REVIEWER IN HISTORY of friars.

 Human rights for Filipinos, such as freedom of speech,

freedom of the press, and freedom to meet and petition
for redress of grievances.
 The Propagandists
CHAPTER 17: PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT AND THE KATIPUNAN o MARCELO H. DEL PILAR – lawyer and journalist
o JOSE RIZAL – physician and novelist
 The propaganda movement started because of the determination of the o GRACIANO LOPEZ-JAENA – greatest orator of the
Filipinos to fight the evils of Spanish rule because of the martyrdom of Propaganda Movement.
GOMBURZA. o MARIANO PONCE – medical student and biographical writer
 PROPAGANDIST – patriots who waged their movements by means of o JUAN LUNA AND FELIX RESURRECION HIDALGO –
pen and tongue to expose the defects of Spanish rule in the Philippines and masters of the brush
the urgency of reforms to remedy them. o DR. PEDRO A. PATERNO – lawyer and man-of-letters
 Rise of Propaganda Movement. o ANTONIO LUNA – pharmacist and essayist
o Because of the condition of the Philippines that went from bad o PEDRO SERRANO LAKTAW – teacher-tutor of Prince
to worse, Filipino exiles of 1872 and many patriotic students Alfonso de Bourbon
abroad banded together and consecrated themselves to the o JOSE MA. PANGANIBAN – linguist and essayist
work of promoting the welfare and happiness of their
o FERNANDO CANON – engineer and political writer
fatherland.
o JOSE ALEJANDRINO – engineer and political writer
o It began in 1872, when GOMBUZA were executed at the
o ISABELO DE LOS REYES – folklorist and newspaper man
Luneta, and ended in 1896.
o DOMINADOR GOMEZ – physician and orator.
 Reforms Desired by the Propaganda Movement
 Foreign Friends of the Propaganda Movement
o The following are the reforms they asked:
o FERDINAND BLUMENTRITT – Austrian professor, scholar,
 Equality of Filipinos and Spaniards before the laws.
and Dr. Rizal’s best friend
 Assimilation of the Philippines as a regular province of
o DON JUAN ATAYDE – retired army officer; founder of
Spain
 Restoration of the Philippine representation in the Circulo Hispano-Filipno and publisher of the newspaper
Spanish Cortes Revista del Circulo Hispano-Filipino
 Filipinization of the Philippine parishes and expulsion
o MIGUEL MORAYTA – statesman, historian, journalist, and thrown to prison.
Rizal’s professor at the Central University of Madrid.  La Solidaridad, Organ of the Propaganda Movement
o FRANCISCO PI Y MARGALL – statesman and former o LA SOLIDARIDAD – a fortnightly newspaper founded by
president of the First Spanish Republic. Graciano Lopez-Jaena in Barcelona on February 15, 1889.
o EMILIO JUNOY – journalist and member of the Cortes o The aims of this newspaper are:
o MANUEL RUIZ ZORILLA – parliamentarian and leader of  To portray vividly the deplorable conditions of the
the Spanish Republican Party Philippines
 The Anti-Friar Manifesto of 1888  To work peacefully for political and social reforms
o March 1, 1888 – Manila was rocked by a tumultuous event –  To combat the evil forces of medievalism and reaction
the anti-friar demonstration of hundreds of Filipinos patriots.  To advocate liberal idea and progress
o DOROTEO CORTES – the Manila patriotic lawyer who led  To champion the legitimate aspirations of the Filipinos
the anti-friar demonstration for democracy and happiness.
o MARCELO H. DEL PILAR – secret assistant of Cortes o It was printed in Barcelona from February 15 to October 31,
o JOSE A. RAMOS – a London-educated rich merchant who is 1889, after which it was moved to Madrid, where it was printed
also a secret assistant of Cortes. from November 15, 1889 until its last issue on November 15,
o The demonstrations were composed of many demonstrators 1895.
o M. H. del Pilar replaced Jaena as its editor on December 15,
including many gobernadorcillos of the town. They marched
through the city streets of Ayuntamiento and formally 1889.
submitted to acting Civil Governor Jose Centeno of Manila o Contributors of La Solidaridad
Province.  MARCELO H. DEL PILAR (PLARIDEL)
o “LONG LIVE THE QUEEN! LONG LIVE THE ARMY!  DR. JOSE RIZAL (LAON LAAN)
DOWN WITH FRIARS!” – the title of the manifesto  MARIANO PONCE (NANING, KALIPULAKO, OR
o PEDRO PAYO – the anti-Filipino Archbishop who was being TIGBALANG)
 ANTONIO LUNA (TAGA-ILOG)
denounced along with other bad friars by the manifesto.
