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PAINT AND COLOUR MIXING.
W
Londjn:
The Robinson Printing Co., Ltd.,
I, Lombard Court, E.G.
Works: Brighton.
m
With With
COLOURS. Pure. 15 Parts 30 Parts
White Lead. White Lead.
1
Crimson Madder, F 2.
Permanent.
Emerald Tint, W.
1
HoMERTON Red.
Self Colour, Permanent.
Deep Japan Brown.
^
Permanent.
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^H
Golden Ochre, W.
{
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^H
PoMPEiAN Red.
Permanent.
Emerald Tint, S.
^Pal^^
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'
Deep.
HoMERTON Greens.
Self Colour, Permanent.
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VVt%***©»tAi.
Paint i^ Colour
Mixing
A PRACTICAL HANDBOOK
FOR PAINTERS, DECORATORS, ARTISTS, AND ALL WHO HAVE
TO MIX COLOURS,
CONTAINING 287 SAMPLES OF ACTUAL OIL- AND WATER-PAINTS AND
WATER-COLOURS OF VARIOUS COLOURS, INCLUDING THE PRINCIPAL
GRAINING GROUNDS, AND UPWARDS OF 600 DIFFERENT COLOUR MIXTURES,
WITH INSTRUCTIONS ON COLOUR AND PAINT MIXING GENERALLY,'
TESTING COLOURS, ETC., ETC.
With Thirteen Coloured Plates.
BY
ARTHUR SEYMOUR JENNINGS,

Editor of" The Decorator," Author of" Wall Papers and Wall Coverings," ''Practical
Solid
Geometry" etc., etc. Honorary Consultative Examiner in Painters' and Decorators'"
WorA to the City and Guilds of London Institute. Mevtber of the
International Society for Testing Materials.
Cfn.vi'
THIRD EDITION.
RE-WRITTEN AND MUCH ENLARGED.
^
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* ^ -31 3 -9 3
J 1 »
E. & F. N., SPON, Ltd., 57, IIAYMARKET, S.W.

^•^^
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SPON & CHAMBERLAIN, 123, LIBERTY STREET.
1906.
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PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION.

Another edition of this book being called for, the
Author has taken the opportunity of adding several
chapters dealing with subjects not previously included.
The most important of these are " Mixing Paints and
Colours on the Manufacturing Scale," and " Artists'
Water Colours and How to Mix Them."
The latter subject is dealt with at considerable
length, and a complete list of artists' water colours is
given, with notes on the origin and properties of each,
several typical palettes and hints as to the mixtures
of colourswhich are used in water colour painting.
A chapter on "Glazing " has also been given, and
the whole of the work, and especially the lists of colour
mixtures, has been garefully revised and considerably
added to. Another new chapter, " How to Learn to
Mix and Match Colours" suggests a course of practical
study and experiment by which the reader may learn
the subject in a thorough manner.
Perhaps the most important improvement, how-
ever, is the increased number of coloured plates. In
the first edition there were but four in this there
;
are thirteen, comprising in all 287 different colours, all

of them being executed in the actual material they
represent that is to say, either oil paint, distemper,
;
or artists' water colour. This feature is of importance

because matches of any colour included in the plates
may be made by using pigments and following the
detailed instructions given, while it would be impossi-
ble if printers' or lithographic inks had been used.
The Author in the first edition said that he had
ample justification for the publication of the book in
the fact that he had during the last twenty years
received, in his capacity as editor of painters' publica-
tions, inquiries almost daily for a book giving colour
VI. PREFACE TO THIRD EDITION.
mixtures, with actual samples of colours in other
;
words, one which would be useful to the man who

wanted to mix paints, but who had not made a study
of the subject.
Twoeditions, each of two thousand, having been
sold, itwould appear that this view was not a mistaken
one, and now that an earnest attempt has been made
to add to the usefulness of the book it is hoped that
it will interest many who have not purchased the
earlier editions.
A critic might object that it is impossible to give
accurate colour mixtures, because the appearance of
colour varies according to the light in which it is
viewed, and also because the result obtained by mixing
coloured pigments of differf.nt manufacture must vary
greatly according to the quaUty of those colours.
AH these objections have been carefully borne in mind
in the preparation of the contents of this work. It
has been assumed that the colour mixtures will be

viewed in an average good light, and it is further
assumed that the colours employed will not necessarily
be of the very best quahty, but certainly not those
which are very inferior.
It need only be added that every one of the
mixtures given in this work has again been carefully
tested with the actual colours. The preparation of
the lists has been no inconsiderable work.
The Author cordially invites correspondence,and
he takes the opportunity of returning thanks to many
readers, both at home and abroad, who have sent him
words of appreciation of his work, and also to many
paint and colour manufacturers who have kindly
supplied him with their colour cards and lists which
have been most useful for comparison.
Arthur S. Jennings.
62, Barry Road,
Dulwich, London, S.E.
December, 1906.
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER 1.-
Paint and Colour Mixing Introduction.

—
:
The Composition of a Paint Pigments —White Lead Zinc —

—
White Thinners for Zinc Oxide- -Thinners Turpen- —
tine — —
Special Liquid Driers Practical Paint Mixing
—
Paint Mixing Machines^ Paint Straining and Paint
Strainers
CHAPTER II.
Colours or Stainers.
The Nomenclature Colours— Examples and Variations in
of
—
the Name of the Colours- Efforts made to Establish a
Uniform Nomenclature— Colour Synonyms Economy —
of using Good Colours —
Hue, Tint and Shade Standard- —
ising Colours — Competition . , . 17
CHAPTER III.
How TO Learn to Mix and Match Colours. -
A Course of Experiments— Reds and How to Mix them—

— — —
Blues Yellows Greens Tints and Shades Complex —
— —
Colours A Colour Chart Matching Colours Appear- —
ance of Colours and Intensity of Light Experimenting —
with Distemper . . . . . . 27
CHAPTER IV.
Reds and How to Mix Them.
The Principal Reds and How they are Produced 35
CHAPTER V.
Blues and How to Mix Them.
The Principal Blues and How they are Produced 47
CHAPTER VI.
Yellows and How to Mix Them.
How to Mix the Principal Yellows 54
Vlll. CONTENTS.
CHAPTER VII. 1
Greens and How to Mix Them.

and How they are Produced 64
The Principal Greens
CHAPTER VIII.
Browns and How to Mix Them.
Vandyke Brown— Umber— Mixing Browns—The
Principal
Browns and How to Mix Them 74
CHAPTER IX.
Greys and Grays.
with
The Difference between Greys and Grays-Experiments
in Tone of Certain Blacks-Colour
Blacks— Difference ^6
Mixtures for Various Greys and Grays .. ••
CHAPTER X.
Whites and Blacks.
88
The Principal Whites and Blacks Used by Painters
CHAPTER XI.
Black Japan in Colour Mixing.
may be Mixed from Black Japan . 93
Colours that .
CHAPTER XII.
Glazing.
Glazing Defined— Reds— Purphsh Finish-
-Peacock Blues
96
and Greens- -Scumbling— Matsine
CHAPTER XIII.
Graining Grounds and Graining Colours.
Graining
How to Mix the Principal Graining Grounds and
100
Colours . .
CHAPTER XIV.
Mixing Paints and Colours on the Manufacturing
Scale.
Whiting
Raw Materials used in Paint Grinding— Barytes—
or Plaster of Paris— Gypsum or
Terra Alba— China
Qav—Yellow Pigments— Black Pigments— Blue Pig-
ments—Green Pigments— Table of Quantity of Lmseed
Stiff Paints—
Oil required in Grinding Pigments—
Machinery and Plant used m Paint Grinding— Prepared
Paints— Formute for Ready Mixed Paints— Skeleton
104
Cost Sheet .
CONTENTS. IX.
CHAPTER XV.
PAGE.
Water
Paints, Distempers, Etc.
of Water Paints
The Increase in the Use The Advantages —
—
CoveringCapacity Painting and Varnishing over Water
—
Paints Distemper .. .. .. ..124
CHAPTER XVI.
Artists' Water Colours and How to Mix Them.
PreUminary —
Remarks Restricted Palettes Palettes of —
—
Celebrated Artists Chart of Water Colours How to —
— —
Imitate Water Colours Suggestions for Painters in
—
Water Colours -Colours for Autumnal Tints -Banks,
— —
Earthy Bracken -Branches of Trees Backgrounds ——
—
Clouds and Distances Clouds (stormy) -Flowers and
—
Fruit Foliage, Grass and Herbage Foregrounds —
—
Grass Grays, Warm and Cold Ivy Leaves and — —
—
Stems of Flowers Mountains Rivers Roads Sea
—
— — —
— —
Shadows -Ship Skies— Stone Walls Sunset and —
—
Sunrise Trees 132
CHAPTER XVII.
Testing Colours.
Chief Considerations — Purity of Material—Tone — Fineness
of — —
Grinding Spreading Capacity Testing Chrome
— — —
Green -Bronze Green Êmerald Green Vermilion —
—— —
Indian and Tuscan Reds Vermilionettes Blues Red —
Lead —Chrome Yellow Ochre —
Blacks— Umbers
Siennas. . . . . . . . . 143
CHAPTER XVIIT.
Notes on Colour Harmony.
—
General Consideration Colour Blindness Matching Wall
— —
—
Papers -Contrasting Harmonies -SuggestionsforColour
—
Schemes For a Red Wall, etc. Colour Combinations —
for Doors . . . . . . . . ..158
CHAPTER XIX.
The Proportions of Materials, Notes, Etc.
Proportions Vary with Conditions of Work — Priming for
— —
Iron Painting on Stucco -PrimingforDeal Inside and —
—
Outside Work ^Table of Materials Required Eggshell —
— —
Gloss Oxide of Zinc Pigments, some Useful Tables
Brushes and How they are Made The Care of Brushes —
—
The Tintometer Coloured Oil Varnishes Oxides —
Jelstone . ,
165
Descriptions of the Coloured Plates 178
Index
-rr:--';-'^
THE COLOURED PLATES.
[Note. —A full description of each plate will be found at the

end of the book, next to Index (see pages 178 to 185).]
Plate I. —
This shows eight different body colours in common
use with tints of the same produced by adding 5 parts i
and 30 parts respectively of white lead, making 24 colours

in all.
Plate II. —This

shows eight different graining grounds, and
Instructions for
eight colours used in everyday work.
oil
mixine all of them wall be found within.
Plate III. —This plate gives sixteen different useful colours,
Plate IV.— This plate gives thirty named colours standardised

bv ascertaining the popular opinion' of several thousands
of colour experts as explained within.
Plate V. —Thirty more colours standardised in the same manner

as those on Plate TV;
Plate VI.— Sixteen useful colours in washable distempers, one

half of each colour being plain and one half varnished.
Plate VII. — Sixteen useful colours in distemper.

Plate VIII. — Sixteen examples of non-poisonous distemper
colours.
Plate IX. —
Forty different tints of distemper produced by
mixing three primary colours with white in given pro-
portions.
Plate X. —Twenty-seven different colours of distemper employed

in everyday work.
Plate XI. —Forty specimens of typical water colours used by

artists in water colour painting.
—
Plate XII. Eight examples of methods of using the speciality-
known as " Matsine.-'
Plate XIII. — Eight further examples of Matsine.

CHAPTER I.
Paint and Colour Mixing : Introduction,
—
The Composition of a Paint. Clearly the first
thing to be done before studying the subject of paint
and colour mixing is to define " paint " and " colour."
Without attempting to give a hard and fast definition,
it may be said that a paint consists of any pigment,
or pigments, such as white lead, tinctured or used

plain, mixed with linseed oil, and thinned by means
of turpentine to render it in such a condition that
it may be readily applied to the surface of wood,
iron and other work by means of a brush. Paint
serves the purpose, first of preserving the material
to which it is applied, and sometimes, but not always,
a second purpose, namely, that of decoration or
adding to the beauty of the obj ect to which it is applied.
The principal pigment used in paint mixing is
white lead, but there are many others that are also
employed. Many painters look upon paint as neces-
sarily consisting of white lead, to which has been added
sufficient colouring matter to give the desired tint.
As a matter of fact, white lead may be wholly absent
from a paint. For example, yellow ochre or sienna
may each be used by itself. Iron oxide in the shape
of Indian red, purple brown, or Venetian red, form in
themselves good paints if the colour is not objection-
able. Red lead used -by itself is a useful paint. Again,
in the lighter paints, we sometimes have white lead
replaced by an admixture of zinc oxide, barytes,
lithopone, Charlton white, Orr's white, and other
white pigments.
The oil used in mixing paint is principally used
to combine or unite together the particles of which
the pigment is composed. It is also employed to
give a glossy surface and to bring the material to a

proper consistency. Turpentine could be used for
the latter purpose by itself, but the result would
be what is termed a " flat " surface, or an absence
of gloss. The turpentine, evaporates almost
too,
wholly. It is generally conceded, among those who

have given close attention to the subject, that the
durabihty of a paint depends largely upon the oil
used ;indeed, it has been likened to the life blood
of the paint. Recent investigation has shown that
it depends also and to a very
great extent upon the
fineness of the particles. A perfectly pure, but
coarsely ground pigment, when made into paint,
will not last nearly so long as one which is finely
ground.
There is not much doubt that the best pigments
may be replaced with others somewhat inferior without
so much detriment to the quality of the paint as if
replaced by some other oil. It is quite
linseed oil is
necessary that pure linseed oil be used in the manu-

facture of all paints, and although there are one or
two substitutes on the market which may be employed
in very cheap work, no attempt should
be made to
execute a really good job unless pure linseed oil is
The purpose of the oil in giving a gloss is
used.
sometimes assisted by the addition of a small quantity
of oak varnish. This is a growing custom among
painters, as the gloss produced is decidedly improved
by the addition of the varnish, and the work shows up
well, while the varnish does not in any
way detract
from the durability of the paint, but rather adds to it.
This practice is employed more on outside than inside
work, where the execution of the painting requires
more' care than it does inside, owmg to the severe
r.
atmospheric conditions, which cause any paint work

not properly prepared to soon decay.
^^'mkt
INTRODUCTION.
For our present purpose " colour " may be defined
as a pigment possessing a hue or colour in itself which
it imparts to the v/hite lead or other white pigment
with which it is mixed, thus producing a series of

"tints" according to the proportions employed. It
is for this reason that colours in painter's parlance
are frequently called " stainers," although the word
is not quite correct, as it implies an effect similar
to that which would be produced by the use of a
stain or dye. As a matter of fact coloured pigments^
when mixed with white ones, do not actually stain,
but the particles lie side by side and become merged
into each other when viewed at a little distance.
In mixing a paint the base, such as white lead,
having been selected, a colour is mixed with it in
order to produce the desired hue or tint. Frequently,
however, a colour is made by the mixture of several
colours, which are added to the base, or sometimes
a single colour may be used by itself, or several colours
without white at all may be employed.
The colour having been determined, oil, turpentine,
and driers are then added. The object of the driers
is that of causing the paint material to dry quickly.
There are several kinds of driers on the market, but
the two best known are termed " patent driers,"
which is sold in solid form, and the " liquid driers " or
" japanners." Whichever is used, the actual quantity
employed will depend very largely upon the pigment.
Some pigments, such, for instance, as red lead, may
be considered in themselves driers, and the addition,
of any other is unnecessary. Others, like Vandyke
brown, dry slowly, and much more driers will be
necessary than is the case with white lead. Further
on we give some idea of the proportions of materials
to be used, but it will be understood that no exact
information on the subject will be possible, for reasons
that will be explained. It is of the utmost importance
to remember that an excess of driers is most objection-
able. It often retards, instead of increasing, the drying-
quality, it causes cracks and blisters, and above all,
it proves very destructive to the paint itself.

The quality of patent driers varies very greatly,
some of the cheaper grades consisting largely of material
which possesses no drying properties whatever. Indeed, f
at the present day there is so much patent driers

on the market that is largely adulterated that the
author prefers to always use Hquid driers, provided,
of course, that its good quality has been clearly estab-
lished. When the latter is used the proportions can
very readily be ascertained and the danger of using
an excess is avoided.
Another effect of using driers in excess is a some-
what peculiar one, and is worthy of mention here.
The paint dries hard in rather less than the usual
time, but after a week or two it gradually becomes
soft, adhering to the hand or anything placed against
it. The reason for this is that the paint dries only on
the surface, owing to the excess of driers, and that the
soft paint afterwards works through.
—
Pigment and Thinners. It being now clearly
understood that a paint consists of pigment such as
white lead, mixed with oil in order to bind the particles
together, and thinned with turpentine in order to
render it of a suitable consistency for application by
means of a brush, we may add a few remarks under
each of these heads.
Pigments. — The principal pigments used by the
painter are, as already stated, white lead, zinc oxide,
oxide of iron, and the various colours used for tinting
purposes. White lead is manufactured either by what
is known as the " old Dutch " process, also known a^
the " stack " process, or by one of the many new
methods which are designed to effect a saving of time.
Speaking broadly, the old Dutch process yields the best
lead, although there are one or two exceptions, notably
Brimsdown lead, which is manufactured by a new
4ây}:-*:;t xv?"v"J>i^^^»v^^4i^>5*»v«*2^^^
INTRODUCTION.
process. It is a beautifully white and fine lead which
is rapidly gaining great popularity among painters.
Genuine white lead, i.e., lead which is not adul-
terated, is always marked on the package, " Genuine
White Lead." If any proportion of adulterant is

added, the package is then marked " Reduced White
Lead," so that the reader need have no hesitancy in
purchasing lead, because the mark will tell him what
its quality is. If any merchant or manufacturer sells
adulterated white lead as pure, he renders himself
liable to heavy penalties for contravening the pro-
visions of the " Merchandise Marks' Act," and the
White Lead Corroders Section of the London Chamber
of Commerce order prosecutions in cases of the kind
which come to their knowledge.
Zinc Oxide has, in recent years, made great
advances in popularity among painters. Compared
to white lead, it is as white to yellow. It is indeed
beautifully white, very fine, and easily worked. The
whiteness is of importance in mixing paints, as the
purity of colour is retained, while when mixed with
lead the yellowish cast to some extent destroys the
purity of the original colour. The fact that oxide
of zinc is non-poisonous is a point in its favour of
very considerable importance. It is claimed that
painters who take care to wash themselves frequently
are not hkely to contract lead poisoning. This is
-doubtless true enough, but as a matter of fact, the
best of painters are at times careless, while in the
rush of vvôrk, it is often impossible to take the pre-
cautions required.
The most important quaHty of zinc oxide is its
.extreme durability. Properly mixed it will last, say
at a moderate estimate, twice as long as lead, especially
in large cities where the air is impregnated with sulphur
derived from burning coal. Lead, in such circum-
stances, turns yellow or black and quickly decays,
and some places, such as stables, where sulphuretted
6 PAINT AND COLOUR MIXING.
hydrogen abounds, it is useless to paint with white
lead, and if zinc is used these disadvantages are
avoided.
The practical reader will probably think, when he
reads the foregoing, that while our remarks are true
enough so far as they go, yet he will say that zinc oxide
is open to the objection that it is lacking in " body."
In another chapter will be explained at length what

