Republic of the Philippines

NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY

Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM NO.: IM-PATHF 3-1S-2023-2024

COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION

Bayombong Campus

DEGREE PROGRAM All Programs COURSE NO. PATHF 3

SPECIALIZATION Mandated Subject COURSE TITLE Physical Activities Towards Health &
Fitness 3
YEAR LEVEL 2 TIME FRAME 4 Hrs. WK NO. 5 & 8 IM NO. 3

I. UNIT TITLE
Unit I: Badminton

II. LESSON TITLE

Lesson 3: Mechanics and Rules of the Game

III. LESSON OVERVIEW

This lesson present the mechanics and rules of the game Scoring System Intervals and
Change of Ends Points in Singles, points in doubles Faults and lets the (1) history and
development, and (2) facilities and equipment of badminton to students. Dates and special
events are presented, as well as the different facilities and equipment of the sport.

IV. DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:

a. interpret the playing and officiating rules of the game in different game situations.

V. LESSON CONTENT

MECHANICS AND RULES OF THE GAME

Badminton is a racket sport for two in singles, or four in doubles. The object of the game
is to get to 21 points with at least a two-point advantage. A point is scored when the shuttlecock
is not properly returned. The match is won by the player or team that wins two games.

Scoring System

Each game is played up to 21 points; the match goes to the side that wins the best of
three games. Each rally won by a side is a point added to its score. If the score is tied at 20, the
side that achieves an advantage of two points wins the game. But, if the score is still tied at 29,
the first side that scores 30 wins the game. The winner in a game serves first in the next game.

Intervals and Change of Ends

Players have a one-minute interval when the leading score reaches 11. In between the
games, players get a two-minute break. Should there be a third game, players change ends
when the leading score reaches 11.

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educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution.”
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Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM NO.: IM-PATHF 3-1S-2023-2024

Points in Singles

At the start of each game and when the score is even, the player serves from the right service
court and serves diagonally to the receiver’s box. Same thing happens if the score is odd,
except that the server serves from the left. If the server wins the rally, he gains a point and
serves again, following the odd-even scheme. If the receiver wins the rally, he gains a point and
the service. He then serves from the side of his end as indicated by his score.

Points in Doubles

At the start of each game and when the score is even, the player serves from the right service
court, directing the serve to the diagonal receiver’s box. Same thing happens if the score is odd,
except that the server serves from the left. If the serving team wins the rally, it gains a point and
the server serves again, following the odd-even scheme. If the receiving team wins the rally, it
gains a point and becomes the new serving side. The player on the receiving side who served
last stays in the same service court from where he served last. After the serve is received,
players may already stay anywhere they want according to their strategy.

Faults

A fault results to a loss of point and serve. It is a fault if:

 service is illegal, that is, if:

 shuttlecock is struck above the waist level;
 shuttlecock does not penetrate the correct court;
 racket head is not lower than the serving hand at the instance of the serve;
 server lifts one or both feet during service;
 server drags his foot;
 server feints a serve;
 server misses the shuttlecock in attempting to serve; or
 server steps on the line or stands outside of the proper court during service.

 receiver steps on the line or stands outside of the proper court during service;

 receiver does not keep both of his feet in contact with the correct court during service;

 shuttlecock drops outside the playing area;

 a player contacts the net with any part of his body or his implements;

 a player reaches over the net to hit the shuttle; or

 a player/team hits the shuttle twice in attempting to return.

Lets

A let is a situation that calls for a discontinuity of the rally and therefore, the rally shall be re-
served as no point is gained by either of the players. A let occurs if:

 player delivers the serve before the receiver is ready;

 both the server and the receiver commit faults at the same time;

 the shuttlecock disintegrates during the rally; or

 the shuttlecock is caught by and remains suspended on top of the net.

