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Life and Works of Rizal

LWR 0009-12

Other Non-literary Works of Rizal and Rizal in the Pantheon of National Heroes

Submitted by:

Alagadmo, Emelyn S.
Emnace, Patricia Beatriz Q.
Puedivan, Lawrence Josh Y.
Siangco, Sally L.

Submitted to:
Professor Mark James B. Lota

Group # 7
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LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

At the end of the discussion, the students are expected to:

● To gain a comprehensive understanding of Jose Rizal's non-literary works and their

significance in the context of his role as a national hero.
● To critically analyze Jose Rizal's status as a national hero and his significance in the
collective identity of the nation.
● To examine how Rizal's non-literary works and his role in the pantheon of national
heroes continue to influence Philippine society and culture.

DISCLAIMER

For academic purposes only. No copyright infringement intended on all reference materials
and sources used. The author reserves all rights.
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OTHER NON-LITERARY WORKS OF RIZAL

Rizal as an Ophthalmologist and in Medicine

RIZAL’S EDUCATION IN MEDICINE

● From 1879 to 1882, he studied medicine at Santo Tomas

University in Manila. Dissatisfied with his education there,
due in part to the prejudices of faculty against native
students, he continued his studies in Spain. In 1884, Rizal
completed licentiates in medicine and in philosophy and
letters at the Central University of Madrid. (The licentiate
is an undergraduate degree similar to the American
bachelor's degree but with a more vocational focus.
Further medical education was not required to call oneself
a physician or to practice medicine at that time. However,
one could obtain a doctoral degree, similar to a
contemporary American doctoral degree, after passing
examinations and writing an approved thesis.)
● Rizal kept meticulous notes of his clinical experiences in
Madrid. His clinical and surgical notes contain details of
lectures and case histories. The case reports include the
patients' history, physical findings, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and treatment,
including prescriptions, diet, course, and even autopsy findings. Rizal recorded opinions of
professors on the cases as well as his own observations. Some comments show his
awareness of inadequacies in the system with an ironic sense of humor: "The San Carlos
clinic which prints a seal of infection to every wound."
● Although Rizal completed a thesis for his doctorate in medicine, he did not technically
receive this degree, since he did not appear to read his thesis aloud as required by the
Central University of Madrid. At the time Rizal completed the thesis, he was already studying
ophthalmology in Germany. Reading his thesis in Madrid would have required an additional
trip to Spain, which Rizal could not afford. Instead, he mailed his thesis to the university and
hoped for its acceptance in this manner.

WHY DID RIZAL STUDY OPHTHALMOLOGY?

● Rizal was inspired to study ophthalmology by his mother's failing eyesight and his desire to
help her.
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RIZAL’S TRAINING IN OPHTHALMOLOGY

● PARIS
➔ In the late 19th century, ophthalmology was already a separate specialty, but there
were no organized residency programs. Most postgraduate training was obtained in
preceptorships under the tutelage of well-known professors.
➔ Rizal first studied the eye under the famous French ophthalmologist, Louis de
Wecker (1832-1906). Although he held no academic position, de Wecker was a
prolific author and an active teacher. He introduced ophthalmoscopy into France and
advanced ocular surgery. He modified cataract and strabismus surgery, devised a
new method of enucleation, advocated sclerotomy for the treatment of glaucoma,
and was the first to use the term filtration. The de Wecker iris scissors are still in
use.
➔ Rizal served as assistant at de Wecker's clinic from November 1885 to February
1886. He sent frequent letters to his family describing what he was learning in Paris.
➔ Rizal was highly impressed by de Wecker's surgical skills and felt his surgical
training was progressing well. Living in Paris was too expensive, however, forcing
him to look elsewhere for additional training. He decided to continue his studies
of the eye in Germany, where the cost of living was more reasonable. He was
undaunted by the task of learning another new language.
● GERMANY
➔ In February 1886, Rizal moved to Heidelberg. There he found university students at
a pub and inquired about good professors in ophthalmology. He was directed to the
Augenklinik (Eye Clinic) of Otto Becker. Becker (1828-1890) was professor of
ophthalmology at the University of Heidelberg from 1868 to 1890 and helped make
this department one of the best in Germany. He wrote a text on the anatomy of the
normal and diseased lens and collected more than 1800 pathologic specimens. Rizal
spent the next 6 months working as an assistant to Becker.
● EUROPE
➔ On his way back to de Wecker's clinic in Paris in 1887, Rizal took time to travel
through Europe to learn from and visit with some additional prominent
ophthalmologists and scientists. Among the ophthalmologists he visited, probably
the most well-recognized today is Ernst Fuchs, whom he visited and worked with
for a short time in Vienna. In Berlin Rizal met Rudolph Virchow, the"father of
pathology," who invited him to become a member of the Berlin Anthropological
Society. That Virchow, an eminent European scientist, would offer the young Rizal
such an honor is a tribute to the magnetism of Rizal's personality and intellect, as
thus far in his career he had made no significant contribution to science.