" " is, and it must be acknowledged that white
body
lead is superior in body to most, if not all, other pig-
ments. In fact, it is this quality which has caused
itto be used for so years, notwithstanding its many
other shortcomings. Zinc oxide has a very good body,
probably as good as white lead. If a proper com-
parison be made, and if both be thinned out to a
consistency suitable to be applied by brush, it is true
that zinc will apparently not have so good a body
as lead, but it will spread much farther. If an exactly
equal quantity of lead and zinc are both painted
on an exactly equal area, zinc will cover a little better
than lead. In this state, however, the consistency
of the zinc paint would be rather too thick for applica-
tion with a brush, but it can, of course, be thinned
very readily by adding oil.
A careful consideration of these facts will show
the practical painter that he will require really less
zinc than he will lead to perform a good job, and when
the durability is also taken into consideration as well
as the beauty, it will not take long for him to make up
his mind as to the superiority of zinc.
There is one point, however, about its use which
must be very clearly explained. Zinc oxide is, when
compared with lead, quite light in weight, or, in other
words, its volume is much greater than lead. Now,
it being an entirely different product, it must not be
treated in the same way as lead would be. The

painter, perhaps, takes some zinc, mixes it with raw
oil, with a liberal amount of patent driers and a more
•.*•• -V» -^*3 '*»•» *»-*'' -^ -

Graining Colours. Samples of Colours.
INTRODUCTION.
liberal dose of turpentine, and then he grumbles
because it does not show up to advantage. What he
does is to destroy its inherent good quahties. To
repeat then, zinc oxide must not be treated in the same
way as white lead. Anchovy sauce is excellent for
fish, but would be rather distasteful with a chop
or
steak. So with these two important white pigments.
The proper way to treat zinc oxide is to mix it
with refined boiled oil, i.e., no driers should be used,
and only just sufficient turpentine to bring it to the
required consistency. Refined boiled oil may be had
without difficulty from a number of makers.
Being pale, it does not destroy the whiteness of the
zinc, while it certainly aids considerably in drying.
It is paler than raw linseed oil, and hence it does
not destroy the most deficate tints, however fight. It
will be observed that the words " zinc oxide " have
been used in the above paragraphs instead of " zinc
white," the term by which the pigment is usually
known among painters. The reason for this is that
the latter term is not infrequently appfied to an en-
tirely different class of pigments of which Orr's white,
Charlton white, and lithopone are the best kno\\Ti
examples.
—
Thinners. Linseed oil is the principal vehicle
used by painters. It is expensive, but no other oil
can compare with it for good service. It is used both
raw and boiled. Frequently a proportion of each is
used in paint. Boiled oil is linseed oil, which has been
heated to about 350° to 500° F. This causes the oil,
when cool, to dry much quicker but dryers are with
the same object usually added while the oil is hot.
Boiled oil should dry hard in about twenty-four
hours, and a good test is to paint a fittle on a watch
glass. At the end of twenty-four hours it should
have dried quite hard. There is a great difference
of opinion among painters as to the proper use of
boiled and raw oils. Some prefer to use boiled oil
that
almost always, while others are of the opinion
opinion is
the less used the better. The author's
that good boiled oil may safely be used if
mixed with
the proper proportions of raw oil, depending
upon the
class of work to be done, and that this
produces far
practice so
better workthanitis possible to obtain bythe
paint.
frequently carried on of adding driers in excess to
—
Turpentine. It is very important that the
turpen-
turpentines used in paint be pure. American
tine is mostly used. Owing to its high price it is some-
times adulterated, with disastrous effects
upon the
It should be perfectly white in colour,
and
paint.
its purity can roughly be tested by
dropping a httle
a
on a sheet of writing paper. If it is adulterated,
will wholly
greasy spot will remain, while if pure it
disappear in a few minutes. When the adulterant
is
pecuhar
mineral oil it can usually be detected by the
blue colour it gives to the turpentine.
Although American turpentine has for so many

EngHsh
years enjoyed a practical monopoly among
painters, the Russian product has of late
become very
much more popular, and bids fair to prove a very
" necessity is
formidable rival. The old adage that
" may aptly be applied to
the mother of invention
turpentine in recent
the condition of things concerning
years. American turps were very high in price,
pine forests
with no prospect of their lowering, as the
Painters therefore
are rapidly becoming exhausted.
take the place
are compelled to look for something to
of American turps. One or two enterprising firms
Painters
took up the question of Russian turpentine.
who have tried this have objected to it on account of
its smell,but experience proved that it was quite
possible to remove this objection almost wholly, and
to obtain a turpentine practically
water white which
turpentine,
hould answer for the purpose of American
behaviour,
n fact, be identical with it in appearance,
flash point and specific gravity, with
perhaps a slight
^0'''
INTRODUCTION.
difference in smell, but nothing in the least objection-
able. The most satisfactory substitutes at present on
the market may be divided into three groups (a) The
Russian and French turpentines (b) Spirits of petro-
;
leum origin, and (c) Liquids produced by distillation

of various pine products other than crude American
turpentine. To these might be added the various
mixtures which consist simply of blends of pure
turpentine and petroleum spirit in proportions
depending upon the price at which they are to be sold.
An excellent turpentine which the author finds
is equal to American in most respects, but is much
cheaper, is termed " Canadian Turps," and is sold by
Messrs. Dixon and Heydorn, 20, St. Dunstan's Hill,
London, E.G.
Spirits of petroleum origin are Hkely to prove-
indeed are proving— very successful. Ordinary petro-
leum, such as lamp oil, would be useless in a paint
because it possesses no drying properties, while the
hghter distillations of the same product, such as
benzine, would be suitable if they did not evaporate
so quickly. The efforts of the manufacturers have
produced petroleum, spirits which possess neither of
the objections mentioned, and they are increasing in
use every day.
Special Thinners.- -It is somewhat extraordinary

that notwithstanding the care taken by enterprising
paint m.anufacturers to improve the quality of their
paint, it is only in recent years that any attempt
has
been made to sell special thinners. Just as a paint
may be manufactured on a large scale by the aid of
machinery, so a thinner might be prepared for use
with special paints that would give quite satisfactory
results and save considerable time in the mixing.
We may mention a firm who manufacture special
thinners, viz., Messrs. Gross, Sherwood and Heald,
Ltd., who make a paint called " Lead white," which is of
unusually fine quaUty, and is used with a special
thinner called the " Grosswood Drying Medium."
Messrs. Craig and Rose, Ltd., also manufacture a special
paint called " Permadure," which the author has had
the opportunity of testing, and which he finds of
superior quality. This, too, is used with special
thinners called the " Permadure Thinners."
—
Paint Mixing. For ordinary quantities of paint,
the following is the method usually employed in
mixing. A can or kettle is most usually employed
for mixing the white lead or other base, and this is
first thinned out and mixed with the
driers and oil,
the colour being afterwards added to it. It saves
time to well beat up the lead with a wooden spatula,

shaped Hke an oar or spade, before adding thinners of
any kind. This having been done, a Uttle oil is first
placed in the can, which is twisted around so that the
oil covers every part of the inside surface.
This
prevents the lead sticking against the tin. A sufficient
quantity of oil and the patent, or other driers, is then
added. The lead is stirred and beaten against the
sides of the tin until the whole is of the same con-
sistency, and more oil is added until the thickness is
not sufficient to support the stick standing upright.
Turpentine may now be added to further thin the
mixture, and then the colour is added. It may be
noted here that the result is not so satisfactory if the
turpentine is added before the oil.
The best way of mixing tinting colours is to place
them on a stone, thoroughly amalgamating one with
the other by means of a spatula. When the colour is
what is required it is added to the white. To take a
simple case of a gray, a Httle black would be beaten
up on the stone, and when quite thin added to the
pot of white. This would then be stirred up thoroughly
and the grey colour observed to see whether it was
sufficiently Then a very little red and blue
dark.
might be prepared on the stone and this be added to
the pot, the mixture being again stirred. Two very
INTRODUCTION. II
important rules must be observed at this point. The

first is that the colours ground in oil should be used
and not dry colours. If dry colours are employed, oil

must be added to them on the stone and not in the
pot. We may repeat, by way of emphasis, that under
no circumstances must dry colours be added to the
pot of colour. This is a rul.e to which there is no
exception. The second rule, and one which is equally
important, is to add only a small quantity of colour
to the pot of white at the time. Taking the case
once more of the grey, a httle black being added
and the mixture well stirred, it can be seen at a glance
whether the desired depth of shade is obtained. On
the other hand, it would be quite impossible to take
any of the black from the mixture, and should it be
too dark, the only way to hghten it would be to add
more white, and this would probably mean mixing
much more paint than was required for the job.
be understood that the above description
It will
of mixing refers to ordinary jobs
such as are required
in painting a house. When a considerable quantity
of paint is to be mixed at the same time, a mechanical
mixer may be used with great advantage. It is remark-
able that painters do not use these paint mixers
more frequently. They certainly effect a great deal of
saving of time, and the outlay of a few pounds
would be quickly repaid.
Since the first edition of this book was published
in which it was recommended to use a machine for
mixing paints, considerable progress has been made
in this direction and many contractors now realise
that whenever a large quantity of paint is to be mixed,
it pays far better to use a machine than it does
to use the old fashioned method. The author's

opinion is that excepting, perhaps, in very small
shops, it would pay every employing painter to pur-
chase a good paint mixer.
Paint Mixing Macmines.— There are on the
market several types of paintmixing machines. One
known as the " Wee Macgregor," is represented in
Fig. I, and is suitable for painters' use. It consists
of a cylinder which contains the paint, and in this
are three bent knives or paddles. The handle attached,
on being operated, turns the cylinder in one direction
and the knives in the opposite direction these knives
,
in the meantime revolving around on their own axes.

The paint is thus mixed very quickly, and as the
t IG. 1-
cyhnder may
be had to hold 2^ gallons, in the case
of bridge work, wall work, or other positions where a
very large quantity of the same paint is required, the
purchase, for a few pounds, of such a machine may
mean a saving of a considerable amount of labour.
Fig. 2 shows a similar machine when the handle
is thrown back which lifts the mixing blades out of
the cyhnder, leaving it free to be hfted in order that

the paint may be poured out.
:.^f.%|gps.::
INTRODUCTION. 13
The mixers illustrated in Figs, i and 2 are manu-

factured by Torrance and Sons, of Bitton, near Bristol.
In many shops, where large quantities of stone colour
and other paints have to be turned out, such a machine
would soon repay its cost. As they are light in weight
they could easily be moved from job to, job.
The paint mixers above mentioned although
excellent of their kind, are not quite suitable for mixing
Fig. 2.
very small quantities of paint or colour, and they are

also almost too expensive for a small painter's shop.
Messrs. Torrance and Sons, Ltd., have, however,
recently brought out another mixer, the price of which
is only /^2, and it is admirably adapted for its purpose,
mixing the paint very thoroughly and quickly. As

shown in Fig. 3, it consists of a conical cup or container
resting upon a three jawed stand. The inside of the
container is turned perfectly true, and has a polished
surface. Against this surface rolls a heavy pestle or

conical roll, which is shown in Fig. 4, suspended by a
rod while out of use. The white lead, oil, etc., being
placed in the container the pestle is rolled around and
gives something akin to a grinding action at the same
time that it mixes the solid and liquid together.
There is nothing complicated to get out of order, and
Fig. 3.
everything can be wiped clean very easily. The

colour being mixed the container is raised by the
handles and the contents poured into the paint pot
or through strainers ready for use. The author is
writing from experience with this mixer, which he has
pleasure in strongly recommending, not only to
painters, but also to paint manufacturers who can
use it to advantage in mixing samples and for other
purposes where a larger mixer would entail much more
time in cleaning.
INTRODUCTION. 15
^
Paint Straining.— One of the chief quahties
which distinguish painted work done by the amateur
from that executed by the quahfied workman is in the
number of specks or httle pieces on the surface of the
paint. The amateur seems to think that straining
the paint is unnecessary. The workman is fully
aware that without it, it is impossible to produce good
work. In fact, many painters always strain their
Fig. 4.
paint twice or even three times before they consider

it ready for use. They thus remove all the Httle
sohd pieces, and are able to give a good uniform
surface.
A piece of muslin is often used for this purpose,
or a wire gauze strainer may be purchased for a small
sum and will last for a considerable length of time. The
advantage of this, in addition to its permanence, is that
the hard portions of the paint may be beaten against
i6 PAINT AND COLOUR MIXING.
the gauze, and so the waste be reduced to a
minimum.
An excellent shape of paint strainer is that shown
in Fig. 5, which is shown in parts in Fig. 6. repre- A
sents the body of the strainer,
B the chps which hold the
compression band, C and D
represents the gauze. The
advantage of this construction
is gauze after use
that the
Fig. be easily taken out,
may
equiva-
cleaned and re-placed. This strainer or its
lent should form part of the
equipment of every
paint shop, large or small.
Another form of paint strainer
is used with muslin or coarse
cloth, which is held in p)Osition by
the circular rim, which holds ^^^^^
also a plate, having in it large
holes. allow the paint to

These
Fig. 6.
pass through, but the plate forms
a substantial ground for the musUn, and the
paint may be worked through with the brush.

Another excellent paint
strainer is made by Mr.
Tom Batty, F.LB.D., of
Drighhngton, near Bradford,
Yorks, and is shown in Fig. 7.
It will be seen that the
essential feature is in a loose
strainer which may be re-
moved after use. This strainer
iskept securely in position by
means of a flange which screws
Fig. 7. in as clearly indicated in the
drawing. The gauze strainers are supphed in quantities

sum, and the strainer itself will last for
for a trifling
years, thus proving very effective and economical.
COLOURS OR STAINERS. 17
CHAPTER II.
Colours or Stainers.
We come now to a consideration of colours or

stainers that have to be used in the mixtures given in
the following chapters.
As a one or several colours are added to the
rule,
hue as may be required.
base, producing a tint, shade or
Sometimes, but not often, colours are employed as
" body colours," that is they are employed just as
they are purchased ground in oil, excepting that they
are thinned down with the requisite quantity of oil
and turpentine and mixed with dryers.
We may now give consideration to actual colour
mixture, but must first make one or two points clear,
so that the lists which follow may be properly under-
stood.
First, then, it should be said that colours vary
in appearance according to the light in which they are
viewed. For example, a colour, when looked at in
the light of a sunny day in the open, has a very different
appearance to that which it presents when viewed
in a dark room. This will be explained at greater
length further on. The mixtures here given refer
principally to oil colours, and it must be clearly under-
stood that the same results will not alwaj^s be obtained
with artists' water colours. In the case of the latter,
tints are obtained by the addition of water just as
they are produced in oil colours by the addition of
white lead or other white pigment. Separate chapters
on artists' water colours and water paints or dis-
tempers are included.
In examining the lists which follow, the reader
may ask why we do not give the actual proportions

of the different parts. The answer is that this is
impossible for two reasons, the first being that colours
vary so largely in quaHty that the proportions would
be useless unless some particular make of colours was
taken as a standard, while the second is ,that the
names of the same colour vary also largely. Let us
consider this point at once.
The Nomenclature of Colours. — If half-a-
dozen practical painters, experienced in colour mixing,
were asked separately to mix a given colour, say a sea
green, it is almost certain that when the six colours
were compared there would not be two ahke. Each
of the six painters might have had precisely the same
make of colours to work with, and yet the " sea green
would in each case be different. The explanation, of
" sea
course, is that opinions differ as to what is a
green."
In giving the samples of colour which are con-
tained in this work the author was, under the circum-
stances, somewhat puzzled to know exactly the right
names to give each. His idea as to what was a bronze
green, for example, might differ materially from the
opinion of others, indeed, as it has already been
explained, no two practical men would probably be
found to agree as to the exact colour of two or three
dozen differently named colours. Under these circum-
stances, he decided to follow what appeared to be the
general rule in the trade. With this obj ect he obtained
the colour cards issued by all the leading paint manu-
facturing firms in the country, as well as some from
abroad. He then took the colours which he thought
^yould be most useful to his readers, and then very
carefully, and with a considerable amount of labour,
compared each colour with similar colours in the
taking note of the different
different colour cards,
names which different manufacturers called them.
The result was very surprising, because it was found

that in many cases there were as many names as there
were manufacturers' cards represented. When, how-
ever, the same name was used by several manufac-
turers, that name was selected for the purpose of
this work. The reader may, therefore, take it that
the names employed here are those which are most
general in the trade. As an instance of the variation
of these names we may cite a few examples.
Bronze green was called by different manu-

facturers dark green, olive green, and sage green.
In this case bronze green occurred more frequently
than any other name.
Tea green was called also olive green and Queen
Anne green.
Apple green was called very light sea green and
Eau de Nil green.
Sage green was called also olive and pale Quaker
green.
Venetian green was called also Imperial French
green,light green, Shamrock green, bright green,
mountain green, middle green, and engine green.
Light chocolate was called dark maroon, red lake,
metallic brown, and in one case the sample given of
burnt sienna was almost identical.
Olive green was called also sage green, deep olive
green, and Quaker green.
Dark green wascalled also medium green, Bruns-
wick green, middle green, and deep coach green.
Moss green some manufacturers evidentty thought
was the same thing as bronze green.
Pea green was called also sea green and Eau de Nil.
Ivy green was called bronze green, sage green,
Quaker green, olive green.
Slate was called also Quaker blue and dark lead.
Pearl grey was called also light grey.
Lilac was called also French grey.
II
Warm grey was called also deep stone, French
grey, and light stone.
Silver grey was called also lavender.
Steel grey v/as called French grey in several
instances, but we prefer to use the other term, as it
appears to be nearer to what is usually known in this
country as a French grey, that is, one which has a
touch of red and blue in it.
Another instance of the variation in the names of
these colours is shown by which one would
light stone,
think Vvâs sufficiently well known to remove any doubt
about it, bat this was called smoke grey, French grey,
and dove.
Middle stone was called also light drab.
Moss grey was called also silver grey.
Cream was called Manilla, light stone and. deep
deck.
Dark oak was called also dark drab and yellow
bronze green.
Dove colour was called also deep stone.
Colonial yellow was called also straw, light stone,
and deep cream.
Deep drab was called also dark stone, Hght drab,
dark drab and fawn one sample of raw Turkey umber
;
was almost identical.

