Electrical Interview Questions

1) What is Electrical Engineering?

➢ Electrical Engineering is the field of Engineering that
generally deals with the study and application of
electricity, electronics, and electromagnetism.

2) What is electricity ?
➢ Electricity is a general term used for all phenomena
caused by electric charge whether static or in motion.

3) What are the types of electricity ?

➢ There are two types,(1) Static Electricity and (2) Current
Electricity.

4) What is static electricity?

➢ Static electricity means electricity at rest in
contradistinction to dynamic or current electricity the
effects of which are purely due to the electrostatic field
produced by the charge. As it is obtained by rubbing two
substance such as glass and silk it is also called frictional
electricity.

5) What is current electricity ?

➢ Current electricity means the electricity in motion the
effects of which are due to the flow of electrons in a
conductor.

6) What are the types of current electricity ?

➢ There are two types :-

Direct current and

Alternating current.

[Link]
7) What are the different methods of producing electricity ?
Give examples.
➢ The methods are –
i) By means of frictions- Static electricity is produced.
ii) By means of chemical action in cells and batteries.
iii) By means of mechanical driving- Generator produces
electricity in two dissimilar methods.
iv) By means of heat – Thermal electricity is produced.
v) By means of lighting effect – Electricity is produced in
photo electric cell.

8) Explain the difference between direct and alternating

current?
➢ Direct current (DC) is the flow of electric charge in only
one direction. It is the steady state of a constant-voltage
circuit.
➢ Alternating current (AC) is the flow of electric charge that
periodically reverses direction. If the source varies
periodically, particularly sinusoidal, the circuit is known
as an alternating current circuit.

9) Where is D.C. used ?

➢ (1)Battery charging, (2)Electroplating, (3)Electrolysis, (4)
Relays, (5) Traction motors, (6) Cinema projector.

10) Where is A.C. used ?

➢ (1)House hold appliances, (2) Fan, (3) Refrigerators,
(4)Power driving motors. (5)Radio and T.V. Set etc.

11) What is active, reactive, apparent & complex power?

➢ I) Active power: It is the actual power that is delivered
to the load such as transformer, induction motors,
generators, etc and dissipated in the circuit. It is
denoted by P & its unit is watts W.

[Link]
➢ II) Reactive Power: The powers that continuously
bounce back and forth between source and load is
known as reactive power. It is denoted by Q & its unit is
VAR voltage-ampere reactive.

➢ III) Apparent Power: It is the product of voltage &

current without referencing the phase difference
between them. It is a combination of active power &
reactive power. It is denoted by S & its unit Volt-
Ampere, VA.

➢ III) Complex power: it is the product of voltage &

current with reference to the phase difference between
them. it is the complex sum or vector sum of the active
power & reactive power. It is denoted by S & measure in
VAR.

12) What is a leading & lagging power factor & how can
you improve it? State the methods of power factor
correction?
➢ The cosine of the angle between voltage & current is called
the power factor. If the current leads the voltage, it causes
a leading power factor. If the current lags voltage the
power factor is lagging.
Most loads are inductive that causes a lagging power
factor. Thus these following methods are used for p.f
correction (to nullify the lagging current):-
i) Static Capacitor
• The capacitor helps in providing a leading current that
eliminates the lagging component of current & improves
the power factor

ii) Synchronous Condenser

• It is an over-excited synchronous motor with no load that
also provides a leading power factor.

iii) Phase Advancer

[Link]
• Phase advancer is a simple AC exciter which is connected
on the main shaft of the motor and operates with the
motor’s rotor circuit for power factor improvement. Phase
advancer is used to improve the power factor of induction
motor in industries.

13) Why do we improve the power factor?

➢ The reason for improving the power factors are stated
below;
• Large Line Losses (Copper Losses): Line losses (I2R) depend
on current. The low power factor draws a large amount of
current as compared to the high power factor.
• Large kVA rating and Size of Electrical Equipment: PF is
inversely proportional to KVA. Low PF equipment with a high
KVA rating is larger in size.
• Large Conductor Size and Cost: we need large conductors to
transmit the heavy current required due to low power factor.
• Poor Voltage Regulation and Large Voltage Drop: The large
current due to low PF causes a high voltage drop that needs to
be regulated more often than usual.
• Low Efficiency: The losses due to the high current flow &
voltage drop deteriorate the efficiency of the system. The
efficiency is maximum at PF=1.

14) What is a unilateral & bilateral circuit?

➢ A unilateral is a type of circuit whose properties change
with the direction of current flow or the voltage. The
properties of a bilateral circuit do not change with
changing the current direction or supply voltage.
15) What is a linear & non-linear circuit?

➢ In a linear circuit, the relation between the current &

voltage is linear i.e. directly proportional. The circuit
parameter such as frequency, resistance, inductance,
capacitance, etc. remains constant with varying current &
voltage.

[Link]
While in the non-linear circuit, the current & voltage does
not have a linear relationship. The electrical parameters of
such circuits changes with varying voltage & current.

16) What could be the reason for the current to double in

a linear circuit?***

➢ There are two reasons for increasing the current:

1) Either the total resistance of the circuit is reduced by

half

2) Or the supply voltage to the circuit is doubled.

17) Why is Battery Rating in Ah (Ampere hour) and not in

VA or Watts?
➢ A battery converts chemical energy into electrical energy
which is the charge stored inside the chemicals. The
amount of current it can supply is for a said time
thus Ampere-hour Ah is the unit for its rating. While the
batteries supply direct current which has no phase or
frequency thus there is no concept of P.F or reactive
power, thus no need for expressing it in VA and its rated
in Ah.

18) What is a primary & secondary cell?

➢ The primary cell is a non-rechargeable battery that cannot

be recharged by any means. They are disposable & cannot
be used once they are fully discharged. They are mostly
used in toys, handheld devices & remote controllers, etc.
➢ The secondary cell is a rechargeable battery that can be
recharged several hundreds of times (depends on its life
cycle). Their initial cost is expensive compared to the
primary cell. They are mostly used in cell phones,
vehicles, generators, etc.

[Link]
19) What are the limitations of ohm’s law?
➢ Ohm law is not applicable to a unilateral circuit or a non-
linear circuit. The criterion for ohm’s law is that the
resistance must be constant which also depends on the
temperature. Whereas, the resistance of a non-linear or
unilateral circuit varies with voltage & current. Thus it is
not applicable in such a circuit. Also, the temperature
must remain constant.

20) Does current lead or lag the voltage in an inductive or

capacitive circuit?
➢ The current lags the voltage in an inductive circuit while
the current leads the voltage in a capacitive circuit.

21) Define the term Capacitance and Inductance

➢ Capacitance: capacitance is the ability of a component to
store charge between two plates when there is a potential
difference applied. It is denoted by C & it is measured in
Farads F.
➢ Inductance: inductance is the ability of a conductor to
resist or oppose any change in the current. The current
generates a magnetic field whose strength varies with the
current. It is denoted by L & is measured in Henry H.

