5 m2/s,
P
moving over a solid

M
S I
plate, what is the value of shear stress in Nano
pascals at the wall at a distance of 20 cm from the

E
leading edge if the density of air at room temperature

D
A
is assumed to be 1.5 kg/m3?

E M
A T
G
Ans. (1245)
L E
Sol.

M P
The local skin friction coefficient is given by

S I
E
0.664
𝐶𝐶𝑓𝑓𝑥𝑥 =

D
𝑅𝑅𝑒𝑒𝑥𝑥

𝐶𝐶𝑓𝑓𝑥𝑥 =
M A
0.664
=
0.664
= 0.0664

E
𝑢𝑢0 𝑥𝑥 (0.005)(0.2)

T
𝜈𝜈 10−5

GA
From the definition of skin friction coefficient,
L E
𝜏𝜏𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤

M P
I
𝐶𝐶𝑓𝑓𝑥𝑥 =

S
1 2
𝜌𝜌𝑢𝑢0
2

0.0664 =
D E 𝜏𝜏𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤

A
1
1.5 0.005 2

M
2
−9
∴ 𝜏𝜏𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 = 1245 ∗ 10 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃

TE
GA
L E
M P
S I
D E
M A
TE
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Q16. For air having a bulk velocity of 5 mm/s and a
L E
kinematic viscosity of 10-5 m2/s,
P
moving over a solid

M
S I
plate, what is the value of shear stress in Nano
pascals at the wall at a distance of 20 cm from the

E
leading edge if the density of air at room temperature

D
A
is assumed to be 1.5 kg/m3?

E M
A T
G
Ans. (1.22 – 1.14)
L E
Sol.

M P
I
For the initial case, the heat load is calculated using

S
E
𝑄𝑄 = 𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈 Δ𝑇𝑇𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙

D
In this case, the area is found to be

M A 𝐴𝐴1 =
𝑄𝑄

E
𝑈𝑈Δ𝑇𝑇𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙

T
After the correction factor is considered,

GA
𝑄𝑄 = 𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈 (Δ𝑇𝑇𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 ∗ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 )
L E
𝑄𝑄

M
𝑄𝑄
P
I
𝐴𝐴2 = =

S
𝑈𝑈Δ𝑇𝑇𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 ∗ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑈𝑈Δ𝑇𝑇𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 ∗ 0.88

E
The ratio of 𝐴𝐴2 and 𝐴𝐴1 is given as

A
𝐴𝐴2
=
1
D
= 1.136

M
𝐴𝐴1 0.88

TE
GA
L E
Q17. Which of the following statements is/are true for heat transfer

P
processes involving phase change at critical temperatures? MSQ

I M
type

S
(a) For a condensation process, the LMTD for a counter current
heat exchanger is greater than that for a co-current heat
exchanger.

D E
A
(b) For a condensation process, the LMTD for a counter current
heat exchanger is smaller than that for a co-current heat
exchanger.

E M
(c) For a condensation process, the LMTD for a counter current

T
heat exchanger is the same as that for a co-current heat

GA
exchanger.
(d) For a boiling process, the LMTD for a counter current heat
exchanger is the same as that for a co-current heat exchanger.
Ans. (c) & (d)
L E
Sol.

M P
S I
In case of evaporators and condensers, the temperature of
the hot fluid remains the same after phase change, the

E
mode of flow does not matter. This is to say that the

D
A
analysis for both modes gives the same result.

E M
A T
G
L
Q18. A metal cylinder of diameter 0.4 m and length of
E
P
1 m having a surface temperature of 325 K is exposed

M
S I
to black body surroundings at 315 K. The emissivity of
the metal surface is 0.95. if the rate of heat transfer

E
is 150 W, what is the absorptivity of the surroundings

D
A
(rounded off to the second decimal place)? Assume

M
that no heat transfer takes place at the circular faces.

TE
GA
Ans. (0.85 – 0.87)
L E
Sol.

M P
The area of the cylinder is given by

S I 2

E
𝐴𝐴 = 𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 = 𝜋𝜋 0.4 1 = 1.257 𝑚𝑚

D
The rate of heat transfer per unit area is given by
𝑄𝑄
=
M A
150
= 119.366 𝑊𝑊/𝑚𝑚2

E
𝐴𝐴 1.257

T
From Stefan-Boltzmann law of heat transfer,

GA
Ans. (0.85 – 0.87)
L E
Sol.

M P
𝑄𝑄
= 4
𝜎𝜎𝑏𝑏 𝜖𝜖𝑇𝑇1 −
S I 4
𝛼𝛼𝑇𝑇2

E
𝐴𝐴 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟

D
−8 4 4
119.366 = 5.67 ∗ 10 0.95 325 − 𝛼𝛼 315

𝛼𝛼 =
1

M A
0.95 325 −4
119.366

E
3154 5.67 ∗ 10−8

T
𝛼𝛼 = 0.863

GA
L E
Q19. Two metallic sheets, one a disc of diameter 0.5

P
m and the other being a square of side 0.5 m, are

M
S I
both maintained at a temperature of 398 K. If the
fraction of energy emitted by the disc that reaches

E
the square is 0.4, what is the fraction of energy

D
A
leaving the square that is received by the disc,

M
rounded off to second decimal place?

TE
GA
Ans. (0.30 – 0.32)
L E
Sol.

M P
net energy exchange is zero.
S I
Since both the objects are at the same temperature, the

D E
∴ 𝜎𝜎𝑇𝑇 4 𝐴𝐴1 𝐹𝐹12 − 𝐴𝐴2 𝐹𝐹21 = 0
Or,

M A
𝐴𝐴1 𝐹𝐹12 − 𝐴𝐴2 𝐹𝐹21 = 0

TE 𝐴𝐴1 𝐹𝐹12 = 𝐴𝐴2 𝐹𝐹21

GA 𝐴𝐴1 𝐹𝐹21
=
𝐴𝐴2 𝐹𝐹12
Area of the disc is given by
L E
2
𝜋𝜋𝑑𝑑 𝜋𝜋 0.25

M P
I
𝐴𝐴1 = = = 0.196

S
4 4

E
Area of the square is

D
2 2
𝐴𝐴2 = 𝑙𝑙 = 0.5 = 0.25

M A
The surface shape factor 𝐹𝐹12 = 0.4

E
Thus,

A T
0.196
=
𝐹𝐹21

G
0.25 0.4
𝐹𝐹21 = 0.314
Q20. An evaporator concentrates a feed of 20% salt
L E
P
solution. The feed rate is 5 kg/s at 298 K. Outlet

M
S I
steam leaves the evaporator at a rate of 2 kg/s. If the
boiling point of the solution is 380 K and the specific

E
heat capacity of solution is 4 kJ/kgK and the rate at

D
A
which the heat is supplied is 5.84*103 kJ/s, the latent

M
heat of vaporization is ____.

TE
GA
Ans. (2100)
L E
Sol.

M P
From overall heat balance,

S I
E
𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 𝐹𝐹𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 Δ𝑇𝑇 + 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉

D
3
5.84 ∗ 10 = 5 4 380 − 298 + 2𝜆𝜆

M A 𝜆𝜆 = 2100 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

TE
GA