Dark drab was given also as dark lava and middle
drab.
Dark oak was called also copper brown, hght oak,
and Imperial brown, whilst in one case a sample of
dark ochre was almost identical.
Deep cream was called also cream and lemon.
Primrose yellow was called also mustard yellow,
canary and straw colour.
Straw was called also Naples yellow and deep
Naples yellow.
Sandstone was called also dark stone.
Stone colour was called also ecru and Hght stone.
Smoke colour was called rustic drab and drab.
Signal red was called also vermilion, geranium red

and poppy red.
Snuff brown was called also light brown,, sepia,
dark ochre, umber brown and Arabian brown.
Sienna brown was called also teak brown, coffee
brown, deep Indian red and terra cotta.
Amber brown was called also bison brown, sepia,
and dark oak.
Autumn leaf was called also leather lake, mast
colour, middle oak, old gold, and light fawn.
Fawn brown was called light drab and light lava.
Light drab was called also middle drab and doe
colour.
Buff in one case was called yellow ochre.
Acorn brown was called also umber, dark oak,
dark brown, light brov.'n,, dark Indian brown, chestnut
brown, middle chocolate, and Portland brown.
With the above instances before him the reader
we think, take any exception
will not, to the names
we have chosen for our sample colours. The same is
true concerning the instructions for colour admixture.
If a reader makes a mixture according to those instruc-
tions and finds the result disappointing, the reason will
probably be that his conception of the particular
colour differs from that of the author, or it may arise
from the fact that the colours used are of inferior
quality. And should be mentioned again, here,
it
that every one of the mixtures has been made in

oil colours, checked and checked again.
For many years past efforts have been made by

scientists and others to formulate a permanent nomen-
clature for colours, tints, shades, and hues, but it
cannot be said that so far any success has been met with.
Should the efforts made prove ultimately successful,
there is no doubt it would be a great boon to decorators,
painters, and others ;for example, if a decorator
wanted to order from his manufacturer a certain tint
or colour, all he would have to do would be to send
in the name. Prang, of Boston, in his work, " The
Standard of Colour," endeavoured to systematise the
subject, and he did this in the following manner. He
produced sheets of colour divided up into several
hundred squares. On the first sheet at the top was
the spectrum of pure colours divided up, and beneath
this, similar squares with similar colours, to which had
been added a small portion of white. The line below
this was the same again with more white added, and
so on till the bottom of the sheet was reached, when
the colours were greatly reduced by the white, the tints
being naturally very light ones. The second sheet
was exactly the same as the first, but a small portion
of black had been added to all the colours and tints.
The third sheet was the same thing again, with more
black added, and the fourth sheet more black still,
and so on to the end of the work. The colours were
distinguished with letters, and the lines indicated the
amount of white added by numbers. To anyone who
possessed a copy of the work it would be a comparatively
easy matter to order any colour from the book by
number and letter, but the reader will readily perceive
that this work falls short of the requirements of prac-
tical decorators, inasmuch as it does not provide for the
admixture of different colours, but only those pure
colours which are in the spectrum. It is true enough
that all colours are as a matter of fact included in the
spectrum, but it is not so easy a matter to separate
them for practical purposes.
The variation in the names of colours above referred

to has proved so inconvenient alike to manufacturers
and decorators and other colour users, that an effort
was made during 1906 by one leading firm of paint
manufacturers to remove the difficulty by standard-
ising sixty of those colours which are most used. With
this object, the firm in question offered prizes' aggre-
gating ;îoo,and took a vote of several thousand com-
petitors which included many eminent decorators
i*:{-.;?l??KtV';;
PLATE III.
[i
PERSIAN ORANGE PALE DRAB
GREY PORTLAND STONE
MAST COLOUR GREEN GREY
DEEP ORANGE LIGHT VENETIAN GREEN
SEA GREEN BRONZE BLUE
TURKEY RED CRIMSON
ULTRAMARINE BRUNSWICK GREEN
PURPLE LAKE AMBER BROWN

f
p
SS£
and colourists, besides architects, technical teachers

and others. The firm in question was Messrs. Pinchin,
Johnson and Company, Ltd., and the plan they adopted
in carrying out their competition is worthy of record,
because demonstrates the value of the standard
it
sheet so obtained.They first communicated with some

200 prominent decorators and other colour experts, and
from them obtained a hst of what was generally con-
sidered to be the sixty colours most in use. It may
be observed here that there is no reason why sixty
colours should have been taken any more than fifty
or 100, but, obviously, the work and expense of con-
ducting this competition was very great and it was
necessary to decide upon some specific number, and
it was felt that sixty colours standardised
would
mean, at least, a big step in the direction of a general
colour nomenclature.
Having then settled as to which sixty colours
should be included in their hst, they next sent to
everyone of the several thousands of competitors four
painted samples of each colour or 240 colours in aU.
They also sent a sheet divided up into small squares,
each square being printed with the particular name
of the colour that was to be stuck down upon it.
The competitor, therefore, was cahed upon to take
any one colour, say sea green, and to select from the
four samples of different shades or tints of sea green
the one which in his opinion was best entitled to that
name. This he stuck on the space allotted for it.
He then proceeded to do exactly the same thing with
the other fifty-nine colours and then sent the whole
sheet to Messrs. Pinchin, Johnson and Company, Ltd.
They employed a staff to go through each of these
sheets to find out which of the four shades of different
colourhad received a majority of votes, and in this
way evolved —
the winning shade sixty of which
"^
formed the standard colour card.
The author's acknowledgements are due to the
c
II
-24 PAINT AND COLOUR MIXING.
firm for having supplied him with two coloured sheets,
namely, Plates IV. and V., which give the whole of
the standard colours. It will be seen by comparing
these colours with others which appear in the book
that they vary a little in some cases from those of
other manufacturers, but it must be remembered that
they represent the opinion of the majority of some
3000 experts on the question.
The Economy of Using Good Colours. It may —
be taken as a safe rule for the painter to follow that
where a good job is required the best materials only
should be employed, but the reader may answer to
this that the price paid to him for his work will fre-
quently not permit of his doing this. We may
leave the subject an open one which has really no
place in these pages, except in so far as it relates to
tinting colours, and here we can definitely and positively
assert that it pays the painter best to use the best
quahties of colour, quite irrespective of whether he
gets a high price or a low price for his work. To
explain : Let the reader assume that a large surface
is to be painted a very Hght Prussian blue. The
price for the work is and the question to be
fixed
determined is whether it will pay to use cheap Prussian
blue or one of high quafity. Assume that a high
quality blue costs 2s. per pound, and that just one
pound of it is sufficient to tint the whole white to
the required shade. We are purposely giving a
simple case so as to make the matter clear. Now a
Prussian blue can be bought for, say, is. 3d. a pound,
but it would probably consist of at least one half of
barytes or some other adulterant, which is of no value
whatever as a stainer. If this colour is half strength
it isobvious that two pounds of it would be required
to tint the white for the work in hand, and this would
cost 2s. 6d., against 2S. for the better class colour.
This homely example should be taken to heart by
every painter. He has only to experiment to find out
that it never pays to use inferior tinting colours. Of

course there is another reason why the best quaUty
should be used, and that is, the appearance of the
inferior colours is always muddy and unsatisfactory.
—
Hue, Tint and Shade. There is a good deal of
confusion among some painters as to the meaning of
the word " hue," " tint," and " shade," although there
is no reason why any confusion should exist. The
word " hue " is often employed to mean practically
the same thing as a " colour," but strictly it means the
particular cast or individuality, so to speak, of a
colour. Thus we talk of a scarlet of a yellowish hue
or a crimson of a bluish hue. A colour may consist of
any mixture of other colours, or may be a pure colour
itself. Now when white is added to any hue or colour
a tint of that colour produced. If black is added
is
a shade of that colour is produced. In the decoration

of our rooms we shall see that as an actual fact we
obtain shades of the colour by the partial omission of
hght, because the addition of black as a pigment to a
colour acts in the same way as shutting off Hght. In
mixing colours it is important to remember that black
should not be used to lower the tone of a colour except-
ing in rare instances. It only has the effect of pro-
ducing a muddy appearance. A yellow that is too
bright can be reduced, or made less staring, a painter
might say, by adding a Httle blue and red. If a blue
is too bright a Httle red and yellow should be added
;
or if a red is too bright it may be toned down by the

addition of a very Httle blue and yeHow. This is a
most useful rule to observe, and as long as the quantity
of the colours added is not too great, the results will
please.
In practice umber is a most useful colour to employ
for lowering the brilHancy of a colour, but only a
small quantity necessary for the purpose.
is If the
requisite tone cannot be obtained with a little umber
and the mixture is still too bright it may be taken that
i
the proper colours have not been employed and the
mixture should be changed.
The very large range of colours prepared for the
use of artists and decorators might lead one to
suppose that mixtures of them would not often be
required. Of course, as a matter of fact, an artist's
palette usually very restricted and consists of only
is
a dozen or so colours from which he obtains all the

tints, hues and shades he requires. Occasionally he
may use a little of some additional expensive colour
when a special effect is desired.
The same thing is true in regard to the house
painter and decorator, with the difference that the
cost of colours is much more important to him than
it is to the artist, because he uses comparatively such
large quantities. Still, when pure tints are required,
either rich or subdued, to give a finish to, or produce

an unusual effect in, a piece of decoration, it will
frequently be found cheapest in the end to procure a
tube of some expensive colour than it would be to
endeavour to imitate it by an admixture of pigments
of an inferior quality.
HOW TO MIX COLOURS. 27
CHAPTER III.
HOW TO LEARN TO MIX AND MATCH COLOURS.
The student mixing is advised to put

in colour
himself through a regular course of experiment or
study in order that he may ascertain the pecuhar
hue or tone of each of the principal stainers in constant
use, and also become acquainted with the effect pro-
duced by mixing white or other colours.
REDS.
Reds vary from those just removed in hue from
browns up to the bright crimsons and madders,
having their particular uses. The reader should pro-
vide himself with a flat marble slab or piece of plate
glass, or indeed any non-absorbent surface to conduct
his experiment upon. He should take each of the
reds,marked * in the Ust which follows, or as many
of them as he may have, place a very httle of them
on the slab, each separately, add a httle oil and spread
them out with a spatula or palette knife. He should
then carefully compare each with the other noting the
particular hue ; then he should add a Httle white,
nearly as possible the same quantity of each case, mix
each one separately, and again note the difference.
Of course, the spatula must be wiped clean between
each mixing, and it is advisable to only mix white
with one half of each specimen, so that upon the slab
when finished there will be a range of reds and of tints
made from those reds.
nthe experiments are to be conducted over a
wide range of colours, it will be advisable to deal with
them in groups, taking together such colours as r
Indian red, Tuscan red, Venetian red, etc., and after-

wards the other groups, such as the madders and
crimsons, and the vermiUonettes, etc. It will be found
a very good plan indeed to paint each sample on a
board with the name and proportion and kind of white
used underneath. By dividing up a board into small
squares and painting one colour on each, and by having
a separate board for each group, a set will be formed
of great value for the purposes of comparison.
To carry the experiment a httle further a small
portion should be taken and a Httle black added to
it and the tone noted. It will be seen that it gives
a muddy cast. Now add a very Httle blue and yellow,

and it will be noticed that the brightness of the original
colour is distinctly toned down without lessening the

brilHancy of the colour and that the muddy appearance
is wholly absent. This teaches at once the important
lesson that black unless under very exceptional cir-
cumstances should not be added to lower the tone of
the colour. It also shows the pecuHarities of the
different reds.
Facing the title page of this book are a number
of samples of pure colours with corresponding samples
showing tints of the same colours produced by the
addition of white. A week, indeed, a month, may be
spent very profitably in experiments with reds alone,
indeed, the young man who is learning paint mixing
must at the very beginning understand that observa-
tion will assist him more completely in attaining
any possible written instructions can do.
success than
The same plan as that above advised can be followed
in the case of all other colours.
BLUES.
The two principal blues used by decorators are
Prussian blue and ultramarine. The former is practi-
cally permanent in oil, but is quite useless in distemper,
while the latter cannot be mixed with white lead.
but is practically permanent in oil. It may, however,

be safely mixed with zinc white, and many beautiful
tones are obtained from its use.
There is a wide range of ultramarines on the
market, most of them having a tendency in hue toward
the violet. Prussian, on the contrary, inclines toward
the greys. Experiments with blues may be con -
ducted in exactly the same manner as already explained
under the head of " Reds." Ultramarine, Prussian blue,
cobalt and indigo being compared, it will be found
that indigo is a very useful colour if properly used, if
only from the fact that a very little goes a long way.
Cobalt is a very beautiful blue, but it is almost too
expensive for use in ordinary house painting.
When it is desired to tone a blue down, a little
burnt sienna and white should be added.
YELLOWS.
The principal yellows used by the house painter
are chromes, which are made in varying intensities.
Some makers send out five or six different shades or
tints ranging from a deep orange (which might almost
be termed red) and gradually ranging Hghter up to
canary. When white is added to either of these chromes
it will be seen that there is a great deal of difference
between one shade and another. In other words the

lighter chromes may be looked upon as the deeper ones
lightened up with white, yet, as a matter of fact this
is a very rough and ready way of looking at chromes,
because if a deep orange is lightened up with even a

hundred or more parts of white, it will be still far
from being the same cast of colour as light canary
chrome. One is a distinct red cast and the other is a
distinct greenish cast. Experiments, therefore, must
be continued with the yellows just the same as they
have been thrashed out with the other colours, and a
couple of hours spent with four or five different grades
of chrome will yield valuable information. All chromes
are lead colours and they may not therefore be mixed
with ultramarine. Cadmium yellow on the contrary
is not affected by ultramarine. This colour, although
somewhat expensive, might be used to a considerably
greater extent than it is in house painting.
Dutch pink is another yellow which is useful in
distemper work, but is not used so much as it was
formerly. Wall paper manufacturers still employ it
to a considerable extent. Yellow ochre is a natural
earth colour which isvery useful, and of course, largely
employed. It will be seen in the following Ust that
it occurs in many of the mixtures.
If a yellow is too bright it may be lowered by
adding a smaU quantity of blue and red. Instructions
for obtaining the various grades of yellow are given
explicitly in another chapter.
GREENS.
There is, of course,an immense range of greens,
and the Hst below includes, in addition to those which
may be purchased ready made, only those which are
more or less frequently called for. To obtain a green,
one can mix with yellow either blue or black. The
painter who wishes to experiment should first mix, say,
medium chrome yellow with Prussian blue, then with
cobalt and then with cobalt or indigo, noting
carefully the difference in the hue obtained. It is well
to keep the quantity of chrome about the same in each
case, so that the difference obtained by the use of the
respective blues may be the better appreciated. He
should then change his yellow, mixing the same propor-
tions as nearly as possible with lemon chrome and then
with deep chrome, again noticing the difference in the
colours obtained. Having done this he can go back
to middle chrome and mix black with it in varying
proportions. In this way he will obtain a good deal
of practical knowledge in a short time concerning the
different shades of green obtainable from these simple
mixtures, and he will at the same time not forget the
relative costs of the different materials, so that he

may learn to obtain desirable mixtures of colour from
the least expensive of the pigments. Sometimes a
green is obtained simply by lightening up with white
a stock commercial green for example, pea green
;
may easily be obtained by lightening pale Brunswick

green. In some cases greens are produced by an ad-
mixture of two or more colours, such, for instance, as
willow green, which is made from ochre and indigo,
and olive green from ochre and French ultramarine.
Others have the addition of white, such as grass green,
which is white, ochre and cobalt, and spring green,
which is white, middle chrome and black.
Having performed the foregoing experiments, the
reader should next take up the study of tints and
shades. In other words, he should add to the various
mixtures obtained in the manner described, different
quantities of first white and then black, and notice
the effect obtained.
Some colours are very much stronger for tinting
purposes than others. For example, a Prussian blue
will go a long way and a very little is sufficient to colour
a considerable quantity of white lead. The next thing
to be done is to add a little black to these colours and
to note the result. We must again urge the reader
not to use black in reducing his colours as a rule. If
it is desired to reduce or lower a yellow in tone use
blue and red, if a blue is too vivid add a little red and
yellow, and if a red is too bright add a little blue and
—
yellow in other words, taking the three primaries, add
to any one a very little of the other two.
Having experimented in the manner above sug-
gested, the reader will have gained considerable
information, particularly as to that most difftcult part
of colour mixing and matching, which arises from
the variation in the strength of different coloured pig-
ments. But it will be necessary to go much farther
and to mix various colours one with the other in vary-
ing proportions. Under the head of " Water Colours
and How Mix Them," will be found reference to a
to
colour chart for water colour painting, by Mr. Frederick
Oughton. The reader will do well to prepare such a
chart in oil colours, and to keep it by him for constant
reference. The same colours should, however, not be
used as they are mostly too expensive for the house
painters' use. The following is suggested Take a
:
fairly large board and divide it up into say eighteen

different spaces, each containing three rows of six
each ; mark these with the naines of any colours on
the list of standard colours given in the coloured plates
which are thought to be the most important to the
number of eighteen. Then turn to the instructions
given for mixing these colours, and proceed
to give a little dab of each of the pure colours at the
top of the space, blending them into the resultant
named colour it is desired to produce. For example:
Suppose the colour that is to be painted on the first
space is myrtle green. We should have a large dab
of dark chrome green at the top, by its side a similar
dab of ultramarine blue, and by the side of this again
a very little white lead. With a brush the three should
be blended together to make the myrtle green, still
leaving, however, a little of each of the three colours
unmixed at the top.
unnecessary to give the colours suggested for
It is
the other squares, because if the reader has sufficient
patience, he might work through every named colour
in this book. The point is to give on the same space
the actual colour, and below, the colour produced by
the admixture. Such as a board or'a series of boards
should not be merely painted and set aside, but should
be kept constantly in sight. A young man anxious
to improve himself as rapidly as possible, might do
worse than hang such a board upon the walls of his
sitting-room, or even bed-room, so that he could see
it very frequently, and in this way he would in the
3--vt»' ."j-ii ;sv
course of time gain much information on points which

he would be hkely to overlook at the first mixing.
A constant and very careful comparison between
the different colours given in our coloured plates of
samples will prove of material assistance particularly
in the discrimination between oil and water colours,
water paints and distempers.
The matching of colours is more difficult than
might appear at first sight, and yet a knowledge of
it is essential to every decorator. There is no royal
road to acquiring a knowledge of the subject, but the
reader who works carefully through this book, and
acts upon the advice given above, will possess all the
necessary foundation upon which to build up a
practical knowledge of the subject. The rest will be
merely practice.
The first thing to be done in matching a colour
is toexamine it very closely in the daylight, and
endeavour to come to a conclusion as to what the
prevailing colour in the mixture is. In other words,
to discover what is the particular colour of which there
is most in the mixture. If the reader has not lost
the lessons which are to be learnt from the experiment
he has already conducted, he will not have much
difficulty in doing this as a rule.
As a final word on the it may be said the