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educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution.”
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Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM NO.: IM-PATHF 3-1S-2023-2024

Officiating

Officials

1. Service Judge. Positioned to the side of court by the net. Make calls on service faults.
(e.g. hitting above, waist height, foot on line, etc.)
2. Line Judge. Sit around court opposite designated lines. Responsible for calling in or out
in open play.
3. Umpire. He is the main official of the game. He ensures that game runs smoothly,
approves change of shuttle and calls net faults. Oversees the game/starts game and
keeps scores. Specifically, he shall:
 uphold and enforce the Laws of badminton and especially, call a ‘fault’ or ‘let’
should either occur;
 give a decision on any appeal regarding a point of dispute, if made before the
next service is delivered;
 ensure players and spectators are kept informed of the progress of the match;
 appoint or remove line judges or a service judge in consultation with the referee;
 where another court official is not appointed, arrange for that official’s duties to
be carried out;
 where an appointed official is unsighted, carry out the official’s duties or play a
‘let’;
 record and report to the referee all matters in relation to law; and
 take to the referee all unsatisfied appeals on questions of law only. (Such
appeals must be made before the next service is delivered or, if at the end of the
game, before the side that appeals has left the court.)
4. Referee. He responsible for competition/event complaints/appeals/disputes.

Calls of the Umpire

An umpire in badminton is responsible for the court and its immediate surroundings, but
ultimately reports to the referee. The jurisdiction of an umpire starts prior to a match as soon as
the umpire steps into the field of play and lasts until the umpire leaves the field of play at the
conclusion of a match.

The responsibilities of an umpire include managing on-court technical officials, tracking and
recording the score, and enforcing that players compete fairly and properly.

Prior to the match, an umpire’s responsibilities include off-court tasks such as securing the
proper number of technical officials and checking the clothing and equipment of the players to
ensure that they meet regulation. On court, the umpire will start with a coin flip to determine the
server and the receiver, and which court each player will play on before starting the timer for the
warm-up.

During the match, the umpire is in charge of tracking and announcing the score, governing the
court to ensure continuous play, prevent misconduct and issue penalties, where appropriate.
The umpire has the unique ability to overrule the calls of other on-court technical officials. The
umpire may also step in to cover the duties of other technical officials if they are absent or
unsighted. Between games, the umpire will call out the winner of games, instruct for the court to
be wiped and time the breaks, otherwise known as intervals.

After the match, the umpire will announce the winning team and deliver the results of the
match, alongside any incidents, to the referee immediately upon the match’s conclusion.

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educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution.”
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Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM NO.: IM-PATHF 3-1S-2023-2024

Eight (8) Most Important Responsibilities of an Umpire in Badminton

1. Call Faults

A fault is called in badminton when there is a violation of the playing rules – in serving,
receiving, or during play. The umpire is in charge of calling all of the faults for their court with
the exception of service faults called by the service judge. When a fault is committed, the
umpire shall clearly call “Fault” and award the point to the team which did not commit the
fault.

Common faults in badminton include:

a. A shuttlecock being hit twice in succession by the same player or by the players that
form the same team before the shuttlecock crosses the net.
b. A shuttlecock that touches a player’s racket but does not travel towards the
opponents court.
c. A player invading an opponents’ court either above or below the net in a way that
obstructs or distracts the opponent.

2. Call Lets

A let is called by the umpire to halt play in order to re-start the point. This typically happens
when one side or the other is not ready or if there are unforeseen distractions.

Some of the most common scenarios in which umpires will call a “Let” are:

a. The server serves before the receiver is ready. It is important to note that if the
receiving player makes an attempt at the serve, the rally would be played out as if both
sides were ready.
b. The shuttle is caught on the net and remains suspended on its top. It will only be
considered a let if this occurs after the service. If during the serve, the shuttle is caught
on the net, a point will be awarded to the receiving team.
c. During a rally, a shuttle from outside of the game lands in a way that distracts a
player. Simply having a shuttle enter your court during a rally is not enough for a let to
be called. The shuttle needs to interfere the players in a way that play is disrupted.
d. When all of the technical officials are unsighted for a call. This typically happens
when a line judge does not see whether a shuttle landed in or out for the line they are
managing and the umpire is also unsighted.