 JOSE MA. PANGANIBAN (JOMAPA)
o This manifesto requested the expulsion of the friars from the
 DR. PEDRO A. PATERNO
Philippines.
 ANTONIO MA. REGIDOR
o It results to vengeance of powerful friars by persecuting the
 ISABELO DE LOS REYES
leaders and signers of the manifesto, having them arrested ad
 EDUARDO DE LETE
 JOSE ALEJANDRINO o EL FOLK-LORE FILIPINO and HISTORIA DE ILOCOS –
 PROFESSOR BLUMENTRITT books authored by Isabelo de los Reyes
 DR. MORAYTA o CELEBRES FILIPINOS – a series written by Mariano Ponce.
 Literature of the Propaganda Movement o NOLI ME TANGERE and EL FILIBUSTERISMO – two of
o NINAY – the first Filipino novel written by Dr. Pedro A. the greatest novels published by Rizal
Paterno and was published at Madrid in 1885 o LA VISION DEL FREY RODRIGUEZ – written by Rizal in
o SAMPAGUITA – a volume of melodious poems (Madrid, which he exposed the stupidities and imbecilities of Frey Jose
1880) Rodriguez, first friar to attack the Noli.
o LA ANTIGUA CIVILIZACION TAGALOG – a historical o POR TELEFONO – written also by Rizal in which he
book (Madrid, 1887) lampooned Fray Salvador Font, who wrote the report of
o EL PROGRESO DE FILIPINAS – a book authored by censorship commission banning the Noli.
Gregorio Sanciango, an economist and also a doctor of laws.  Masonry and the Propaganda Movement
o DASALAN AT TUKSOHAN (1880), LA SOBERANIA o Masonry played a significant role in the Propaganda
MONACAL EN FILIPINAS (1888), and LA Movement.
FRAILOCRACIA FILIPINA (1889) – classic satirical o REVOLUCION – the first Filipino Masonic lodge founded by
pamphlets written by M. H. del Pilar. Lopez-Jaena in Barcelona and was recognized on April, 1889
o FRAY BOTOD – a satirical novelette that ridiculed the by the Grande Oriental Espanol headed by Don Miguel
Spanish friars who became very fat for eating too much and Morayta.
living in luxury at the expense of poor Filipinos whom they  It did not last long. It died out after Lopez Jaena
abused, written by Lopez-Jaena. resigned as Worshipful Master on November 29, 1889
o EN TINIEBLAS – an article published by Lopez-Jaena that o LODGE SOLIDARIDAD – organized by M. H. del Pilar with
lambasted the biased Spanish writers for their absurdities. the help of Julio Llorente in Madrid. It was prospered so that
o IMPRESIONES – a collection of essays describing the customs other Filipinos joined it.
of the Spaniards in Madrid written by Antonio Luna. o JULIO LLORENTE – Lodge Solidaridad’s first worshipful
o LA UNIVERSIDAD DE FILIPINAS: PLAN DE ESTUDIOS master
– a critical essay written by Jose Ma. Panganiban which o SERRANO LAKTAW – the founder of Lodge Nilad in Manila
exposed the defects of the Church-dominated education in the on January 6, 1892. He was sent by M. H. del Pilar with the
Philippines. consent of the Grande Oriente Espanol to the Philippines to
established the Lodge Nilad. o The aims of the league are:
o LODGE NILAD – the first Filipino Masonic lodge in the  Union of the archipelago into a compact, vigorous, and
Philippines homogenous body.
 Mutual protection in all cases of pressing necessity
 Defense against all violence and injustice
 Asociacion Hispano-Filipina
 Encouragement of education, agriculture, and
o ASOCIACION HISPANO-FILIPINA – organized by the commerce.