22) Why the Capacitors works on AC only?

➢ Generally capacitor gives infinite resistance to dc

components (i.e., block the dc components). It allows the
ac components to pass through.

23) What is the maximum power transfer theorem?

➢ It mentions the condition for maximum power
transfer from source to load. It states that n a linear,
bilateral network, the maximum power will be transferred
from source to the load when the external load resistance
equals the internal resistance of the source or Thevenin’s
resistance of the circuit.

[Link]
24) Explain Thevenin’s Theorem in a single sentence.
➢ Thevenin’s theorem states that any linear electrically
complex circuit is reduced into a simple electric circuit
with one voltage and resistance connected in series.

25) Explain Norton’s Theorem in a single sentence.

➢ Norton's Theorem states that it is possible to simplify any
linear circuit, no matter how complex, to an equivalent
circuit with just a single current source and parallel
resistance connected to a load.

26) Explain Network Theorem.

➢ The current through, or voltage across, any element of
a network is equal to the algebraic sum of the currents or
voltages produced independently by each source. In other
words, this theorem allows us to find a solution for a
current or voltage using only one source at a time.

27) What are the different colors on wires indicates? Or

Mention what are the different colors on wires indicates?

➢ The different colors of the wires are used for phase

indication purposes. They represent different phases, the
neutral & earth cable. The color code may differ around
the world but usually, the earth wire remains the same i.e
green with yellow stripes.

This is a must know question for any Electrical

Engineer***

[Link]
Black wire: This wire is used for power supply in all circuits.
Any circuits with this color are considered hot or live. It is
never used for a neutral or ground wire.

Red wire: This color wire is a secondary live wire in a 220 volt
circuit and used in some types of interconnection. You can
join the red wire to another red wire or to a black wire

Blue and Yellow wire: These wires are also used to carry
power but are not wiring the outlets for common plug-in
electrical devices. They are used for the live wire pulled
through the conduct. You will see yellow wire in the fan,
structure lights, and switched outlets.

White and Gray: This color wire is used as a neutral wire. It

carries the current (unbalanced load) to the ground. You can
join white and gray only to other white and gray wires

Green: It is connected to the grounding terminal in an outlet

box and run from the outlet box to the ground bus bar within
an electric panel.

28) Explain The Working Principal Of The Circuit

Breaker?
➢ Circuit Breaker is one which makes or breaks the circuit.
It has two contacts namely fixed contact &
moving contact. Under normal condition the moving
contact comes in contact with fixed contact thereby
forming the closed contact for the flow of current. During
abnormal & faulty conditions (when current exceeds the
rated value) an arc is produced between the fixed &
moving contacts & thereby it forms the open circuit. Arc
is extinguished by the Arc Quenching media like air, oil,
vacuum etc.

[Link]
29) What Is a Vacuum Circuit Breaker?
➢ A circuit breaker breaks the circuit by opening the contact
terminals. During the opening, an arc is generated
between the terminals that can be quenched using various
mediums. In VCB, the medium for arc quenching is a
vacuum. The vacuum has a high voltage arc quenching
ability as compared to air & they are used for in high
voltage circuits.

30) What is the difference between MCB & MCCB?

➢ The MCB stands for “miniature circuit breaker” & it is
used for current rating lower than 100 amps with
interrupting ratings of below 18k Amps. Its tripping
characteristics cannot be adjusted & they are used for
domestic purposes.
➢ The MCCB stands off “Molded case circuit breaker”. It has
a high current rating of around 2500 Amps, where its
interrupting ratings are between 10K to 200k Amps. Also,
its tripping characteristics can be adjusted. They are used
in industries.

31) What is the difference between a single pole and a

double pole circuit breaker?
➢ Single-pole breakers are wired with one hot wire and one
neutral wire. When there is an overload in a single-pole
breaker’s circuit, only that particular breaker trips.
➢ Double-pole breakers have two hot wires that are
connected by a single neutral wire. That means if there’s a
short circuit on either of the poles’ hot wires, both trip.

32) What Is the Difference Between Fuse And Breaker?

➢ The fuse is made of a metal wire called fuse link or
element that melts when the current exceeds its limit. it
works automatically & it is a one-time use device that
needs to be replaced.

[Link]
➢ The circuit breaker is an electromechanical switch that
opens the circuit during overcurrent or short-circuits. It
works automatically as well as manually & it can be used
again by resetting the lever.

33) What is the difference between circuit breaker &

Isolator?
➢ Circuit Breaker:
A Circuit Breaker is a protective electromechanical device
used to control the flow of current same like a fuse. It
automatically breaks the circuit in case of fault conditions
like short circuit and overload. It can also manually break
the circuit. It is ON-load & OFF load device, it means it
operates in both ON/OFF supply condition.
➢ Isolator:
An isolator is a mechanical switch used for isolating or
disconnecting power supply in substations. It is an off-load
device i.e. it is operated when the power supply is off.

34) Why Motor rated in kW instead of kVA?

➢ As we know the transformer is rated in KVA because its PF
(Power Factor) depends on the nature of the loads.
However, Motor has a fixed Power factor, i.e. motor has
defined power factor (P.F) and the rating has been
mentioned in kW or HP on Motor. In more clear words,
Motor only consumes active power and provides
mechanical power in HP or kW at the motor shaft and that
is the reason for motor rating in Watts.

35) What is the definition of generator & motor?

➢ An electric motor is a machine that converts electrical
energy to mechanical energy. The working principle of a
motor is based on the current-carrying conductor that
experiences a force when it is kept in the magnetic field.
An electric generator is a machine that converts
mechanical energy to electrical energy. The working

[Link]
principle of generator is based on electromagnetic
induction.

36) What is a motor starter?

➢ Motor Starter is a device that connects in series with the
motor to decrease the starting current (that could damage
the windings in normal conditions) and gradually increase
current after starting the motor (in other words start or
stop the motor) and provide overload protection.

37) What are the different methods for starting an

induction motor?
➢ The methods used for starting an induction motor are the
following:
• DOL: direct online starter
• Star delta starter
• Autotransformer starter
• Resistance starter
• Series reactor starter

38) What is the difference between a generator and an

alternator?
➢ The alternator and generator both work on the principle of
Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction. An alternator
is a device that converts mechanical energy into AC
electrical energy. It always induces an alternating current.
Alternators are very efficient. A generator is a mechanical
device which converts mechanical energy to either AC or
DC electrical energy. It can generate either alternating or
direct current. Generators are considered less efficient.
The major difference between the alternator and the
generator is that in alternator, the armature is stationary
and the field rotates whereas in the generator, armature
rotates and field is stationary.

[Link]
39) What Are The Advantages Of Star¬ Delta Starter With
Induction Motor?
➢ The main advantages of star delta starter are:

• To decrease the starting current required for the induction

motor because it is 6 to 7 times higher than full load current
which can damage the windings of the motor.