3. Approve Shuttlecock Changes

Feathered shuttles, which are used in professional tournaments, are fragile in nature. When
even a single feather is damaged, the flight and stability of the shuttlecock can be severely
altered. When a player or team wishes to change the shuttlecock, they must first show the
feathers of the shuttlecock to the umpire, who will either approve or reject the request. If
approved, the current shuttlecock is brought to the service judge, who will exchange it for a
new one.

While in most cases, both sides in a match are in agreement to change the shuttlecock,
players may use it as a stall tactic during a match – such as taking advantage to regain their
breath, energy or composure. Otherwise, changing shuttles can also be a strategy to disrupt
the flow of opponents who might be having a streak of winning points.

4. Track and Announce the Score of the Game

The umpire will track and announce the score of the game after each and every point. Each
game in the match starts with the umpire calling “Love all, play.” This call indicates that the
score is 0 – 0. The score of the serving team will always be called first. The umpire will use

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INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
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the term “all” to indicate when the score of both sides are the same (e.g. “one all” or “eleven
all”).

When the first team reaches 20 points, and it is not the deciding game of the match, the
umpire will call “twenty, game point” + the opponents score (e.g. “twenty, game point
eighteen”). If the teams end up in a series of deuces – when the score of each side is the
same – the umpire will continue to apply the rule of calling “game point” after the score if
one of the teams would win the game by winning the current point (e.g. “twenty two, game
point twenty one”). Else, if it is the deciding game of the match, the umpire will replace
“game point” with “match point” (e.g “twenty, match point eighteen” or “twenty two, match
point twenty one”). The only exception is if both sides are tied at 29 all, this will be called as
“twenty nine, game point, all” or “twenty nine, match point, all.”

Regardless of whether a team scores the winning game or match point, the umpire will call
“Game.” Depending on which game of the match was concluded, the umpire will call the
following:
 First game: “Game. First game won by [name of player(s), or Member (in a team
tournament)], … (score).”
 Second game, if not the deciding game: “Game. Second game won by [name of
player(s), or Member (in a team tournament)], … (score); one game all.”
 Third or deciding game: “Game. Match won by [name of player(s), or Member (in a team
tournament)], … (scores of the games.)”

5. Initiate the Coin Flip to Determine the Server and the Receiver

Once the players arrive onto the court, the umpire will engage one player from each team
for the coin flip. The umpire will ask one of the players to call a side of the coin. The player
who wins the coin flip has 4 options across 2 categories (serve or side):

Category: Serve
 Option 1: Serve First
 Option 2: Receive First
Category: Side
 Option 3: Start on Side A, or
 Option 4: Start on Side B

When the team who wins the coin flip chooses their preferred option, their opponents will, by
default, receive the other option in that category. After which, the team who lost the coin flip
will then have first pick between the 2 options in the remaining category (serve or side).

Example 1: If team 1 chooses to serve, team 2 will automatically be the first team to
receive. Team 2 will then be able to choose to start the first game on Side A
or Side B.
Example 2: If team 1 choose to start on Side A, team 2 will automatically start on Side B.
Team 2 will then be able to choose to either start the first game by serving or
receiving.

There are benefits to each option. From the service category, players may excel in serving
or receiving and can choose to capitalize on it. Additionally – at the professional badminton
level – players will also have studied their opponents’ strengths and weaknesses. When
making a choice, players can also base their decision with their knowledge of where their
opponents struggle.

On the other hand, each badminton facility will have nuances which the players need to
adapt to. Each side of the court will have different wind drafts that will alter the flight pattern
of the shuttlecock – this is mainly due to air conditioning and air circulation within the facility.
Choosing the more favorable side from a wind draft perspective can provide a team the
momentum they need in the deciding third game, before the teams must change ends.
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educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution.”
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Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM NO.: IM-PATHF 3-1S-2023-2024

Check out the following article from [Link] to learn how best to combat
the disadvantages of an on-court drift: Dealing with a windy court. Other nuisances that
players must adapt to are the lighting on each side of the court and the depth from the end
of a court to the wall, as it can impact perception.

