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MEC420 Chapter 1 - Part 1 - Student

This document provides an introduction to dynamics and kinematics concepts. It begins with definitions of basic terminology like rigid body, particle, statics, and dynamics. It then discusses units of measurement in both SI and U.S. customary systems before explaining coordinate systems that can be used to describe motion. Fundamental concepts like space, time, mass and force are outlined. Newton's laws of motion and the law of universal gravitation are reviewed. The document also includes reviews of vectors and calculus concepts relevant to dynamics.

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Muhammad Azizi bin Abd Aziz
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
52 views

MEC420 Chapter 1 - Part 1 - Student

This document provides an introduction to dynamics and kinematics concepts. It begins with definitions of basic terminology like rigid body, particle, statics, and dynamics. It then discusses units of measurement in both SI and U.S. customary systems before explaining coordinate systems that can be used to describe motion. Fundamental concepts like space, time, mass and force are outlined. Newton's laws of motion and the law of universal gravitation are reviewed. The document also includes reviews of vectors and calculus concepts relevant to dynamics.

Uploaded by

Muhammad Azizi bin Abd Aziz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 1:

Kinematics of Particles
MEC420: DYNAMICS
College of Engineering (Mechanical)

1
Part 1
Introduction and Review
MEC420: DYNAMICS
College of Engineering (Mechanical)

2
Basic Terminology
 Rigid body: a body whose dimensions are significant and its
shape is unchanged (i.e. the relative movement between points
is negligible)

 Particle: a body of negligible dimension

 Statics: Study of a rigid body at rest (static equilibrium)

 Dynamics: Study of a rigid body in motion (i.e. in dynamic


equilibrium)

 Length: applied to the linear dimension of a straight or curved


line
3
Basic Terminology
 Area: the two-dimensional size of the shape or surface

 Volume: the three-dimensional size of the space occupied by


the substance

 Force: the vector action of one body on another whether by


contact or no contact (at a distance) such as the force of gravity
and magnetic force.

 Mass: the amount of matter in a body or quantitative measure


of inertia (or resistance) to change in motion of a body

 Weight: the force with which a body is attracted toward the


center of the Earth 4
Units of Measurements
Four fundamental quantities in mechanics
• Mass
• Length
• Time
• Force
Two different systems of units we dealing with during the course
International System of Units or Metric Units (SI)
• Mass in kilogram (kg)
• Length in metre (m)
• Time in second (s)
• Force in Newton (N)
U.S. Customary or British System of Units (FPS)
• Mass in pound-mass (lbm) or in slugs
• Length in feet (ft)
• Time in second (s)
• Force or weight in pound (lb or lbf) 5
Units of Measurements
Four fundamental quantities in mechanics
• Mass
• Length
• Time
• Force
Two different systems of units we dealing with during the course
International System of Units or Metric Units (SI)
• Mass in kilogram (kg)
• Length in metre (m)
• Time in second (s)
• Force in Newton (N)
U.S. Customary or British System of Units (FPS)
• Mass in pound-mass (lbm) or in slugs
• Length in feet (ft)
• Time in second (s)
• Force or weight in pound (lb or lbf) 6
Type of Coordinate Systems
• The motion of particle P can be described by
specifying its coordinates.
• These coordinates can be measured from fixed
reference axes or Global reference axes
(absolute-motion analysis) or from moving
reference axes or Local reference axes
(relative-motion analysis)

Analysis of the motion in 3-D space: performed using


1. Rectangular coordinates, x-y-z
2. Cylindrical coordinates, r--z
3. Spherical coordinates, R--
4. Normal and Tangential coordinates (path variables), n-t

7
Possible
Coordinate
Systems

8
4 Fundamental Concepts
Space – to define the position (location) of a point (P)
• The coordinate of a point P relative to a reference point.
Time – to indicate the time of an event
• Measured by the interval between repeated events
• SI unit of time (T) : second (s)
Mass – to characterize and compare bodies
• E.g. Response to earth’s gravitational attraction and resistance to translation motion
(inertia)
• 2 bodies of the same mass will be attracted by the earth in the same manner
• 2 bodies of the same mass will give the same resistance to a change in translation
motion
• SI unit of mass (M) : kilogram (kg)
Force – represents the vector action of one body on another
• Characterized by its point of application, magnitude, and direction (hence has the line
of action)
• Represented by a vector
• Can be exerted by actual contact at a distance
• SI unit of force: Newton (N) 9
Six Fundamental Principles
1. Parallelogram law of vector addition
Two vectors may be replaced by a single vector called the resultant vector: V = P + Q = Q + P

2. Principle of transmissibility
A force acting at a given point on the rigid body may be transmitted to a different point along the
same line of action without changing the condition of equilibrium of a rigid body. The external
effect is the same.

3. Newton’s first law


(Static equilibrium condition ∑ 𝑭 = 𝟎, or linear momentum is constant L = mv = constant)
If the resultant force on a particle is zero, the particle’s velocity is constant (move in a straight
line) OR the particle will remain at rest.

10
Six Fundamental Principles
4. Newton’s second law
(Dynamic equilibrium condition ∑ 𝑭 − 𝒎𝒂 = 0, or accelerated motion ∑ 𝑭 = 𝒎𝒂 )
When the sum of the forces acting on a particle is ≠ 0, the particle will have an acceleration
proportional to this nonzero resultant force, or it is equal to the rate of change of the linear
momentum of the particle.

5. Newton’s third law


The forces of action and reaction between two bodies in contact have the same magnitude and line
of action but opposite senses (equal, collinear, and opposite).

6. Newton’s law of gravitation


Two particles are mutually attracted with equal and opposite forces and the magnitude of this
force is
Mm
F G
r2

11
Review on Vectors
Scalar

 A scalar is a quantity that has only magnitude and no direction.


 Examples: mass, distance, speed, length, energy

Vector

 A vector is a quantity that has both magnitude and direction.


 Examples: velocity, acceleration, force, and displacement

12
Review on Vectors
Scalar

 A scalar is a quantity that has only magnitude and no direction.


 Examples: mass, distance, speed, length, energy

Vector

 A vector is a quantity that has both magnitude and direction.


 Examples: velocity, acceleration, force, and displacement

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14
15
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20
RESOLUTION OF A SPATIAL VECTOR (3D)

21
22
23
Review on Calculus

24
Review on Calculus

25
26
Review on Calculus

27
Review on Calculus

28
Review on Calculus

29
Review on Calculus

30
31

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