• To eliminate the voltage drop problem because of the huge

amount of starting current results in a voltage drop along
the consumer line which may damage other electrical
appliances.

• Its operation is very simple

• The cost of this starter is comparatively very cheap.

• It has a good torque to current performance.

40) Why is the starting current high in dc motor?

➢ The dc motor has no back emf. At the starting of the
motor, the armature current is controlled by the
resistance of the circuit. The resistance of the armature is
low, and when the full voltage is applied at the standstill
condition of the motor, the armature current becomes
very high which damage the parts of the motor.

41) What is the slip of an induction motor?

➢ The percentage difference between the synchronous speed
Ns & the rotor speed N of an induction motor is called slip.
it is denoted by S. The rotor speed of the induction motor
is always less than its synchronous speed.

42) Why can't a series motor be started on no-load?

➢ A series motor should never be started at no load. With no
mechanical load on the series motor, the current is low,
[Link]
the counter-EMF produced by the field winding is weak,
and so the armature must turn faster to produce sufficient
counter-EMF to balance the supply voltage. The motor can
be damaged by overspeed.

43) Explain the principle of Induction Motor

➢ We need to give double excitation to make a DC motor to
rotate. In the DC motor, we give one supply to the stator
and another to the rotor through brush arrangement. But
in induction motor, we give only one supply, so it is
interesting to know how an induction motor works.

It is simple, from the name itself we can understand that

here, the induction process is involved. When we give the
supply to the stator winding, a magnetic flux gets
produced in the stator due to the flow of current in the
coil. The rotor winding is so arranged that each coil
becomes short-circuited.

The flux from the stator cuts the short-circuited coil in

the rotor. As the rotor coils are short-circuited, according
to Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, the current
will start flowing through the coil of the rotor. When the
current through the rotor coils flows, another flux gets
generated in the rotor.

Now there are two fluxes, one is stator flux, and another is
rotor flux. The rotor flux will be lagging with respect to
the stator flux. Because of that, the rotor will feel a torque
which will make the rotor to rotate in the direction of the
rotating magnetic field. This is the working principle of
both single and three-phase induction motors.

[Link]
44) What is the difference between a Four Point Starter
and a Three Point Starter?
➢ The starter which consist three terminals is known
as the three-point starter. The armature, field and
line are the terminals of the three-point starter. In
the three-point starter, the no-voltage coil (NVC) is
connected in series with the field winding.
The starter that consist four terminals and hence
called the four-point starter. In four-point starter
along with the armature, field and line terminal
one additional terminal is added which connected
the no voltage coil parallel with the shunt field
winding. In four-point starter the no-voltage
winding is connected in parallel with the field
winding.
The three-point and four-point starter both are
similar in construction. But in three-point starter
when the speed of the motor varies then the
current passes through the field coil and this
current affects the no-voltage coil. The four-point
starter is designed for reducing the problem.

45) What Is Meant By Regenerative Braking?

➢ Regenerative braking takes place whenever the speed of
the motor exceeds the synchronous speed. This baking
method is called regenerative braking because here the
motor works as generator and supply itself is given power
from the load, i.e. motors. The main criteria for
regenerative braking is that the rotor has to rotate at a
speed higher than synchronous speed, only then the
motor will act as a generator and the direction of current
flow through the circuit and direction of the torque
reverses and braking takes place. The only disadvantage of
this type of braking is that the motor has to run at super
synchronous speed which may damage the motor
mechanically and electrically, but regenerative braking
[Link]
can be done at sub synchronous speed if the variable
frequency source is available.

46) What is Plugging Breaking?

➢ In this method the terminals of supply are reversed, as a
result the generator torque also reverses which resists the
normal rotation of the motor and as a result the speed
decreases. During plugging external resistance is also
introduced into the circuit to limit the flowing current.
The main disadvantage of this method is that here power
is wasted.

47) What is dynamic breaking?

➢ In this method of braking the motor which is at a running
condition is disconnected from the source and connected
across a resistance. When the motor is disconnected from
the source, the rotor keeps rotating due to inertia and it
works as a self-excited generator. When the motor works
as a generator the flow of the current and torque reverses.
During braking to maintain the steady torque sectional
resistances are cut out one by one.

48) What Is Meant By Armature Reaction?

➢ The effect of armature flux on main flux is called
armature reaction. The armature flux causes two effects
on the main field flux:

• The armature reaction distorts the main field flux.

• It reduces the magnitude of the main field flux.

49) Which Motor Has High Starting Torque And Staring

Current Dc Motor, Induction Motor Or Synchronous
Motor?
➢ The DC series motor has the highest starting torque out of
all motors & that is why they are used in electrical

[Link]
machinery requiring high starting torque like cranes,
hoist, etc.

50) What is a Universal Motor?

A universal motor works on either DC or single phase AC
supply. When the universal motor is fed with a DC supply,
it works as a DC series motor. When current flows in the
field winding, it produces an electromagnetic field. The
same current also flows from the armature conductors.
When a current carrying conductor is placed in an
electromagnetic field, it experiences a mechanical force.
Due to this mechanical force, or torque, the rotor starts to
rotate. The direction of this force is given by Fleming's left
hand rule.
When fed with AC supply, it still produces unidirectional
torque. Because, armature winding and field winding are
connected in series, they are in same phase. Hence, as
polarity of AC changes periodically, the direction of
current in armature and field winding reverses at the same
time.
Thus, direction of magnetic field and the direction of
armature current reverse in such a way that the direction
of force experienced by armature conductors remains
same. Thus, regardless of AC or DC supply, universal motor
works on the same principle that DC series motor works.
51) What are some of the most common causes of
transformer humming?
➢ Electric hum around transformers is caused by stray
magnetic fields causing the enclosure and accessories
to vibrate. Magnetostriction is a second source of
vibration, in which the core iron changes shape
minutely when exposed to magnetic fields.
Transformer noise is produced by the core. The
amount of noise is generally fixed by the design of the
transformer.

[Link]
52) What is the voltage regulation of the transformer &
why is it important?
➢ The voltage regulation of a transformer is the percentage
change in the secondary voltage from no load to full load
condition. Ideally, the secondary voltage remains the
same throughout the load, in which case the voltage
regulation is zero. But practically it varies with the power
factor of the load.
The voltage regulation value provides the efficiency of the
transformer & it is best to prefer a transformer with low
voltage regulation.

53) There is a Transformer and an Induction Machine.

Those two have the same supply. For Which Device the
load current will be maximum and why?

➢ For same rating and same loading, the losses occurred

in both devices will be different because of its
construction and application.
1) The transformer has no moving parts unlike
induction motor; therefore less magnetizing current
will be required for its same load operation. Whereas,
induction motors have the air gap between its
primary (stator) and secondary (rotor) windings which
will demand more magnetizing current due to high
leakage reactance compared to the transformer.
2) Induction motor will have to overcome the windage
losses occurred due to rotation of the rotor to provide
same output.
That’s why induction motor will consume more load
current compared to the transformer.