6. Time the Warm-up and Intervals

Warm-ups and intervals, otherwise known as breaks given during and between games, are
timed by the umpire to ensure continuous play within a badminton match.

Warm-up: Immediately after the coin flip and the umpire climbs into his/her chair, a timer for
2 minutes will be started. After 90 seconds, the umpire will call “Ready to play” to instruct the
players to get ready to begin the match. Before the 2 minutes are concluded, the umpire will
announce the match by introducing each of the players, starting with the team on the
umpire’s right side, then the team on the umpire’s left side. The end of the warm-up will be
marked by the calling of “Play.”

Mid-Game Interval: During the game, an interval (or break) is offered as soon as the first
team reaches 11 points. The interval will be announced when the umpire calls “11-[other
team’s score], interval” (e.g. “11-5, interval“). The mid-game interval lasts for 60 seconds,
where after 40 seconds passes, the umpire will call “Court [number], 20 seconds” and
repeat the call. This indicates to the coaches that they must return to their designated chairs
and for the players to return to their rightful positions on the court. The mid-game interval is
concluded by the umpire calling the current score, followed by ”Play.”

Between-Game Interval(s): After a game concludes and the umpire calls “Game,” an
interval of 2 minutes will be provided to the players. At this time, the players must move their
equipment from their court-side bins to the respective bins on the other side of the court, as
the players will change ends. At 100 seconds, the umpire will call “Court [number], 20
seconds” and repeat the call. Similarly to the Mid-Game Interval, this indicates to the
coaches that they must return to their designated chairs and for players to assume their
appropriate starting positions. The between-game interval is concluded by the umpire calling
“Second (or Final) game. Love all. Play.”

Third Game Interval: This interval only occurs only during the third game of a match. It is
exactly the same as the mid-game interval in terms of being called when the first side
reaches 11 points and lasts for 60 seconds. At 40 seconds, the umpire will also call “Court
[number], 20 seconds” and repeat the call. The only difference is that during this interval, the
players must again move their equipment from their court-side bins to the respective bins on
the other side of the court, as the players will change ends. The modified call that the umpire
will call is “11-[other team’s score], change ends.” The third game interval will also conclude
with the umpire calling the current score, followed by “Play.”

7. Override the Line Judge when Necessary

An umpire can override a line judge if he/she thinks, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the
call was wrong. In such cases, the umpire will immediately call “Correction”, followed by “In”
or “Out” depending on what they are correcting the call to.

8. Enforce Proper Sportsmanship and Penalize Players for Violations

Common types of misconducts:
a. Deliberately causing delay or suspension of play. This can come in the form of not
being ready to receive, elongated service times, or pacing the court resulting in the delay
of the next point.
b. Completing a match in progress unless reasonably unable to do so. Because there
are requirements for the top ranked players in each discipline to compete in certain
tournaments, players are dissuaded from forfeiting for illegitimate reasons.
c. Intentionally tampering with the shuttle such that it affects the speed or flight. This
can be done through bending or breaking of the feathers on the shuttle.

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educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution.”
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NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM NO.: IM-PATHF 3-1S-2023-2024

Process for Handling Misconducts:

a. When a player commits a misconduct for the first time, the umpire will issue that player a
warning. The umpire will call “Come here” to the offending player followed by “[name of
player] warning of misconduct” followed by the specific explanation of the misconduct.
During this time, the umpire will hold a yellow card above his/her head with his/her right
hand.
b. When a player repeats a misconduct for a second time, the umpire will issue that player
a fault. Similarly to the warning, the umpire will call “Come here” to the offending player
followed by “[name of player] fault for misconduct” followed by the specific explanation of
the misconduct. During this time, the umpire will hold a red card above his/her head with
her/her right hand. The referee will be called over and the misconduct that resulted in the
fault will be discussed with the referee.
c. When a referee is called to a court, they may decide to disqualify the offending player(s).
In such cases, the referee will hand a black card to the umpire. The umpire will call
“Come here” to the offending player followed by “[name of player] disqualified for
misconduct” followed by the specific explanation of the misconduct. During this time, the
umpire will hold the black card above his head with his right hand. Immediately after, the
umpire will then announce that the match is won by the team that is not disqualified with
the team’s respective scores.