RIZAL’S PRACTICE OF OPHTHALMOLOGY

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● Rizal practiced ophthalmology, mainly in Calamba (August 1887-February 1888), Hong

Kong (November 1891-June 1892), and while in exile in the town of Dapitan (July 1892-July
1896). His specialized skills brought him fame, and patients often traveled long distances to
seek his care. In Calamba in 1887, Rizal finally began to fulfill his lifelong dream of caring for
his mother's eyesight. He may have operated on his mother there, possibly performing an
iridectomy as a preliminary to cataract extraction. In Hong Kong in 1892, he successfully
removed the cataract from his mother's left eye. Several months later, he sent her glasses
with instructions to cover the right lens until he could operate on that eye. Two years later,
at Dapitan, he extracted the right cataract. He was dismayed by her postoperative course,
however, as she disobeyed his instructions and removed the bandages prematurely. He
learned a lesson on the difficulty of taking care of family members.
● Experiences like this one may have formed the basis for the modern standard that surgeons
should not operate on their immediate family. It has been said, however, that Rizal really
only had 2 patients: his mother and his country. His dedication to both was clearly
remarkable.

Rizal as a Botanist

Interest and Education in Botany

● Rizal's interest in plants and natural sciences began at a young age, influenced by his mother
and the lush natural surroundings of Calamba, Philippines. He continued his education at
the Ateneo Municipal de Manila and afterwards at the University of Santo Tomas, where he
studied Philosophy and Letters, which included scientific fields such as botany.

Botanical Expeditions and Collections

● Rizal diligently documented different plant species he encountered during his travels,
particularly in Europe. He collected and stored plant specimens, noting scientific
classifications, physical properties, and applications.

Rizal's Botanical Garden in Dapitan

● Rizal maintained a garden in Dapitan, Philippines, during his exile from 1892 to 1896,
where he nurtured and experimented with various plant varieties. This garden became a
focal point for his botanical research and trials.
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● Rizal meticulously planned and maintained the garden, demonstrating his deep interest in
botany. He used this area to cultivate a wide variety of plant species, both native to the
Philippines and from other areas of the world.
● Rizal's garden acted as a living laboratory in which he conducted research on the growth
patterns, features, and applications of many plants. He documented his findings and
observations, making substantial contributions to the area of botany.
● Rizal hoped to encourage sustainable farming methods and the growth of economically
essential plants through his garden. He frequently shared his knowledge with the local
population, pushing them to use better farming methods.
● Rizal used the garden as a serene retreat, providing a peaceful place for introspection and
reflection. It was a spot where he took refuge and found inspiration for his varied endeavors.
● Rizal's botanical garden exemplified his belief in agriculture, sustainability, and the
thorough study of flora. It was a monument to his commitment to expanding natural science
understanding.
● Rizal exhibited his passion to botany and its ability to contribute to the well-being of society
and the environment by maintaining this garden and undertaking significant botanical
experiments. His botanical endeavors in Dapitan gave his strong love of nature and science a
practical dimension.

Contributions to Plant Taxonomy

● Rizal contributed significantly to plant taxonomy by describing new species and genera. His
discovery of a species of moss named "Rhizostigma rizali" in his honor was one of his most
important contributions.

Botanical Illustrations and Artwork

● Rizal was not only interested in botany's scientific aspects, but he was also a talented artist.
He created comprehensive botanical representations of plants, highlighting their
architecture and peculiarities..

Publication of Flora de Filipinas

● Rizal collaborated with other botanists, most notably with Francisco Manuel Blanco, a
Spanish friar and botanist, in the publishing of "Flora de Filipinas," for which Rizal produced
images.

Botanical Advocacy
● Rizal was an outspoken supporter of the conservation and preservation of the Philippines'
diverse flora. He recognized the significance of native plants and their potential use in a
variety of disciplines, including medicine and industry. He promoted the preservation of
Philippine forests and emphasized the importance of sustainable practices.
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The contributions of Jose Rizal to botany demonstrate his comprehensive approach

to understanding the world around him. His botanical interests were entwined with his
activism for Philippine culture, education, and conservation, demonstrating a genuine
respect for his homeland's natural beauty and biodiversity.

Rizal as a Cartographer

Rizal created detailed maps of the Philippines, including a map of Mindanao. His
cartographic skills helped improve the knowledge of the archipelago's geography during his time.
➔ Relief map of Mindanao: It is near the St. James the Greater Church and is
recognized as a National Cultural Treasure. The map, measuring around 900 square
meters, was made between August and September of 1892 by Jose Rizal with the
help of Fr. Francisco Paula de Sanches based on the scientific map of Maurillo
Velarde, a French Jesuit. Rizal used the map as a "motivating device" for his students
in his History and Geography classes. The map is made of grassy mounds in a rough
scale of the Mindanao Islands and still carries the names of places as they were
called in the past. It is an important historical symbol and a popular tourist
attraction in Dapitan City, Philippines
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➔ Pacific Ocean spheres of influence: He made a sketch of the spheres of influence

in the Pacific Ocean during President Harrison's administration. This sketch is
mentioned in his article "The Philippines A Century Hence," which was originally
published in 1889. The sketch reflects the geopolitical dynamics and the potential
impact on the Philippines during that time.

