PRESENT SIMPLE / PRESENT INDEFINITE

Things which are always true.

Repeated actions or events.
Permanent situations; habits, things we do regularly:

Water boils at 100 degrees.

They drive to Monaco every summer.
Julie lives in London.
I drink coffee every morning.
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Scheduled Future / Organizational Planning:
My plane leaves at eight tonight.
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Future Simple Tense – Subordinate Clause:
To talk about the future after certain words ('when' 'until' 'after' 'before' 'as soon as', ‘unless’):
I'll call you when I get home.
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Descriptive Past:
To talk about what happened in books, plays, films; to describe past events, to tell stories.
At the end of the book, the detective catches the killer.
Then he quietly enters the classroom and sits down.

PRESENT CONTINUOUS / PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

Things which are happening at the moment of speaking:
The water is boiling now, so you can put in the pasta.
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Temporary situations:
Julie is living in Paris for a few months (usually she lives in London).
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Changing Situations:
I'm getting better and better at speaking English.
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Annoyance (usually with 'always') and irritation:
My flat mate is always leaving the kitchen in a mess!
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Definite future plans and arrangements:
I'm meeting John after class today.

PRESENT SIMPLE SIGNAL WORDS:

PART I:
Always: ‘I read before I go to bed.’
Often: ‘Her sister comes shopping with us.’
Frequently: ‘Michael visits his family.’
Sometimes: ‘You go to the gym, don’t you?’
Occasionally: ‘It rains in summer.’ დროდადრო, პერიოდულად
Seldom: ‘They ask for help.’
Rarely: ‘He goes out without his backpack.’
Hardly ever: ‘I eat pizza.’ თითქმის არ, თითქმის არასოდეს
Never: ‘Japanese people wear shoes inside.’

დააკვირდით მოცემული ზმნიზედების მდებარეობას ზმნასთან მიმართებაში.

I never listen to the news.
I never have problems.
He hardly ever sleeps.
I usually work. (ზმნის წინ)
I am never a dreamer.
I am hardly ever late.
I am usually late. (ზმნა to be-ს შემდეგ)

PART II:
Notice that the time expression can come at the start or at the end of the sentence.
every day
every week
every year
every Thursday
on Saturdays
after school
at / on the weekend

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE SIGNAL WORDS:

Notice that the time expression can come at the start or at the end of the sentence.
Today: We aren't practicing today.
right now: She's dictating a letter to her secretary right now.
Look! Look! There’s a man in the garden!
Listen! Listen! Someone’s knocking at the door.
At the moment: I’m watching TV, at the moment. She is reading Byron at the moment.
These days: Paul’s living in Cardiff, these days.
Now: What are you doing now?’
Nowadays: I think you are smoking too much, nowadays.
This semester: She is taking a computer course this semester.
This week: I am staying with a friend this week.
Nowadays: I think you are smoking too much nowadays.

1. My mother always calls / is always calling me in the middle of the night. I wish I could do something about that!
2. The accountant always makes / is always making that mistake. He should be more careful!
3. I always read / I am always reading before I go to bed.
4. I’m watching / watch TV at the moment.
5. Paul is living / lives in Cardiff these days.
6. Michael frequently visits / is frequently visiting his family.
7. I think you smoke / are smoking too much nowadays.
8. My brothers are writing / write letters every week.
9. They are renovating / renovate their kitchen this month.
10. James is a student. But he is working / works this week.
11. Our train is leaving / leaves at 9.25.
12. She is going / goes to the cinema tonight.
13. Where is she? – She is having / has a shower.
14. Successful students get / are getting scholarships.
15. The climate gets / is getting warmer.
16. The bank will close / closes at 19.00 tomorrow.
17. I am meeting / will meet John at the airport.
18. It is getting / gets darker. I’m scared.
19. Can you call back later? We are studying / study at the moment.
20. Helen always loses / is always losing her keys. Why doesn’t she keep them in her purse?!
21. I will call / call you when dinner is / will be ready.
22. Poor man! His health is declining / decline.
23. You are getting younger / get younger every day.
24. Shhh!! I‘m trying / try to concentrate!
25. Her sister is often coming / often comes shopping with us.
26. I start / will start a new project after I will finish / finish working on this project.
27. She takes / is taking a computer course this semester.
28. Japanese people never wear / are never wearing shoes inside.
29. She is from America but she is living / lives in Seoul for a few months.
30. The universe is expanding / expands.
31. You are sometimes going / sometimes go to the gym, don’t you?
32. John is always forgetting / always forgets my name. But I don’t mind it.
33. I am leaving / will leave tomorrow. Here’s my train ticket.
34. I am staying / stay with a friend this week.

STATIVE AND DYNAMIC VERBS

STATIVE VERBS:
A stative verb is a verb that describes a state, in contrast to a dynamic verb, which describes an action.
Stative verbs describe a state, a condition, or a situation rather than an action or process. These verbs often express mental states,
emotions, possession, existence, sensory perceptions, relationships, states of being and measurements.
These verbs are not usually used in Progressive/Continuous tenses. We use Simple tenses for them.
E.g. I agree with you, not I am agreeing with.

SOME STATIVE VERBS:

1. agree 8. understand 15. prefer

2. disagree 9. believe 16. think (=have an
3. like / dislike 10. remember opinion)
4. love 11. recognize 17. be
5. hate 12. belong 18. have
6. know 13. seem 19. deserve
7. realize 14. want 20. depend on

POLYSEMANTIC VERBS: STATIVE IN ONE MEANING, DYNAMIC IN ANOTHER

to be - to exist (stative) He's an excellent guitarist.
to be - to behave / to act (dynamic) You are being silly. He is being very respectful. The kids are being naughty. ქცევა, თავის დაჭერა

to think - have an opinion, to believe (stative) I think it's a fantastic idea.

to think - consider, to reason about or reflect on (dynamic) I am thinking about my friend. What are you thinking about? - I'm thinking about
my next holiday.

to have - to own/to possess (stative) He has a beautiful car.

to have – when it doesn't mean to own or possess:
He's having breakfast / lunch / dinner / a piece of cake.
We’re having a cup of tea.
He’s having a shower. She’s having a bath.
I am having a driving lesson.
We’re having a meeting / a conference.
You're having a very busy time. / a great time
I was having a chat with an old friend. / a conversation
The children are having a party.
She's having a baby next month.
I am already having problems.

to see – see/perceive with your eyes / understand (stative); I see her now, she's just coming along the road. I see (=understand) what you
mean.
to see – realize, understand (stative); I see what you're saying. მესმის, რასაც ამბობ.
to see - meet / have a relationship with (dynamic); I've been seeing my boyfriend for three years. I'm seeing Robert tomorrow. He's been
seeing the same woman for eight years.

to taste (stative) = have a certain taste (stative); The stew tastes salty. This apple tastes sour.
This soup tastes great. The coffee tastes really bitter. Coffee always tastes good in the morning.
to taste - the action of tasting (dynamic); The cook is tasting the soup. Taste (= try a little of) this and tell me if you like it.

to smell - to have a specified smell (stative); Some tobacco smells very sweet. The soup smells of garlic. The roses smelt beautiful
to smell - to sniff (dynamic)The dog was smelling around the bed. I'm smelling the rose now. (I picked the rose up and brought it to my
nose and sniffed)

to measure - have length (stative) The road measures five kilometers. The screen measures 34 inches diagonally.
to measure - to determine the size, amount, etc, of by measurement (dynamic); We are measuring the radius of the circle. I am measuring
my waistline. There is no way of measuring the damage done to morale.

to weigh - to have a certain weight (stative) The satellite weighs 15 tons. She weighs between 55 and 60 kilograms.
to weigh - to determine the weight of, as with a scale (dynamic) I am weighing the pros and cons. They are weighing the luggage. She
weighs herself three times a day.

to feel - to believe, think, or have an opinion (that) (stative); He feels he must resign. They felt that the police could not guarantee their
safety.
to feel – to perceive by touching (dynamic) The doctor is feeling my pulse. I was feeling under the bed to see if the cat was still there when
she bit me.

EXERCISE: Use the Present Simple/Indefinite or the Present Progressive/Continuous tense form of the verb in bold to complete the
sentences.
1. Some tobacco ………………… smell very sweet. smells
2. I ………………… smell the rose now. am smelling
3. The road ………………… measure five kilometers. measures
4. He ………………… be an excellent guitarist. is
5. I ………………… think about my friend. am thinking
6. He………………… have a car. has
7. He ………………… have piece of cake. is having
8. We ………………… have a class/lecture. are having
9. I ………………… think it's a fantastic idea. think
10. Look at him! He ………………… be silly. is being
11. We ………………… have a cup of tea. are having
12. He’s ………………… have a shower. is having
13. I ………………… see them. see
14. We are at a party. We ………………… have a great time! are having
15. I ………………… see what you mean. see
16. Look! The cook ………………… taste the soup. is tasting
17. She ………………… see Robert at the moment. The meeting will finish soon. is seeing
18. This apple ………………… taste sour. tastes
19. I ………………… measure the pros and cons of the situation. am measuring
20. She ………………… weigh between 55 and 60 kilograms. weighs
21. I ………………… feel he will win the election. feel

EXERCISE: Choose the correct option.