Badminton Hand Signals

1. Undue delay of serve

When the server takes too much time to serve, or delays

service for undue reasons then it is called a fault.

Even the receiver should be ready for the service and

shouldn’t cause undue delay. The judge will swing their
right arm to the left to indicate that the player has been
penalized.

2. Feet on the service line or even off the ground

When serving, the serve’s feet cannot touch any other

lines of the court and both feet should be firmly on the
ground and not in the air.

The server and receiver both should stand diagonally

opposite each other while at the time of service and
receive and they cannot stand outside the bounds of the
court lines.

3. Service is too high

If the server strikes the shuttle above his waist, it is

called as a fault and the judge will give this hand gesture
to explain why he/she called a fault.

This is one of the most common hand signals you will

see a judge using. This kind of fault occurs quite often in
a match even at the international level.

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4. Racket handle should face down while serving

At the time of service, the handle of the racket must be

facing down while hitting the shuttlecock. If it is not
facing down, it calls for a violation of the service rules.

If it is not facing down, it calls for a violation of the

service rules and the service judge will make this gesture
to indicate the same

5. When the shuttle falls outside the lines of the court

When the shuttlecock falls outside the line of the court,

the line’s judge will give an indication to the player as
well as the referee that the shuttle has landed outside.

This is a very common signal seen on TV and even in

other matches. It is also a very important signal as it is
the final decision though it can be reviewed.

6. When the shuttle lands inside the lines of the court

When the shuttle lands inside the court, the line’s judge
give an indication to the player as well as the referee to
show the same.

This is very crucial as the decision of the line’s judge is

the final one with regards to whether the shuttle was in
or out. It is very important that the line’s judge stays alter
and gives the right signal at the right time.

Badminton Glossary

Alley An extension of the court’s sides by 1.5 feet that is used in doubles.
Attacking Clear An offensive shot, which is hit deep into the opponent's court.
Attacker A player who hits numerous smash shots and who uses jumps to
compel the opposing team into a defensive formation.
Back Alley The area between the back boundary line and the long service line
for doubles.
Backcourt The back third of the court, in the area of the back boundary lines.
Backhand A stroke executed at the player’s non-racket side. The opposite of
forehand.
Balk Any deceptive movement that attempts to fool or deceive an
opposing player before or during the service. It is also called a
"feint".
Baseline The back boundary line that marks the end of the court. It runs
parallel to the net.
Base Position The center of an end of the court to which a player returns to after a
shot.
Bird See shuttlecock.
Block Return A return shot that drops quickly over the net because it was not hit
with much force.
Bringer A player who returns all shots that come into his end of the court.
BWF (Badminton World Federation) The highest governing body of
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Badminton.
Carry An illegal stroke, which happens when the shuttlecock is briefly
caught and held on the racket and then slung over the net. Also
called sling or throw.
Center Line The line that separates the left and right service courts.
Clear A shot hit deep to the opponent's back boundary line. There are two
types of clear shots; the high clear is a defensive shot, the flat
attacking clear is an offensive shot. Also called lob.
Court The area where the game is played marked by the boundary lines,
which are the sidelines and the baselines. The Court is 44 feet long;
it is 20 feet wide for doubles play and 17 feet wide for singles play.
Doubles Two people play on one team, so four people are on the court at the
same time.
Doubles Sideline The outermost line at the side of the court.
Drive A low and fast shot that goes over the net in a straight or horizontal
flight.
Drop A shot that is hit easy and with finesse so that it falls swiftly and
close to the net on the opponent's side of the net.
Fault A violation of the playing rules, which can happen when serving,
receiving, or during play. There are service faults and general
faults.
Feint See Balk.
Flick A quick wrist and forearm rotation, intended to surprise the
opposition, because it changes a soft shot into a fast shot; used
primarily on the serve and at the net.
Forecourt The front third of the court, between the short service line forward to
the net.
Forehand A shot executed at the player’s racket side. The opposite of a
Backhand.
Front-and-Back A strategy used in doubles play when one player plays forward
Formation towards the net and his partner plays back.
Game An accumulation of points for each part of the match. One game is
one part of a match and in order to win a match, one side should
win 2 out of 3 games.
Hairpin Net Shot A shot made from very close to the net and is hit from below the net.
The shot goes straight up it barely clears the net, and then goes
straight down to the other side. Hence the name of the shot,
because it looks like the shape of a hairpin.
Half-Court Shot This shot can be used with some success when playing doubles
against the up-and-back formation. This is a shot that is hit low and
to mid-court, so there is not much time for the opposing team to
react to it.
Handicap Match A match played between players with unequal skill levels. The
weaker player does not have to score as many points as the
stronger player to win, or the stronger player may be restricted to do
some shots.
High Clear A shot that is hit deep into the opposition's court, this is usually a
defensive shot.
Left Service Court One of the two service boxes that are on each side of the net where
a player serves if his score is odd.
Let A legitimate stoppage of play like when serving before the receiver
is ready. When a let happens, the preceding play is not counted and
the serve is taken over.
Lob See Clear.
Long Service Line The back line for the area into which a serve must land. In singles
play it is the back boundary line. In doubles, the line is 2.5 feet
inside the back boundary line.
Love When a team has no score, they are said to have "Love" as their
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score. So when the game starts, the score is "Love All".