➔ Plan for modern college: This map was made in 1872. Jose Rizal had a plan to
establish a modern college, However, this dream college did not materialize as he
planned. Instead, he founded a school for boys in Dapitan when he was exiled. Rizal's
plan for a modern college was also intended for Hong Kong, aiming to "train and
educate men of good family and financial means" in accordance with the demands of
the time. He had sought initial capital for the college, but the project did not come to
fruition.

➔ “The lake district of Central Luzon” (1872) - Jose Rizal mentioned the "lake
district of central Luzon" in his work "Memorias de un Estudiante de Manila" in
1872. This reference indicates his awareness of the geographical features of the
central Luzon region, particularly its lake district.
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Rizal as an Ethnographer and Anthropologist

Rizal conducted ethnographic and anthropological studies during his travels, particularly in
Dapitan where he was exiled. He documented the customs, traditions, and cultures of various
indigenous groups in the Philippines.
He was driven to master these studies by the boorish behavior of the colonial Spaniards,
who treated Filipinos as though they were by nature inferior. Rizal was a restless traveler who
visited the capitals of Europe, like an inquisitive ethnographer, looking around not only in the local
libraries and hospitals but also in schools, museums, zoological as well as botanical gardens, and
ethnographic collections. Rizal is the only Asian member of the Berlin Anthropological Society. Dr.
Mojares is of the opinion that Jose Rizal had anthropological pursuits, but lamentably has never
been recognized as an anthropologist Rizal officially joined the Ethnographic Society on January 26,
1887, and the Anthropological Society of Berlin on February 7. The Geographic Society of Berlin
later accepted Rizal as a member when he submitted a work titled (Tagalische Verskunst).

● Tagalische Verskunst (Tagalog Metrical Art) - This was the title of Rizal's project, which
was written in Tagalog metrical verse and presented to the Geographic Society of Berlin. In
front of the German association's members and officers, he presented this work via a talk.
The Geographic Society was pleased with its Filipino member for publishing Rizal's work in
April 1887.
● Etnografia y Antropologia de Los Pueblos Primitivos (Ethnography and Anthropology
of Primitive Towns) - Rizal translated and sent this unique book on ethnography and
anthropology to the Philippines at Calamba.
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● Ethnographe der Insel Mindanao (Ethnography of the Islands of Mindanao) - This was
Blumentritt's work about Mindanao, which Rizal translated into Tagalog for his buddy. It
was originally written in German.
● Significance of Palm Sunday - In this French-language work, it was composed in 1887
while Rizal was in Berlin, Germany. He emphasized the significance of remembering Palm
Sunday and the Catholic religion. The essay's opening sentences are as follows:
○ It was the poor who first accepted Christianity; yes, it was the poor who,
seeing in their priests not the ministers of God but despots, hailed in Jesus
the Man of God, the man to whom poverty was not a stigma and who could
deliver them from their misfortunes.
Rizal was exposed to the concepts and opinions of well-known German intellectuals when
he was there, including Seor W. Reiss, the president of the Ethnographic Society. He had a
meeting with eminent German geographer Dr. W. Joest.

Rizal as a Reformist Political Activist

Jose Rizal, a Filipino nationalist and intellectual, played a significant role in the Philippine
reform and political activism during the late 19th century.

His contributions were instrumental in the Philippine struggle for independence from
Spanish colonial rule. Here are some key aspects of Rizal's reform and political activism:

1. Education and Enlightenment: Rizal was highly educated and well-traveled, having
studied in Europe and gained exposure to various cultures and political ideologies.
He believed that education was essential for national progress and enlightenment.
He used his knowledge and writings to inspire Filipinos to seek reforms and social
justice.
- While studying in Europe, Jose Rizal came across the idea of enlightenment,
which had a profound effect on his viewpoint on education. He believed that
the transformative potential of education could help the Filipino people
escape the oppressive Spanish colonial rule. Rizal saw education as a path to
freedom and enlightenment. He believed that via education, Filipinos may
get the knowledge and consciousness needed to challenge and ultimately
overthrow colonial power. Rizal advocated for a framework for education
that emphasized critical thinking and questioned conventional wisdom and
injustices. He believed that people with higher levels of education would be
more prone to demand social and political change.
2. Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo: Rizal's novels, "Noli Me Tangere" (1887)
and "El Filibusterismo" (1891), were critical of Spanish colonial abuses and served
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as a wake-up call for Filipinos to understand the oppressive nature of Spanish rule.
These novels exposed the injustices faced by Filipinos under colonial rule and called
for reforms.
3. La Liga Filipina: Rizal founded the Liga Filipina (Philippine League) in 1892 as a
peaceful reformist organization aimed at achieving social and political changes
within the Spanish colonial system. However, the organization was short-lived, as
Rizal was arrested by Spanish authorities shortly after its establishment.
4. Exile and Advocacy: After being exiled to Dapitan in Mindanao by the Spanish
authorities, Rizal continued his advocacy for reforms. He established a school,
conducted scientific research, and provided medical care to the community. Even in
exile, he maintained correspondence with fellow Filipino reformists and continued
to promote his ideas.
5. Political Activism Abroad: After his release from exile, Rizal continued his political
activism abroad. He traveled to various countries, including Spain and Hong Kong,
where he engaged with Filipino expatriate communities and sought support for the
Filipino cause. He also wrote articles and essays calling for reforms and
independence.
6. Katipunan and Revolutionary Influence: While Rizal's approach was primarily
reformist and nonviolent, his writings and ideas had a profound influence on the
emerging revolutionary movement. The Katipunan, a secret society founded by
Andres Bonifacio in 1892, drew inspiration from Rizal's work and ultimately led the
armed struggle for Philippine independence.
7. Martyrdom: Rizal's execution by firing squad on December 30, 1896, in Manila's
Luneta Park turned him into a martyr for the Philippine cause. His death galvanized
the Filipino revolutionary movement, which continued to fight for independence
against Spanish rule and later against American colonization.