subject,
bug-bear of the inexperienced colour matcher is the
difference between the intensity of the light by which
he views his samples. It has already been explained
that a colour varies in its appearance according to
whether it is viewed in a strong or subdued light, or
whether the light is natural, or gas, electric light, and
one may also say whether incandescent or acetylene
gas. A great deal of the disappointment which arises
in matching colours arises from this very simple cause,
and a colour mixed in a bright shop which looks exactly
the right shade required, may, when applied to the
walls of a somewhat dark room look much too sombre.
If possible, the colour should be mixed in the
same room in which it is to be used, and in cases of
colours mixed for paint for sale, they should always
be mixed in a light workshop, and never on a dull
foggy day. It seems almost like carrying the matter
too far to say that such a room should have a north
Hght, yet this is very desirable, because if the window
has any other aspect, the operations of the colour
mixer may, on some fine showery spring day, be con-
siderably hampered by intermittent floods of
sunshine.
The student is also recommended to carefully
study Plate IX., which will yield considerable useful
information concerning the production of different
colours in distemper. These colours are all produced
by three primary colours and white in the well known
distemper Alabastine. These primaries are marked in
Plate IX. " A," " B," and " 31 " respectively, and in
the description of the plate will be found the exact
proportions of these different colours and white, which
may be used to produce all the other colours on the
plate. By purchasing even a small quantit}^ of the
four grades of blue, yellow, white, and Alabastine red,
the student can experiment for himself, measuring the
quantities by means of a small vessel, such as a wine-
glass or cup ;indeed, for purely experimental purposes
so small a vessel as a thimble would answer. The
material is supplied in a powdered form, and the pro-
portions are easily obtained. The writer would like
to see in our public schools lessons given as to colour
mixtures by the means indicated, and they certainly
ought to form a^part of the instructions in every
painter's school.
REDS. 35
CHAPTER IV.
REDS, AND HOW TO MIX THEM.
Having proceeded through a course of study and

experiment the student will now require the actual
mixtures necessary to produce the various named
colours. These are given in this chapter and those
immediately following.
—
Note.- All colours marked * can he purchased
ready made.
Acacia. — This may be described as a dark maroon.
It is made by mixing five parts of black, three of
Indian red, and one of Prussian blue. Less of the
black will give a more pleasing shade.
*Alizarin Crimson. —
A lake colour prepared from
ahzarin or coal tar colours. Ahzarin crimson and
scarlet are other varieties. They are not so briUiant
madder colours, made from the madder root.
as genuine
—
Amaranthine. This is a crimson which can be
made by mixing three parts of vermilionette with one
of Prussian blue.
—
Anemone. This is a reddish purple, and may be
made by mixing two parts of black, one of white, six
of a bright red,and six of Prussian blue.
—
*Antwerp Crimson. A fast red of a rich dark
hue made by Messrs. Mander Brothers.
—
Apricot. Mix middle chrome yellow with a Uttle
vermihon and add a very Httle lake.
—
Armenian Red. Mix one part of yellow ochre
with two parts of Venetian red.
AuRORE. — A dull pink shade, which can be pro-
duced as follows Mix together one part of Indian
:
red, two of orange chrome, a Uttle lemon chrome, and

two of blue, lightening up with white.
Bay.— Mix together three parts of black, three of
Venetian red, and a Httle orange chrome.
—
Begonia. A dark red purple, which may be
obtained by mixing four parts of lamp black, five of
bright red, and four of Prussian blue.
Black Maroon.— Take four parts of black and
mix them with one of a bright red and a little Prussian
blue.
Blood Red. —
Any bright red toned down with a
little black will produce a shade sometimes called by
this name.
Bordeaux Red.— Take one part of black and
mix with it two parts orange chrome and one of
of
Prussian blue. Indian red glazed with lake gives the
best effect. A colour is made under this name by
Messrs. Mander Brothers.
—
Brick. Use two parts of French ochre to one
part of Venetian red and one part of white lead, adding
more ochre if required to Ughten the colour. This
" brick red," and
gives a good tint, sometimes called
is suitable for outside work.
Bright Scarlet.— Mix twenty parts of vermiUon,
seven parts of pale chrome, and one part of golden
ochre. A good vermihonette sUghtly toned down with
yellow answers the same purpose.
Bronze Red.— This is a red toned down with
about a fourth part of black, a Uttle bright yellow or
orange being added.
*Brown Madder. — A permanent lake colour made
from the madder root. Nearly fast both in oil and
water.
*BuRNT Carmine and Burnt Lake. —These are
two names same water colour which is also
of the
called " Purple Lake." They are not permanent.
iisj^vv-'^:?^;
REDS. 37
*BuRNT Ochre.—Another name for light red ;
also called " Burnt Roman Ochre."

Cambridge Red. — Vermihon, to which added is
about one twentieth part of Prussian blue, gives a
colour sometimes called " Cambridge Red."
—
*Carmine. This colour is usually made from
cochineal if it is to be made into a water colour, in
which case it is quite fugitive. Carmine, when ground
in oil, is usually made from alizarin and is nearly
permanent. It is very useful for glazing in order to
produce a rich red.
—
*Carminette. This is the registered name of an
excellent colour manufactured by Messrs. Mander
Brothers. It is a bright strong red, which is useful
when protected with two coats of varnish. It is of
no use, however, for tinting purposes, or in distemper.
—
Carnation Red. Three parts of carmine lake
and one part of white lead give a carnation colour, but
a better result is obtained by taking pure vermilion
as a base and adding carmine and zinc white until the
desired rich colour is obtained. This colour is not
suitable for use outside.
—
Carnation Rose. White lead tinted with Indian
red or vermiHon, or Rubinette, made by Messrs.
Goodlass, Wall and Co., Ltd., of Liverpool. A
beautiful colour can be obtained by simply tinting
white with Lewis Berger's permanent crimson madder.
—
;,*Chinese Vermilion. This is the name usually
given to the deepest shade of vermilion.
—
Cherry Red. ^Mix together crimson lake, burnt
sienna and azure blue, or two parts of vermilion and
one part of carmine.
Claret. — Mix two parts of carmine with one of
ultramarine blue. A little vermilion may be added
if desired, and this may render a little yellow necessary
to tone down the colour. A less rich colour may be
made by mixing Venetian red and yellow ochre, and
glazing with crimson or madder.
Coral Pink. —This colour is useful only on inside
work. It is made by mixing five parts of vermilion,
two parts of white lead and one part of chrome yellow.
Another recipe for producing shades of coral pink is
one part of white, three of red, five of orange, and
three of blue.
—
*Crimson Lake. A bright red colour made from
cochineal (see Carmine). It is used both in oil and
water, but is not permanent.
*Crimson Madder (Permanent). A beautiful —
and very useful colour manufactured by Messrs. Lewis
Berger and Sons, Ltd., of Homerton, London, and
shown on the plate facing title page of this book.
—
*Dragon's Blood. A rich, deep red made from
the resin of that name. The genuine colour is fugitive
and an imitation for use in water only is made by
mixing burnt sienna, cochineal, lake and gamboge.
—
Dregs of Wine. This shade is produced by mix-
ing Venetian red with a little lamp black and white lead.
—
Egyptian. A dull yellowish crimson made by
using five parts of black, one and half of white, two of
orange, and one of blue, and a very little red.
—
Êxtract of Vermilion. Another name for
Scarlet Vermilion.
*Fast Maroon. —A speciahty of Messrs.
Goodlass, Wall and Co. A useful colour for shop
fronts, door panels, etc. Very rich in hue, and
permanent.
—
*Fast Red. A series of bright scarlets usually of
the vermihonette type. Messrs. Goodlass, Wall and
Co. make one of the best known.
*FiRE Red.— A brilUant red used instead of deep
vermilion, to which it is superior.
Flesh Colour. — One hundred and twenty parts,
white lead, two parts yellow ochre, and one part
Venetian red will produce an excellent flesh colour.
Or mix eight parts of white lead, two parts of orange
chrome yellow, and one part of light Venetian red.
PLATE lY.
57— Standard Burnt Sienna 4— Standard Pearl Grey U-Standard Light Stone
26— Standard Old Gold 1— Standard Pink 24— Standard Turquoise
35-8tandardLt. Brunswick Green 29— Standard Lt. Purple Brown 54— Standard Dark Drab
33— Standard Pompeian Red 3— Standard Eau de Nil 48— Standard Light Slate
60— Standard Dark Lead 30— Standard Buff 16— Standard Light Blue
13— Standard Light Indian Red 19— Standard Electric Green 59 -Standard Raw Sienna
39-Standard Mid. Brunswick Green 37— Standard Mid. Purple Brown 52— Standard Dark Slate
56— Standard Light Lead 18— Standard Middle Stone 12- Standard Lilac
27-Standaro Light Bronze Green 43— Standard Olive Green 46— Standard Yellow Ochre
58 -Standard Russet Brown 49— Standard Chocolate 25— Standard Deep Indian Red
REDS. 39
An increased proportion of red may

be employed
where desired. A mixture of orange and white in the
proportion of one part of the former to three parts of
the latter may also be used, or a mixture of medium
chrome yellow, ochre, and Venetian red added to white.
French Red. —
Use equal parts of Indian red and
vermilion,and glaze with carmine or Berger's perma-
nent crimson madder.
—
Gazelle. To obtain this mix Venetian red, lamp
black and Indian red, and add sufficient white lead to
produce the desired shade.
—
*Geranium. To produce this colour use nine
parts of bright red and one of blue. Or Indian red
may be used, afterwards glazing with madder lake for
good work. Most of the larger colour manufacturers
make geranium red which is better than one can obtain
by mixing.
Indl^n Pink. — Tint white lead with a little
Indian red.
*Indl\n Red. — This is a good permanent iron
oxide pigment and is most useful in mixing with
other colours. It is sometimes called " Mars' Red."
—
Îtalian Pink. An artists' colour, also called
" Yellow Carmine," " Yellow Madder," and" Yellow
Lake." Not permanent.
—
*LiGHT Red. This term might be applied to any
tint of red lightened up with white. It is, however,
a definite name of a water colour which is also called
" Burnt Ochre," " Burnt Roman Ochre," and " Terra
Rosa." It is obtained by burning yellow ochre, and
is quite permanent. An excellent light red for decor-
ator's use is made by Messrs. Mander Brothers, which
may be used for all paint work, including distemper.
—
Light Pink. Tint white lead with a little pure
vermilion. The word " pink " does not bear any very
definite meaning, as almost any bright red such as
carmine or crimson added to plenty of white give a
good pink just as vermilion does, but of another hue.
D
A very pretty and useful pink is madeby adding white
to permanent crimson madder, as shown on the plate
facing the title page of this book.
—
Light Salmon. Tint white lead with raw Italian
sienna, burnt ItaUan sienna, and burnt Turkey umber.
Or tint white with any bright red, toning down with
sienna.
Lilac. — A great deal of difference of opinion exists
as to this tint. One part of ultramarine to one part of
bright carmine, added to eighty parts white lead, give
a very good lilac. A cheaper way is to use Indian red
and lamp black as a tinting colour, or rose pink may
be added to the lead only. Yet another method for
producing a Ulac is to mix three parts of bright Indian
red, three parts of white lead, and one part of ultra-
marine blue, but less white lead is preferred by some
painters. A touch of yellow will help this colour if
too raw for the purpose.
*Madder Lake. This — is principally used by
artists, but it is useful to the house decorator for
glazing the best work where a bright red is required.
Magenta. —Carmine and vermilion, with a little
ultramarine blue, produce this colour.
—
Mahogany Lake. A pure lake of the maroon
character.
—
*Maroon. This colour is obtained by mixing-
carmine and blue black, and adding a small quantity
of medium chrome yellow. It may also be made by
mixing one part of ultramarine blue with three parts
of Tuscan red. This gives a tint that is often con-
sidered a little too red, but this defect may easily be
remedied by adding more blue. Some painters add
ivory black and a little chrome yellow to carmine.
*Markeaton Red. — This well known speciality is
a very bright red which lasts as long or longer than

vermilion, but is considerably cheaper. It is made by
Messrs. Ellam, Jones and Co., of Derby, and is used
by many of the big railway companies, Post Office, etc.
REDS. 41
—
*Mars' Orange. Another name for Venetian red,
which see.
—
*Mars' Red. Another name for Indian red,
which see.
—
Mexican Red. Mix one part of red lead with
four parts of Venetian red.
—
Mikado. Three parts of bhie and seven of red,
mixed with a httle white, give this purpHsh red shade.
—
Moorish Red. Mix together three parts of ver-
miUon and one part of rose pink.
—
Mulberry. This is a very dark purple obtained
by adding a little blue and just a tinge of red to black.
*New Persian Red. — Messrs. Mander Brothers
make a bright red of good body which is sold under
this name. It costs only yd. a lb., and is fairly fast,
although it lasts better if protected by a coat of varnish.
It must not be used for distemper.
—
Old Rose. Tint white lead with French ochre,
Indian red, and lam.p black, or Venetian red and a
very little lamp black may be used if desired.
—
Opaque Pink. Tint white lead with red lead.
—
Opera Pink. Tint white lead with a mixture of
live parts of vermiHon and one part of medium chrome
green.
Oriental Red.— Mix one part of red lead with
two parts of Indian red.
Orange Scarlet. —This colour ma}^ be obtained
by adding two parts of orange lead to one part of
white lead.
*Orange Vermilion. — The pale shade of ver-
milion orange lead comes nearest to this colour. The
tone may be made by adding chrome to vermilion.
—
Peach Bloom. This is a mixture of white lead
and Venetian red. Or it may be produced by adding
sufficient Indian red to white lead to give a warm tint
and mixing it with equal proportions of white lead,
lemon chrome yellow, ultramarine blue and light
Indian red. Or a mixture of three parts of Indian
red with seventeen parts of white is sometimes used.
—
*Persian Red. A bright scarlet.
Pink.—White lead tinted with orange lead gives
a bright pink. See also " Light Pink."
—
*PiNK Madder. A lake colour made from the
madder root. It is made only in water.
—
Plum. Mix with equal parts of white lead, Indian
red and ultramarine blue in the proportion of two
parts of lead to one of each of the other colours. This
makes a dark plum that is only suitable for inside
work. If a light tint is desired add more white lead.
A very rich plum may be obtained by mixing together
ultramarine blue and carmine, and adding a Httle white
and a httle yellow.
—
*PoMPEiAN Red. Small quantities of bright red
and orange are mixed with black to produce this
shade, but Tuscan red tinted with red gives a better
result.
—
Poppy. Blue and vermilion mixed in the pro-
portion of one of the former to twenty-four of the latter
give this shade. Some colour mixers prefer to add a
bright yellow instead of the blue.
Purple. — Light Indian red, four parts ;
white
lead, three parts ultramarine blue, two parts
;
or a ;
purple may be obtained by mixing Indian red and

white. A mixture preferred by some painters is made
by mixing ultramarine and vermilion with a little
white. A little crimson lake gives richness to the

colour.
—
*PuRPLE Lake. A beautiful water colour called
also "Burnt Carmine," and " Burnt Lake." It can-
not be relied upon to stand light.
—
*PuRPLE Oxide. The correct name of purple
brown or dark iron oxide.
—
Red Ochre. This earth colour is cheap, and can
be readily bought in most places. It can be imitated
by mixing Indian red and chrome and adding a little
vermilion.
REDS. 43
Red Terra —
Cotta. Use equal proportions of
burnt sienna and white lead. The tone may be varied
by the addition of either of the umbers and the chromes.
A good bright terra cotta is al so made by using Venetian
red as a base and colouring up with ochre and a touch
of lake.
Regal Purple. — Mix together four parts of white
lead, two parts of cobalt blue, and one part of carmine
lake.
Roan.— Mix
black with half its quantity of red
and add a very small proportion of blue and white.
—
Rose. Five parts of white lead mixed with two
parts of carmine give a rose colour that is suitable for
inside work only. An admirable rose colour may be
obtained by using zinc white instead of white lead, as
the zinc is a much purer white than the lead, and hence
gives a purer tint.
Rose Carnation.— Mix together one part of rose
madder and eight parts of oxide of zinc. This is a
beautiful colour, but the madder is too expensive for
use except by artists. A very successful colour can be
produced from Lewis Berger's Permanent Crimson
Madder.
*RosE Madder.— A lake colour made from the
madder root. It is suitable both for oil and M-ater,
but is not quite permanent.
—
Rose Wood. To produce this colour bright red
is mixed with about six times the quantity of
black
and a very little green. The shade given is a very dark
red.
—
Royal Pink. Mix together two parts of zinc
white and carmine lake. This will only do for inside
work.
*Royal Purple.— Mix one part of vegetable black,
one and half of rich red, and seven of Prussian blue.
Some manufacturers make this colour ready for use.
—
Salmon. Six parts of white lead, one part of
vermilion, and a Httle lemon chrome vellow. This
Another
mixture produces a colour somewhat bright.
salmon colour is made by a mixture of raw
sienna,
preferred by
burnt sienna, and burnt umber. A tmt
Venetian
some is produced bv addmg to the white,
red, burnt umber and French ochre.
Another method
is to add vermiHon and golden
ochre to white, which
gives a nice bright colour. Venetian red and chrome,
Still another
added to white, gives a duller colour.
mixture is Venetian red, vermilion, yellow ochre and
white. .
A c .
*ScARLET Lake.— This colour is manufactured

and alizarin crimson. It
from a mixture of vermiHon
is suitable both for oil and
water, and is permanent.
'a colour very similarmay be obtained in one of the
con-
many vermiUonettes on the market. It will be
should be
venient to remember that all vermilions
the use of pale chrome instead of
white
lightened by
of the colour,
lead. Lead takes down the brilhancy
producing a pink.
*ScARLET Red.— This is bought ready made, it
to the brightest of the oxide

pamts.
is the name given
rather
*ScARLET Madder.— A permanent but
tints can
weak alizarin with which many beautiful
be obtained.
Shell Pink.— This colour is sometimes made
by
but some
adding a httle good Indian red to white,
little chrome
decorators prefer to use vermiHon with a
yeUow and burnt sienna.
and
Shrimp Pink.— Mix Venetian red, burnt sienna
white lead, and add a Httle vermiHon.
*SiGNAL Red.— This is usually scarlet vermiHon,
lead, vermilion-
but may be imitated by mixing orange
ette white, or orange lead by itself may be
and Paris
tinted with vermiHonette. " Signal Red " is a well
known speciality.
Salmon Pink.— Tint white lead with equal parts
If zinc white is used
of orange chrome and vermiHon.
instead of lead the colour will be
found brighter.
REDS. 45
*SuNLiGHT Red. — A specialty of Messrs. Mander