1. What are you thinking about? - I …… (think / am thinking) about my examination.
2. Who’s that? – That’s Tom Ford. He is …………. (is being / is) is an American fashion designer, film director,
screenwriter, and film producer.
3. You …………. (are / are being) funny! I can’t stop laughing.
4. …………. (am thinking / think) Maria Callas is the best opera singer of all time.
5. The soup …………. (smells / are smelling) delicious.
6. I …………. (smell / am smelling) the perfume. It’s awesome!
7. The screen …………. measures / is measuring 34 inches diagonally.
8. Please, wait. I am …………. weight / are weighing your luggage.
9. The doctor …………. is feeling / feels my pulse and he is tickling me!
10. This coffee …………. tastes / is tasting really bitter.
11. Where’s Jessica? - She ………. sees / is seeing her teacher.
12. I …………. see / am seeing what you mean. You are right!
13. Listen to her. She ………… has / is having an interesting idea.
14. Where are they? They ……………. have / are having a meeting.
15. We are at a concert and we ……………. have / are having a great time!

PRESENT PERFECT TENSES

PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
FINISHED STILL HAPPENING
I have read a book. I have been reading since 5.00 pm.

DESIRED RESULT UNWANTED RESULT / SIDE EFFECT

I have read a book. I’m ready for the class. I have been reading a book. I am tired.

FOCUS ON THE RESULT EMPHASIS ON DURATION, PROCESS

I have talked to him on the phone. I have been talking on the phone for 2 hours!
How long has he been waiting?

I have been loving dogs.

for – during
since – from a point in time - until now
since + clause in the Past Simple Tense (წინადადება მარტივ წარსულ დროში)
I have known him since I have moved to Tallin. I have known him since I moved to Tallin.
I have been feeling fresh since I have started jogging. I have been feeling fresh since I started jogging.

FORMATION:
Present Perfect Simple:
I have seen this movie.
Have I seen this movie?
I have not seen this movie.

She (He/It) has attended the meeting.

Has she attended the meeting?
She has not attended the meeting.

Present Perfect Progressive:

I have been listening to a podcast for an hour.
Have I been listening to a podcast for an hour?
I have not been listening to a podcast for an hour.

George (he/she/it) has been complaining about you.

Has George been complaining about you.
George has not been complaining about you.

Choose the correct option.

1. Monica is still studying now. She started studying 4 hours ago.
1. Monica is studying since 4 hours.
2. Monica has been cooking for 4 hours.
3. Monica has studied for 4 hours.
4. Monica has been studying since 4 hours.

2. George knows how to solve this problem. He learned how to do this in 1980.
1. George has known how to solve this problem since 1980.
2. George knows how to solve this problem since 1980.
3. George has known how to solve this problem for 1980.
4. George has been knowing how to solve this problem since 1980.

3. I am writing an essay. I started to do this 20 minutes ago.

1.I am writing an essay for 20 minutes.
2.I have written an essay for 20 minutes.
3.I have been writing an essay for 20 minutes.
4.I have been writing an essay since 20 minutes.

4. When she saw the coat, she wanted to buy it. She still wants to buy it.
1. She wanted to buy this coat since she saw it.
2. She has wanted to buy this coat since she have seen it.
3. She has been wanting to buy this coat since she saw it.
4. She has wanted to buy this coat since she saw it.

1. Betty has been writing emails since 10 o´clock.

2. The parents have been waiting since 20 minutes.
3. The pupils have been listening since this morning.
4. We haven't been waiting for hours.
5. They have they been living in London for 2 years.
6. Tommy has been working problems since lunch.
7. Jane hasn´t been phoning for 2 days.
8. The parents have been reading since they got up.
9. I have been standing here for an hour.

1. I have known her for a long time.

2. I have been working at the service station for five years.
3. It has been two months since I last saw her.
4. They have been teaching geography since last year.
5. I have been working here …….. 2017. since
6. He’s put on a lot of weight …….. he came to Germany. since
7. She’s been having a shower …….. an hour now. for
8. Alice has been married …….. March 2nd. since
9. I’ve been having this cup of coffee …….. 10 minutes now. for

EXERCISE: Choose for or since

1. I have been working here ……… (for / since) 1990.
2. She has lived here ……… (for / since) twenty years.
3. We have taught at this school ……… (for / since) 1965.
4. They have been at the hotel ……… (for / since) last Tuesday.
5. She has lived here ……… (for / since) 1980.
6. Alice has been married ……… (for / since) March 2nd.

PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE / PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

1) I (have been eating / have eaten) dinner, so let's go out.
2) I (have eaten / have been eating) dinner, so there are plates all over the table.
3) She (has been doing / has done) all her homework, so she can relax this evening.
4) She (has done / has been doing) her homework, so she's tired.
5) I (have been making / have made) a cake. Would you like some?
6) I (have been making /have made) a cake, that's why the kitchen is such a mess.
7) I know John for three years. have known (know is not used in the Continuous)
8) She’s from Mexico. But she live in Scotland for three years. has been living
9) She wait for an hour! They can’t keep her waiting so long. has been waiting
10) I read the book you recommended. I'm enjoying it, but I'm not finished. have been reading
11) I read the book you recommended. I've finished it, so we can talk about it. have read
12) One can see through the windows again. Jane (clean) them. has cleaned
13) Freddy is all wet. He (wash) the dog. has been washing
14) Can I go outside? I (do) my homework. have done
15) My eyes are red because I (cut) onions. have been cutting
16) Why are you out of breath? - I (run). have been running
17) The toaster is okay again. Dad (repair) it. has repaired
18) I am so tired, I (work) all day. have been working
19) Your shirt is clean now. Maggie (wash) it. has washed
20) Peggy is ready for her exam now. I (help) her preparing for it. have helped
21) His voice is gone now because he (shout) all morning. has been shouting

PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE / PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

1. He work in this company since 1985. has been working
2. you take part in any competitions yet? Have you taken part
3. No, I win anything yet. haven't won
4. I wait for you since two o'clock. have been waiting
5. Mary live in Germany since 1992. has been living
6. you ever play tennis? Have you ever played
7. I only play tennis once or twice. And you? have only played
8. I learn tennis for two years. have been learning
9. Why is he so tired? He play tennis for five hours. has been playing
[Link] long you learn English? have you been learning
[Link] look for the motorway for more than an hour. have been looking

EXERCISE: PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE / PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

Choose the correct option.
1. a. I’ve worked in the garden all day and now I’m tired.
b. I’ve been working in the garden all day and now I’m tired.

2. a. I’ve finished my homework. Now I’m going to watch TV.

b. I’ve been finishing my homework. Now I’m going to watch TV.

3. a. She’s worked in the garden all morning and she’s still not finished.
b. She’s been working in the garden all morning and she’s still not finished.

4. a. Why are you sweating? - I’ve cut the grass.

b. Why are you sweating? - I’ve been cutting the grass.

5. a. How many biscuits have you eaten?

b. How many biscuits have you been eating?

6. a. How long have you known her?

b. How long have you been knowing her?

7. a. How long has he seen her? - Not long, but they’re getting married next month.
b. How long has he been seeing her? - Not long, but they’re getting married next month.

8. a. I have cooked for the last two hours and now you tell me you’re not hungry!
b. I have been cooking for the last two hours and now you tell me you’re not hungry!

9. a. Why are you crying? - I’ve cut onions.

b. Why are you crying? - I’ve been cutting onions.

10. a. Has the film started yet?

b. Has the film been starting yet?

11. a. Teacher to student: Have you done your homework?

b. Teacher to student: Have you been doing your homework?

12. a. Someone has taken my dictionary!

b. Someone has been taking my dictionary!

13. a. What have you done with my keys? - I haven’t seen your keys.
b. What have you been doing with my keys? - I haven’t seen your keys.

PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE VERSUS PAST SIMPLE

Present Perfect Simple Past Simple

Unfinished state that started in the past and continues to the Finished actions and states: I knew Julie for ten years (but then
present: I've known Julie for ten years (and I still know her) she moved away and we lost touch).

A finished action in someone's life (when the person is still

A finished action in someone's life (when the person is dead): My
alive: life experience): My brother has been to Mexico three
great-grandmother went to Mexico three times.
times.

A finished action with no result in the present: I lost my keys

A finished action with a result in the present: I've lost my keys!
yesterday. It was terrible! (Now there is no result. I got new keys
(The result is that I can't get into my house now).
yesterday).

With an unfinished time word (this week, this month, today): With a finished time word (last week, last month, yesterday):
I've seen John this week. I saw John last week.

SIGNAL WORDS FOR THE PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE

 just
 yet
Negative Sentences: He has not yet decided what to do. He has not decided what to do yet.
Interrogative Sentences: Has Janet finished her homework yet?
 never
 already
 ever: Interrogative Sentences: Have you ever been there?
 so far; ამ დრომდე, აქამდე; So far, we've made £32,000. They've only sold thirteen tickets so far.
 up to now; ამ დრომდე, აქამდე; Up to now, he hasn’t called. He hasn’t called up to now.
 recently / lately; They have recently published a book. Have you seen any good films recently?

SIGNAL WORDS FOR THE PAST SIMPLE

ADVERBIAL MODIFIERS: yesterday, last summer, last week, last month, a month ago, etc. | at 4 o'clock, on Monday, in July, in 2010,
etc.

QUESTIONS ABOUT THE PAST: when, what time

ADVERBIAL CLAUSES: till he arrived / when I was at college.