Jose Rizal's reform and political activism were marked by his writings, educational
initiatives, and peaceful calls for social and political change within the context of Spanish
colonial rule in the Philippines. While his efforts did not lead to immediate reforms, they
served as a catalyst for the broader movement that eventually led to Philippine
independence.

Rizal as an Agriculturist / Agronomy

Jose Rizal, the national hero of the Philippines, had a significant interest in agriculture
during his lifetime. While his primary contributions were in the fields of literature, politics, and
social reform, he did engage in some agricultural activities and expressed his views on agrarian
issues. Here are some aspects of Rizal's involvement with agriculture:
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1. Agricultural Experiments in Dapitan: During his exile in Dapitan, Rizal engaged in

agricultural experiments to improve local farming practices. He introduced new
crops and farming techniques to the local community. Rizal planted various crops,
including coconuts, cacao, coffee, and abaca, and demonstrated more efficient
methods of cultivation.
2. Promotion of Cooperative Farming: Rizal advocated for the establishment of
cooperative farming communities where farmers could work together and
collectively benefit from their efforts. He believed that this approach would help
improve the economic conditions of the farming population.
3. Botanical Studies: Rizal had a deep interest in botany and conducted botanical
studies during his travels and in the Philippines. He collected plant specimens and
documented the flora of the Philippines, contributing to the understanding of the
country's biodiversity.
4. Advocacy for Agrarian Reforms: Rizal was concerned about the plight of Filipino
farmers who often faced landlessness and oppression from Spanish landlords. He
wrote about the need for agrarian reforms, including land redistribution and fair
treatment of farmers, in his works and speeches.
5. Education in Agriculture: Rizal recognized the importance of education in
improving agricultural practices. He advocated for the establishment of schools that
would teach modern and scientific farming techniques to Filipino farmers. Rizal
believed that education could empower farmers to adopt more efficient and
productive agricultural methods.
6. Correspondence with Agricultural Experts: Rizal corresponded with various
experts in the field of agriculture, seeking advice and sharing his own observations
and ideas related to farming and land cultivation. He exchanged letters with
individuals who were knowledgeable about agricultural practices.

While Rizal's primary role in Philippine history was as a nationalist, writer, and advocate for
independence from Spanish colonial rule, his interest in agriculture and his efforts to improve
farming practices and the economic conditions of Filipino farmers demonstrate his concern for the
well-being of his fellow countrymen. His advocacy for agricultural reforms and education aimed to
uplift the agricultural sector and benefit the Filipino peasantry.

Rizal as a Teacher

• During his travels abroad he observed the educational

system of modern nations.
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" He himself planned to establish a modern college in Hong Kong for Filipino boys so that he
could train them in modern pedagogical concepts, which were then unknown in the Philippines.

● With his prize from the Manila, and his earnings as a farmer and a merchant he bought a
piece of land in Talisay near Dapitan
● He built three houses all made of bamboo, wood and nipa.
● Exile to Dapitan - gave him the opportunity to put into practice his educational ideas.
● In 1893 he established a school which existed until the end of his exile in July, 1896.
× It began with 3 pupils.
× The enrollment increased to 16 and later to 21.
● In his letter to Blumentritt on March 13, he said that he had 16 pupils in his school and
that these pupils did not pay any tuition.
● Instead of charging them tuition fees, he made them work in his garden, fields, and
construction projects in the community.

Rizal, the teacher, sat on a hammock.

Pupils sat on a long bamboo bench.