Filipino propagandist and their Spanish friends in Madrid in  Study and application of reforms
January 12, 1889 for the purpose of securing reforms for the o “UNUS INSTAR OMNIUM” – the motto of the league which
Philippines. means “ONE LIKE ALL”.
o DON MIGUEL MORAYTA – the president of Asociacion o The officers of the league are:
Hispano-Filipina
 PRESIDENT – AMBRIOSIO SALVADOR
o GENERAL FELIPE DE LA CORTE – the vice president
 FISCAL – AGUSTIN DE LA ROSA
o DOMINADOR GOMEZ – the secretary  TREASURER – BONIFACIO AREVALO
o It was divided into three sections;  SECRETARY – DEODATO ARELLANO
 POLITICAL SECTION – headed by M. H. del Pilar o Among the members were:
 LITERARY SECTION – headed by M. Ponce  ANDRES BONIFACIO
 RECREATION SECTION – headed by Tomas Arejola  APOLINARIO MABINI
 Liga Filipina  MAMERTO NATIVIDAD
o LIGA FILIPINA – conceived by Rizal while living in Hong  AMBROSIO RIANZARES BAUTISTA
Kong using his idea of establishing civic association composed  MOISES SALVADOR
of Filipinos.  JOSE A. DIZON
o JOSE MA. BASA – an exile who helped Rizal in writing its  DOMINGO FRANCO
constitution.  TIMOTEO PAEZ
o JUNE 26, 1892 – Rizal conferred with Governor General  ARCADIO DEL ROSARIO
Despujol; he succeeded in obtaining a pardon for his family,  NUMERIANO ANDRIANO
but failed to secure sanction for his project to establish a  TIMOTEO LANUZA
Filipino colony in Borneo.  DOROTEO ONGJUNCO
o JULY 3, 1892 – the date of foundation of Liga Filipina o Rizal was arrested by Order of Governor General Despujol
three days after the foundation of Liga Filipina. address where the secret meeting is held.
o JULY 14, 1892 – Rizal was exiled to Dapitan, Mindanao until o KATAASTAASAN, KAGALANGGALANG KATIPUNAN
1896. NG MGA ANAK NG BAYAN (KKK) – secret revolutionary
 End of the Propaganda Movement society founded during the secret meeting.
o Rizal’s deportation to Dapitan proved to be the swan song of o The aims of the KKK were:
the Propaganda Movement.  To unite the Filipinos
o The Liga Filipina collapsed and the radical Andres Bonifacio  To fight for the Philippine independence
and other radical members separated from it because they were o The emergence of the Katipunan is significant in history
disenchanted by the peaceful campaign. because:
o LOS COMPROMISARIOS – new group organized by the  It marked the end of the peaceful campaign for reforms
conservative Liga members. It includes: and the beginning of a militant revolutionary
 DOMINGO FRANCO movement.
 NUMERIANO ANDRIANO  The Filipino people, in despair, no longer aspired for
 AMBROSIO RIANZARES BAUTISTA mere reforms, but for complete independence.
 TIMOTEO PAEZ  Katipunan Government
 APOLINARIO MABINI o Katipunan is a government itself.
 The Founding of the Katipunan o It had two constitutions, the first one promulgated in 1892 and
o ANDRES BONIFACIO the second in 1894.
 He did not join the Compromisarios who were o The central government was vested in a Supreme Council or
conservative intellectuals and affluent merchants Kataastaasang Sanggunian with the following councils:
because he was both poor and a man of action and  President
radical views.  Fiscal
 He firmly believed that the happiness and welfare of the  Secretary
Filipino people could not be achieved by peaceful  Treasurer
requests for reforms, but by violent revolution.  Comptroller
o JULY 7, 1892 – Andres Bonifacio and some patriotic friends o Each province has Provincial Council, and each town has
who were radicals like him, met secretly in the house occupied Popular Council.
by Deodato Arellano. o DEODATO ARELLANO – the first president of the
o NO. 72 AZCARRAGA STREET, TONDO, MANILA – the Katipunan.
o JUDICIAL COUNCIL/SANGGUNIANG HUKUMAN – a  KAWAL – the second grade of Katipunan. They wear a
secret chamber where the judicial power of Katipunan was green mask and a sash of the same color at the meeting.
resided and passed judgment over those members who violated A green ribbon with a medal on which is inscribed the
the secrets of the society and decided differences arising among Malayan letter K is suspended from their neck. Their
the brethren. password is GOMBURZA.
o The Supreme Council of the Katipunan was composed of the  BAYANI – the third grade of the Katipunan. They wear
following: a red mask and sash both bordered with green at the
 ANDRES BONIFACIO – SUPREMO meeting. Their password is RIZAL.