54) How many types of cooling system are there in

Transformers?
➢ The types are
1. ONAN (oil natural,air natural).
2. ONAF (oil natural,air forced).
3. OFAF (oil forced,air forced).

[Link]
4. ODWF (oil direct,water forced).
5. OFAN (oil forced,air forced).

55) What is an Ideal Transformer?

➢ An ideal transformer is an imaginary transformer in
which no losses occur at all. In other words, the
transformer Input power is equal to the output power
of the transformer i.e. they have 100% efficiency. It is
just a theoretical transformer because there must be
some losses in a real transformer. Transformer input
Power = Transformer Output [Link] = POUT.

56) What output power you will get from an ideal

transformer and why?
➢ An ideal transformer does not have any losses like
hysteresis loss, eddy current loss etc. So, the output
power of an ideal transformer is exactly equal to the
input power. Hence, 100% efficiency.

57) What is transformer efficiency & all-day efficiency?

What is the condition for maximum efficiency?
➢ Transformer Efficiency:
The efficiency of the transformer is given by the output
power divided by the input power. Some of the input power is
wasted in internal losses of the transformer.
Efficiency, η = Output Power / Input Power

➢ All Day Efficiency:

The ratio of energy delivered in Kilo Watt-Hour (kWh) to
the energy input in kWh of the transformer for 24 hours is
called all-day efficiency.
ηall_day = Output in kWh / Input in kWh

➢ Condition for Maximum Efficiency:

The copper loss must be equal to the iron loss; which is
the combination of hysteresis loss & eddy current loss.
[Link]
Cu Loss = Iron Loss
Wcu = Wi

58) Why the current transformer’s secondary should not

be open when there is current flowing in its primary?
➢ The current transformer is essentially a step-up
transformer that increases the voltage & decreases
the current on the secondary side. Under the open
secondary condition, the primary current becomes the
magnetizing current that generates a very high
secondary voltage that can damage the insulation as
well as can pose danger to personnel.

59) Why are transformers rated in KVA?

➢ Note:- KVA= KV(killo Volt) * A(ampere)

KW= KV(killo Volt) * A(ampere) * Power factor

We already know that Power factor only depends on the type of

Loads like,

• Inductive Load - Lagging Power factor

• Capacitive Load - Leading Power Factor
• Resistive Load - Unity Power Factor

i) The Transformer is not a Load, it is a device which can

transfer power not consume power. If you think that a
Transformer is a Load that's wrong. So as the
transformer does not consume power it can only
transfer power with increasing and decreasing voltage
and current that is why the Transformer always rated in
KVA.
ii) When the transformer is designed the manufacturer
does not know which type of load will be connected in
future. And the power factor depends upon the load. If
[Link]
an Inductive Load is connected then the current will be
lag which flows through the secondary winding of the
transformer as well as the primary winding of the
transformer. We also know that pure inductive and pure
capacitive load does not practically exist. Every load
has some resistance even it inductive or capacitive. For
example, a motor is connected to the transformer which
is inductive + resistive. So the motor draws both
reactive(KVAR) and active power(KW). So the power
supplied by the transformer is the vector sum of
reactive(KVAR) power and active power(KW) that is KVA.
iii) The Copper loss(I2R) occurs due to the flow of the
current in the transformer winding and the Iron or core
loss occurs due to the voltage. These losses do not
depend on the power factor so that is why the
transformer rating in KVA not KW.

OR
➢ When manufacturers design a transformer, they
have no idea which kind of load will be connected
to the transformer. The load may be resistive (R),
inductive (L), capacitive (C) or mixed load (R, L, and
C). Its mean, there would be different power factor
(p.f) at the secondary (load) side. The output of real
power may vary depending on the power factor.
Thus the manufacturer denotes it as “this
transformer can provide x number of amperes at y
amount of voltage”. This way, they go for VA as in
(voltage x Amperes) instead of W in case of rating
of a Transformer.

60) What will happen if DC supply is given to the primary

of the Transformer?
➢ Mainly transformer has high inductance and low
resistance. In case of DC supply there is no
inductance, only resistance will act in the
electrical circuit. So high electrical current will

[Link]
flow through primary side of the transformer. So
for this reason coil and insulation will burn out.

61) What do you mean by 1Ton of AC?

The cooling produced by melting of 1 ton of ice in a day is
taken as unit of refrigeration (in tons). Now unit of
refrigeration used in S.I. System is KW.
1 ton of refrigeration
= mass of ice x latent heat of ice / 24 hrs

= 900 kg x 335 KJ/Kg ( one short ton = 900 kgs )

------------------
24 x 3600 secs
= 3.4895 KJ/Sec
say 3.5 KJ / Sec = 3.5 KW

That is 1 ton of refrigeration = 3.5 KW

62) What is “pu” in electrical engineering?

➢ Pu stands for per unit and this will be used in
single line diagram of power distribution and it is
like a huge electrical circuit with no of components
(generators, transformers, loads) with different
ratings (in MVA and KV). To bring all the ratings
into common platform we use pu concept in which,
in general largest MVA and KV ratings of the
component is considered as base values, then all
other component ratings will get back into this
[Link] values are called as pu values.
(p.u=actual value/base value).

63) Why are most of the parameters measured in pu?

➢ Circuits are simplified. Voltages have same range
in per unit in all parts of the system from EHV
system to distribution and utilization. When
expressed in the per unit system, apparatus

[Link]
parameters usually fall in narrow range regardless
of apparatus size.

64) What are the various kinds of cables used for

transmission?
➢ The types of cables based on the transmission voltage
ratings are given below :
• Low tension or LT cable t is used for transmission of voltage
below 1000v
• High tension or HT cable used for transmission of up to 11kv.
• Super tension cable is used for handling voltage up to 33kv
• Extra high tension cable can handle voltage up to 66 kV.
• Extra super tension cable is used for transmission of voltage
up to 132kV.

65) What is meant by reverse polarity and how it can be

fixed?***
➢ An electrical outlet has two wires i.e. neutral & hot
or live wire. The Reverse Polarity means that the
neutral wire is connected to the terminal where the
hot wire is supposed to be. It can create shock
hazards because the ON/OFF switches will cutoff
only the neutral wire from the appliance connected
to such outlets.

66) What is the difference between surge arrestor and

lightning arrestor?
➢ Both of them are used as protection devices for
grounding the high voltage transients or surges.
The surge arrestor is used inside the circuit to
protect the components from high voltage spikes.
The lightning arrestors are used outside the circuit
such as on transmission tower to protect them
from high voltage strikes of lightning.

[Link]
67) What Is Critical Disruptive Voltage?
➢ It is the minimum voltage required for the
breakdown of the insulation (air) between a phase &
neutral to discharge the current. It is the voltage
at which the corona discharge starts.

68) How Many Types of Faults Occur in a 3 phase Power

System?
➢ The faults in the three-phase system are named
below:-
Open circuit fault:
• Single-phase open fault
• Double phase open fault
• Three-phase open fault
Short circuit fault:
• Single line to ground fault (LG)
• Double line to ground fault (LLG)
• Line to line fault (LL)
• Three phase short circuit fault (LLL)

69) What Is Skin Effect?