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● Rizal taught this boys reading, writing, languages (Spanish and English), geography,
history, mathematics arithmetic and geometry), industrial work, nature study, morals and
gymnastics. He trained them how to collect specimens of plants and animals, to love
work, and to "behave like men"
● There are days when they have to speak English. The next, Spanish. Violators get to
wear rattan handcuffs
● As in Ateneo, head of the class was called "emperor" and sit at the head of the bamboo
bench while the poor students sit at the foot and get to do exercises first.
● Formal classes were held from 2-4pm and during recess, they built fires to drive away
insects, pruned fruits and fertilized the soil
● He encouraged his students to play games to strengthen their body, they had
gymnastics, boxing, wrestling, stone-throwing, swimming, arnis, and boating

● Rizal conducted his school at his home in Talisay, near Dapitan, where he had his farm
and hospital. His favorite rendezvous with his boys was under a talisay tree, after which
the place was named.
● In honor of Talisay, he wrote a poem entitled "Himno A Talisay'

In four productive years, Rizal transformed the lives, attitudes, and consciousness of the
Dapitanons. His exemplary life was dictated by simple pleasures - cultivating the land, enriching
the minds of the young, encouraging thrift and industry, developing artistry and ingenuity, and
showing compassion to communal health and welfare.

"I do not aspire either for eternal fume or eternal renown; I do not aspire to equal others whose
conditions, faculties, circumstances could he and are in effect different from mine. My sole wish
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is to do what is possible, what is in my hands, the most necessary. Shave glimpsed a little light
and I believe that it is my duty to teach it to my countrymen.” - Rizal

Rizal as an Artist

Jose Rizal, the Philippines' national hero, was not only a prolific writer and influential political
thinker but also a talented artist. This report explores Rizal's diverse artistic works, including his
novels, sculptures, sketches, and poems, shedding light on his creative genius and the profound
impact of his artistic expressions on Philippine culture and society.

● Novels: Rizal's literary masterpieces, "Noli Me Tangere" (Touch Me Not) and "El
Filibusterismo" (The Reign of Greed), are monumental works that laid the foundation for
the Philippine Revolution against Spanish colonial rule. Through vivid characters and
compelling narratives, Rizal exposed the injustices and corruption of the Spanish friars
and government officials. His novels not only ignited the flames of nationalism but also
showcased his deep understanding of human nature and society, making him a literary
icon in Philippine literature.
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● Sculptures: Rizal was a skilled sculptor, creating intricate sculptures that reflected his
artistic finesse. One of his notable sculptures is the "Bust of Father Guerrico," a
masterpiece that captures the essence of his subject with remarkable detail and
emotion. Rizal's sculptures, though few in number, demonstrated his ability to breathe
life into stone, leaving a lasting impression on those who beheld his works.

● Poems: Rizal's poetic talents were evident in his verses, expressing his love for his
country, his longing for freedom, and his reflections on life's complexities. Poems like "Mi
Ultimo Adiós" (My Last Farewell) and "A La Juventud Filipina" (To the Filipino Youth) are
timeless classics that resonate with patriotic fervor and a profound sense of sacrifice.
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Rizal's poems continue to inspire generations, evoking a deep sense of pride and
national identity among Filipinos.

RIZAL IN THE PANTHEON OF NATIONAL HEROES

Declaration as the National Hero and Reasons for Recognition

● How did Dr. Jose Rizal became the National Hero of the Philippines?
- There has always been a heated argument on who deserves to be called Philippine’s
national hero — Jose Rizal or Andres Bonifacio. But there are reasons why Rizal was
the one who was considered as the Philippine National Hero.
- The Americans (through the American Governor William Howard Taft)
recommended to the Philippine Commission, which was sponsored by the US, to
declare Jose Rizal as a national hero for the Filipinos. The Americans recommended
Rizal because of the fact that he was executed by the Spaniards and of his peaceful
way to achieve liberty. Unlike Andres Bonifacio whose desire to achieve
independence for his native land required an armed approach. The Americans
deemed this approach to independence of Andres Bonifacio to be unacceptable and
may inspire other Filipinos to rebel against American rule. This is why Jose Rizal was
chosen over him as the national hero. Jose Rizal was declared as the greatest Filipino
hero during the American colonization after the Aguinaldo led armed forces were
subdued during the Philippine-American war.

● Why is Dr. Jose Rizal recognized as a National Hero?