1) We baked / have baked some banana bread together this morning.
2) Have you just finished work? Did you just finish work?
3) I have just eaten. I just ate.
4) We have just seen her. We just saw her.
5) The team played / has played hockey yesterday.
6) The horses galloped / has galloped across the field last week.
7) I saw / have seen a great film yesterday.
8) I didn't see / haven’t seen Peter at the party last night.
9) I travelled / have travelled to Milan last month.
10) Didn't you travel / Have you travelled to Thailand a month ago?
11) I went / have gone to bed after the party.
12) My sister has already made / already made a big cake. You can have some.
13) There has been / was an accident and now the road is closed.
14) She has learned / learnt to speak Spanish and now he speaks 5 languages.
15) She is not at home. She has gone / went to the library.
16) Where have I left / did I leave my wallet? Does anyone know where it is?
17) The kids ran / have run outside their classrooms after the bell rang.
18) We ate / have eaten a lot at the breakfast buffet this morning.
19) I drank / have drunk a whole mug of coffee yesterday.
20) Scientists have split / split the atom.
21) I have worked / worked hard this week.
22) I have known / knew Michael since high school.
23) I have known / knew Shevardnadze. He was a great politician.
24) I have never been / never was to Texas. Is it a beautiful place?
25) They have bought / bought a new car. They are proud of it.
26) We saw / have seen a lion during our jungle safari.
27) Has he just left? Did he just leave?
28) Our family laughed / has laughed till three in the morning.
29) We edited / have edited the final draft two months ago.
30) So far, I have read / read 2 articles.
31) You have changed / changed since I last saw you.
32) I have seen / saw that movie. I love it.
33) We haven’t received / didn’t receive any mail since we were retired.
34) They haven’t gone / didn’t go to the shopping center. They are at home.
35) My sister has lost / lost the key to the bathroom and we can’t shower.
36) It has rained / rained a lot this year.
37) We haven't seen / didn’t see her today.
38) My great grandfather (have) five sisters. had
39) He (live) in Manila for a year when he was a student. lived
40) Oh no! I (lose) my wallet! have lost
41) (you/see) Julie today? have you seen
42) At the weekend, they (play) football, then they (go) to a restaurant. played, went
43) I (read) six books this week. have read
44) Amy (live) in Portugal when she was young. lived
45) She (visit) her grandmother last month. visited
46) The Vandals (invade) Rome in the year 455. invaded
47) She (live) in seven different countries, so she knows a lot about different cultures. has lived
48) I (go) to the cinema last night. went
49) Ow! I (cut) my finger! have cut
50) (you/see) 'The King's Speech'? have you seen
51) John (never/understand) the present perfect. has never understood
52) She (break) her leg the day before her exam. broke
53) We (see) Oliver yesterday. Saw

1. We baked / have baked some banana bread together this morning.

2. Have you just finished work? Did you just finish work?
3. I have just eaten. I just ate.
4. We have just seen her. We just saw her.
5. The team played / has played hockey yesterday.
6. The horses galloped / has galloped across the field last week.
7. I saw / have seen a great film yesterday.
8. I didn't see / haven’t seen Peter at the party last night.
9. I travelled / have travelled to Milan last month.
10. Didn't you travel / Have you travelled to Thailand a month ago?
11. I went / have gone to bed after the party.
12. My sister has already made / already made a big cake. You can have some.
13. There has been / was an accident and now the road is closed.
14. She has learned / learnt to speak Spanish and now he speaks 5 languages.
15. She is not at home. She has gone / went to the library.
16. Where have I left / did I leave my wallet? Does anyone know where it is?
17. The kids ran / have run outside their classrooms after the bell rang.
18. We ate / have eaten a lot at the breakfast buffet this morning.
19. I drank / have drunk a whole mug of coffee yesterday.
20. Scientists have split / split the atom.
21. I have worked / worked hard this week.
22. I have known / knew Michael since high school.
23. I have known / knew Shevardnadze. He was a great politician.
24. I have never been / never was to Texas. Is it a beautiful place?
25. They have bought / bought a new car. They are proud of it.
26. We saw / have seen a lion during our jungle safari.
27. Has he just left? Did he just leave?
28. Our family laughed / has laughed till three in the morning.
29. We edited / have edited the final draft two months ago.
30. So far, I have read / read 2 articles.
31. You have changed / changed since I last saw you.
32. I have seen / saw that movie. I love it.
33. We haven’t received / didn’t receive any mail since we were retired.
34. They haven’t gone / didn’t go to the shopping center. They are at home.
35. My sister has lost / lost the key to the bathroom and we can’t shower.
36. It has rained / rained a lot this year.
37. We haven't seen / didn’t see her today.

ADJECTIVES ENDING IN -ED AND –ING

გადავიყვანოთ ზმნა Past Participle ან Present Participle ფორმაში, იმისათვის, რომ ვაწარმოოთ სწორი ზედსართავი სახელი.
I’m confuse. Can you explain that again? დაბნეული, თავგზააბნეული
That’s confuse. Can you explain that again? გაუგებარი, დამაბნეველი

We were shock to see smoke pouring out of the roof. შეძრწუნებული, შოკირებული
The book was considered shock when it was first published. შემაძრწუნებელი, სკანდალური შოკისმომგვრელი

His parents were bitterly disappoint with him. იმედგაცრუებული, გულგატეხილი

The response to our advertisement has been somewhat disappoint. იმედგამაცრუებული

I was annoy over what happened. გაღიზიანებული, გაბრაზებული

That person in front of us is so annoy. გამაღიზიანებელი

I am tire right now. დაღლილი

My flight was tire because it was a twelve-hour flight. დამღლელი

I am now inspire to do wonderful things with my life. შთაგონებული

Your speech was very inspire. ისეთი, რომელიც შთააგონებს

I was really bore during the flight მოწყენილი

For 24 hours on the flight to Australia, I was the most bore I've ever been.
It was such a long, bore flight so I was bored. მოსაწყენი
I was talking to such a bore guy at the party. He talked about himself for an hour!

John's frighten of spiders. დაშინებული, შეშინებული

Many people find spiders frighten so they're frightened when they see spiders. საშიში
My maths teacher at school was really frighten! He was always shouting at the students.

She's interest in history. დაინტერესებული

I read a really interest book about history so I was interested. საინტერესო
I think this is the most interest talk we've heard today.

We're so please that you're able to come to the wedding. მოხარული, ნასიამოვნები
I'm please to say that I'm now the proud owner of a new car!
It was please to know that the presentation had gone so well. სასიამოვნო, სიამოვნების მიმნიჭებელი
This area of France has a please climate in August.

We are excite to inform you that... აღელვებული

I'm very excite about the possibility of playing for England's first team.
The film had an excite plot. საინტერესო, ამაღელვებელი
She had some excite adventures in Egypt.

The kids are sick, I just lost my baby-sitter, and our toilet doesn’t work – no wonder I feel stress! დასტრესილი
He was feeling very stress and tired.
It was a stress day. სტრესული, სტრესისმომგვრელი

Ellen's familiarity with pop music is astonish. საკვირველი, საოცარი, გასაოცარი, განსაცვიფრებელი.
He became famous as an inventor of astonish visual and aural effects.
They looked astonish when I announced I was pregnant. (very surprised) გაოცებული, განცვიფრებული
The doctors were astonish at the speed of her recovery.

She seemed relax and in control of the situation. დასვენებული, მოთენთილი, მოდუნებული
I find swimming so relax. (making you feel relaxed) დამამშვიდებელი

I'm surprise to see you here. გაოგნებული, გაოცებული

Jacqui was pleasantly surprise to get a B for history.
It's not surprise that you're putting on weight, considering how much you're eating. საკვირველი, საოცარი, გასაოცარი, განსაცვიფრებელი
A surprise percentage of the population are illiterate.

Her teachers seem satisfy with her progress. კმაყოფილი

It's an immensely satisfy job. დამაკმაყოფილებელი, სასიამოვნო

He said he would be charm if a woman gave him flowers. მოხიბლული

We had dinner with our director and his charm wife. მომჯადოებელი, მომხიბვლელი

1. I was pleased / pleasing to know that everybody was fine.

2. The trip to Kenya was really excited / exciting. We saw so many wild animals!
3. I am interested / interesting in football.
4. This city isn't safe. I'm usually frightened / frightening when I walk alone at night.
5. My job is really stressed / stressing.
6. The movie was fascinated / fascinating.
7. Your words are inspired / inspiring.
8. I am interested / interesting in this project.
9. I’m confused / confusing. Can you explain that again?
10. This word is confused / confusing. Can you explain that again?
11. His answer was disappointed / disappointing.
12. I was annoyed / annoying over what happened.
13. My flight was very tired / tiring because it was a twelve-hour flight.
14. It's a satisfying / satisfied job.
15. I am bored / boring. Let’s do something!
16. This book is bored / boring. I need a new one.
17. She seemed relaxed / relaxing and in control of the situation.
18. I find swimming so relaxed / relaxing. (making you feel relaxed)
A RELATIVE CLAUSE: AN INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE AS CLAUSE
Choose the correct option:
1. She doesn’t know …………………
how much he loves her
how much does he love her
2. ………………… is not important.
How far from the university do you live
How far from the university you live
3. ………………… was very interesting
What questions she asked you
What questions did she ask you
4. We are accountable for …………………
what our children do
what do our children do
5. I will explain …………………
how you should prepare for the test
how should you prepare for the test
6. Will you ever tell her …………………?
what did I share with you
what I shared with you
7. I really have no idea …………………
where has he gone
where he has gone
8. It bothers me …………………
how much do you eat
how much you eat
9. Do they understand …………………
what have you done for them
what you have done for them