 EMILIO JACINTO – SECRETARY OF STATE  The Women in the Katipunan
 TEODORO PLATA – SECRETARY OF WAR o To be admitted in the Katipunan, a woman should be a wife, a
 BRICIO PANTAS – SECRETARY OF JUSTICE daughter, or a sister of a Katipunero.
 AGUEDO DEL ROSARIO – SECRETARY OF o It is estimated that about 25 women became members of the
INTERIOR secret society.
 ENRIQUE PACHECO – SECRETARY OF FINANCE o Among the women members of the Katipunan were:
 Katipunan Membership  GREGORIA DE JESUS (LAKAMBINI) – Bonifacio’s
o Originally, members of Katipunan were recruited by the means wife
of TRIANGLE SYSTEM.  MARIA DIZON – wife of Katipunero Jose Turiano
o Bonifacio formed the first triangle with his two comrades Plata Santiago and Emilio Jacinto’s cousin.
and Diwa.  BENITA RODRIGUEZ – the one who made the
o The triangles system proved to be clumsy and complicated, so Katipunan flag and Katipunero Restituto Javier’s wife.
that it was abolished after December, 1892, and new converts  SIMEONA DE REMEGIO – Katipunero Tomas
were initiated into the secret society by the use of secret rites Remegio’s wife
borrowed from Masonry.  JOSEFA AND TRINIDAD RIZAL – sisters of Dr.
o There were three grades of membership within the Katipunan Rizal
ranks which are:  DELFINA HERBOSA and ANGELICA LOPEZ – Dr.
 KATIPUN – the first grade of Katipunan. They wear Rizal’s nieces.
black mask with a triangle formed by white ribbons and  MARTA SALDAÑA
letters at the meeting. They carry side arms, revolver, or o The valuable services rendered by the women of Katipunan
bolo. Their password was ANAK NG BAYAN. are:
 They guarded the secret papers and documents of the o Some of the writings of Jacinto are:
society at the risk of their life.  KARTILLA – the teachings of the Katipunan.
 They usually made merry, singing, and dancing with  LIWANAG AT DILIM – a series of articles of human
some of the men in the living room when the Katipunan rights, liberty, equality, labor, and love of country.
held a session in a certain house so that the Civil  A LA PATRIA – a poem he wrote before his death in
Guards were misled to believe that there was merely a 1897.
harmless social party going on. o DR. VALENZUELA
 They were helpful in recruiting more members of the  Helped Bonifacio and Jacinto in editing the
Katipunan. KALAYAAN, the Katipunan newspaper.
 Literature of the Katipunan  He also wrote “KATWIRAN?”, an essay addressed to
o The three writers of the Katipunan were: the motherland.
 ANDRES BONIFACIO  He collaborated with Bonifacio in the article SA MGA
 EMILIO JACINTO KABABAYAN.
 DR. PIO VALENZUELA
o They wrote stirring literature to excite the people’s patriotism
 “Kalayaan”, Organ of the Katipunan
and to arouse their patriotic spirit.
o FRANCISCO DEL CASTILLO and CANDIDO IBAN – two
o Some of the writing of Bonifacio are:
patriotic Filipinos from Visayas who generously donated a
 PAG-IBIG SA TINUBUANG BAYAN – a mediocre
money used by the Katipunan in 1894 to buy an old handpress.
poem of patriotic sentiment.
o The types used in printing were purchased from Isabelo de los
 KATUNGKULAN GAGAWIN NG MGA Z. LL. B. –
a decalogue of the Katipunan Reyes, and many were stolen from the press of the Diario de
 ANG MABATID NG MGA TAGALOG – a politico- Manila by Filipino employees who were members of the
historical essay. Katipunan.
o EMILIO JACINTO o FAUSTINO DUQUE and ULPINAO FERNANDEZ – two
patriotic printers who printed the KALAYAAN, the organ of
 a young law student at the University of Sto. Tomas,
the Katipunan, under Jacinto’s supervision.
and the youngest (19 y/o) and the most intellectual
o The first issue came out in January 1896.
katipunero.
 He became the adviser of Bonifacio. o About 1000 copies were issued, some of which fell into the
 He is known as the “Brain of the Katipunan”. hands of the Spanish authorities.