- His pivotal role in inspiring and leading the Philippine Revolution against Spanish
colonial rule.
➔ In the late 19th Century, Rizal became the voice of a people long oppressed
by centuries-old Spanish rule. As an educated man, he was exposed to some
of the abuses by Spanish friars and government officials.
- The Pen Is Mightier Than the Sword
➔ He wrote Noli Me Tangere and El Felibusterismo. Although fictional, the
novels described the abuses committed by Spanish officials against the
locals. Alarmed over the threat posed by the two novels, angry Spanish
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officials pushed for Rizal's arrest and exile in Dapitan. While exiled in
Dapitan, Rizal devoted himself to improving the conditions of people in
Dapitan.
➔ During this time, the concept of "Filipino" was taking shape among the
inhabitants of the islands. Before, society was divided among Spanish
citizens and indios (locals). Some began to form nationalistic ideas. Rizal's
two novels inspired locals to call not for Spanish government reforms but for
independence from Spain.
➔ This alarmed the Spanish colonial government. In 1896, Rizal was executed
in Bagumbayan (Rizal Park) on charges of sedition and treason. The
execution did not prevent the calls for independence to stop. The Katipunan
led a full scale revolutionary war against the Spanish colonial government.
Although Rizal did not push for independence, his writings and execution
inspired many to revolt against Spain. This is the primary reason Jose Rizal is
a national hero. He instilled the sense of nationalism among citizens
oppressed by centuries-old Spanish rule.
➔ He fought for freedom in a silent but powerful way. He expressed his love for
the Philippines through his novels, essays and articles rather than through
the use of force or aggression.
➔ He was a very amazing person at his time. He was humble, fighting for
reforms through his writings instead of through a revolution. He used his
intelligence, talents and skills in a more peaceful way rather than the
aggressive way.
- Founder of La Liga Filipina
➔ Jose Rizal founded the La Liga Filipina, a civic organization that led to the
creation of the Katipunan headed by Andres Bonifacio. This fact may already
substantiate that Rizal’s title was deserving since without the La Liga
Filipina, Andres Bonifacio and his army would have been non-existent.
➔ Everything started with Rizal. Philippine Revolution against Spain started
what was known as the First Republic led by Emilio Aguinaldo.
➔ For Rizal, violence or armed resistance only as a last resort and considered
the restoration of the people’s dignity as a justification means of achieving
national liberation and self-rule. On the other hand, Filipinos are also
grateful to Andres Bonifacio’s legacy, his advocacy to an armed revolution.
We credit both Rizal and Bonifacio for awakening the patriotic spirit of
Filipinos.

Intellectual and Moral Leadership

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Jose Rizal, widely considered as the intellectual and moral compass of the Philippine
Revolution, demonstrated excellent intellectual and moral leadership in many aspects of his life and
work:

● Intellectual Brilliance:
- Rizal was a multi-talented scholar who excelled in many subjects, including
medicine, literature, agriculture, architecture, sociology, anthropology, and others.
His intelligence was a transformation agent, promoting critical thinking and igniting
the minds of the Filipino people.
● Literary Legacy:
- Rizal's literary writings, particularly "Noli Me Tangere" and "El Filibusterismo,"
revealed the injustices and excesses of Spanish rule. His works instilled a sense of
national recognition in the Filipino people and inspired them to fight for social
reform and independence.
● Advocacy for Education:
- Rizal emphasized the value of knowledge in breaking free from ignorance and
injustice. He was a strong supporter of the construction of schools and educational
reforms, thinking that an educated populace was essential for national progress and
enlightenment.
● Promotion of Peaceful Reform:
- Rizal advocated peaceful changes over violent revolt. He believed in the
transformative power of discussion, education, and persuasion. His devotion to
nonviolent tactics of accomplishing social and political improvements demonstrated
his moral leadership.
● Ethical Standpoint:
- Rizal maintained a strong ethical stance, pushing for justice, equality, and fair
treatment of all people, regardless of race or socioeconomic status. He stood up to
discrimination and abuse by upholding moral ideals that governed his conduct and
teachings.
● Exemplary Character and Integrity:
- Rizal's personal character, honesty, and integrity were impeccable. His unrelenting
commitment to the welfare of the Filipino people, as well as his refusal to
compromise on his ideals, demonstrated his moral fiber and distinguished him as an
excellent leader.
● Sacrifice for the Nation:
- Rizal's determination to give his life for the sake of Philippine freedom exemplified
his moral leadership. He faced death with bravery and conviction, knowing that his
sacrifice would inspire others to fight for liberty and justice.
● Legacy of Unity and Patriotism:
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- Rizal's leadership instilled in the Filipino people a spirit of solidarity and patriotism.
His teachings and actions brought a divided people together, bridging geographical,
cultural, and socioeconomic barriers in pursuit of a shared goal: real independence
and national identity.

Jose Rizal's intellectual brilliance, combined with his uncompromising

dedication to moral and ethical values, firmly established him as a visionary leader.
His legacy lives on, serving as a beacon of hope for intellectuals, reformers, and
campaigners for justice and equality.

Martyrdom and Sacrifice

His willingness to give his life for the cause of Philippine independence and his steadfast
commitment to the principles of freedom and justice have solidified his status as a national hero in
this regard. Jose Rizal was a Filipino nationalist, writer, and revolutionary who was executed by the
Spanish colonial authorities on December 30, 1896. His death was a defining moment for the
Philippines and became a symbol of the country's struggle for independence. Rizal's martyrdom
and sacrifice are celebrated annually in the Philippines on Rizal Day, which is a national holiday.
Rizal's martyrdom was a result of his involvement in the Philippine Revolution, which
sought to overthrow Spanish colonial rule. He was accused of founding illegal associations and
promoting rebellion, and was sentenced to death by a Spanish martial court. Despite his request to
be allowed to face his executioners, he was denied and was instead executed by firing squad.
Rizal's sacrifice and martyrdom have had a profound impact on Philippine history and
culture. He is considered a national hero and his writings, including his novels "Noli Me Tangere"
and "El Filibusterismo," are widely read and studied in the Philippines. Rizal's dedication to the
cause of Philippine independence and his willingness to sacrifice his life for it continue to inspire
Filipinos today

Role in Nation-Building

José Rizal is celebrated in the pantheon of national heroes for his instrumental role in
nation-building in the Philippines. Rizal is hailed as a key architect of the Filipino nation, having
contributed significantly to shaping the nation's consciousness, identity, and values. His ideas and
writings continue to resonate and influence the country's political, social, and cultural landscapes.
His advocacy for reforms, promotion of education, and efforts to shape a Filipino national identity
continue to influence the country's values, aspirations, and sense of unity. Rizal's legacy as a
nation-builder is a testament to his enduring impact on the Philippines and its people.