PAST SIMPLE PAST SIMPLE

We use the Past Simple Tense: Affirmative: I went. (2nd form)
 with actions or states that finished in the past (and are no longer true) Interrogative: Did I go?
 to talk about something that happened once in the past (I met my wife in 1983.) or Negative: I didn’t go.
something that happened several times in the past (We swam a lot while we were on
holiday.) PAST PROGRESSIVE
 when we have a finished time word (two days ago, yesterday, last week, at 2 o'clock, in Affirmative: I was working.
2003). Interrogative: Was I working?
 when the whole context/situation is in the past: to narrate an event/tell a story that happened Negative: I was not working.
in the past. The story may be introduced with the present perfect, past continuous, etc. E.
g. I've hurt my leg. I fell off a ladder while I was painting my bedroom. I called 911 and then
texted my mom. PAST PERFECT SIMPLE
 with finished actions or states in the past when we know from general knowledge that the Affirmative: I had written. (3rd form)
time period has finished. This includes when the person we are talking about is dead. E. g. Interrogative: Had I written?
Leonardo painted the Mona Lisa. The Vikings invaded Britain. Negative: I had not written.

PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

Affirmative: I had been working.
EMPHATIC “DID”
Normally, for positive sentences we do not use the auxiliary did. But if we want to emphasize something, or contradict something, we may use it. For
example: "I didn't use a spellchecker, but I did use a dictionary." Here are some more examples: "Why didn't you go to the party?" - "I did go." It did
seem a bit strange. After drinking it I did in fact feel better.

PAST PROGRESSIVE
USAGE 1:
We use the Past Progressive to:
 talk about actions happening at a specific moment in the past. We usually use it with the prepositions “at” or “on”: He was watching TV at 9
o’clock last evening.
 talk about two or more actions happening simultaneously in the past. We usually use it with “while”: He was watching TV while she was chatting
on the phone.
 to talk about actions that were happening in the past and were interrupted by another action: He was watching TV when someone knocked on
the door. “He was watching TV” is an ongoing action ⇒ we use the past continuous tense.⇒ “Someone knocked at the door” is the action that
interrupted the action “watching TV” ⇒ we use the past simple tense.
 to ‘set the scene’, to describe the background in the story written in the past tense: Example I: He was walking through the empty streets of the
city. It was raining heavily. The wind was hauling in the dark alley. He was smoking another cigarette, when he suddenly heard a gunshot.
Example II: It was a beautiful day. The sun was shining, and the birds were singing. I proposed to her, and she said yes.
 to talk about a plan in the past that didn’t/couldn’t happen. We usually use it with the verbs PLAN, HOPE, CONSIDER, THINK: He was planning
to go on a vacation, but then the pandemic happened so he had to cancel it.

USAGE 2:
We use the Past Progressive to talk about temporary events/actions happening in a period of time in the past:
John was living in London when he met his girlfriend. John moved to London, and then he met his girlfriend while he was living there. Later, he left
London.

USAGE 3:
We use the Past Progressive for repeated actions irritating the speaker (with always, constantly, forever)
Andrew was always coming late. (I don't like that.) Simple Past → Andrew always came late. (Here I don't give a comment.)
The Past Progressive here expresses the idea that something irritating or shocking often happened in the past. The concept is very similar to the
expression used to, however with a negative emotion: He was constantly talking. He annoyed everyone. I didn't like them because they were always
complaining.

CONJUNCTIONS:
Lucy came into the room while he was waiting.
When he came home, she was cooking.
As she was leaving the court, a crowd of photographers gathered around her.
As he entered the room, he saw a lot of people staring at him.

PAST PERFECT SIMPLE

An action/state that finished before another action in the past.
Example, I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went to Kauai.
Example, We had done the homework before the class started.

A state that started in the past and continued up until another action in the past.
Example, We had had that car for ten years when it broke down (When the car broke down, we still had it).

An action/state that finished before a specific time in the past.

Example, Kristine had never been to an opera before last night.
Example, By 2 pm she had written two letters.

SIGNAL WORDS:
 by the time you came home
 by 6.00 pm
 before yesterday
 until yesterday; till yesterday
 already/never

PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

When we have two actions/states in the past, for the one happening earlier:

1. UNFINISHED ACTION – ACTION STILL IN PROGRESS

Example, When he finally arrived, we had been waiting for an hour (We were still there when he arrived).

2. FINISHED ACTION - UNWANTED RESULT/SIDE EFFECT

Example, Jason was tired because he had been jogging.

3. EMPHASIS ON THE DURATION, THE PROGRESS, THE PROCESS (NOT THE RESULT)
Example, They had been talking for over an hour before Tony arrived.
Example, She had been reading all night so she decided to take a nap.

SIGNAL WORDS:
 how long
 for two hours
 all day long
 the whole day

IRREGULAR VERBS:
[Link]

PAST SIMPLE / PAST PROGRESSIVE

1. ………….. you / sleep when I came? were you sleeping
2. I went shopping yesterday, but I ………….. not / buy anything. didn’t buy
3. Who ………….. you / talk when I arrived? were you talking to
4. The train ………….. arrive and they got on. arrived
5. What ………….. he / do when you saw him? were you doing
6. It ………….. not / rain when we left the house this morning. was raining
7. I………….. (sit) in a cafe when he ………….. (call) . was sitting / called
8. When you ………….. (arrive) at the party, who ………….. (be) there? arrived / was
9. Susie ………….. (watch) a film when she ………….. (hear) the noise. was watching / heard
10. Yesterday I ………….. (go) to the library, next I ………….. (have) a swim, later I ………….. (meet) Julie for coffee. went / had / met
11. We ………….. (play) tennis when John ………….. (hurt) his ankle. was playing / hurt
12. What ………….. (they/do) at 10pm last night - it was really noisy? were they doing
13. While I ………….. text, the school bus ………….. arrive. texting / arrived
14. Cindy ………….. break her leg while she ………….. snowboard. broke / snowboarding
15. She ………….. listen to the radio while he………….. prepare breakfast. was listening/ was preparing
16. My father ………….. drive at 70 km/h when a policeman ………….. stop him. was driving / stopped
17. The girl ………….. notice that the boy ………….. watch her. noticed/ was watching
18. My dad ………….. fall off the ladder while he ………….. paint the carport. fell off / was painting
19. Nick ………….. become sick while he ………….. travel in Texas. became / was travelling
20. What ………….. you do when you ………….. heard about 9/11? were you doing / heard

PAST SIMPLE / PAST PERFECT SIMPLE

1. By the time he ………….. (arrive) at the pub, they ………….. (run) out of beer. arrived / had run
2. Before that day we ………….. (never / think) of going to Japan. had never thought
3. I ………….. (know) him for a long time before I ………….. (meet) his family. had known / met
4. They ………….. (not / know) where to meet because nobody ………….. (tell) them. didn’t know / had told
5. When he ………….. (wake up) , his mother ………….. (already / prepare) breakfast. woke up / had already prepared
6. We ………….. (go) to London because the Queen………….. (invite) us for tea. went / had invited
7. When she ………….. (start) to learn English, she ………….. (already / learn) French. started / had already learnt
8. Jane ………….. (already / type) ten pages when her computer ………….. (crash) . had already typed / crashed
9. He ………….. (do) his homework so he ………….. (be) allowed to eat with us. had done / was allowed
10. I ………….. (not / think) of going to Italy before she ………….. (suggest) it. had not thought / suggested
11. We ………….. (drink) all our water before we ………….. (realise) there wasn't any left. had drunk / realised
12. We ………….. (just / start) the test when she ………….. (tell) us there wasn't any time left! had just started / told
13. I ………….. (prepare) for my exam, so I ………….. (be) really upset when I didn't do well. had prepared / was

PAST PERFECT SIMPLE / PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

1. Peter was Sally's best friend. She ………….. (know) him all her life. had known (know is not used in the Continuous)
2. The children were wet because they ………….. (play) football in the rain. had been playing in the rain
3. I was delighted when I found my keys. I ………….. (look) for them for hours. had been looking
4. She was exhausted because she ………….. (work) since eight o'clock that morning. had been working
5. I ………….. (not / see) Jacob for several years, but I recognized him immediately. had not seen
6. I was really hungry. I………….. anything since the morning. NOT EAT had not eaten
7. I had to have a break. I ………….. so long. DRIVE had been driving
8. She didn't go to work. She ………….. a cold. CATCH had cought
9. When we moved to Park Street, the Johnsons ………….. there for ages. LIVE had been living
10. We ………….. the contract before the meeting ended. SIGN had signed
11. Ben was so sweaty because he…………... JOG had been jogging
12. Everything was white because it ………….. (snow). had snowed
13. The roads were blocked in the morning. It ………….. all night. SNOW had been snowing

PAST PERFECT SIMPLE / PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

1. Mike ………….. his friends before he went abroad for two months. (had visited)
2. Pamela ………….. for two hours before her boyfriend arrived. (had been dancing)
3. Melany ………….. her house by the time the guests arrived. (had cleaned)
4. My brother ………….. before I felt angry with him. (had apologized)
5. The athletes ………….. around the stadium for some time before they were stopped by their coach. (had been running)
6. The pirates ………….. before the rescue team arrived. (had escaped)
7. The sales manager ………….. the advantages of his product for about half an hour before I agreed to buy some samples. (had been describing)
8. I ………….. before my alarm clock rang. (had woken up)
9. The kids ………….. a lot of mess before their mother came back home from work. (had made)
10. The teacher ………….. our dictations for several minutes by the time the bell rang. (had been correcting)
11. Susan ………….. her thesis for two months before her supervisor told her that she was on the wrong path. (had been working over)
12. You ………….. the party by the time everything happened. (had left)
13. Jack ………….. online games for an hour before I came. (had been playing)
14. The new students ………….. in the classroom for 15 minutes before they realized that it was the wrong classroom. (had been waiting)

FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE (WILL / SHALL)

1. Shall – offers, suggestions (with the first person: I, we), especially in the interrogative (question) form
Shall I open the window? Shall I open the door? I shall do that for you.