Brothers. deep crimson shade, is of good body,
It is a
fast in light, and suitable for metal or wood signs,
shop fronts or work exposed to the Hght, especially if
varnished.
—
Terra Cotta. Mix together two parts of white
lead to one part of burnt sienna. One of the best
ways to produce a good terra cotta wall is to give a
good under coat of white lead, orange chrome and a
littleVenetian red, and when dry to apply a finished
coat made from Venetian red and a little orange chrome
to which has been added a little white. vSee also under
" Red Terra Cotta."
—
*Terra Rosa. Another name for Light Red,
which see.
—
Turkish Crescent Red. Mix equal proportions
of Indian red, vermilionette
and rose pink.
—
*TuscAN Red. This can be bought ready made,
and may be imitated by mixing ten parts of Indian
red with one part English rose pink. Indian red is
very similar in colour but somewhat darker. It is also
cheap.
Venetian Pink. — Tint white lead with a little
Venetian red.
*Venetian Red. — This colour is an iron oxide and
is sometimes called " Mars' Orange." It is one of the

most useful that the house painter has, being cheap,
and having good covering power and body. It may
be used both in oil and water, and is quite permanent.
It is not very good for tinting purposes. It would not,
of course, be often imitated, but Indian red -a yqiy —
similar pigment —
could be tinted with red. Or it may
be imitated by mixing vermilion, yellow ochre, madder
carmine, and a little Cappagh brown, which is an
artists' colour, and is rarely used by house painters.
—
*Vermilion. This bright red is a mercuric sul-
phide, i.e., a combination with sulphur and mercury.
It cannot be imitated by an admixture of ordinary

lit
pigments, but there are many excellent substitutes on
the market, most of them being vermilionettes.
The
" Orange
pale variety of vermiHon is known also as
Vermihon " and " Pale VermiHon."
*Wagon Red.— Messrs. Mander Brothers make a"
beautiful colour under this name in two shades,
"pale
and " deep." The latter is quite fast in Hght.
Messrs. Manders' Wagon Red is not a vermiUonette.
not intended for distemper.
It is
Wine Colour.— Add a Httle ivory black to a
mixture of carmine and vermiUon. Or use Indian
red mixed with a little black or umber, and
glaze
" Glazing."
with madder. See also the chapter on
*Yellow Lake, Yellow Madder, and Yellow
Carmine, are three names given to the artists' colour
" Itahan Pmk."
which is more frequently known as
It is very fugitive.
BLUES. 47
CHAPTER VI.
Blues, and how to mix them.
Note. — All the colours marked * can be bought

ready made.
* Antwerp Blue. —This colour may be described
as a weak Prussian blue. It is also called "
cyanine
blue " and " Leitch blue." necessary to imitate it,
If
mix one part of bright green with two parts of ultra-
marine ;add a very little zinc or other white, but
not lead. Brunswick blue is frequently used in the
place of Antwerp blue. It may be used both in oil
and water and is nearly permanent.
—
*AzuRE Blue. Also called " new blue " and
sometimes used as a synonym of cobalt. To imitate
mix one part of ultramarine blue and forty parts of
zinc white. Another shade may be obtained by
mixing forty-four parts of white, twenty-nine of
green, and twenty-seven of blue. Or celestial blue
and a little red on a base of white will give an azure
shade. Cobalt and white may also be used.
—
*Berlin Blue. This is only another name for
Prussian blue.
—
Blue Grass Tint. One part Prussian blue, three
parts of emerald green, seven parts of white lead.
—
*Bremen Blue. This is a colour to be bought
only ready made. It is not now much used, and is
not suitable for an oil colour.
—
*Bronze Blue. A dark blue colour, which may
be made by mixing three parts of black with one of
Prussian blue.
—
*Brunswick Blue. This is bought ready made,
aPxdcan be imitated by adding white lead to Prussian
bhie in suiftcient quantity to obtain the desired tint.
*Ceurlean.— This is an artist's colour of a hght
and somewhat greenish blue tone. It is a stannate
of cobalt. An imitation may be made from ultra-
marine and white, with a little yellow, although the
colour is a difficult one to imitate successfully.
*Ceruleum. —A colour introduced by Messrs.
Rowney and Co. It contains tin (stannic) oxide,
cobalt oxide, calcium sulphate, and siHcic oxide
(silica). It is permanent both in oil and water colour.
—
Celestial Blue. About equal parts of Prussian
blue, chrome green and white lead will give this colour,
but there should be most white, and the tint should be
more blue than green.
—
*Chinese Blue. Another name for Prussian blue, I
which see. Usually the term Chinese blue is appUed

to a high grade Prussian blue, but sometimes the
reverse is
*CoBALT.
the case.
—This colour is alumina tinctured with
I
oxide of cobalt. It is one of the best artists' colours,
and cannot be successfully imitated. It is a beautiful
and most useful colour, but unfortunately, it is expen-
sive, and it is therefore only used in the finest
work. It is quite permanent, both in oil and water.
*Cyanine Blue. — Another name for Antwerp

blue, which see.
Dark Blue.— Obviously this is no very definite
colour. Manufacturers often use one part of white,
two of chrome green, and seven of Prussian blue.
But ultramarine, or indeed any blue, may be used,
and this may be first lightened with white, and black
added as may be desired.
Fog Blue.— Equal parts of burnt sienna and
Prussian blue, fightened up with about twenty parts
of white lead.
r-j.^rX* :;.>1-^s'-* Vk^vr;
îSiiTOî^^--^...;
BLUES. 49
—
*French Blue. The name is applied to the
best quaUty of artificial ultramarine, which is some-
times termed " French ultramarine." It is per-
manent both in oil and water.
FoRGET-ME-NoT.— This can hardly be termed a
name of a colour,although it suggests a clearer idea
than many of them. It can be obtained by adding
white to cobalt.
—
Gobelin Blue. Mix together four parts of ivor}^
black, two of white, one of chrome green, and three
of Prussian blue.
—
Granite (Blue). To produce this shade mix
two parts of black with six of white and one of ultra-
marine blue.
—
Heliotrope. This colour is obtained by using
two parts of zinc white, three of bright red, and four
of ultramarine blue.
—
Implement Blue. This is made simply by mixing
ultramarine with white. Barytes and zinc mixed
are frequently used for the white, as lead cannot be
employed in the presence of ultramarine.
—
*Indigo. This dark blue is a natural vegetable
pigment, being extracted from the Indigo plant.
An imitation may be produced by using nine parts
of black and four of Prussian blue, but this will not
look Uke the real thing. Indigo should not be mixed
with lead or lead chromates. It is, however, a very
useful colour although not quite permanent, especially
in oil.
—
Lavender. Three parts of ultramarine blue and
one part of carmine, added to zinc as a base, give a
very good lavender tint for inside work. Ivory black
mixed with a little carmine and ultramarine and added
to white lead may be employed for outside work.
*Leitch Blue. — Another name for Antwerp
Blue, which see.
—
Light Blue. This is simply an ultramarine blue
tint produced by the addition of zinc or the colour
;
may be obteiined by tinting white lead with Prussian
blue.
IKi —
*LiME Blue. This is a colour much used formerly
for mixing distemper, but artificial ultramarine has
to a great extent supplanted it. It must not be used
in oil. The colour usually sold for lime blue is a variety
of ultramarine.
Marine Blue.— A very dark blue, which is
obtained by mixing one part of ultramarine blue with
nine of ivory black.
—
Mascot. This is a very dark blue shade, which
s got by mixing black and blue in the proportion of
seven parts of the former to one of the latter with a

very little green.
*Mauve. — Is made and is not per-
from aniline,
manent either Four parts of cobalt
in oil or water.
blue, twelve parts of oxide of zinc, and one part of
carmine lake give an excellent mauve, or the colour
may be obtained by mixing yellow ochre, blue black,
and Venetian red with a little white lead. Another
shade is obtained with blue, red and white mixed
in the proportions
following blue, three parts
: ;
white, red, one part.

two parts ;
Or white may be
tinted with ivory black, carmine and ultramarine.
—
Methyl Blue. Mix green with twelve times its
quantity of blue and a touch of red.
—
Mountain Blue. One part of ivory black, two
parts of rose madder, three parts of cobalt blue, and
four parts of white lead. This colour is only intended
or artists' use.
—
Navy Blue. Ivory or drop black mixed with
one-fourth the quantity of blue will give this shade.
—
Neutral Blue. A series of neutral blues may
be made by tinting white lead with Prussian blue and
adding burnt umber, the quantity of blue and umber
being varied according to the tint required. Good
neutral blues may also be made by tinting white with
raw umber and a Httle Prussian blue. Add either a
BLUES. 51
littleburnt sienna if a warm neutral blue is required,

or a little black if one cool in appearance
is desired.
*New Blue.—Another name for azure blue,
which see.
Nile Blue.— Mix a Httle white with Prussian blue
and chrome green, using rather less of the latter than
the former. The result is a pale greenish blue.
Normandy Blue.— To get this greenish blue shade
mLx green and blue in about equal proportions with
white.
Oriental BLUE.-One part of lemon chrome
yellow, two parts of Prussian blue and twenty parts
of white lead.
Peacock Blue.— This colour is one upon which
opinion varies considerably. A splendid colour is
made by taking cobalt as a base and adding a Httle
white and a Httle Chinese blue.
*Perfect Blue. — Some manufacturers produce
this beautifully rich colour. very like cobalt, but
It is
sHghtly darker.
*Permanent Blue.— a pale variety of the best
quaHty of French (artificial) ultramarine.
PoMPEiAN Blue.— This is made by tinting white
with ultramarine and adding a little vermiHon and
Italian ochre.
Porcelain Blue.— To get this shade mix one part
of zinc white and chrome green with four parts of
ultramarine blue and a touch of black.
*Prussian Blue.—This colour is certainly the most
important blue the house painter has. It cannot be
imitated. It works well in both water and oil, and
IS transparent. It is very strong and care must be
exercised in using it lest too great a quantity is added
to a batch of paint, which might be spoilt in
conse-
quence. It is a ferro-cyanide of iron obtained by
mixing together solutions of a ferric salt and an
alkaline ferro-cyanide. Prussian blue is also called
II
52 PAINT AND COLOUR MIXING,
" Chinese blue." It is not quite permanent, and
must
not be used in distemper.
Quaker Blue.— Add a little black to Prussian
blue, and lighten up with white.
with
Robin's Egg Blue.— Use white for base, tint
and
ultramarine until a fairly strong blue is obtained,
then tinge with a httle lemon chrome green.
*RoYAL Blue.— This is made by adding a little
crimson lake.
white to Prussian blue with a touch of
they
Some manufacturers make a very rich blue, which
sell under the name of Royal blue.
of Chinese blue mixed

Sapphire Blue.— One part
zinc. This
with double the quantity of oxide of
should not be used for outside work.
three
Sea Blue.— Two parts of Prussian blue,
parts of raw sienna, thirty parts white.
Sky Blue.— This is the blue sold as new
" blue.
to one
To imitate one part of Prussian blue added
sky
hundred and twenty parts of white lead give a
but some prefer cobalt, and this is for many
blue
another method
purposes doubtless the best. Still
of obtaining sky blue is to tint
white lead with a little
the
hme blue, adding a very httle middle chrome, but
colour than it is
latter is more suitable for a distemper
for an oil paint, as lime blue is not
very lasting m
oil.
Steel Blue.— Zinc white tinted with hme

blue
gives this colour for distemper.

Stone Blue.— One part of raw umber, twice the
white lead will
quantity of Prussian blue on a base of
give this colour.
four parts
Transparent Violet.— Mix together
of ultramarine blue and one
part of crimson lake.
This is suitable only for artists' use.
one
ToRQUOiSE Blue.— Two parts of cobalt blue,
white lead.
part of emerald green, twelve parts of
*Ultramarine (Artificial).— This is one of the
chief blues used by the painter, and must be bought
ready made. It is quite permanent, both m oil and
BLUES. 53
water, and cannot be imitated, but it can be bought

m many different qualities and shades, such as purple,
cobalt, etc. It must not be mixed with chromes or
white lead, as it contains sulphur, and there
would
on that account be a likelihood of discolouration.
Natural ultramarine is very expensive. It is made
from selected parts of the mineral lapis lazuli.
*Ultramarine Ash.— An expensive artists' colour
made m the same way as genuine ultramarine, but
of a paler shade, owing to the larger
proportion of
stone allowed to remain.
*Verona Blue.— This beautiful colour is manu-
factured by Messrs. Lewis Berger and Sons, Ltd.,
of Homerton, London, and is most useful for high
class decoration.
11
CHAPTER VI.
YELLOWS, AND HOW TO MIX THEM.

marked * can he bought
ÔTB.— All the colours
ready made.
AiABASTER.— This is a vellowish white colour. m
.
Mix four parts of white with one of middle chrome

vellow. . , ,,
*Alizarin Yellow.— a comparatively

new yello^^
lake made from the coal tar colours.
produced
Amber —An imitation of amber can be
sienna, burnt
by mixing equal portions of burnt
umber, blue black and orange
chrome yellow and
until the desired tmt
adding a quantity of white lead
is obtained.
to orange
Antique Bronze.— Add ivory black
about five parts
chrome yellow in the proportion of
of black and one part of orange.
Asiatic Bronze.— One part medium chrome
with white
yellow, two parts raw umber, and Hghten
lead. , J.,
often
*AuREOLiN.— An artist's water colour,
double nitrate of
termed " cobalt yellow." It is a
originally introduced
cobalt and potassium and was
by Messrs. Winsor and Newton.
msor
*AuRORA YELLOW.— A speciality of Messrs.W
"
It is an
and Newton, introduced by them in i88q.
of cadmium
opaque and brilHant variety of sulphide
of erreater body than ordinary
cadmiums and a much
bright as the best chrome,
but
better drier. It is as
is quite permanent.
PLATE V.
36— Standard Royal Blue 45— Standard Raw Umber 2— Standard Cream
22— Standard Dark Stone 6— Standard Primrose 20— Standard Electric Blue
23— Standard Grass Green 8— Standard French Grey 21— Standard Mid. Indian Red
5— Standard Signal Red 10— Standard Lemon Chrome 11— Standard Autumn Green
47-Standard Dk. Brunswick Green 51— Standard Dark Bronze Green 50— Standard Light Drab
9— Standard Carnation Red 34— Standard Middle Chrome 55 -Standard Holly Green
7— Standard Sea Green 28— Standard Azure Blue 17— Standard Venetian Red
53-8tanoard Burnt Umber 31— Standard Mid, Bronze Green 15— Standard Emerald Tint
38-Standard Orange Chrome 41— Standard Maroon 42— Standard Terra Cotta
40— Standard Brunswick Blue 32— Standard Peacock Blue 44— Standard Prussian Blue
YELLOWS. 55
Biscuit Colour.—.The purest tints may be

obtained by tinting zinc oxide with Naples yellow.
Ochre added to white with a touch of umber may
be used.
Brass Yellow.— This may be obtained by mixing
forty parts of white lead, twelve parts of light chrome
yellow, one part raw umber, and one part burnt umber.
Or a mixture of French ochre and medium chrome
yellow, added to a Httle umber, with a touch of blue,
may be used to tint white as a base.
Bronze.— Take fourteen parts of black and add
one part of yellow and two of green. See also under
" Green."
Bronze Yellow.— Mix together five parts of

medium chrome yellow, three parts of white lead, and
one part of raw umber. A mixture preferred by some
painters is obtained from chrome yellow, French ochre
and a little burnt umber.
—
Buff. Two parts of white lead and one part of
yellow ochre produces a good buff, or white lead may
be tinted with French ochre alone. Other shades are
obtained with mixtures of two parts of black, four
of white, one of red, and one and one-eighth of
yellow.
Buttercup.— White lead tinted with lemon

chrome gives a nice buttercup yellow.
*Cadmium Yellow.— This is an artist's colour of
considerable value, but is, generaUy speaking, too
expensive for house painters. It should not be mixed
with chrome yellow, emerald green, or any pigment
containing copper or lead, and tints should therefore
be obtained by using zinc oxide. It is made in four
shades pale, medium, deep, and orange, and it
:
cannot be successfully imitated. The palest shade is

sometimes called '
Radiant yellow.
'
'
Cadmium yellow
'
issulphide of cadmium and is quite permanent in oil

and nearly so in water.
E
Canary.— This is practically another name
for
same way.
straw tint, and it may be mixed in the
for an ordinary shade of canary are
The proportions
11
to one part of
1 1 if three parts of lemon chrome yellow
preferred. Another
white lead, but less yellow is often
white, six of
shade is obtained by mixing two parts of
yellow and two of green. Some manufacturers make
call by this
an extra light chrome yellow which they
name. . . ,
dull yellow made by mixing

four
Chamois.— A
one of green.
parts of white, five of yellow ochre and
*Chinese Orange.—Another name for Ahzarm
orange. r i_-x 1 a
Chamoline.— Mix together five parts of white
lead,
of lemon yellow.
three parts of raw sienna and one part
colour,
Citrine.— Although this is a tertiary
and orange,
and theoretically can be made from green
It
opinions as to the exact shade somewhat
differ.
may be made by mixing four parts of medium chrome

or five parts of
yellow and one part of raw umber ;
umber.
lemon chrome yellow and two parts of raw
Venetian
Citron.—To produce this colour use
Prussian blue, two
red as a base and add one part of
of chrome yellow and two of white.
chrome
*CiTRON Yellow. This is strictly zinc
for
or lemon yellow, but the name is sometimes used
chrome yellow (pale), which see.
*CoBALT Yellow.— Another name for aureolm,
which see.
Colonial Yellow.— Medium chrome yellow
chrome
mixed with white lead and a little dark orange
yellow gives this tint.
Cream.—The best and purest tints of cream are
Naples
obtained by tinting zinc oxide with a Uttle
yeUow. A good shade is obtained by mixing
eight
yellow ochre
parts of white lead, two parts of French
and
and a touch of Venetian red. French ochre
parts of raw
lead alone are often employed. Equal
YELLOWS. 57
sienna and orange chrome used to tint white
gives a
nice cream. There are many other methods of obtain-
ing this tint. Note.—Ught buff, medium buff and
dark buff may all be obtained in the same way by
adding more or less of the French ochre or white.
*Chrome Yellow.— Normal chromate of lead pro-
duced by precipitation. These yellows are cheap and
very useful to the house painter, but although
per-
manent in sunlight they darken when exposed to pure
air. There are five different shades known as primrose,
lemon, middle, orange and scarlet chrome. The
latter
is sometimes called orange chrome,
deep.
—
Daffodil. Lemon chrome mixed with a little
Venetian red will give this colour.
*Daffodil Yellow.— This name is sometimes
given to the palest tint of cadmium yellow.
Deep Cream.—This colour is made by tinting
white lead with yehow ochre and a httle Venetian
red.
(See Cream.)
Ecru.— Tint white lead with French ochre and
medium chrome A tint which is sometimes
yellow.
cahed stone colour is produced in the same
way.
Another shade of ecru may be obtained by mixing
three parts of black, eight parts of white,
three of
medium chrome yellow, and one of Brunswick green.
*Gamboge.— This is an artist's colour. It is a
gum resin, is somewhat fugitive, and is useless for the
purpose of the house painter. A preparation called
" Gamboge "is ground in oil, but it is an alizarin
yellow.
—
Gold. To obtain the colour known as "gold,"
white lead may be tinted with five parts of golden
or
yellow ochre and one part of vermilion, or a
mixture
of hght chrome yellow, French ochre and
vermihon
may be used instead to tint the white lead. The
quantity of yellow used should be considerably
more
than the ochre.
*GoLD Ochre.— Another name for Roman ochre.
I
Hay Colour.— French ochre, medium chrome