Rizal Monuments and Landmarks

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Jose Rizal, the national hero of the Philippines, is commemorated through numerous
monuments and landmarks across the Philippines and in various parts of the world. These
monuments and landmarks serve as symbols of his contributions to Philippine history and his
advocacy for independence from Spanish colonial rule. Here are some notable Rizal monuments
and landmarks:

1. Rizal Park (Luneta Park): Located in Manila,

Rizal Park, also known as Luneta Park, is one of the
most famous landmarks dedicated to Jose Rizal. At its
heart stands the Rizal Monument, an iconic bronze
statue of Rizal depicted in mid-stride with a copy of
his book "Noli Me Tangere" in his hand. It marks the
spot where Rizal was executed by firing squad on
December 30, 1896.

2. Rizal Shrine in Dapitan: This is where Rizal

was exiled by Spanish authorities for four years. The
shrine includes various structures and artifacts
related to Rizal's life and his contributions to science,
education, and agriculture during his time in Dapitan.

3. Rizal Monument in Calamba: Calamba,

Rizal's hometown, has a monument dedicated to him.
The monument depicts Rizal holding a book and a
quill pen, symbolizing his dedication to education and
his writings.

4. Rizal Monument in Iloilo: This monument in

Iloilo City commemorates Rizal's visit to the city on
June 26, 1896. The statue stands at Plaza Libertad and
is one of the city's historical landmarks.
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5. Rizal Shrine in Fort Santiago: Located

within the historic Fort Santiago in Manila, this shrine
includes a museum and a replica of the cell where
Rizal was held before his execution. It provides
insights into Rizal's life during his imprisonment.

6. Rizal
Monument in Madrid, Spain: Erected in Madrid, where
Rizal spent a significant part of his life, this monument
honors his contributions to the Philippines and his role in
the Propaganda Movement.

7. Rizal Park in Wilhelmsfeld, Germany: In the town

where Rizal's close friend, Pastor Karl Ullmer, lived, there
is a park named after Rizal. The park includes a statue of
Rizal and serves as a symbol of the enduring friendship
between Rizal and Ullmer.

8. Rizal Memorial Sports Complex: This sports

complex in Manila, built in 1934, was
dedicated to Rizal's memory and has hosted
numerous sporting events and cultural
activities over the years.
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9. Rizal Monument in Chicago, USA: Located in Lincoln Park,

Chicago, this monument is a gift from the Filipino community
in Chicago to the city. It features a bronze statue of Rizal with
an open book and serves as a symbol of Filipino-American
heritage.

These monuments and landmarks not only honor the memory of

Jose Rizal but also serve as reminders of his enduring legacy as a
patriot, writer, and advocate for Philippine independence. They continue to be important sites for
historical and cultural education, as well as places of reflection and tribute for Filipinos and visitors
alike.

National Rizal Day (December 30, XXXX)

Jose Rizal's sister Narcisa asked to have his bones excavated from the Paco cemetery and given
to the Rizal family, which was done in 1898. President Emilio Aguinaldo issued a proclamation on
December 20 of the same year designating December 30 of that year—and every year after—as a
national day of mourning in memory of Rizal and the outstanding Filipino patriots who battled
against Spanish authority. Act No. 243, which was enacted by the Philippine Assembly on September
28, 1901, established a plot of land in Manila's Luneta Park, formerly known as Bagumbayan, for the
construction of a monument honoring the Philippine National Hero. The plan was to erect a building
that would contain the National Hero's remains in addition to serving as a monument to him.
Paciano Rizal, one of Rizal's brothers, was a member of the committee established to gather money
for the building.

A competition that was organized after Act No. 243 was passed was what led to the creation of
the Rizal National Monument at Luneta. Professor Carlos Nicoli of Carrara, Italy, came up with the
original winning design. However, his design was never implemented due to a number of factors,
including his inability to provide a 20,000 peso bond for the monument's construction. Instead, the
design submitted by Dr. Richard Kissling of Zurich, Switzerland, who came in second, was modified.
A ceremony was held in 1912 to mark the transfer of Jose Rizal's remains from his family's care to
the monument's base. The unveiling of Rizal's monument took place a year after the move. It had
been 17 years since his passing. It was believed that the memorial was erected right where Rizal
lost his balance. The actual execution site, however, was discovered to be a few meters away, where
a marker and a diorama now exist, following a reevaluation in the 1930s.
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The Jose Rizal National Centennial Commission chose to expand the obelisk's stature from 12.7
meters to 30 meters in 1961. Using steel reinforcement, 5 meters. Juan F. Nakpil, who eventually
became the nation's first national artist for architecture, created the new obelisk. However, the
30.5-meter metal obelisk was removed and the monument was returned to its original form two
years after the centennial celebrations (see photographs above). Right in front of the monument, the
shrine also serves as a complementary landmark for the Philippines' kilometer 0 roadmarker.