➢ The current density of the AC passing through a
conductor tends to be very high near the surface &
very low near the middle of its cross-section area.
This phenomenon is called skin effect & directly
proportional to the frequency. That is why;
stranded conductors are used for power
transmission.

70) How to reduce Skin Effect?

➢ The methods of reducing skin effects are:
• ACSR bundled conductor is used to reduce the skin
effect. ...
• Using cable material with less magnetic permeability.
...
• Reducing the size of the conductor.
• Increasing the voltage by reducing the current which
decreases the skin effect in the same conductor.
[Link]
71) What is Ferranti Effect?
➢ The effect in which the voltage at the receiving end
of the transmission line is more than the sending
voltage is known as the Ferranti effect. Such type
of effect mainly occurs because of light load or
open circuit at the receiving end. Capacitance and
inductance are the main parameters of the lines
having a length 240km or above. On such
transmission lines, the capacitance is not
concentrated at some definite points. It is
distributed uniformly along the whole length of the
line.
When the voltage is applied at the sending end, the
current drawn by the capacitance of the line is
more than current associated with the load. Thus,
at no load or light load, the voltage at the receiving
end is quite large as compared to the constant
voltage at the sending end.

72) How can we reduce Ferranti Effect?

➢ Ferranti effect can be reduced:
• By installing shunt compensation devices at receiving
end. The compensation device is a shunt reactor which
is connected in parallel with the transmission line. It
reduces the voltage level by absorbing the
reactive power.
• Running the transmission line with higher load. I.e if
you have two line both carries 5 % load in each side
means, we can switch of the one transmission line and
the remaining load can be diverted in to another one.

73) What is Proximity Effect?

➢ When the conductors carry the high alternating
voltage then the currents are non-uniformly
distributed on the cross-section area of the

[Link]
conductor. This effect is called proximity effect.
The proximity effect results in the increment of
the apparent resistance of the conductor due to
the presence of the other conductors carrying
current in its vicinity.

74) How can we reduce Proximity Effect?

➢ We can reduce proximity effect by:
• Reducing the size of the conductor
• Increasing the distance between the two
conductor. I.e in cable manufacturing to
reduce increase the distance between the
conductor, we use dummies.
• Reducing the frequency and increasing the
voltage we can reduce the proximity effect. It
is practically not possible. However, AC
frequency cannot be changed. But we can step
up the voltage further steps.

75) What is ACSR cable and where we use it?

➢ ACSR stands for “Aluminum Conductor Steel
Reinforced”. Its outer strands are made of highly
pure aluminum to have better conductivity while
the center strands from steel to increase the
tensile strength of the cable. It is used for
overhead transmission lines. It has better
conductivity & low weight as well as cost.

76) Why a bird doesn’t get shocked while sitting on a

power line?

➢ Birds can sit on power lines and not get electric

shocks because the electricity is always looking for
a way to get to the ground. The birds are not
touching the ground or anything in contact with
the ground, so the electricity will stay in the power

[Link]
line. If the birds touch 2 lines then the circuit will
be closed and they will get electrical shock.

77) Why human bodies feel electric shock? In an electric

train during which is running, we do not feel any shock?
Why?

➢ Unfortunately our body is a pretty good conductor

of electricity. The golden rule is that current
takes the lowest resistant path. If we have
insulation to our feet the circuit is not complete
(wearing covered rubber footwear while doing
some repairs or when in lab is advisable as our
footwear is a high resistance path and not much
current flows through our body).The electric
train is well insulated from its electrical system.

78) What does RYB in a circuit indicates?

➢ RYB simply stands for Red, yellow and Blue
respectively in a three phase electrical system. In a
three phase electrical system, the three phases are
separated by an angle of 120 degrees and each
phase is given a specific colour, i.e. R, Y and B for
the phases to be identified.

79) Which bulb glows brighter when connected in series,

80Watt or 100 Watt & why?
➢ 1) When connected in series: In a series
connection, current flowing across each element is
same. So when 80W bulb and 100W bulb are
connected in series, same current will flow through
them. To find which bulb will glow brighter we need
to find the power dissipation across each of them.
From the relation

P=(I*I) R

[Link]
since current is same we can say that power
dissipation will be higher for the bulb with higher
resistance i.e. 80W bulb.

Hence 80W bulb will glow brighter in series

connection.

➢ 2) When connected in parallel: In a parallel

connection, voltage across each element is same.
So when 80W bulb and 100W bulb are connected in
parallel, voltage across them will be same. To find
which bulb will glow brighter we need to find the
power dissipation across each of them. From the
relation

P=(V*V)/R

since voltage is same we can say that power

dissipation will be higher for the bulb with lower
resistance i.e. 100W bulb.

Hence 100W bulb will glow brighter in parallel

connection.

80) Explain the working principle of a tube light.

➢ The tube light does not work directly on power
supply. It needs some auxiliary components to
work. They are-

1) Ballast: It may be electromagnetic ballast or

electronic ballast.
2) Starter: The starter is a small neon glow up lamp
that contains a fixed contact, a bimetallic strip and
a small capacitor.
auxiliary electrical components along with tube
light

Working Principle of Tube Light

[Link]
When the switch is ON, full voltage will come across
the tube light through ballast and fluorescent lamp
starter. No discharge happens initially i.e. no lumen
output from the lamp.
At that full voltage first the glow discharge is
established in the starter. This is because the
electrodes gap in the neon bulb of starter is much
lesser than that of inside the fluorescent lamp.
Then gas inside the starter gets ionized due to this
full voltage and heats the bimetallic strip that is
caused to be bent to connect to the fixed contact.
Current starts flowing through the starter. Although
the ionization potential of the neon is little bit more
than that of the argon still due to small electrode gap
high voltage gradient appears in the neon bulb and
hence glow discharge is started first in starter.
As voltage gets reduced due to the current causing a
voltage drop across the inductor, the strip cools and
breaks away from the fixed contact. At that moment
a large L di/dt voltage surge comes across the
inductor at the time of breaking.
This high valued surge comes across the tube light
electrodes and strike penning mixture (mixture argon
gas and mercury vapor).
Gas discharge process continues and current gets
path to flow through the tube light gas only due to
low resistance as compared to resistance of starter.
The discharge of mercury atoms produces ultra violet
radiation which in turn excites the phosphor powder
coating to radiate visible light.
Starter gets inactive during operation of tube light.

81) What is measurement?

➢ Measurement is essentially the act, or the result, of
a quantitative comparison between a given
quantity and a quantity of the same kind chosen as
a standard or a unit.

[Link]
82) What are the measuring instruments in electrical
engineering?