2. Will – offers, suggestions

I’ll give you a ride home. (=I shall give you a ride home). He will never be alone in his struggles.

3. Will - future events we believe to be certain.

That plane will be late. It always is.
There won't be any snow. I'm certain. It's too warm.

4. Will - beliefs, opinions, hopes, predictions

With expressions:
perhaps, maybe, probably, possibly
I believe / I think / I feel / I hope / I am sure …

They will probably come.

Perhaps, they will come.
He will definitely help you.
I'll probably come back later.
He'll possibly find out when he sees Jenny.
Maybe it will be OK.
Perhaps we'll meet again someday.

5. Will - promises
I won’t tell anyone.

6. Will - predictions
Brazil’s economy will continue to grow over the next 10 years.

7. Will - spontaneous decisions

Someone’s knocking on the door. I will open.

FUTURE PROGRESSIVE TENSE

1. An action in progress at a specific time in the future

At 6.00 pm I will be studying.
When you come home, I will be sleeping.
At 10:30 tomorrow morning, we’ll be giving a presentation in English class.
He’ll be watching a football game tonight at 8.00.
Don’t call me at 6.00, because I’ll be driving home from work.
This time next week, I'll be sitting on the beach in Barbados.
2. To express the idea that an individual will be engaged in ongoing processes or activities at a specific point in the future; to refer to
various processes, tasks and activities with which one will be occupied or involved in the future
What will you be doing in five years’ time?
As a scientist, I'm excited about the potential discoveries ahead. In the next few years, I will be conducting groundbreaking research in
this field.
In a few months, I will be managing a major project for the company, so I need to prepare for that responsibility.
In a decade, I will be completing my Ph.D. and conducting research in my field.
In twenty years, I will be enjoying my leisure time, traveling, and pursuing my hobbies.

FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE TENSE

To indicate that a future action will have been completed before another future action or specific time in the future.
Note: AT is often used with the Future Continuous, and BY and BEFORE are often used with the Future Perfect.
By the time we go to the cinema, the film will have started.
I will have written a book before I’m 40.
We will have traveled to 12 different countries by 2025.

FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSE

To indicate that an action will have been in progress up to a certain point or another action in the future.
Note: BY, BY THE TIME, FOR are commonly used with the Future Perfect Continuous.

By six o'clock, John will have been baking a cake for an hour.
They will have been painting the fence for two days by Saturday.
You will have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives.
By the time she graduates, she will have been studying for 7 years.
By 7 PM, I will have been working on this project for eight hours straight.
By this time next year, they will have been living in Japan for two decades.

PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE

1. Institutional arrangements (events that are a part of a timetable, program or calendar).
The university has a day off tomorrow.
The plane takes off at six.

2. Subordinate clause of the Complex Sentence in the Future Simple Tense.

When I see her, I will tell her the truth. (When I will see her)
We’ll phone you as soon as we are ready. (as soon as we will be ready)

PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Arrangements for the future
She is meeting her aunt after the class.
We are having a Halloween party.
BE ABOUT TO
To emphasize that something will happen very soon, meaning “to be going to do something very soon”.
The boat is about to leave. Would all visitors please leave the boat right away.
We are just about to eat. Do you want to join us?

BE GOING TO
1. Plans or intentions
She is going to help you.
I am going to travel abroad.

2. Obvious future, prediction based on the present situation

It is going to rain.
You are going to be late.

1. By the time you are 30, I ........... will have lost / will lose / will be losing all your hair.
2. We won't be able to help you in 30 minutes because we ........... will have / will be having / will have had a meeting.
3. By the time the class finishes, I ........... will have answered / will answer / will be answering all the messages.
4. I ........... will have talked / will talk / will be talking to you about what you’ve done when we get home!
5. This time tomorrow I ........... will write / will have written / will be writing an essay.
6. This time next month we ........... will drink / will have drunk / will be drinking coffee on the beach.
7. They don’t understand how it happened, but they ........... will find out / will be finding out / will have found out.
8. He hurt my feelings. I ........... will never speak / will never be speaking / will have never spoken to him again!
9. If she continues eating so fast, she ........... will eat / will have eaten / will be eating all the popcorn by the time the films starts.
10. I ........... will not have told / will not be telling / will not tell you what I wish for my birthday.
11. On the weekend I ........... will be preparing / will prepare / will have prepared all day.
12. By the time you get home, Tommy ........... will leave / will have left / will be leaving.
13. After I read this book, I ........... will read / will be reading / will have read all the books of this author.
14. Can I call you in an hour? No, I ........... will practice / will be practicing / will have practiced English.
1. This time next week I ............ ski in Switzerland! will be skiing
2. Someone is calling. I ............ answer. will answer
3. We ............ have a party next week. are having
4. Sam ............ complete the proposal by the time he leaves this afternoon. will have completed
5. ............ You / wait for her when her plane arrives tonight? Will you be waiting
6. This time next week, I ............ take photographs with my new camera. will be taking
7. I ............ finish this test by 3 o'clock. will have finished
8. In an hour I ............ iron my clothes. will be ironing
9. How many countries ............ visit by the time you turn 50? will you have visited
10. The concert ............ start at 19.00. starts
11. We ............ take a walk in the park? Shall we take
12. I ............ make you a cup of tea? Shall I make
13. At 16.45 I ............ take a quiz. will be taking
14. The train ............ arrive at 12:30. arrives
15. I ............ help you with the dishes? Shall I help
16. I believe she ............ arrive on time. will arrive
17. We ............ have dinner at a seaside restaurant on Sunday. are having
18. We ............ go to the movies tonight? Shall we go
19. The English lesson ............ start at 8:45. starts
20. The museum ............ open at 10 am every day. opens
21. The train ............ depart from the station at 3 pm sharp. departs
22. The conference ............ start on Monday and ends on Wednesday. starts
23. We ............ fly to Paris next week. are flying
24. She ............ attend a conference in New York City next month. is attending
25. They ............ have a party at their house on Saturday. are having
26. The library ............ close at 9 pm on weekdays. closes
27. By the time I am 60, I ............ travel to all the countries in the world. will have travelled
28. You’re carrying too much. I ............ open the door for you. will open
29. Do you think the teacher ............ mark our homework by Monday morning? will have marked
30. When I ............ see you tomorrow, I ............ show you my new book. see / will show
31. After you ............ take a nap, you ............ feel a lot better. take / will feel
32. I think we ............ have a great time at the party. will have
33. I’m sorry but you need to stay in the office until you ............ finish your work. finish
34. I ............ buy the cigarettes from the corner shop when it ............ open. will buy / opens
35. After the meeting ............ end, we ............ go out for drinks. ends / will go
36. As soon as the rain ............ stop, we ............ go for a walk in the park. stops / will go
37. I ............ call you back as soon as I ............ finish this task. will call / finish
38. I don’t think you ............ have any problems when you land in Boston. will have
39. The baby should be due soon, next week she ............ be pregnant for nine months. will have been
40. In three years I ............ to live in a different country. will be living
41. I ............ wait for you when your bus arrives. will be waiting
42. By next November, I ............ receive my promotion. will have received
43. He ............ probably / be tired after that. will probably be
44. That’s what they always say, but they ............ surely / forget about it by next year. will surely have forgotten
45. Wait! I ............ help you. will help
46. I am afraid they ............ eat everything by the time we arrive. will have eaten

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
We use ZERO CONDITIONAL to talk about things that are always true.
If you work hard, you succeed.
If you heat water, it boils.

We use the 1ST CONDITIONAL to talk about real possibilities in the future.
If the weather is good, we will go for a walk.
I will go shopping on the way home if I have time.

We use the 2ND CONDITIONAL to talk about:

- things in the future that will probably not come true.
- something in the present which is impossible.
If I had enough money, I would go to Japan.
If I won a lot of money, I would buy a big house in the country.
We use the 3RD CONDITIONAL to talk about the past, to describe a situation that didn't happen, and to imagine the result of this situation.
If you had prepared for the test, you would have scored higher.
If I had had enough money, I would have gone to Japan.
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In the subjunctive mood, we only use "were", not "was":
If she were rich, she would travel all over the world. If I were you, I wouldn't go out with that man.
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In conditional sentences the order of clauses is not fixed. You may rearrange the clauses; the meaning will be identical.
If it rains, you will get wet. You will get wet if it rains.
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We use a comma after the if-clause when the if-clause precedes the main clause.
If I’d had time, I would clean the house.