yellow, and lamp black used as tinting colour for
white f
Italian sienna and I
lead will give a hay colour, or raw
lamp black may be employed if desired.
*INDIAN Yellow.— A rich yellow made
from
" purree," the dung of camels, etc. It is chemically
a magnesium salt, and if properly

prepared by repeated
practically permanent. It is permanent
washings is
both in oil and water.
quercitron
*ITALL\N Lake.—A colour made from
bark. Also called Itahan pink,
yellow madder, or
yellow carmine. It is not permanent.
Ivory.— Varying tints of ivory are best obtained
zinc oxide with Naples yellow.
The
by tinting
yellow to white
addition of a very Httle medium chrome
lead also produces an ivory or a
very httle golden
to tint white
ochre may be used. Another way
is
very slightly with middle chrome

and a touch of
k.
medium
JoNOUiL Yellow.— Tint white lead with
very little
chrome yellow to which has been added a
methods is to
vermiUon red. One of the favourite
of mdigo and
employ sixteen parts white lead, one part
chrome yellow
two parts of Hght red, adding as much
as may be desired. Another way of making jonquil
httle green about
yellow is by simply mixing with a
yellow.
forty times the quantity of I
arsenious
*KiNGS Yellow.—This was formerly
so rapidly pale
sulphide, but as that colour fades
chrome yellow is usually employed.
Leghorn.—This is a pale yellow shade, which is
obtained by mixing white and medium chrome yellow
in about equal proportions.
Lemon.— For this colour, lemon chrome yellow
tint may be made by using
white
is used alone, but the
lead for a base and adding
medium chrome yellow
until the desired tint is obtained.
The tint that is
usually preferred is by mixing five parts of
obtained
YELLOWS. 59
chrome to two parts of white lead, and adding a little

green. However, lemon chrome yellow purchased
ready made is the best. In artists' colours a lemon
yellow is made which is also called " strontium yellow,"
and sometimes " yellow ultramarine."
—
Light Buff. A little yellow ochre added to white
lead gives a good buff colour, the tint varying with the
quantity of ochre.
—
Light L')eck. This colour may be produced by
mixing medium and lemon chrome yellow with white.
—
Light Stone. Tint white lead with French ochre
and lamp black.
—
*Lemon Chrome. This is the palest shade of
lemon chrome yellow. Some makers produce a stiU
lighter shade which they designate " canary chrome."
It is very useful for preparing the lighter shades of
yellow, and may be imitated by adding cadmium yellow
to zinc white.
*Lemon Yellow. — Is also called " Barium
Yellow," and is a preparation of Chromate of Barium.
In the deeper shades a little chromate of strontium
is often used. The pale variety is also called yellow
ultramarine or permanent yellow. Care should be
taken to distinguish between lemon yellow and yellow
chrome. Pure lemon yellow is permanent both in
oil and water.
—
Maize. Mix yellow and white in the proportion
of about three parts of the former to one of the latter
to get this light yellow shade.
*Mander's Yellow. —This intended to be used
is
as a substitute for old Oxford ochre, but is claimed

to be superior. It is based on ochre and is of great
strength and body.
—
Manilla. This colour is sometimes called " deep
deck." It is made by tinting white lead with French
ochre and chrome yellow. Or a mixture of white
with four times the quantity of yellow will produce a
shade of manilla.
6o PAINT AND COLOUR MIXING,
Marigold.— This is obtained by mixing a very
little bright yellow with orange chrome.
*Mars Yellow. —Another name for Roman ochre^
which see. It is quite permanent, both in water and
oil.
Melon. —Mix equal quantities of black and white.

Add twice the bulk of orange chrome and a quantity
of medium chrome equal to the mixture of black and
white.
—
Mushroom. A dull yellow shade, which may be
obtained by adding one part of orange and two of
yellow to eight parts of black.
—
Middle Stone. Mix as described under " Stone,'"
but use more umber and ochre.
*Naples Yellow. —A
permanent yellow made
from an admixture of oxide of zincand cadmium
yellow. In oil colours it may be imitated by mixing
lead or zinc with cadmium and adding a little ochre.
Naples yellow, when mixed with varying proportions
of zinc oxide, yields pure tints of cream, ivory and
biscuit.
Neutral Orange. —A water colour made from
a mixture of cadmium yellow and Venetian or light
red.
Old Gold. — Use middle chrome with a Uttle
vermilion and burnt sienna, and add a very little
cobalt. A cheaper colour may be made by mixing
ochre and burnt sienna. One part of green and three
of bright yellow mixed with a little white will give an
old gold shade. Or it may be obtained in the same
way as " Gold " (which see), but a httle burnt umber
may be added. Some painters prefer to tint white
lead with a mixture of chrome, raw sienna and ver-
miUon. White tinted with a little orange chrome
and burnt umber also gives a good old gold tint.
—
Olive Yellow. This colour is sometimes called
ohve brown. It is made by mixing three parts of
burnt umber with one part of lemon chrome yellow.
YELLOWS. 6i
a larger quantity of yellow being added if a lighter

shade is required. Another method is to mix ten
parts of black, one of orange, twelve of yellow, and
five of green.
Orange.— Mix white, yellow and orange in the

following proportions one part each of yellow and
:
white and eighteen parts of orange. Or another

shade is got with seventeen parts of orange, six of
yellow and two of white. Orange chrome yellow can
be easily purchased, however, and gives this colour
without any admixture being necessary.
*Orpiment.—Another name for pale chrome
yellow.
*OxFORD Ochre. — Another name for yellow ochre
but usually appHed to a good grade.
*Permanent Yellow. — Another name for lemon m
yellow (pale), which see.
Persian Orange.— Mix fourteen parts of orange
chrome, five parts of yellow ochre and one of white.
PoMPEiAN Yellow. —Tint

white with Italian
ochre and add a very ultramarine and vermilion.
little
Portland Stone.— Mix equal parts of yellow

ochre and raw umber, and lighten up with white until
the desired tint is obtained.
*Primrose Yellow. —Lemion chrome used by
itself answers admirably. Another variety is called
" citron yellow."
Primrose.—Ten parts of white, three parts of
green and four parts of yellow will give this light
greenish yellow. Another shade is got by mixing one
part of orange, two parts of green and five parts of
yellow.
*Radiant Yellow. — Another name for pale
cadmium yellow.
*RoMAN Ochre. —A bright coloured ochre often
called " gold ochre " and sometimes " Mars yellow."
It is quite permanent, both in oil and water.
—
Spruce Yellow. Add a little Venetian red to
a mixture of French ochre and white lead.
—
Stone. This colour, so much used in London, is
usually made by mixing together five parts of white
lead, two parts of French yellow ochre and one part of
burnt umber. By adding a little raw umber, the tint
may be varied as desired. This colour is suitable for
outside work. Another method for obtaining the
shade is to tint white with medium chrome yellow and
burnt umber.
Straw Colour. —Lemon chrome mixed with raw
umber.
Straw. —White lead tinted with a Uttle
-.
chrome yellow produces an excellent straw tint, but

some prefer to add a httle French ochre. Or medium
chrome yellow may be used as a base, and a mixture
added of white, French ochre and Venetian red.
*Strontium Yellow. — ^Â name given to the
deepest shade of lemon yellow.
*Yellow Lake. —This
is a very fugitive colour
which has but body, but is useful for glazing.

little
It is also called " Itahan lake," " yellow madder,"

and " yellow carmine." To imitate it use equal parts
of burnt umber and white lead and tint with chrome
yellow and lake. Or mix umber and white in equal
proportions and add Naples yellow and scarlet lake.
To obtain this colour in its full richness it is quite
necessar}^ to glaze either admixture with yellow lake.
*Yellow Ochre. —:The ochres are natural mineral

pigments, consisting of clay and ferric earth, which
are among the cheapest and most useful at the command
of house painters. They can be used in an}^ vehicle
and are quite permanent, while they do not affect
any other colour with which they may be used. Oxford
ochre is generally accepted to be the brightest of the
series, while it is distinguished also for the depth of
its covering power.
YELLOWS. 63
*Yellow Ultramarine. — Another name for lemon

yellow (pale), which see.
*ZiNC Yellow. —
This is a chromate of zinc which
is quite fast in light, and possesses the advantage of
permanence even in the presence of impure air,
sulphuretted hydrogen, etc. It may be mixed with
other colours, without adversely affectijig them. It
is also known as " zinc chrome " and " citron
yellow."
ii
CHAPTER VIII.
GREENS, AND HOW TO MIX THEM.
Note. — The greens marked * in the following list
may be purchased ready made.
*Alizarin Green.— This series of greens is manu-

factured from the coal tar colours and may be regarded
as lakes. They are practically permanent, and take
the place of sap green, Hooker's green, and Prussian
green.
Aloes.— A pale sage green shade. To obtain it
mix six parts of black, three of white, one of chrome
yellow, and three of Brunswick green.
Apple Green.—The simplest way to obtain this
thirty
is to mix medium chrome green with about
times the quantity of white lead, but other greens
may be employed with the addition of a little Prussian
blue when necessary Or a li ttle orange chrome yellow
.
may be added to the medium chrome green and white

lead. A very good shade can be produced by mixing
one part of white with four of yellow and nine of green.
Autumn Green.— Mix one part of chrome yellow
with seven of black and two of emerald green.
*BiCE.— A water colour called also " Green Lake."
Blue Green.— Equal proportions of deep chrome
green and cobalt, or three parts of chrome green
and
one of Prussian blue, added to white lead in the pro-
the
portion of about four times the quantity of lead to
mixture of green and blue, will give a tint which
is
sometimes called " Blue Green."
t
GREENS. 65
Bottle —
Green. Mix together five parts of
medium chrome green and one part of blue black. A
similar colour may be obtained by adding Prussian
blue to blue black and lemon chrome. Another shade
is made by using four parts of black and one of green.
—
*Bronze. A water colour made of a mixture of
chrome greens.
—
Bronze Green. The usual method is to mix
black with chrome yellow (deep), but indigo may be
used instead if desired. A much brighter colour is
obtained by a mixture of medium chrome yellow,
Prussian blue, and burnt sienna. Or the following
recipe may be used : Middle chrome green, five parts^;
blue black, one part, burnt umber, one part. A light
bronze colour may be obtained by adding more green
or by using light instead of medium green. Other
shades of bronze green may be got by adding a little
lamp black to dark chrome green, or by taking medium
chrome green and adding lamp black and a fittle raw
umber.
*Brunswick Green.— This colour is sold in three
shades. It may be imitated by a mixture of Prussian
blue and chrome yellow. Chrome green is really the
same colour, the latter being the name used by artists'
colourmen.
—
*CoBALT Green. A useful, permanent colour
manufactured by tinting oxide of zinc with oxide of
cobalt. It is permanent both in water and oil.
—
Chartreuse. This is a light yellowish green
colour. Mix four of chrome yellow and five of chrome
green, lightening up with white.
—
*CnROME (iREEN. This colour is bought ready
made, and is by no means permanent. It is not suit-
able as a water colour. To produce it by admixture,
add Prussian blue to lemon chrome yellow in the pro-
portion of about one part of blue to eight parts of
yellow.
*Chromium Oxide. —This is a beautiful, rich and
permanent green of an emerald green hue. Chemi-
cally, it is a sesquioxide ofchromium. It is an artist's
colour.
*CiNNABAR Green.— Similar in composition to
chrome green, hut darker, owing to a deeper variety of
chrome yellow being employed. It is not used in water,
and is not quite permanent in oil.
Eau de Nil.— Tint white lead with medium
chrome yellow, emerald green and a touch of Prussian
blue.
—
Egyptian Green. Add two parts of raw umber
and one part of lemon pale yellow to white lead.
Give the green tone to it by means of a little Prussian
blue.
Elephant Green.— A dark green, obtained by

adding emerald green to black.
Electric Green.— Mix blue black and lemon
chrome, add a Httle cobalt and lighten up with white.
Another method is to use emerald tint, and to add a
little blue to it. Usually, the term is a very vague
one, and is applied to almost any greenish blue.
*Emerald Green.— This beautiful, bright green

cannot be successfully imitated. It must not be mixed
with ultramarine. The pigment is chemically an aceto-
arsenite of copper, is a great favourite with some
painters, while others never use it. In America, the
pigment is known as " Paris green," but it is not there
used to any extent by painters, although it is used
as an insecticide. In the absence of the real thing,
more or less presentable imitation may be obtained by
mixing eight parts of white lead and one part of
medium chrome green, or a light shade of chrome green
may be used without lead. Emerald green, although
so bright, has very little body, but it is very useful
for glazing, i.e., a thin finishing coat is given over a
good green ground to brighten it. Very near imitations
of emerald green are made by most colour houses.
GREENS.
and are sold under various names such as emerald

tinted green, emerald tint green, etc. They are not,
however, suitable for distemper. Emerald green stands
better in oil than it does in water.
—
Foliage Green. One part of blue black may be
mixed with four parts of lemon chrome. Use medium
chrome yellow if a darker shade is required.
—
French Green. This is a bright yellowish green,
which may be obtained by adding to emerald or deep
chrome green about one-tenth part chrome yellow.
Yellow ochre is sometimes used instead.
—
Gage Green. This is a variety of sage green. It
may be made in the same way as pea green, and when
this is reached a little black should be added to bring
it to the required sage colour,
*Genuine Green. —This is usually to be had
ready mixed, but it varies considerably in name as
well as in the exact tint. comes very near to what
It
some manufacturers call " Deep Royal Green," while
it is not far removed from an olive.
—
Grass Green. The colour sold as " extra light
chrome green " makes a splendid grass green without
any addition, but if it is not available, lighten up
medium or dark chrome green with chrome yellow.
—
'*Green Bice. See Bice.
—
Green Slate. Tint white lead with a bright
green toned down with ochre and lamp black.
—
*Green Lake. A water colour also called " Green
Bice."
Green Stone. —Twelve parts of white lead tinted
with one part medium chrome green and one part of
raw umber give this tint, or the tinting colours may
be French ochre and emerald green with a little lamp
black.
—
Grey Green. Use ultramarine blue, lemon
chrome yellow, blue black and white lead.
—
*Guignet's Green. Another name for Viridian,
which see.
^Hooker's Green. — An artist's colour made in
three or more beautiful shades and called also " Alizarin
Green." Originally Hooker's green was made from an
admixture of pigments, but its fugitive character has
led to the alizarin being substituted by some firms.
—
*HoLLY Green. A useful colour made by Messrs.
Thomas Fewster and Son, Ltd., of Hull.
—
Invisible CtREEN. A dark green made by mixing
nine parts of black and one of bright green.
—
Ivy Green. -This is produced by a mixture of
French ochre, lamp black and Prussian blue.
—
Leaf Bud. This colour is suitable for inside work.
It is made by mixing orange chrome yellow, light
chrome green and white lead in equal proportions.

—
Light Green. Equal quantities of white and
blue and rather more than twice the amount of green
give a very good shade.
—
Light Olive Green. Mix three parts of middle
chrome, two parts of black, and one part of burnt
sienna and lighten up with white lead until the desired
colour is obtained.
—
*LiME Green. This is a very fast colour which
is bought ready for use, and is only suitable for dis-
temper, etc. It cannot be used with oil.
*Malachite Green. —A prepared native carbon-

ate of copper.
—
Manse Green. This is produced from a mixture
of a bright green, medium chrome yellow and French
ochre.
Marine Green. — Mix one part of middle chrome
green with four of black.
—
Medium. A green of this name may be purchased
ready made. It is very similar to middle Brunswick
green.
—
Mignonette. This is a dark green shade, obtained
by mixing one part of chrome yellow and one of Prus-
sian blue with three parts of chrome green and fifteen
parts of black.
GREENS. 69
Muscovite. —This is a dark sage yellow greenish
shade. It may be obtained by mixing six parts of

Prussian blue, thirteen of chrome green, three of
orange chrome, eight of white, and twenty of black.
—
Moss Green. Tint white lead with French ochre,
a bright green and a little lamp black.
—
Moss Rose. This pale greenish shade is obtained
by mixing chrome or Brunswiclc green, bright yellow
and white in the proportions of one part green, four
of yellow and three of white.
Mountain Green. — Add to medium chrome
yellow sufficient cobalt to produce the desired hue,
adding a little white if necessary.
—
Myrtle. Three parts of dark chrome green, one
part of ultramarine blue, and a little white lead will
give an excellent myrtle colour.
—
Night Green. Seven parts of chrome green and
three parts of yellow ochre will give this shade.
—
Nile Green. Five parts of white, nine of emerald
green and six of Prussian blue will give this shade.
This may also be mixed in the manner described in
" Eau de Nil."
—
Olive. Mix together ten parts of lemon chrome
yellow, one part of ultramarine blue and one part of
light Indian red. Another method is to use eight parts
of lemon chrome yellow, one part of blue black, and
one part of Prussian blue. Or the following propor-
tions give very good shades Three parts black, four
:
parts white, four parts red, two parts yellow, and

eleven parts green or, fifteen parts of white, twenty
;
of red, twelve of yellow, and fifty-three of green.