The incumbent president has a custom of laying a wreath on December 30 to commemorate

Jose Rizal's martyrdom. Visiting dignitaries including foreign heads of state have traditionally paid
their homage to Rizal at the monument on their official visits to the Philippines, but this is not
obligatory. The 115th anniversary of Rizal's martyrdom occurs this year. The Rizal National
Monument in Rizal Park, Manila; the Rizal Shrine in Calamba City, Laguna; and the Rizal Shrine in
Dapitan City, Zamboanga del Norte will all hold simultaneous ceremonies on December 30, 2011, at
7:00 a.m. President Benigno S. Aquino will preside over the ceremonial hoisting of the flag and
laying of wreaths at the Rizal National Monument.
An obelisk and a bronze statue of the National Hero make up the Rizal National Monument. A
plaque behind the statue bears the words of Rizal's final poem, "Mi Ultimo Adios" (My Last
Farewell), which is familiar to most people.

Educational Emphasis

Jose Rizal left an indelible mark on the nation's history, shaping not
only its struggle for independence but also its educational system.

He was born on June 19, 1861, in Calamba, Laguna.

He studied in the Philippines, Europe, and gained various degrees,
showcasing his brilliance as a scholar. His experiences abroad,
witnessing the injustices faced by Filipinos, fueled his passion for social
reform and independence.

Rizal's literary works, particularly his novels "Noli Me Tangere"

and "El Filibusterismo," are foundational texts in Philippine
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literature. These novels exposed the harsh realities of Spanish colonial rule, sparking
national consciousness and inspiring Filipinos to fight for their rights. His essays, poems,
and speeches also contributed to the awakening of Filipino identity and pride.

● His ideals of patriotism, social justice, and the importance of education are deeply
integrated into the Philippine educational system. The study of Rizal's life and works is a
mandatory part of the curriculum, ensuring that students learn about his legacy from
elementary to tertiary levels. This comprehensive approach ensures that every Filipino
student is aware of Rizal's contributions and sacrifices, fostering a sense of national pride
and identity.
● His life serves as a beacon for students, emphasizing the value of critical thinking, civic
responsibility, and moral integrity. His dedication to education and his advocacy for social
reform make him a compelling role model, encouraging students to excel academically while
contributing positively to society.
● Studying Rizal's life and works instills a deep sense of patriotism and national identity in
Filipino students. Understanding his struggles and sacrifices strengthens the resolve to
uphold the values he stood for, ensuring the preservation of Philippine culture and heritage.

International Recognition

Jose Rizal, was also acknowledged globally for his significant impact on Philippine history and his
unwavering advocacy for freedom, human rights, and democracy.

Rizal's literary works, particularly his novels "Noli Me Tangere" and "El Filibusterismo," have been
translated into numerous languages, allowing readers worldwide to understand the complexities of
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colonial oppression and the fervent desire for independence. His writings, rich in social and political
commentary, have become universal symbols of resistance against tyranny and injustice.

His life and ideals have inspired freedom fighters, human rights advocates, and democracy
movements across the globe. His courage in challenging oppressive regimes resonates with
individuals and groups fighting for their rights and liberties in various corners of the world. Rizal's
advocacy for non-violent resistance and intellectual revolution continues to inspire peaceful
protests and social change efforts internationally.

In academic circles worldwide, Rizal is acknowledged as a pioneering thinker who advocated for
progressive and enlightened governance. Scholars and educators globally study his works,
dissecting his writings to understand the complexities of colonialism and the importance of cultural
identity in the face of foreign oppression. Rizal's ideas are integrated into discussions on
post-colonial studies, human rights, and democracy.

His life and works have become symbols of Philippine culture and resilience on the international
stage. Through cultural events, exhibitions, and academic conferences, the global community
recognizes Rizal's contributions to shaping the Philippines' national identity. The presence of Rizal
monuments and memorials in various countries stands as a testament to his international
recognition.

Rizal's legacy has influenced leaders and thinkers worldwide. His emphasis on education,
patriotism, and social justice has left a lasting impression on leaders striving for inclusive
governance, equal rights, and democratic principles. International figures often cite Rizal's life and
works as sources of inspiration in their pursuits of a just and free society.
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One Fifteen. (2019, April 3). Maps and Plans made by Rizal. Jose Rizal's Life and
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Rizal’s opthalmic surgeon. prezi.com. (n.d.).

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Scribd. (n.d.). Why is Rizal considered the national hero in the Philippines. Scribd.
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Tracy B. Ravin, M. (2001, February 1). José Rizal. Archives of Ophthalmology.

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaophthalmology/fullarticle/265463#:~:text=
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Valerio, J. (2015, March 10). Jose Rizal as an Anthropologist. Share & Discover
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