Name Purpose

Ammeter (Ampermeter) Measures current

Measures the capacitance of a

Capacitance meter
component

Measures current without physical

Current clamp
connection

Applies swept signals to a device and

Curve tracer
allows display of the response

Cos Phi Meter Measures the power factor

Measures the distortion added to a

Distortionmeter
circuit

Measures the amount of energy

Electricity meter
dissipated

Measures the equivalent series

ESR meter
resistance of capacitors

Frequency counter Measures the frequency of the current

[Link]
Name Purpose

Measures leakage across the plates of

Leakage tester
a capacitor

Measures the inductance, capacitance

LCR meter
and resistance of a component

Measures Resistance of an Winding of

Megger tester Motor or Generator And Measures
Earthing's Resistance

Measures power at microwave

Microwave power meter
frequencies

General purpose instrument measures

Multimeter voltage, current and resistance (and
sometimes other quantities as well)

Network analyzer Measures network parameters

Measures the resistance of a

Ohmmeter
component

Displays waveform of a signal, allows

Oscilloscope measurement of frequency, timing,
peak excursion, offset, ...

[Link]
Name Purpose

Psophometer Measures AF signal level and noise

Q meter Measures Q factor of the RF circuits

Tachometer Measures speed of motors

Measures both the amplitude and the

Signal analyzer
modulation of a RF signal

Signal generator Generates signals for testing purposes

Spectrum analyser Displays frequency spectrum

Creates constant-amplitude variable

Sweep generator frequency sine waves to test frequency
response

Transistor tester Tests transistors

Tests vacuum tubes (triode, tetrode

Tube tester
etc.)

Wattmeter Measures power in a circuit

[Link]
Name Purpose

Displays the phase of the colors in

Vectorscope
color TV

Generates video signal for testing

Video signal generator
purposes

Measures the potential difference

Voltmeter between two points in a circuit.
(Includes: DVM and VTVM)

Measures the level of AF signals in

VU meter
Volume units

CRO(Cathode Ray
Check transistor
Oscilloscope)

83) What is the difference between an ammeter and a

voltmeter?
➢ Ammeter is a low resistance indicating instrument
while the voltmeter is high resistance one.

84) Why should an ammeter be of very low resistance?

➢ Ammeter, which is connected in series with the
circuit carrying the current under measurement,
must be of very low resistance so that the voltage
drop across the ammeter and power absorbed from
the circuit are as low as possible.

85) Why should a voltmeter be of very high resistance?

[Link]
➢ Voltmeter, which is connected in parallel with the
circuit across which the voltage is to be measured,
must be of very high resistance so that the current
flowing through the voltmeter and the power
absorbed from the circuit are minimum possible.

86) How can an ammeter be changed in to a voltmeter?

➢ An ammeter of low range can be converted into a
voltmeter by connecting a high resistance in series
with it provided the current through the series
combination is within the range of the ammeter
when connected across the voltage under
measurement.

87) What do you understand by the term ‘burden’ of a

CT?
➢ The product of voltage and current on the
secondary side, when the CT is supplying the
instrument with its maximum rated value of
current, is known as rated burden and is expressed
in volt-amperes.

88) What is Meggar?

➢ An instrument that is used to measure insulation
resistance is a Meggar. It is also known as meg-
ohm-meter. It is used in several areas like multi-
meters, transformers, electrical wiring, Etc. Megger
device is used since the 1920s for testing various
electrical devices which can measure greater than
1000meg-ohms. The principle of Megger is based
on moving coil in the instrument. When current is
flowing in a conductor, which is placed in a
magnetic field, it experiences a torque. Meggar
here is used to measure

• Insulation resistance
• Machine windings

[Link]
89) Difference between Analog and Digital Circuit
➢ Analog circuit can process an analog input signal
that has continuously varying voltage. An analog
circuit can convert an analog signal into a digital
signal.
➢ Digital circuit can only process a digital signal i.e.
a signal that has only two levels (1 or 0 / High or
low). They are used in logic-based circuit designing
to process complicated functions like in computer
& cell phones etc.

90) What are the types of semiconductors?

➢ The main two types of semiconductors are;
• Intrinsic semiconductor: the semiconductor that has same
number of electrons & holes. They exist in their natural form.
• Extrinsic semiconductor: these semiconductors have foreign
impurity (electrons or holes) inserted artificially through the
process called doping. The impurities are intentionally added
to change its electrical properties.
o N-Type: The dopant in this type of semiconductor increases
the number of free electrons. So the majority carriers are
electrons in N-type.
o P-Type: the dopant of such semiconductors adds in the
excess number of holes. The majority carriers in P-type
semiconductors in holes.

91) Explain what rectifiers are and what are the types of
rectifiers?
➢ A rectifier is an electronic circuit that converts the
alternating current into a direct current. The types of
rectifiers are as follows;
• Uncontrolled rectifier: these rectifiers are made from diodes
& their output only depends on the input supply. They are
not controlled by any external means.
• Half wave rectifier; that converts half i.e. positive half or
negative half-wave of the AC cycle into DC.

[Link]
• Full-wave rectifier: it converts both positive & negative half
of AC into DC.
i) Bridge rectifier; It is made of 4 diodes to converts full
AC wave into DC
ii) Center tap rectifier; it utilizes a center tap
transformer with only 2 diodes to convert full AC into
DC.
• Controlled Rectifier: these rectifiers are made from SCR
(thyristors) & their output voltage can be controlled by
varying the firing angle.
i) Half controlled: These rectifiers are made from SCR
as well as diodes.
ii) Full controlled: it is purely made from SCR &
provides full control over the voltage through the
external triggering pulse.

92) Explain the different types of Logic Gates

➢ Basic logic gates

There are seven basic logic gates: AND, OR, XOR, NOT, NAND,
NOR, and XNOR.
AND | OR | XOR | NOT | NAND | NOR | XNOR

The AND gate is so named because, if 0 is called "false" and 1 is

called "true," the gate acts in the same way as the logical "and"
operator. The following illustration and table show the circuit
symbol and logic combinations for an AND gate. (In the symbol, the
input terminals are at left and the output terminal is at right.) The
output is "true" when both inputs are "true." Otherwise, the output
is "false." In other words, the output is 1 only when both inputs one
AND two are 1.

AND gate

[Link]
Input 1 Input 2 Output

1 1 1

The OR gate gets its name from the fact that it behaves after the
fashion of the logical inclusive "or." The output is "true" if either or
both of the inputs are "true." If both inputs are "false," then the
output is "false." In other words, for the output to be 1, at least
input one OR two must be 1.

OR gate

Input 1 Input 2 Output

1 1

1 1

1 1 1

The XOR ( exclusive-OR ) gate acts in the same way as the logical
"either/or." The output is "true" if either, but not both, of the inputs
are "true." The output is "false" if both inputs are "false" or if both

[Link]
inputs are "true." Another way of looking at this circuit is to observe
that the output is 1 if the inputs are different, but 0 if the inputs
are the same.