Match A series of games in which a player should win two games to decide
a winner.
Mid-Court The middle third of the court, halfway between the back boundary
line and the net.
Mixed Doubles A doubles team with one male and one female.
Net The net is what is put across the middle of the court, which the
players must hit the shuttlecock over. The net is 5 feet tall at the
center.
Net Shot A shot that is hit from the forecourt, which barely clears the net and
drops quickly.
Officials One umpire is in charge of the match. There is also a service judge
and there may also be up to 10 line judges. A tournament referee
makes decisions on the rules of the game but not the play on the
court.
Overhead Shot When a player raises his racket over his head to hit the shuttlecock
Passing Shot A shot that passes an opposing player or team in a rally.
PBA (Philippine Badminton Association) The governing body for
badminton in the Philippines.
Posts Positioned at the doubles sidelines, they hold the net at the middle.
Put-away A fast, downward shot that cannot be returned. See also kill or
smash.
Racket One main piece of equipment used by players to hit the shuttlecock.
Rally The back and forth flight of shots that will decide which team wins
the point.
Receiver The player who will be returning the serve.
Serve/Service The stroke used to put the shuttlecock into play at the start of each
rally.
Service Court One side of one end bounded by the short and long service lines
and the sideline.
Service Fault A violation which occurs when the shuttle is being served.
Short Service Line The line 6.5 feet from the net, which a serve must reach in order to
be considered a legal serve.
Shuttlecock The object made of cork and 16 goose feathers that players volley
across the net.
Side Lines The lines at the sides of the court.
Slice Holding the racket at an angle when hitting the shuttlecock.
Smash A hard-hit overhead shot slammed straight down into the
opponent's court. This is the most frequently used attacking stroke.
Umpire See Officials
Underhand Action When a player hits the shot below his shoulders, i.e. lift
Wood Shot A shot that takes place when the base of the shuttlecock is hit by
the racket frame.
Sources: [Link] / [Link]

VI. REFERENCES
Carlos, M. C. O., et al (2013). Physical education 3: Individual/dual sports. Plaridel, Bulacan: St.
Andrew Publishing House
Bubod, J. (2013). A course book in PE 3. Bayombong: SMU Publishing House Inc.
(2017). Handbook II: Laws of Badminton / Regulations (Badminton World Federation – BWF).
(2020). ITTF handbook. Retrieved from
[Link]
Patel, N. (2019). Badminton hand signals and what they mean. Retrieved from
[Link]

“In accordance with Section 185, Fair Use of Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in this material may be reproduced for
educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution.”
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Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM NO.: IM-PATHF 3-1S-2023-2024

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“In accordance with Section 185, Fair Use of Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in this material may be reproduced for
educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution.”
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