If the main clause precedes the if-clause, no punctuation is necessary.

I would clean the house if I had time.

1. If I see your friend tomorrow I [...........................] (give) her your message. will give
2. If I win a million dollar, I [...........................] (give up) my job. will give up
3. If I hadn't cut my hair, it [...........................] (be) longer. would have been
4. If the student had spoken politely, the teacher [...........................] (not /be) angry. would not have been
5. If I had seen him, I [...........................] (warn) him. would have warned
6. If you invited me, I [...........................] (accept) with pleasure. would accept
7. If you feel bad tonight, I [...........................] (stay) with you. will stay
8. If he had worked hard, he [...........................] (earn) enough money. would have earned
9. If the water is warm, I [...........................] (take) a bath. will take
10. If you spoke louder, the audience [...........................] (to hear) you. would hear
11. Dad [...........................] (to arrive) safe if he drove slowly. would arrive
12. You [...........................] (to have) no trouble at school if you had done your homework. would have had
13. If you [...........................] (to swim) in this lake, you'll get covered in mud. swim
14. The door will unlock if you [...........................] (to press) the button. press
15. If Petra [...........................] (to ask) her teacher, he'd have answered her questions. had asked
16. I [...........................] (to call) the office if I were you. would call
17. If we meet at 9:30, we [...........................] (to have) plenty of time. will have
18. You would find the milk if you [...........................] (to look) in the fridge. looked
19. The judge would have sent him to prison if he [...........................] (to lose) the case. had lost
20. If you listened carefully, you [...........................] know about it. would know
21. If Sarah not [...........................] eat so much junk food, she would have been in the school hockey team. had not eaten
22. They will stay longer in Paris if they [...........................] find a cheap hotel. find
23. If Brian [...........................] like horses, he would ride well. liked
24. If Steven [...........................] take his camera, he would have taken nice pictures. had taken
25. I would go to the party if you [...........................] come with me. came
26. My uncle would stay longer in York if he [...........................] have more time. had
27. If we had seen the film, we [...........................] not buy the DVD. would not have bought
28. If you wait a minute, I [...........................] go with you. will go
29. If I were you, I [...........................] play hockey. would play
30. If I had more time, I [...........................] (come) to your party yesterday. would come
(HOW) I WISH, IF ONLY, I HOPE
(HOW) I WISH and IF ONLY are used to express a strong desire for something that is not currently true or to convey regrets about past actions or
decisions.
E. g., I wish you were here = If only you were here = How I wish you were here.

I wish I lived in New York! (PRESENT)

I wish I had gone to New York last year! (PAST)
I wish he would stop it! (to complain about a behavior that we disapprove of or to express impatience, annoyance or dissatisfaction with a present
action).

WARNING: We use HOPE, not wish, when we want something to happen in the future:
I hope the weather is fine tomorrow. Not: I wish the weather’s fine tomorrow.

With the verb hope, we use the present simple tense even though we are talking about the future. However, some English speakers use a future tense
(which may not be good grammar) but is acceptable. I hope I pass = I hope I will pass.

1. Peter is always late. If only he ......................... (turn up) on time for a change! would turn up
2. I wish I talk......................... to him yesterday. had talked
3. He didn't pass the exam. If only he work......................... hard. had worked
4. What a beautiful house! I wish I have......................... a house like this one. had
5. I wish I be......................... rich. I would buy a farm and enjoy the calm of the countryside. were
6. They had that bad accident because they were careless. If only they be......................... more careful. had been
7. I wish you ......................... not / arrive so late all the time. I'm annoyed! would not arrive
8. English grammar is difficult sometimes. I wish it …... (be) easier. were
9. I hope there ….. (be) never a war again. is
10. Tim hopes that he ….. (get) a bicycle for Christmas. get
11. I hope that it ….. (not/rain) tonight. does not rain
12. Jenny hopes she ….. (not/fail) her exam. does not fail
13. I hope I ….. (see) you at the party tonight. see
14. The movie starts soon. I hope it ….. (be) interesting. is
15. I wish we ….. (not have) a test today. didn’t have
16. I have a test tomorrow. I hope I ….. (pass). pass
17. Do you ever wish you ….. (can travel) more? could travel
18. I wish we ….. (can go) to Disney World. could

PASSIVE VOICE
PRESENT SIMPLE
am / is / are + written (III form)
Active Voice: I write a book.
Passive Voice: A book is written.
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PRESENT CONTINUOUS
am being / is being / are being + written (III form)
Active Voice: I am writing a book.
Passive Voice: A book is being written.
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PAST SIMPLE
was / were + written (III form)
Active Voice: I wrote a book.
Passive Voice: A book was written.
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PAST CONTINUOUS
was being / were being + written (III form)
Active Voice: I was writing a book.
Passive Voice: A book was being written.
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FUTURE SIMPLE
will be + written (III form)
Active Voice: I will write a book.
Passive Voice: A book will be written.
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PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE

has been / have been + written (III form)
Active Voice: I have written a book.
Passive Voice: A book has been written.
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PAST PERFECT SIMPLE
had been + written (III form)
Active Voice: I had written a book.
Passive Voice: A book had been written.
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FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE

will have been + written (III form)
Active Voice: I will have written a book.
Passive Voice: A book will have been written.
MIXED EXERCISES:
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1. He opens the door. The door is opened.

2. John collected money. The money was collected.
3. I will ask a question. A question will be asked.
4. Sheila is drinking a cup of tea. A cup of coffee is being drunk.
5. She was watching a film. A film was being watching.
6. I have eaten a hamburger. A hamburger has been eaten.
7. We had lost the key. The key had been lost.
8. We will have lost the key. The key will have been lost.
9. You will have spent all the money. All your money will have been spent.
10.I would have asked a question. A question would have been asked.
REPORTED SPEECH 1 w ork / w orks w orked
2 hav e / has had
AFFIRMATIVE AND NEGATIVE SENTENCES: 3 don’t / doesn't work didn't w ork
1. Punctuation: Inverted Commas 4 (be) am / is / are w as / w ere
2. Pronouns 5 am / is / are working w as / w ere working
3. Adverbial modifiers of time and place
6 hav e / has worked had w orked
4. BACKSHIFT
5. “that” 7 hav e / has been w orking had been working
8 w orked had w orked
He told me “I saw him yesterday”. 9 didn't w ork had not w orked
He told me (that) he had seen him the day before. 10 w as / w ere had been
11 w as / w ere working had been working
He said, “I have not seen your new car”. 12 had w orked had w orked
He said (that) he had not seen my new car. 13 had been working had been working
14 w ill w ork w ould work
INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES: 15 w ill be w orking w ould be working
1. Punctuation: Inverted Commas 16 w ill hav e worked w ould hav e w orked
2. Punctuation: Question mark
17 w ill hav e been w orking w ould hav e been w orking
3. Pronouns
18 w on't w ork w ouldn't w ork
4. BACKSHIFT
5. Word order – Subject – Predicate/Verb (not Verb - Subject) 19 w on't be w orking w ouldn't be working
6. In Yes/No questions: “if / whether” 20 w on't hav e w orked w ouldn't hav e w orked
21 w on't hav e been w orking w ouldn't hav e been w orking
She asked me “How are you?” 22 can w ork could w ork
She asked me how I was. 23 can't work couldn't work
24 must w ork had to work
She asked me “Are you at home?” 25 hav e / has to w ork had to work
She asked me if/whether I was at home. 26 shall work w ould work
27 am / is / are going to w ork w as / w ere going to work
IMPERATIVE SENTENCES (COMMANDS, REQUESTS): 28 may work might w ork
1. Punctuation: Inverted Commas
2. Pronouns
3. to / not to

Ann asked me: "Open the window”.

Ann asked me to open the window.
Ann asked me: "Don’t open the window”.
Ann asked me not to open the window.
CHANGES TO ADVERBIAL MODIFIERS

You do not need to change the tense if the reporting verb

is in the present.

Sheila says “They’re closing the motorway tomorrow for repairs.”

Sheila says (that) they’re closing the motorway tomorrow for repairs.

Henry tells me: “I’m thinking of getting married next year.”

Henry tells me (that) he’s thinking of getting married next year.