XOR gate

Input 1 Input 2 Output

1 1

1 1

1 1

A logical inverter, sometimes called a NOT gate to differentiate it

from other types of electronic inverter devices, has only one input. It
reverses the logic state. If the input is 1, then the output is 0. If the
input is 0, then the output is 1.

Inverter or NOT gate

Input Output

[Link]
The NAND gate operates as an AND gate followed by a NOT gate. It
acts in the manner of the logical operation "and" followed by
negation. The output is "false" if both inputs are "true." Otherwise,
the output is "true."

NAND gate

Input 1 Input 2 Output

1 1

1 1

1 1

The NOR gate is a combination OR gate followed by an inverter. Its

output is "true" if both inputs are "false." Otherwise, the output is
"false."

NOR gate

Input 1 Input 2 Output

[Link]
1

1 1

The XNOR (exclusive-NOR) gate is a combination XOR gate

followed by an inverter. Its output is "true" if the inputs are the
same, and "false" if the inputs are different.

XNOR gate

Input 1 Input 2 Output

1 1 1

93) What is the role of a transistor in Circuit?

➢ Mainly the transistor can be used for two reasons.
• Switching: to switch ON/OFF the flow of current in a circuit.
The switching depends on the input voltage or current.
• Amplification: to increase or amplify the input signal that has
very low power into a high power signal.

94) What is a transistor composed of?

➢ Transistor is made of different combinations of P-type
& N-type semiconductors. The doping & combination
& different shapes of semiconductors form different

[Link]
types of transistors with different electrical
properties.

95) Explain the operation of inverter.

➢ An inverter can be defined as it is a compact and
rectangular shaped electrical equipment used to
convert direct current (DC) voltage to alternating current
(AC) voltage in common appliances.
There are four switches. A DC source connected with the
switches and load. When switch S1 and S2 are ON, S3 and S4
OFF, the direction of current through the load are positive in
this condition. It gives a positive half cycle of the AC output.

Now, switch S3 and S4 is ON, S1 and S2 OFF. The current

flowing in the opposite direction. It gives a negative half cycle
of the AC output.
The ON and OFF time of switches decides the output
frequency. The output of the inverter is a square wave. The
filters used to generate a sine wave.

96) Explain how an UPS works.

Generally, the UPS system is categorized into On-line UPS,

Off- line UPS and Line interactive UPS. Other designs
include Standby on-line hybrid, Standby-Ferro, Delta
conversion On-Line.

Off-line UPS
This UPS is also called as Standby UPS system which can
give only the most basic features. Here, the primary source
is the filtered AC mains. When the power breakage occurs,
the transfer switch will select the backup source. Thus we
can clearly say that the stand by system will start working
only when there is any failure in mains. In this system, the
AC voltage is first rectified and stored in the storage
battery connected to the rectifier. When power breakage
occurs, this DC voltage is converted to AC voltage by

[Link]
means of a power inverter, and is transferred to the load
connected to it. This is the least expensive UPS system and
it provides surge protection in addition to back up. The
transfer time can be about 25 milliseconds which can be
related to the time taken by the UPS system to detect the
utility voltage that is lost.

On-line UPS
In this type of UPS, double conversion method is used.
Here, first the AC input is converted into DC by rectifying
process for storing it in the rechargeable battery. This DC
is converted into AC by the process of inversion and given
to the load or equipment which it is connected. This type
of UPS is used where electrical isolation is mandatory. This
system is a bit more costly due to the design of constantly
running converters and cooling systems. Here, the rectifier
which is powered with the normal AC current is directly
driving the inverter. Hence it is also known as Double
conversion UPS. When there is any power failure, the
rectifier have no role in the circuit and the steady power
stored in the batteries which is connected to the inverter
is given to the load by means of transfer switch. Once the
power is restored, the rectifier begins to charge the
batteries. To prevent the batteries from overheating due to
the high power rectifier, the charging current is limited.
During a main power breakdown, this UPS system operates
with zero transfer time. The reason is that the backup
source acts as a primary source and not the main AC input.
But the presence of inrush current and large load step
current can result in a transfer time of about 4-6
milliseconds in this system.

Line Interactive UPS

For small business and departmental servers and webs, line
interactive UPS is used. This is more or less same as that
of off-line UPS. The difference is the addition of tap
changing transformer. Voltage regulation is done by this

[Link]
tap-changing transformer by changing the tap depending
on input voltage. Additional filtering is provided in this
UPS result in lower transient loss.

97) How does a Voltage Stabilizer work?

➢ The voltage regulation is required for two distinct

purposes; over voltage and under voltage conditions.
The process of increasing voltage from under voltage
condition is called as boost operation, whereas
reducing the voltage from overvoltage condition is
called as buck operations.

These two main operations are essential in each and every

voltage stabilizer. The components of voltage stabilizer
include a transformer, relays, and electronic circuitry. If
the stabilizer senses the voltage drop in incoming voltage,
it enables the electromagnetic relay so as to add more
voltage from transformer so that the loss of voltage will be
compensated. When the incoming voltage is more than
normal value, stabilizer activates another electromagnetic
relay such that it deducts the voltage to maintain the
normal value of voltage.

98) What is holding current in SCR?

➢ It is the minimum current required to hold the SCR in

forward conduction state.
When the forward current becomes less than holding
current, SCR turns from forward conduction state to
forward blocking state.

99) What is latching current in SCR?

[Link]
➢ It is the minimum current required to latch(turn on)
the SCR from forward blocking state to forward
conduction state.

100) What are the different methods to turn on a SCR?

➢ Forward voltage triggering

Gate Triggering
dv/dt triggering
Temperature triggering
Light triggering

101) What is a Snubber circuit?

➢ The snubber circuit is used for the dv/dt protection of

the SCR. It is a series combination of a resistor and a
capacitor in parallel with the SCR.

102) What are the types of Commutation? Explain.

➢ There are two types of commutation.

i) Natural Commutation : The process of the current

flowing through the thyristor goes through a natural
zero and enable the thyristor to turn off is called as
natural commutation.

ii) Forced Commutation: The process of the current

flowing through the thyristor is forced to become zero
by external circuitry is called as forced commutation.

103) What are the control strategies of Chopper?

➢ The control strategies of chopper are

1. Pulse width modulation PWM (Variable TON,
Constant frequency)

[Link]
2. Frequency modulation (Constant TON or TOFF,
Variable frequency)
3. Current Limit Control (CLC)

104) What is a filter? How many types of Filter are there?