 First Cry of Philippine Independence o MAY 1896 – a delegate of Katipunan members conferred with
o During the Holy Week in 1895, Bonifacio and a party of a visiting Japanese naval officer and the Japanese consul at a
katipuneros reconnoitered the mountains of Montalban in Japanese bazaar in Manila.
search of a good hideout where they could hold their secret o MORITORI TAGAWA – the interpreter who married a
meetings. Among these Katipuneros were: Filipino woman of Bocaue, Bulacan, and a friend of
 EMILIO JACINTO Valenzuela.
 AURELIO TOLENTINO o It was a good reason that the Katipunan solicited Japan’s aid
 FRANCISCO CASTILLO and alliance.
 CANDIDO IBAN o Bonifacio tried to purchase arms and ammunitions in Japan,
 GUILLERMO MASANGKAY but failed for lack of funds.
 FRANCISCO MANALAK  The Katipunan Prepares for War
 PEDRO ZABALA o Mid-1896 – the Katipunan was preparing to strike for the
o APRIL 10, 1895 – the date when the first cry of Philippine freedom.
Independence happened o By 1896, it is estimated that the Katipunan is estimated to
o CAVE OF BERNARDO CARPIO – the cave where Bonifacio reach about 20,000 members.
and his companions held their secret session.
 Dr. Rizal and the Katipunan o KATIPUNAN FLAG
o JUNE 1896 – Dr. Pio Valenzuela sailed for Dapitan to solicit  Had been made to be the symbol of a new nation.
Rizal’s support for the coming revolution.  Consisted of a red piece of cloth with three letters
o Valenzuela brought a blind man who was in need of Dr. Rizal’s K.K.K. arranged in a row in the center.
professional services to cover his real mission from Spanish o A war plan was also prepared by Bonifacio and Jacinto to be
authorities. the strategy of the Katipunan military operations.
o According to Valenzuela, in his Memoirs, Rizal did not agree  Discovery of the Katipunan
to the Katipunan plan of starting rebellion because the people o As the Katipunan was busy preparing for the revolution,
were not ready for it. various denunciation regarding its existence reached the
o Rizal opposed to the plan of the Katipunan to rescue him Spanish authorities.
because he had given his words to the authorities that he would o JULY 5, 1896 – Manuel Sityar, the Spanish lieutenant of the
not try to escape, and he meant to keep his words. Civil Guards stationed at the Pasig, reported the mysterious
 The Katipunan and Japan
activities of certain Filipinos who were gathering arms and successive defeat due to his military incompetency.
recruiting men for some unknown purpose. o The revolutionary movement gained new momentum after the
o AUGUST 13, 1896 – Fr. Agustin Fernandez, Augustinian replacement of Andres Bonifacio by Emilio Aguinaldo.
curate of San Pedro, Makati, wrote to Don Manuel Luengco, o Under Aguinaldo’s able leadership, it became a national
Civil Governor of Manila, denouncing the anti-Spanish revolution of the Filipino people for freedom, and which
meetings in his parish. proclaimed Philippine Independence at Kawit and established
o AUGUST 19. 1896 – the day when the Katipunan was finally the First Philippine Republic of Malolos.
discovered by the Spanish authorities.  The Cry of Balintawak
o TEODORO PATIÑO – a member of Katipunan and an o AUGUST 26, 1896 – Bonifacio rallied the katipuneros to an
employee of Diario de Manila who went to the convent of emergency meeting in Balintawak. These katipuneros were
Tondo and revealed the secrets of Katipunan to Fr. Mariano poorly-armed with bolos, bamboo spears, anting-anting or
Gil. amulets, paltiks, and a few old Remington rifles.
o Supremo Bonifacio welcomed the attendance of the patriots
and informed them of the urgency of beginning the revolution
in view of the discovery of their secret society.
o Some Katipuneros objected because of the lack of arms and
their unpreparedness of war. This opposition produced a heated
debate.
CHAPTER 18: THE PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION o Angered by the ranging debate among his men, Bonifacio
thundered: “Brothers, you know the tragic fate of our
compatriots who fell into the clutches of the Spaniards. We are
 PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION doomed men, we cannot return to our homes, for we would be
o A national struggle of the Filipino people for freedom. arrested and executed. Now what shall we do?”
o The culmination of more than 100 uprisings against Spain, all o The majority shouted “Fight”, then Bonifacio dramatically took
of which were tribal uprisings which simply fizzled in failure. out his cedula certificate, tore it to pieces and shouted “Long
o Began in the hills of Balintawak on August 26, 1896 as a Live in the Philippines!”