REPORTED STATEMENTS
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REPORTED COMMANDS
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REPORTED QUESTIONS
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AFFIRMATIVE AND NEGATIVE SENTENCES:

1. 'I will send you a postcard.' He told us that he ……………... us a postcard. would send
2. 'We have bought a new car.' They told me they ……………... a new car. had bought
3. 'I don't speak German.' She said that she ……………... German. didn’t speak
4. 'You failed your art exam.' You said that we ……………... our art exam. had failed
5. George told me: “I don’t know you”. George told me that he ……………... didn’t know
6. Emily: “I am not listening to you”. Emily told me that she ……………... wasn’t listening
7. Helen: "I was writing a letter yesterday." Helen told me that ……………….. had been writing
8. Lisa: "Tim went to the stadium an hour ago." Lisa said that ……………….. had gone
9. Peter: "I cleaned the black shoes yesterday." Peter told me that ……..had cleaned
[Link]: "My mother will celebrate her birthday next weekend." Patricia said that ……………….. would celebrate
[Link] told me: “She will not be listening” He told me that ……………... would not be listening
[Link]: "We will do our best in the exams tomorrow." Jason told me that ……………….. would do
[Link]: "We didn't eat fish two days ago." Andrew remarked that ……………….. hadn’t eaten
[Link]: "I spent all my pocket money on Monday." Alice complained that ……………….. had spent
15.'I will not send you a postcard.' He told us that he ……………... us a postcard. would not send
16.'We have not bought a new car.' They told me they ……………... a new car. had not bought
17.'You didn’t fail your art exam.' You said that we ……………... our art exam. had not failed
[Link] told the teacher: “We are not cheating”. We told the teacher that ……………... were not cheating
[Link]: "My father flew to Dallas last year." Robert told me that ……………….. had flown
20.'You have been playing the piano for an hour.' He told me that I ……………... the piano for an hour. had been playing
21.'We are going ice-skating.' They said they ……………... ice-skating. were going
[Link]: "Our teacher will go to Leipzig tomorrow." Emily said that ……………….. would go
[Link]: "I am going to read a book this week." Michael said to me that ……………….. was going to read
[Link]: “I am going to call him”. Jack said that he ……………….. call him. was going to
IMPERATIVE SENTENCES (COMMANDS, REPORTED REQUESTS):
[Link]: “Do your homework.” Dad told me to do my homework.
[Link]: "Write a text message!" Jessica told me to write a text message.
[Link]: "Help Peter's sister!" Nelly told me to help Peter's sister.
[Link]: "Check your e-mails!" Victoria told us to check our emails.
[Link]: "Clean the blue bike!" Andrew told me to clean the blue bike.
[Link]: "Wash your hands!" Fred told me to wash my hands.
[Link]: "Open the window!" Anna told me to open the window.
[Link]: "Come at 8!" Tom told me to come at 8.

PREPOSITIONS:
1. Rapid population growth can affect security in various ways.
2. The speaker discoursed knowledgeably on a variety of subjects.
3. The debate in Brussels reflects hard choices at the state level.
4. The two athletes are competing for the gold medal.
5. Her books are often based on folklore and fairy tales.
6. At the city level such regulations involve the unrealistic restrictions that are placed on the deductibility of home offices.
7. The picture can be made more revealing and informative in various ways.
8. He has made a special study of the way that birds communicate with one another.
9. In the event of fire, the alarm will sound at intervals of 15 seconds.
10. Losing money in this way taught young Jones a lesson.
11. The letter was clearly the product of a twisted mind.
12. Economic development has much to do with human endowments.
13. She's inherited from her father a propensity to talk too much.
14. If we could all make an effort to keep this office tidier it would help.
15. Nations cooperate in promoting worldwide respect for human rights. (როდესაც respect არის არსებითი სახელი)
16. Some of them are small and only affect a few ecosystems, while others are drastically changing the landscape, for example, Global
Warming.
17. We need to change our way of thinking and how we consume resources.
18. Human activity is leading to the extinction of species and loss of biodiversity.
19. Global warming is considered to be one of the biggest threats that our culture has ever faced.
20. If humans continue moving forward in such a harmful way towards the future, then there will be no future at all.
21. While analyzing the determinants of economic growth, six propensities related to economic growth have been mentioned.
22. However, economic growth contributes to economic development, because at least some of the increasing income is spent on
sustainable human development such as education and health.
23. This invention made a major contribution to road safety.
24. He argued that the overcrowded cities were the product of a system based on "selfishness”.
25. Both girls compete for their father's attention.
26. How we buy food also has an influence on how much we eat of it at any one meal.
27. Dominique's teacher says that she interacts well with the other children.
28. We see each other at regular intervals - usually about once a month.
29. A collection of genetic material is passed from one generation to the next.
30. These cars are put at intervals of three meters.
31. Starting from the middle of the back, place your hands side by side horizontally across the spine.
32. With so many companies competing for your attention it can be difficult deciding which is the one for you.
33. Such ignorance is unacceptable in a democratic society, and whatever can be done to eradicate it should be done.
34. Bloggers are expanding their influence on American politics.
35. As a social being, he has some other rights, like the right to freedom of speech and right to move freely.
36. The decisions of individual men and women to commit bad acts is what causes crime.
37. Both politicians have been closely associated with the movement for some time.
38. He made a very generous contribution to our church restoration appeal.
39. The movie is based on the true story of a London gangster.
40. Then every human capital factor is distributed and its influence on wage differentials is examined.
41. Politicians should be accountable to the public who elected them.
42. She is accountable only to the managing director.
43. Music should be an integral part of children's education.
44. Starting from the artists' personal standpoints, the exhibition shows the diversity of artistic perception of reality today.
45. I find it easier to work in this way.
46. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights distinguishes two categories of rights.
47. Massive violations of human rights, such as genocide and crimes against humanity, justify intervention, even if it causes some tension or
disagreement.
48. Global warming leads to rising temperatures of the oceans and the earth surface causing the melting of polar ice, a rise in sea levels and
unnatural patterns of precipitation.
49. Economic development relates directly to human development.
50. Economic growth gives us the possibility to deal with many serious problems.
51. The result is a set of viewpoints on contemporary man down the long corridor of his evolutionary past.
52. The negotiators were meeting in secret for several months before the peace agreement was made public.
53. Mr. Brown did not want to run for governor of the state last year.
54. This is a set of standard conditions for the sale of goods.
55. Economic development is the increase in the standard of living of a population.
56. Every human being has the right to life and the right to a decent living.
57. Human rights in general, may be of two types.
58. One of the functions of the respiratory system is to rid the body of CO2.
59. Some diseases are transmitted from one generation to the next.
60. LEAs are under a duty not to discriminate in the carrying out of any of their functions.
61. This new glue bonds a variety of surfaces in seconds.
62. Students at this level require a lot of help.
63. You have to balance the advantages of living in a big city against the disadvantages.
64. She ran for state Attorney General in 2010.
65. She eats in secret like most compulsive overeaters.
66. He said that he would likely run for President.
67. The rights of the individual are considered to be the most important in a free society.
68. For instance, an increase in disposable incomes often leads to improvement in health and nutrition.
69. Economic development aims at improving the well-being of citizens.
70. International economic co-operation in the form of increasing the flow of foreign aid from advanced countries.
71. In order to attain economic development, proper social and political climate must be provided.
72. Please, listen to me.
73. Whether or not we go to Mexico for our holiday depends on the cost.
74. The flight was delayed because of bad weather.
75. Our actions were in harmony with our words.
76. They are driven by a craving for personal glory.
77. The radiation leak has a huge effect on the environment.
78. "Would you get ever involved in a fight?" "It would depend on the situation."
79. Power in the global information society depends less on territory, military power, and natural resources.
80. The Cold War was waged by the USSR to undermine the west and establish communism worldwide.
81. According to these documents, you still owe us £2,000.
82. Even during times of strong economic growth there will always be many more applicants than advertised jobs.
83. Islam was inspired by the teachings of the spiritual leader Mohammed.
84. There has been a ten per cent increase in the number of new students arriving at polytechnics this year.
85. As economic development relates directly to human development, we can understand this relationship with so many different
explanations.
86. The manufacturing industry was affected by the fuel shortage.
87. In times of crisis, I know which friends I can turn to.
88. The increase in the country's prosperity was due to the discovery of oil.
89. The restaurant is known for its friendly atmosphere and excellent service.
90. She is well-known for her bad spending habits.
91. According to Sarah they're not getting on very well at the moment.
92. Will, driven by jealousy, started spying on his wife.
93. I was inspired by her optimism in the face of such desperate conditions.
94. The recent tax reforms have made the government more accountable for its spending. He is mentally ill and cannot be held accountable
for his actions. But I know that you fellows hold me accountable for what I write and what I say.
95. This is a set of standard conditions for the sale of goods written from the viewpoint of the sell
96. I like to associate with interesting people. He has been associated with some dubious characters. I don't associate with criminals.

VERBS USUALLY FOLLOWED BY THE GERUND:

recommend: They recommended meeting earlier.

finish: We've finished preparing for the meeting.
discuss: We discussed going on holiday together.
enjoy: I enjoyed living in France.
dislike: I dislike waiting for buses.
mind: I don't mind coming early.
suggest: He suggested staying at the Grand Hotel.
keep: He kept working, although he felt ill.
avoid: She avoided talking to her boss.
admit They admitted organizing the surprise.
appreciate I appreciated having a chance to read your draft.
consider They will consider granting you money.
deny They denied copying the information.
insist on He insisted on proofreading the article again.
mention The author mentions seeing this event.
postpone The committee has postponed writing the report.
risk She risks losing her time.