Some painters add equal portions of Prussian blue
and lamp black to lemon chrome yellow for a base, or
the base may be ochre instead of chrome, and a little
of the yellow be added.
*Olive Green. —
The colour sold under this name
is made from quercitron lake and ultramarine. In
water colour it consists of a combination of Indian
yellow, umber and indigo.
*Olive Lake. — An artist's colour more familiarly
known as" vSap green," and sometimes" Olive green."
—
Oriental Green. Is made by mixing equal pro-
portions of rawumber and lemon chrome yellow.
Peacock Green.— A mixture of seven parts of
white, fifty parts of emerald green and forty-three of
Prussian blue will give this shade. A Uttle yellow is
sometimes added. The colour is best produced by
giving a final transparent coat over a ground colour.
For the ground mix a rich green, a very deep Bruns-
wick green and middle chrome. Over this apply a
very thin coat of a deep bluish green made from Prussian
blue and lemon chrome.
Pea Green.— Forty-eight parts of white lead and
one part of chrome green will give this colour, or
emerald green may be used if desired. Some makers
mix medium chrome green and white lead in the pro-
portion of five parts of the latter to one part of the
former to obtain a pea green, but the proportions may
be varied according to the exact shade required.
—
Persian Green. This is only another name for
emerald green, the vivid and somewhat staring hue
being sometimes employed in Oriental decorations and
being then termed " Persian green."
—
PiSTACHE. This is a yellowish green shade. It
may be obtained by mixing seven parts of black, one
of yellow ochre and one and half of chrome green. Or
chrome yellow may, if desired, be substituted for the
ochre.
—
*Privet Green. A useful green, guaranteed not
to face,made by Messrs. Goodlass, Wall and Co.
—
*Prussian Green. This is sometimes an alizarin
green. More often it is made of a mixture of gamboge
and Prussian blue for water and quercitron lake and
Prussian blue in oil. It is fairly permanent both in
PLATE VI.
* No. 6 WHITE « No. 15 MIDDLE BLUE
* No. 57 PALE BUFF » No. 58 DULL BLUE
No. 3 CANARY * No. 20 DEEP BLUE
No. 23 PALE GOLD * No. 73 DARK PEACOCK BLUE
^ No. 30 MIDDLE SALMON * No. 66 PERMANENT GREEN
* No. 8 TERRA GOTTA No. 14 LIGHT GREEN
^ No. 65 LIGHT CRIMSON No. 21 SAXON GREEN
¥: No. 67 CLARET No. 38 MIDDLE BRONZE GREEN
FOR DESCRIPTION SEE PAGE WM- JBI.

GREENS, 71
water and oil. To imitate, mix five parts black, three

parts chrome yellow, and twelve parts emerald or
medium chrome green.
—
Quaker Green. Mix equal proportions of Vene-
tian red and medium chrome yellow, and add blue
black. Add to this mixture a quantity of chrome
green equal in bulk to the three. This will give an
excellent Quaker green.
*QuEEN Anjste Green.— a useful neutral green
made by Messrs. Mander Brothers.
—
Reed Green. Mix white, chrome yellow and
chrome green in about equal quantities to produce
this shade. The name, however, has no special sig-
nificance, and an admixture of almost any yellow and
green, Hghtened up with white, might be used instead.
—
*RoYAL Green. A rich green usually made in
three or four shades.
—
Sage Green. This may be produced by tinting
white lead with four parts of Hght chrome green and
one part of ivory black, or the white lead may be
tinted with a mixture of French ochre, lamp black,
and Prussian blue. Another recipe is as follows Add
:
raw umber and chrome green in the proportion of

about one part of the former to two parts of the latter
added to white lead until the desired shade is obtained.
A pale Brunswick green and a very little black used
to tint white also gives a good sage green.
—
*Sap Green. An artist's colour known also as
" Olive green." The colour was formerly made by
the admixture of various pigments and was by no
means permanent, but now the ahzarin colours are"
usually employed both for water and oil. Mix with
white lead, medium chrome yellow, and a very Httle
lamp black.
—
*Saxon Green. A useful colour of lead base.
—
Sea Foam. Tint white lead with medium chrome
yellow and emerald green, or if too bright, use medium
chrome green instead of the emerald.
i m
—
Sea Green. This colour is obtained by adding
deep chrome to white lead. Another sea green, and a
very good one, is obtained by mixing Hght Brunswick
green, raw sienna or ochre and white.^
ir vSeered Green. — Tint white] lead with French

ochre, medium chrome yellow and a Uttlejbright green.
', Starling's Egg Green. — Admixture of hght

chrome and Prussian blue, lightened up with ^white,
will produce this colour.
*SuFFiELD Greens. —A series of beautiful greens

made in nine shades by Messrs. Mander Brothers,
Wolverhampton. They are a decided improvement on
Brunswick greens, standing the hght much better.
They are made in various useful art shades, and the
author, who has used them, considers them to be
worthy of the highest praise from a decorator's point
of view.
—
Tea Green. Medium royal green, chrome yellow
and lamp black, added to white lead will give this
colour.
Terre Verte. —A natural green earth found in

Italy and elsewhere. A yellowish variety is sold called
olive terra verte. It is quite permanent both in water
and oil.
Velvet Green. —
Mix three parts of burnt sienna,
five parts of Hght chrome green, and eight parts white
lead.
Veronese Green. — See Viridian.
Venetian Green. — Lighten up dark chrome green

with white lead.
*ViRiDiAN. — A beautiful transparent green ; also
called Veronese green. It is a hydrated chromium
sesquioxide and was originally introduced by Messrs.
Winsor and Newton. It is useful to the decorator for
glazing, and is permanent both in water and oil.
GREENS. 73
—
Water Green. Raw sienna mixed with a little
deep chrome green and added to white lead gives a
water green tint.
—
Willow Green. Tint white lead with medium
chrome green, and add a little burnt umber or ivory
black.
—
*ZiNC Green. A bright colour intended to take
the place of Brunswick green as it stands the light
'~
and impure air better. ~
CHAPTER IX.
BROWNS, AND HOW TO MIX THEM.
There is no definite line of demarcation between

than
the browns and the darker yellows any more
there is between the bines and the greens, or
the reds
and the oranges. One colour may be said to merge

into the other. Still, Vandyke brown may be taken
as a typical brown, and should therefore
be experi-
mented with. Umber is another valuable brown
which yields tints of a somewhat greenish hue. In
comparing different browns it is well to mix not only
white with them, but also Venetian red, orange
and
yellow in various proportions. Then add a
httle
black, and then ochre, and perhaps sienna.

The colour mixer who has worked conscientiously
surprised
through this book thus far, will probably be
obtainable by
at finding the number of rich browns
these means.
Acorn Brown.— This is very similar^ to a rich
and may be made in the same way.
chocolate,
Alderney.— This is an orange brown in hue,
black,
and may be made by mixing fourteen parts of
one of white, two of orange, and three of yellow.
* Amber Brown.— Mix together six parts of
and
burnt umber, four parts of medium chrome,
three parts burnt sienna.
Arabian Brown.— This is a dark terra-cotta,
Indian
and may be made by adding white and black to
red.
BROWNS. 75
Argus Brown. This — is a very dark brown, and

may be made by mixing six parts of black with
two parts of orange and one part of yellow.
Auburn Tan. — This is also called " auburn

brown." Mix together one part of burnt umber,
three parts of golden ochre and twenty parts of white
lead or zinc oxide.
Autumn Leaf. —This is also called " leather
lake." It may be made by mixing on a base of white
lead, French ochre, orange chrome yellow and Venetian
red.
—
Bismark. A shade of this name may be produced
by using two parts of black, one of red and one of
orange, which mixed together form an orange brown.
*BisMARK Brown.— This colour is obtained by
mixing with six parts of black, one part of orange and
one of yellow.
—
*BiSTRE. This colour is made from soot obtained
by burning wood. It is principally used by artists,
and must not be mixed with oil. It is not always
reliable for its permanency. It may be imitated by
mixing together ten parts of black with two of red and
a httle green.
*BiTUMEN. —A dark colour called also asphaltum.
It is not ground in water and is liable to cause cracks
in paint.
—
Bronze Brown. Black coloured with a little
orange chrome and bright green.

Brown. —The methods of obtaining different
browns be found under the headings of the re-
will
spective names, such as " Chestnut," etc. A good
average brown may be obtained by mixing together
three of Indian red, two parts of lamp black and one
part of yellow ochre. A lighter colour is obtained by
using more ochre and less black, in fact, a large variety
of brown tints may be produced by varying the pro-
portions of ochre and black.
76 PAINT AND -COLOUR MIXING.
*Brown Ochre.— Also called " Roman ochre/'
which see.
Brown Pink.— A lake made from quercitron bark,

[t is fugitive.
Burnt Rose. —This is a dark red brown shade.
To produce use two parts of black, one and half
it
parts of red, two parts of orange, and one of blue.

*BuRNT Sienna.— This
is a sienna calcined, the
effect being to produce a darker shade. It is quite

permanent, both in oil and water. The colour
is a most useful one, and will be found in man}^ of
the mixtures in this book.

—
*BuRNT Umber.- This is a rich dark greenish
brown, but the shade varies considerably different m
qualities. It is made from natural earths by calcining,
and is permanent both in oil and water. Turkey
umber is the richest. Umbers should always be
purchased ground ready for use.
Cafe au Lait. — To produce this shade mix five
parts of black, three of white, one of yellow, and a little
orange. A little red may also be added if desired.
*Caledonian Brown. —
A natural earth in which
the colour due to ferric oxide. An imitation may
is
be made by mixing Vandyke brown and sienna.

—
*Cappagh Brown. This is an artist's colour of a
reddish brown colour, being very like umber. It
contains manganese.
*Cassell Earth. — Another name for Vandyke
brown, which see.
Chestnut.— This rich brown may be obtained by
mixing four parts of medium chrome yellow and two
parts of Venetian red. One part of yellow ochre may
be added if desired. Equal parts of chrome and
vermilion with a little black may also be used.
—
Chocolate. Five parts of burnt sienna and one
part of carmine or lake give a rich chocolate. A less
expensive colour is obtained by mixing Indian red
BROWNS. 77
and lamp black with a little yellow ochre. A touch of

vermihon will clear and brighten this mixture. Another
way to produce chocolate is to mix black with red,
but this gives a more or less muddy shade.
White and burnt umber also yield a chocolate brown.
—
Cinnamon. Six parts white lead, two parts burnt
sienna, and one part of golden ochre make a good
cinnamon ; or French ochre, EngUsh Indian red and
a little lamp black will produce the same colour.
Another way is to mix Itahan sienna and burnt umber.
Clay Drab.— Mix equal parts of white lead, raw
umber and raw sienna, and add a little chrome if
desired. Some painters prefer to add a Httle medium
chrome yellow.
—
Cocoa-nut Brown. This shade may be obtained
by mixing one part of white lead or zinc oxide with
double the quantity of burnt umber.
Cyprus Umber.— Another name for raw umber.
Coffee.— To produce this colour mix together
burnt umber, two parts of yellow ochre
five parts of
and one part of burnt sienna.
Cologne Earth.— Another name for Vandyke
brown. It is permanent in oil, but fades slightly in
water.
Copper. —Tint
zinc white with French ochre,
Italian sienna and lamp black to obtain the shade
shown in the sample. A very good copper shade is
obtained by mixing two parts of medium chrome yellow,
one part of Venetian red, and one part of drop black
or two parts of lamp black, three parts of medium
chrome yellow and six parts of Venetian red.
Cork Colour.— Tint white lead with French
ochre, Indian red and a little lamp black, or with raw
Italian sienna and burnt umber.
Cyprus Umber. One — of the best grades of
umber possessing a greenish hue, which is Uked by
artists.
Dark Drab.— -French grey, Indian red and^lamj)
black added to white lead give this colour.
—
Dark Lava. Mix French ochre, Indian red and
lamp black, and lighten with white lead.
—
Dark Oak. Add French ochre and Venetian
red to white lead as a base.
Doe Colour. — This may be produced by mixing
raw Italian sienna and burnt umber with white lead,
or French ochre and mineral brown with a little lamp
black.
Dove Colour. —White lead, with a little Prussian
blue and a touch of ivory black will produce an excellent
dove colour but French ochre, Indian red, and lamp
;
black may be employed, or a mixture of raw and burnt

Turkey umber and Italian sienna.
Drab.— A good drab is made by using burnt
umber and white lead in the proportion of one of the
former to ten of the latter, but raw umber and a little
Venetian red may be used instead.
—
*DuTCH Pink. A useful brown for scenic artists,
but cannot be used in oil.
—
Fawn. This might also be called deep drab. It
is produced by tinting white lead with a mixture of
French ochre, Indian red and lamp black, or raw

Italian sienna and raw Turkey umber. Another shade
of fawn is obtained by using eight parts of white lead,
one part of chrome yellow, one part of Indian red, and
one part of burnt umber or eight parts of white lead,
;
two parts of medium chrome yellow, one part Venetian

red, and one part of burnt umber.
—
* Fawn Brown. A colour somewhat like raw
Turkey umber, but richer. It was originally intro-
duced by Messrs. Mander Brothers.
—
Fawn, Light. Tint white with sienna and a
touch of raw umber.
—
Foliage Brown. Mix burnt umber with raw
and burnt sienna and lighten with white as may be
necessary.
BROWNS. 79
*Frencii Ochre.— Thiscoloiir, of course, is bought

ready made, and it must be observed that, in addition
to the fineness, the particular tone of this colour is
very important, especially to grainers.
Golden Brown. — Sixteen parts of white lead
are mixed with one of burnt sienna and three parts of
yellow ochre. A more briUiant colour is obtained by
substituting zinc oxide for white lead.
—
Indian Brown. Mix equal parts of Indian red,
lamp black and yellow ochre.
Lava. — An orange brown lave shade can be got

by mixing fifteen parts of black, five parts of orange,
four of yellow, and a very fittle white.
Leather Brown. — Four
parts of yellow ochre,
three parts of Venetian red, two parts of white lead,
and one part of blue black give a rich leather brown.
If a fighter tint is required less black should be used.
Or the following recipe may be used mix white with
:
three times the quantity of red and the same amount

of yellow. Some painters use French ochre for a base
and tint with burnt umber or Venetian red.
Light Lava. —A mixture of raw umber and raw
sienna added to white will give this colour.
Lime Chocolate.— This is a speciafity of Messrs.
Mander Bros. It is suitable for mixing in water or
oil and is very useful for all purposes of the decorative
artist.
Light Oak.— Add French ochre and Venetian
red to white as a base.
Lizard Bronze.— Fifteen parts of black, one of
orange, five of yellow, and four of green wall produce
this dark greenish yellow shade.
—
*Madder Green. A reddish brown madder shade
is produced with one part blue, three parts each
of
orange and red, and six parts black.

—
Mahogany. Mix orange and yellow in equal
proportions with five times the quantity of black.
—
*Mander's Yellow. An ochre colour made by
8o PAINT AND COLOUR MIXING.
Messrs. Mander Bros, and intended to take the place
of Oxford ochre.
—
*Mars' Brown. An artist's colour, also called
" Verona brown." It is an earth colour and is per-
manent and owes its colouring to ferric oxide and the
degree of heat to which it has been subjected.
Mast Coloured Paint. —The following recipe
gives good results. Mix twelve parts of genuine dry
white lead with two parts of French ochre, two parts of
grey barytes, and one part of genuine oxide of iron.
—
Nut Brown. Equal quantities of red and yellow
mixed with ten times as much black will give this
shade.
—
Old Wood. To get this shade mix one part of
blue and red, two of orange and five of black.
Olive Brown may be made by mixing three parts
of burnt umber and one part of lemon chrome yellow ;
or another shade is given by mixing equal quantities

of orange and green with about twelve times as much
black. Some painters add lemon chrome yellow to
raw umber for a base. Lemon yellow and burnt
umber gives a richer hue.
Orange Brown. — Two parts of orange chrome
yellow mixed with three parts sienna.
—
Pomegranate. A golden brown shade some
times called by this name is given by mixing three
parts of red, six of orange, four of yellow with twenty
parts of black.
—
*Prairie Brown. Mix together equal parts of
orange chrome and Vandyke brown.
*PuRPLE Brown. — The name of a well known
cheap oxide. To imitate mix four parts of dark Indian
red with one part of ultramarine blue and of lamp
black. The addition of white lead will usually make
a more satisfactory tint if the shade is too purple,
;
a similar quantity of blue should be added ; if too red,
more black may be used, or a httle yellow added, but

purple brown pigment is cheap.
BROWNS. 8i
*Raw Sienna. — Siennas are valuable earth colours

most useful for staining or tinting, but practically
useless as body colours. The degree of transparency
determines to some extent the quality.
*Raw Umber. — A valuable earth colour. Also
called Cyprus umber.
*RoMAN Ochre. — Also called " brown ochre."
Red ochre toned down with black yields a substitute, i
—
Rural Brown. This is a useful and good wearing
brown and is obtained by mixing three parts of Indian
red, two parts of lamp black, and one part of chrome
yellow.
—
Russet Brown. Indian red Ughtened with white
produces a tint sometimes called by this name.
—
Russet. A very good russet shade is got by
mixing twenty parts of black, twelve parts of red, ten
of orange, three of yellow, and five of green. Or
medium chrome green, raw umber, and a little orange
chrome yellow added to white as a base will give an
excellent russet.
—
Sandstone. A tinting colour made by mixing
raw and burnt umber will produce this colour.
—
Seal Brown. Four parts burnt umber, one part
golden ochre.
Septa. This — a natural colour used chiefly by
is
artists and is made from

a secretion of the cuttle fish.
It cannot be imitated and it must not be used in
oil.
Seville Brown. —A useful and cheap colour

originallyintroduced by Messrs. Mander Bros. It
may be used both in oil and water.
—
Siberian Brown. Mix together equal parts of
white lead and raw umber and brighten with a little
Oxford ochre.
Sienna Brown.— This colour is variously called
" sienna brown," " teak brown," and by other names.
It is made by mixing burnt Italian sienna and French
ochre with pure zinc.
—
Snuff Brown. French ochre and Indian red
added to zinc white will produce this colour. Another
way to produce a snuff colour is to mix four parts of
medium yellow and two parts of Vandyke brown, or
burnt umber may be substituted for the Vandyke
brown if desired. Another snuff colour may be obtained
by mixing burnt umber and yellow ochre, tinging with
a Venetian red.
little
—
Tan. Mix ten parts of burnt sienna and four
parts of medium chrome yellow with three parts of raw
umber. White lead and burnt sienna, to which has
been added a very little lamp black, will also produce
a tan colour. A very rich tan colour may be made
from ochre, burnt Turkey umber and a little orange
chrome with white lead.
—
Thrush Brown. One part yellow ochre, three
parts burnt umber, twelve parts white lead. The
addition of a little black with less umber is some-
times used.
—
*Turkey Umber. The richest variety of the many
umbers on the market.
—
*Vandyke Brown. This is an important brown
to the decorator and is nearly permanent in oil, but
fades a little in water. It cannot be imitated though
a little red added to umber produces a colour some-
what similar to it. It is also called " Cassell
Earth " and " Cologne Earth."
—
*Verona Brown.- An artist's colour, also called
" Mars' Brown."
—
Vienna Smoke. The best burnt umber should be
tinted with lemon chrome yellow and a little Venetian
red.
Wallfower Brown. — This beautiful brown may
be made bya mixture of medium chrome yellow and
brown lake. Or crimson lake and burnt sienna may
be mixed with medium chrome.
GREYS AND GRAYS. 83
CHAPTER X.
GREYS AND GRAYS.
Although the dictionaries do not usually distinguish