Explain in short.
➢ A filter is a circuit capable of passing (or amplifying)
certain frequencies while attenuating other
frequencies. Thus, a filter can extract important
frequencies from signals that also contain undesirable
or irrelevant frequencies.
The four primary types of filters based on their
Frequency Response include the
• Low-pass filter: Low Pass filter allow low-
frequency signals without any attenuation
(decrease in power) but it rejects any high-
frequency signals.
• the high-pass filter: The type of filter that
allows the high-frequency signals to pass
without any attenuation in its amplitude &
blocks (rejects) any low-frequency signal is
called high pass filter.
• The band-pass filter: This type of filter
allows a specific band of frequencies &
blocks any other frequencies lower or
higher than its passband frequencies.
• The notch filter (or the band-reject or band-
stop filter): This type of filter attenuates
the signal whose frequencies lies in a fixed
band of frequencies.
According to the construction of the filters, there are two types
of filters i.e. Passive Filters & Active filter.
• Passive Filters
As the name suggests, passive filters are made up of passive
components, such as resistors, capacitors & inductors. It does
not need any external source of energy. Therefore there is no

[Link]
voltage gain in these filters. The output voltage is always less
than its input voltage.
It can easily filter a high-frequency signal but it cannot process
any low frequencies.
Although its design is simple but connecting a load to this
filter impacts on its characteristics. Cascading the passive
filters for higher order filter affects the characteristics of the
filter.
• Active Filters
In addition to the resistor & capacitor, Active filter uses
an active component such as an operational
amplifier, transistors, etc.
The downside is that it needs an external source of power, but
it provides a high voltage gain. This gain is used for amplifying
any weak input signals.
The active filter can filter very low-frequency signals but it
cannot process very high-frequency signal.

105) What are the advantages of speed control using

Thyristor?

➢ Advantages :
➢ The response of the control device is
faster as it eliminates the time lag
introduced by the inductances of the
generator field and the armature.

➢ Due to low voltage drop across the

thyristor, the efficiency of the control
system is high.

➢ The control device is smaller in size,

lighter in weight, cheaper in cost,
requiring less space and minimal
maintenance.

➢ Simple and reliable operation.

[Link]
106) What is a system?

➢ When the number of elements connected performs a

specific function then the group of elements is said to
constitute a system or interconnection of various
components for a specific task is called
system. Example: Automobile.

107) What is control system?

➢ Any set of mechanical or electronic devices that

manages, regulates or commands the behavior of the
system using control loop is called the Control
System. It can range from a small controlling device
to a large industrial controlling device which is used
for controlling processes or machines.

108) What are the types of Control System? Explain.

There are two types of Control System-

1. Open loop control system.

2. Closed loop control system.

Open loop control System: An open-loop control system is

a system in which the control action is independent of the
desired output signal. Examples: Automatic washing
machine, Immersion rod.

Closed loop control System: A closed-loop control system

is a system in which control action is dependent on the
desired output. Examples: Automatic electric iron, Servo
voltage stabilizer, an air conditioner.

109) What are the advantage and disadvantages of Open-

Loop System?

Advantages of the open-loop control system

[Link]
o Open loop systems are simple.
o These are economical.
o Less maintenance is required and is not difficult.

Disadvantages of the open-loop control system

o Open loop systems are inaccurate.

o These systems are not reliable.
o These are slow.
o Optimization is not possible.

110) What are the advantages of Closed-Loop System?

Advantages of closed-loop systems

o The closed loop systems are more reliable.

o Closed loop systems are faster.
o Many variables can be handled simultaneously.
o Optimization is possible.

Disadvantages of closed-loop systems

o Closed loop systems are expensive.

o Maintenance is difficult.
o Installation is difficult for these systems.

111) What feedback in control system?

When the input is fed to the system and the output
received is sampled, and the proportional signal is then fed
back to the input for automatic correction of the error for
further processing to get the desired output is called as
feedback in control system.

112) What are the necessary components of a feedback

control system?

➢ The processing system (open loop system), feedback path

element, an error detector, and controller are the
necessary components of the feedback control system.
[Link]
113) What is a signal flow graph? State its essential
characteristics.

➢ The graphical representation of the system's

relationship between the variables of a set of linear
equations is called SFG (Signal Flow Graph). Signal
flow graphs do not require any reduction technique or
process.

➢ The essential characteristics of the signal flow graph

are:

o It represents a network in which nodes are used for the

representation of system variable which is connected by
direct branches.
o SFG is a diagram which represents a set of equations. It
consists of nodes and branches such that each branch of
SFG having an arrow which represents the flow of the
signal.
o It is only applicable to the linear system.

114) What is the basic rule for Block Reduction

Technique?
➢ The basic rule for block diagram reduction is that if
we make any changes in the diagram, then that
changes do not create any changes in the input-
output relationship of the system.

115) What is the “Order of the System”?

➢ Order of the system is the highest derivative of the
order of its equation. Similarly, it is the highest power
of 's' in the denominator of the transfer function.

116) Why is negative feedback preferred in Control

System?
➢ Negative Feedback results in the better stability of the
system and rejects any disturbance signals and is less
[Link]
sensitive to the parameter variations. Hence in
control systems negative feedback is considered.

117) What is effect of positive feedback on the stability

system?
➢ Positive feedback increases the error signal and drives
the system to the instability that is why it is not
generally used in the control system. Positive
feedbacks are used in minor loop control systems to
amplify internal signals and parameters.

118) What is the “Pole of the System”?

➢ The value at which the function F(s) becomes infinite

is called the Pole of the function F(s), where F(s) is a
function of complex variables.

119) What is “Zero of the System”?

➢ The value at which the function F(s) becomes zero is

called the Zero of the function F(s), where F(s) is a
function of complex variables.

120) What is transfer function?

➢ Transfer function of a system is defined as the ratio

of Laplace transform of output to the Laplace
transform of input with all the initial conditions as
zero.
𝐂(𝐬)
T(s)= = 𝐆(𝐬)
𝐑(𝐬)

Where,
1. T(S) = Transfer function of system.

[Link]
2. C(S) = output.
3. R(S) = Reference output.
4. G(S) = Gain.
121) How can we use Control System in Electrical
Engineering?

➢ An electrical control system is a physical

interconnection of devices that influences the behaviour of
other devices or systems. A simple electronic system is
made up of an input, a process, and an output.
Both input and output variables to the system are signals.
Examples of such systems include circulation pumps,
compressors, manufacturing systems, refrigeration plant
and motor control panels.

122) Define Linear and Non-Linear System.

➢ Linear system: Linear systems are the systems which

possess the property of homogeneity and
superposition. The term superposition means that an
input r1(t) gives an output c1(t) and r2(t) will give the
output c2(t). If we apply both the input r1(t) and r2(t)
together, then the output will be the sum of c1(t) and
c2(t).

➢ Non-Linear System: Non-linear systems are the systems

which do not possess the property of superposition
and homogeneity, and the output of these systems are
not directly proportional to its input. In these types
of systems, the stability of the system depends upon
the input and initial state of the system.

123) What is the use of Control System in IT industry?***

124) What is MATLAB?

[Link]
MATLAB is a proprietary multi-paradigm programming
language and numeric computing environment developed
by MathWorks. MATLAB allows matrix manipulations,
plotting of functions and data, implementation of
algorithms, creation of user interfaces, and interfacing
with programs.

125) What is AutoCAD?

AutoCAD® is computer-aided design (CAD) software that

architects, engineers, and construction professionals rely
on to create precise 2D and 3D drawings.

[Link]