VERBS USUALLY FOLLOWED BY 'TO' AND THE INFINITIVE:

agree: She agreed to give a presentation at the meeting.
help: He helped to clean the kitchen.
plan: She plans to buy a new flat next year.
decide: We decided to go out for dinner.
hope: I hope to pass the exam.
learn: They are learning to sing.
want: I want to come to the party
would like: I would like to see her tonight
promise: We promised not to be late.
afford We cannot afford to hesitate.
demand I demand to see the results of the survey.
deserve She deserves to have a fair hearing.
manage How did she manage to find the solution?
offer We could offer to change the time of the meeting.
pretend I do not pretend to know the answer.
refuse She refused to cooperate any longer.
SOME VERBS FOLLOWED BY THE GERUND:
We are thinking of studying for the midterm together. ვფიქრობთ, განვიხილავთ
She was accused of cheating. დაადანაშაულეს, დააბრალეს
I can’t help worrying about my pet. არ შემიძლია, არ ვიღელვო, თავს ვერ ვიკავებ
I learn better by reading than by listening. ვსწავლობ კითხვით, კითხვის მეთოდით

SOME VERBS FOLLOWED BY THE INFINITIVE:

Our professor does not allow us to talk during the exam.
She encouraged me to learn foreign languages.
I am anxious to meet you. ძლიერი სურვილის ქონა
She decided to register for the course.
I learnt to read.
Will she be able to cope with the work? He's never been able to admit his mistakes.
I would like to invite you to the party. She’d like to stay here.

SOME VERBS FOLLOWED BY THE BARE INFINITIVE:

Her parents let him go to school.
You should spend more time with your kids.
We can read!
You must study hard!

MODAL VERBS
MUST - უნდა (ვალდებულება, ბრძანება, მანდატორულობა)
You must sit down.
Must you sit down?
You must not sit down.

HAVE TO - უნდა (იძულება,ზეწოლა გარედან);

იუღლება / დროებში გამოიყენება ისე, როგორც არა მოდალური ზმნა (სტანდარტული წესების დაცვით და
შესაბამისი დამხმარე ზმნების გამოყენებით).
I have to leave.
Do I have to leave?
I do not have to leave.

Did you have to stay up late last night?

I will have to help mom tomorrow, Iguess.
In that case, I would have to do it now.
If he had to make a choice, he would go for the blue one.

CAN - 1) შეძლება (ფიზიკური ან გონებრივი უნარის ქონა);

2) (უფლების ქონა, ამ მნიშვნელობით სინონიმურია მომდალური ზმნის may); წარსული დროის ფორმა could
1) მნიშვნელიბით can მოდალური ზმნის ჩანაცვლება შესაძლებელია კონსტრუქციით to be able to, რაც სხვადასხვა
დროში შესაბამისი შინაარსის გამოხატვის შესაძლებლობას გვაძლევს

NOTE THE DIFFERENCE:

He was able to do it. მან შეძლო / მოახერხა ამის გაკეთება.
He could do it. მას შეეძლო ამის გაკეთება (შესწევდა ფიზიკური/ინტელექტუალური უნარი).

You can sit down.

Can you sit down?
You can not sit down.

You could sit down.

Could you sit down?
You could not sit down.

He was able to pass the exam.

Will you be able to help me?
I would have been able to do that if you had asked.
He had been able to overcome all the difficulties, so my efforts to help were vain, etc.

MAY - შეძლება, ნებართვის, უფლების ქონა; წარსული დროის ფორმა might

You may sit down.
May you sit down?
You may not sit down.

You might sit down.

Might you sit down?
You might not sit down.

SHOULD - უნდა (რჩევა, რეკომენდაცია )

You should care less.
Should you care less?
You should not care less.

Past Tense Form:

You should have cared less.
Should you have cared less?
You should not have cared less.

OUGHT TO – synonym of should

Ought to is not usually used in negative sentences. Ought to is not common in interrogative sentences.
We ought to respect our parents.
Ought we to respect our parents?
We ought not to respect our parents.

You ought to have asked me.

Ought you to have asked me?
You ought not to have asked me.

HAD BETTER / ‘D BETTER – synonym of should

Had better is stronger than should and ought to. Had better carries an indirect threat. For example, if you said, "You had better finish the report,"
you are not making a polite suggestion. You are making an indirect threat. In other words, if you don't finish the report, you are in trouble.

Had better is not always impolite, it could express a sense of urgency as in, "Your plane is leaving! You had better run!" In other words, "If you
don't run, you will miss your flight." You are saying that there will be a bad result if the person doesn’t do what you advise.

Had better is not used in interrogative sentences.

Example, You had better slow down. You are driving too fast!
Example, You had better not forget to pay your tuition. If you do, the university will kick you out!

No Interrogative form:
Had you better do extensive research on the topic?
No Past Tense form:
H’d better have done extensive research on the topic.

NEED
As a modal verb, NEED is most typically used in NEGATIVE SENTENCES.
It expresses absence of obligation or necessity, and it is followed by a bare infinitive:
You needn't worry about that.
You needn't send the email.
She needn't apologize.
They need not justify their attitude.
MODAL VERBS OF PERMISSION
The most common modal verbs to talk about permission are can, could, may and might.
 Can I sit here? (informal; asking for permission)  Sorry, you can’t use this chair. (informal; refusing
 Might/May I use this chair? (more formal; asking for permission)
permission)  Sorry, you may not use this chair. (formal; refusing
 Could I use this chair? (more polite) permission)

 You can/can’t sit here. (informal)  Can you help me please?

 You may use this chair. (formal; giving permission)  Will you help me please?
 Could you help me please? (more polite)
 Would you help me please? (more polite)

MODAL VERBS OF POSSIBILITY, PROBABILITY, SPECULATION

PRESENT / FUTURE FORM PAST FORM
must know / must be reading must have known / must have been reading
should know / should be reading should have known / should have been reading
may know / may be reading may have known / may have been reading
could know / could be reading could have known / could have been reading
might know / might be reading might have known / might have been reading
can’t / couldn’t know / can’t / couldn’t be reading can’t / couldn’t have known / can’t / couldn’t have been reading

MUST – almost 100%

Jack must think I'm crazy because I think grammar is easy!
Yesterday, Jack must have thought I was crazy!

SHOULD – around 80%

Anna is smiling. She must be happy.
Anna is smiling. She must have done well on the test (yesterday).

MAY – around 50%

David may invite Jessica to the match. I know he really likes her.
David may have invited Jessica to the match.

MIGHT – less than 50%

Jackie might be tired.
Jackie might have gone to France for her vacation.

COULD – less than 50%

Jane could be at work.
Alice was tired. She could have stayed at home today, or she might have gone to work.

CAN’T / COULDN’T – almost 0%

You can't be serious! I'm not going to give you $1 million dollars!
Peter can't like that show. He doesn't enjoy comedy.
They can't have worked until late because they were on time for the meeting.
She couldn't have believed that story. She knows he's a liar!

EXERCISE:
1. Yeah, why not! That’s a good idea. I think you should / must agree to this.
2. We should / have to go there, shouldn’t we?
3. It’s not mandatory, of course, but you should/ have to do away with all that staff.
4. I feel I must / have to go there. If I do not go, I will regret it all my life.
5. You must not smoke here / You don’t have to smoke here.
6. We don’t want to spend money on a computer now, but we have to / must - we need one for the research.
7. You should / may study more. The test is going to be difficult.
8. She may / must come today. I’m not sure.
9. How could / can you forget to take the medicine!
10. I do not have to / must not do this – no one told me. But I am simply confident it’s good and I want to do that!
11. I am sorry, could / should you please help me with the task?

EXERCISE: Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the modal verbs: have to / must / may / can / should / must.
1. I don’t want to go there but I _______ because if I don’t, I will have problems. have to
2. She _______ work 18 hours a day. If she does not, she will die of hunger. has to
3. Of course, it’s up to you, but I think you _______ talk to her. should
4. _______ you dance when you were little? Could
5. I _______ not understand her. She is strange. can't
6. When you were little, _______ you draw a flower? could
7. I did not come to the party last night because I _______ stay at university and attend a seminar. had to
8. Students _______ not talk in exams. must
9. _______ you open the door for me? Can
10. I _______ come today, I’m afraid. I’m too busy. can't
11. You look tired. You _______ have a cup of coffee and go to bed. should
12. Students _______ cheat or plagiarize at exams! must not

EXERCISE:
1. I'm sure she doesn't speak French very well - she's only lived in Paris for a few weeks.
She …………. French very well. She's only lived in Paris for a few weeks.
must speak / must have spoken / can’t speak / can’t have spoken / may speak / may have spoken
2. Someone told me that Mark was in Mexico, but I saw him yesterday so I'm sure he's not abroad.
Mark …………. abroad.
must be / must have been / can’t be / can’t have been / may be / may have been
3. He…………. yesterday’s conference. He we at Peter’s party at that time.
must attend / must have attended / can’t attend / can’t have attended / may attend / may have attended
4. John …………. on holiday. I saw him this morning downtown.
must go / must have gone / can’t go / can’t have gone / may go / may have gone
5. You got the job? That's great. I'm sure you're delighted.
You got the job? That's great. You …………. delighted.
must be / must have been / can’t be / can’t have been / may be / may have been
6. Nobody answered the phone at the clinic. It …………. early.
must close / must have closed / can’t close / can’t have closed / may close / may have closed
7. Peter …………. early. When I got there, the party had just started, and Peter was not there anymore.
must leave / must have left / can’t leave / can’t have left / may leave / may have left
8. I don't know where they went on holiday, but they bought Euros before they left. So, they …………. to France or Germany.
must go / must have gone / can’t go / can’t have gone / may go / may have gone
9. Why did you put your phone on mute? Jessica …………. you.
must call / must have called / can’t call / can’t have called / may call / may have called

ONLINE EXERCISES:
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