Katipunan revolt of Tagalog masses under Supremo Andres  First Shots of the Revolution
Bonifacio, which failed largely because of Bonifacio’s o Bonifacio and the katipuneros proceeded to the farm of
Tandang Sora at Gulod ng Banilad.
o MELCHORA AQUINO – also known as Tandang Sora, is a o AUGUST 30, 1896 – Governor General Blanco issued a
patriotic old woman who hospitably fed the famished patriots, proclamation declaring a state of war on eight Luzon provinces
for which she was later arrested by the Spanish authorities and that also represent the eight golden rays of the sun in the
exiled to Guam. present flag, which are:
o After staying for few hours, Bonifacio deployed his men  Manila
around the broken bridge spanning a brook in Pasong Tamo  Cavite
after receiving a warning that the Guardia Civil were coming.  Laguna
o The patriots attacked the guardia civil that is under the  Batangas
command of Lt. Manuel Ros.  Bulacan
 Their inferior weapons and lack of military discipline  Pampanga
were no match to the Mauser and Remington guns of  Nueva Ecija
the enemy.  Tarlac
o SIMPLICIO ACABE – a valiant katipunero who assaulted the o Blanco promised pardon for any Filipino rebel who
guardia civil soldier using his long bolo that has been shot surrendered to the Spanish authorities.
dead. He is the first casualty of the revolution.  Dr. Pio Valenzuela is one of the many patriots who
 The Battle of San Juan surrendered.
o AUGUST 30, 1896 – Bonifacio, along with his katipuneros, o The amnesty proclamation like other Spanish promises, was
rashly attacked the polverin of San Juan, which was defended not fulfilled. Those who peacefully surrendered were thrown
by 100 well-armed and trained artillerists and infantrymen. into prison.
o This battle was a woefully unequal combat.
o This battle turned out to be a massacre  Spread of Armed Resistance
o Demoralized by his heavy casualties, Bonifacio and his o Armed uprising erupted in Pasig, Pateros, Taguig,
surviving men fled in disarray across the Pasig River, leaving Mandaluyong, Montalban, San Mateo, and other towns in the
153 dead comrades on the bloody field. More than 200 Politico-District of Morong.
katipuneros were taken prisoner by the victorious Spaniards. o The uprising in Cavite was more successful because the
o This battle was the first pitched battle which Bonifacio fought patriots there had the able military commanders, notably
and where he met his Waterloo. Emilio Aguinaldo and Mariano Alvarez.
 Martial Law Proclaimed by Governor Blanco  These two revolutionaries proved to be better combat
generals than Supremo Bonifacio.
o Other able military leaders in Cavite are:  The Court-Martial of the Bonifacio Brothers
 ARTEMIO RICARTE  Execution of Bonifacio Brothers
 TOMAS MASCARDO  Retreat of Biaknabato
 JUAN CAILLES  The Revolution Goes On
 VITO BELARMINO  The Biaknabato Republic
 MARIANO TRIAS  Peace Policy of Primo de Rivera
 MARCELINO AURE  The Pact of Biaknabato
o GENERAL MARIANO LLANERA – raised the “Cry of
 Aguinaldo Goes on Exile
Nueva Ecija” and attacked the Spanish garrison in San Isidro
 Violation of the Pact
on September 2, 1896.
 No Peace After Biaknabato
o DECEMBER 5, 1896 – Christian-Filipino soldiers of the 2 nd
company, Regiment No. 69, having learned of the raging
revolution in Luzon, mutinied under the leadership of Corporal
Felipe Cabrera de los Reyes and Burgler Protasio Anonuevo.
 Spanish Reign of Terror
 Twin Battles of Binakayan and Dalahican
 The Rise of General Aguinaldo
 Bonifacio Goes to Cavite
 The Magdiwang and the Magdalo Councils
 Polavieja Succeeds Blanco as Governor General
 The Execution of Dr. Rizal
 Significance of Rizal’s Martyrdom
 The Imus Assembly
 Polavieja’s All-Out Offensive
 The Tejeros Assembly
 Efforts to Overthrow the New Government
 The Naic Revolutionary Assembly
 Bonifacio’s Last Fight at Limbon