between the spelling of " grey " and " gray," and
although many decorators use the two words indis-
criminately, there is a distinct difference which it is
both convenient and advisable to recognise. A" grey/'
is an admixture of black and white, and may vary
from the smallest quantity of black added to white to

the other extreme, where there is almost as much black
as white. Anything between the two would be termed
a " grey." Examples of this are found in the list
which follows under heads such as Dark lead, dark
:
slate, lead, etc. When a colour is added to the black

and white the admixture is called a " gray," provided,
of course, that the black and white predominate for ;
example, a French gray is made by tinting white with

a little ivory or drop black and adding a Httle carmine
or crimson lake or ultramarine. It will be seen that
the addition of the lake or ultramarine gives it a
pecuHar warmth which distinguishes French gray,
and changes the spelHng from " grey " to " gray."
Gray drabs are those in which a grey is coloured up to
produce a yellowish tinge. Black being usually a
strong tinting colour, care must be taken that it is
used in moderation, and here the importance of adding
a small quantity at the time, as already observed, will
impress itself on the operator. After the shade desired
has been obtained the colour should be added until
the desired warmth is arrived at.
The experiments advised in previous chapters may
be continued with advantage in respect to blacks
which will be found when mixed with white to possess
certain characteristics which should be known to every
colour mixer. The blacks which should be experimented
with are ivory black, vegetable black, lamp black and
blue black. It will be noticed that pure ivory black,
for example, gives a distinct bluish cast, while lamp
black is of a somewhat browner hue. Gas black,
which is often mixed with other blacks, gives a
brownish cast.
—
Argent. A reddish gray tint, which can be
produced by mixing together nine parts of black,
sixteen of white, one of red, and a little orange.
—
Ash Gray. Lamp black and a little French ochre
added to white lead give this colour. Another mixture
is as follows: two parts of burnt sienna, three parts
of light ultramarine blue, sixty parts of zinc white.
—
Black Slate. Mix together black and Prussian
blue in the proportion of about thirteen parts of the
former to one of the latter and add white.
—
*Charcoal Gray. Another name for Blue Black,
which see. Sometimes it is a special grey prepared
from charcoal and is then only suitable for water.
—
Dark Gray. Mix eight parts of black, one of
white and a touch of red or blue to produce this shade ;
but practically any admixture of black and white

in which the former predominates and to- which has
been added a little colour will give a dark gray.
—
Dark Lead. This is a dark grey, being produced
simply by adding lamp black to white lead.
—
Dark Slate. This also is black added to white.
The admixture under " Black Slate " would answer.
—
*Davy's Grey. This colour is made by Messrs.
Winsor and Newton from soot and is recommended
as a reducing agent as it does not, like the blacks,
sully the colours with which it is mixed, but gives
pure and translucid effects and is a capital drier.
GREYS AND GRAYS. 85
—
Deep Lead. Black, a little bright blue, and
Indian red mixed with white lead produces this colour.
French Gray. — This can be made by tinting white
with a little ivory or drop black and adding a little
carmine or crimson lake and ultramarine. This
produces a very shght violet tinge. White tinted with
a little ultramarine and Venetian red also gives a good
French gray. Celestial blue or cobalt may be used
instead of the ultramarine if desired. Another good
mixture is made by tinting white lead with one part of
black and two parts of orange chrome. Perhaps the
simplest method of all is to thin white with bright
Indian red.
—
Granite. French ochre and lamp black added
to white lead produce this colour.
—
Graystone. Mix five parts of black with three
of white and a three of blue and add a little red.
—
Gray Drab. Mix five parts of black with four of
white and a little deep chrome yellow.
—
Gray (Warm). See warm gray.
—
Green Slate. Same as lead, but with more
black and blue.
—
Iron Gray. Mix eight parts of black with two of
white and a little orange.
—
Jasper. This may be described as " a pepper
and salt shade." Mix nine parts of black with two of
white, with a touch of deep chrome.
—
Lead. This is simply a dark gray, and is made
by adding lamp black to white lead with sufficient blue.
—
Light Gray. Mix. together one part of Prussian
blue, one part of lamp black, ten parts of white lead.
By adding more or less white lead a darker or a lighter
shade may be obtained if required. Another shade is
obtained by mixing two parts of black, eight parts of
white and one part of blue.
—
Mastic. This is a dark gray shade. To produce
it mix twelve parts of black with one of white, rather
less than one of yellow and just a touch of orange.

*MiNERAL Gray. — An artist's colour sometimes
called " Ultramarine Ash."
Moss GRAY.^Tint white lead with French ochre,
a bright green and a Httle lamp black.
—
Mouse Colour. Eleven parts burnt umber, to
which has been added one part of Prussian blue,
mixed with about twenty times the bulk of white lead,
Will give this tint. Another shade may be had by
mixing sixteen parts of white, three of black and one
of blue. Some painters tint white with lamp black
and add a very little Venetian red and burnt umber.
*Neutral Tint. —An water colour is sold
artist's
under this name. It is similar to Pa\me's
somewhat
Gray, and is made from a mixture of carbon black,
ochre and French ultramarine.
—
Olive Gray. Three parts of lamp black, one
part chrome green, with about forty times the quantity
of white lead, will give this colour,
'•-
.
.
Opal Gray.— One part of burnt sienna, two parts

of cobalt blue, and thirty parts of zinc white.
*Payne's Gray. — an Is colour, which may
artist's
be descriiêd as a gray having a lilac tinge. See

neutral tint.
Pearl. —This the same as French gray, but
is is
much lighter.
Pearl Gray. —Forty parts white lead, parts five
of vermihon and one part deep chrome green.

of Some
decorators tint white lead with lamp black and call
that pearl gray. Strictly speaking, however, it should
be called pearl grey, there being no colour present.
Six parts of white lead, two parts of Venetian red, and
one part of lamp black gives a somewhat dark pearl
gray, but a Hghter tint may easily be obtained by add-
ing more lead. Ivory black answers equally as well
as lamp black.
Quaker Drab. —
This greenish gray shade is
produced by mixing two parts each of yellow and green
and five parts of white.
PLATE Vn.
17 24
11
20
55
34 53
13
25
EXAMPLES OF WASHABLE DISTEMPERS,

i{
#
GREYS AND GRAYS. Sy
—
Rustic Drab. Tint white lead with French
ochre and lamp black.
—
Silver Gray. Tint white lead with French ochre
and lamp black, or yellow may be employed instead
of the ochre if preferred. White lead tinted with a
httle lamp black and indigo gives an excellent silver
grav.
Slate.— See " Dark Slate."
Smoke Gray. — Tint white lead with French ochre
and lamp black.
Steel Gray. —Tint white lead with a mixture of
lemon chrome and medium chrome and lamp black.
Stone Gray. — Add black and chrome to white
lead.
*Ultramarine Ash. — An colour some-
artist's
times called " Mineral Grey."

Verdant Grey. — Two parts of oxide zinc and
one part of terra verte.
Warm Gray. —Tint white lead with French ochre
and lamp black or sienna and lamp black. A better
mixture is produced by taking white as a base and
adding a little burnt sienna and raw umber with a very
little burnt umber and a touch of Prussian blue.
CHAPTER X.
WHITES AND BLACKS.
Although neither blacks or whites can strictly

be called colours, yet they are both used largely in
paint mixing. A list of the principal varieties is
therefore included for reference.
—
Blanc Fixe. Artificial barytes, or sulphate of
barium. A white pigment which enters largely into the
composition of Orr's white, lithopone, etc., and is prin-
cipallyused in paper making, and in the manufacture
of waU-paper colours.
—
Charlton White. See Orr's zinc white.
—
Chinese White. Another name for zinc oxide,
but applied to the water colour, i.e., zinc ground in
water.
Constant White. — Similar to blanc fixe. It
consists of sulphate of barium ground in water. It
is not suitable for grinding in oil, being very deficient
in body.
Cremnitz White.- —
Another name for flake white
{q.v.)but strictly applied to even a finer preparation
than ordinary flake white.
—
Blanc d' Argent. See Flake White.
—
Dutch White. Is a mixture of three parts of
barytes to one part of white lead. Note the difference
between Dutch white and Dutch process white lead.
—
Flake White. This is the name usually appfied
to white lead which is specially prepared for the use
of artists. Chemically, it is basic carbonate of lead,
or hydro-carbonate of lead. It is not used as a water
WHITES AND BLACKS. 89
colour as discolours very rapidly.

it The best flake
white maybe taken as a perfect example of white

lead, and is often used for comparison. Flake white
is also known as Cremnitz white, blanc d' argent,
and
silver white.
Foundation White.— A mixture of high grade
white lead as used in the manufacture of artists'
flake white, with another white lead of inferior quality.
Although a pure white lead, it is not equal in density
to flake white. It is, however, cheaper, and is some-
times employed by artists as a foundation on

their
canvases.
Freeman's White.— A mixture of sulphate of
and barytes.
lead, zinc oxide,
Miscellaneous Whites.— Zinc oxide is sold
ground in refined hnseed oil, about thirty-five gallons
being required to the ton. It is also sold mixed with
barytes, china clay, sulphate of lime, etc., in varying
proportions according to the price it is to be sold at.
The same is true with white lead. Genuine lead
requires about a gallon of refined linseed oil to one
cwt. of lead. White barytes in various proportions
are mixed with it to produce reduced white leads.
Orr's Zinc White.— A white pigment consisting
of zinc sulphate and zinc oxide, combined with about
70 per cent, of artificial barytes or barium sulphate.
It is largely used in the manufacture of washable
water paint by wall-paper manufacturers, etc. It
is substantially the same as Charlton white.
—
Oxide of Zinc. A white pigment which possesses
the advantage of being much whiter and finer than
lead, and being also free from poisonous effects. It
is unaffected by sulphureted hydrogen and other
gases, and is used in growing quantities in recent years.
—
Pearl White. Basic nitrate of bismuth.
—
Permanent White. Another name for zinc
oxide when ground in oil. The term is sometimes
applied to blanc fixe or artificial barytes.
qo PAINT ANDXOLOUR MIXING.
—
.Process White. A special white ground in
water, and essentially the same as blanc fixe {q.v.)
prepared by Messrs. Reeves and vSons, principally
It is
for use in drawingsprepared for reproduction, and is
permanent.
Sulphate of Lead is sometimes called Sublimed
Lead.
—
Venice White. Venice white is made by mixing
equal parts of barytes and white lead.
—
White Lead. This is the most important white
used by painters. It is now made in a variety of
ways, but no method seems to supplant that which is
known as the old Dutch " stack " process, which is
carried out strictly by such firms as Walker, Parker
and Co., Foster, Blackett and Wilson, Alexander
Fergusson and Co.,John Hare and Co., the Mersey
White Lead Co., and several others. A great deal of
white lead is imported from the Continent, and it is
mostly of inferior quality, being as a rule coarsely
ground. Chemically^ white lead is basic carbonate
of lead, and an analysis of an average example shows
that it contains roughly speaking two-thirds of lead
carbonate, and one-third hydrate. The method of
M\ testing white lead will be found described under the
head of testing colours.
—
Zinc White. Pure oxide of zinc, also called
" Chinese White," " Constant White," and " Per-
manent White." The term is sometimes applied to
a class of whites of which Orr's zinc white, Charlton
white, and lithopone are examples. See also Oxide
of Zinc.
Zylothin. —A white manufactured by Messrs.
Baiss Brothers and Stevenson, Ltd.
blacks.
The chief blacks used by decorators and artists
are lamp black, ivory black, and blue black. Painters
who realise the desirability of using pure tinting
colours generally, sometimes seem to think that an\'
WHITES AND BLACKS. 91
black may
be used, irrespective of whether it is pure
or not. This is a great mistake, as it is just as essential
that blacks be pure, as any other stainers. It may
be added that some manufacturers make certain of
theirbone blacks, usually sold as " Drop Black " from
selected parts of the same description of an animal.
Thus a drop black sold by a well known American
house is guaranteed to be made only from the skull
and shin bone of the sheep.
—
Animal Black. This is made by burning various
animal products.
Blue Black. — Blue black in water colour is some-
times called charcoal gray, which see. This black
should be made from shoots of vine, beech, and other
woods, but more frequently it is simply a bone black,
or a lampblack, to which has been added a little indigo.
—
Bone Black. This is made from various bones,
charred, ground, dry washed, then ground in oil.
Carbon Black. —This is a very intense black,
which is rarely sold under that name, but is used
by some paint manufacturers to give strength to other
blacks. It is derived from the combustion of petro-
leum residue.
Drop Black. —
This is another charcoal black sold
in the form of drops, or irregular cones. Some painters
appear to consider that this particular form prevents
the adulteration. As a matter of fact, the drops are
produced by the pigment dropping slowly from the
mill as it is ground, and if it were desired to adulterate,
the material could be added in the mill.
—
Frankfort Black. This is another name for
drop black.
—
Ivory Black. This is made, as the name implies,
from charred ivory chips. Most of the so-called ivory
blacks on the market, however, are a fine grade of bone
black.
—
Lamp Black. This useful black is made by the
combustion of waste oils, principally those derived
from coal-tar distillation. Lamp black gives as a
rule, a warm and somewhat brownish
hue, and is quite
permanent both in oil and water.
Mineral Black.— Mineral black may be described
as powdered coke. It is used principally in cheap
black paints.
Vegetable Black.—Vegetable black may be
described as a superior class of lamp black.
BLACK JAPAN IN COLOUR MIXING. 93
CHAPTER XL
COLOURS MADE WITH BLACK JAPAN.
A large series of most useful colours can be made

by mixing black japan with ordinary painter's colours
of bright hue. Black japan is made of asphaltum
mixed with linseed oil and sometimes gum animi and
other materials, including red lead and litharge. It
isnot used by house painters to the extent it deserves,

although it is a great favourite with carriage painters.
To test the quaUty apply a good coat to a board,
and when dry look at it in a strong Ught at an angle.
If it is a solid black it is good quaUty, but if it is either
a slight greenish or reddish cast it is not reUable.
When used with other colours, however, this reddish
or greenish cast is not of so much importance as it is
when the black japan is to be used by itself.
The following hst gives a few of the principal

colours that may be made, but any bright colour
may be mixed with black japan in varying propor-
tions to obtain useful colours. The reader who is
interested in the subject should experiment in the
same way as he has done with the other ordinary
colours as described in the foregoing chapters. Take
a bright red and add a very Uttle black japan ;
then
add to another small sample of red a Httle more black,
and so on, mixing each and comparing one with the
other. Next take a bright green and follow the same
plan, then yellow, blue, etc. Excepting with the very
light grades^ no great result will be obtained with
blues, in fact, ultramarine when added to black japan
gives a very good solid black.
Perhaps the most useful colour that can be made
from black japan is the series of colours suitable for
scumbling. For example, when finishing relief material
11
some very excellent tones may be obtained, especially
if the colour is thinned with turpentine. Black japan
has not much body, and if this is desired drop black
should be added.
The readeris recommended to mix some of the
colours named below in the way there indicated,

and to use them over bright red,buff, or yellow grounds.
If a coat of colour is given to such a ground and the
surface is gone over with a dry brush some novel and
pleasing effects may be produced. Such effects may
be produced in an even more satisfactory manner by
using " Matsine " and some of these are shown in
Plates XII. and XIII.
Rich Dark Red. — Mix Indian red with a little
black japan.
Rich Dark Brown. — Mix crimson lake and black
japan, varying the amount of each according to the
depth required.
Chocolate Brown. — Mix orange chrome with
black japan.
Leather Colour. — This is obtained in exactly
the same way as chocolate brown, excepting that rather I

more chrome is used.
—
Bottle Green. Mix together Prussian blue,
Dutch pink and black japan.
—
Invisible Green. Use the same mixture as for
bottle green but use less japan.
—
Light and Dark Reds. A series to which there
isno end, may be obtained by mixing either vermilion
or vermilionette with black japan in varying pro-
portions.
—
Neutral Green. This is produced by adding
lemon chrome to a little black japan.
BLACK JAPAN IN COLOUR MIXING. 95
—
Stain for Woodwork. This can be obtained
by using any of the foregoing colours sufficiently dark,
that is with enough black japan added, but taking
care to thin to the depth required.
down according
Note. —As a rule black japan receives a final
coat of varnish, but if a dull surface is required it
may be obtained by giving two coats of japan and
rubbing down each with felt and pumice stone, taking
care to use plenty of water.
fill
q6 PAINT AND COLOUR MIXING.
CHAPTER XII.
GLAZING.
Although the art of glazing in painted work is not

strictly a part of paint and colour mixing, yet it has^'a
direct bearing on the subject, because of the effects
which may be produced by its use. Glazing may be
defined as a method used in oil painting by which a
brilliancy of finish is obtained by means of a coat of
a bright but transparent colour applied over another
colour having much less brilliancy but much more
body.
A simple example of the principle of glazing is
found in the finish of ordinary green work, which is to
receive a final bright coat. Here the painter usually
gives two or more soHd coats of slate or gray colour,
and upon this paints his green, the slate showing
through the final green coat to some extent, and a
good solid green is the result. If green had been used
from the foundation up, one or two more coats would
have been needed.
The following are some of the effects which can be
produced by means of glazing. A series of beautiful
reds, such as wine colour, may be obtained by giving
three coats of Indian red mixed with orange chrome
in proportions varying according to the finish required,
and finally giving a glazing coat of crimson lake,
madder or carmine.
The reader will readily see that a great variety of
colours may be obtained by varying the ground thus,
;
V^'VTê^^?*'!^?*
GLAZING. 97
a bright orange glazed over with crimson lake gives a

very bright effect, while either Indian red, Venetian
red, Tuscan red, or other deep reds may be mixed
with yellow or used plain as an underground for the
glazing colour.
Sometimes a reddish, purplish colour is desired
in the finish. This can be obtained without difficulty
on a ground of Indian red mixed with a little orange
chrome, and a glazing colour of purple madder.
Various rich effects in blue may be obtained by apply-
ing a thin wash of Chinese blue over a deep green ground
Here again by varying the tone of the ground still
different results may be obtained.
Some beautiful peacock greens and blues may be
obtained on a ground of Brunswick green and chrome,
by glazing with Prussian blue and lemon chrome.
Deep amber may be obtained on a ground of middle
chrome and a glaze of burnt sienna and orange.
A word may be said here as to the scumbling and
glazing. Both processes are similar up to a certain
point, which is that in both cases one colour is placed
over another of good body. In glazing the top colour
is transparent in scumbling, it is solid, and a portion
;
of the top is usually wiped off or removed, so as to

expose a part of the colour beneath. The simplest
example which can be given of scumbling is grained
work, which is really wholly a process of scumbling ;
but a better example is the finish so often given to

relief decoration, when a mixture of the brown, say,
sienna and umber, is applied over a much lighter
ground finished, say, to an ivory finish. The top

colour being wiped off at the edges of the relief and
elsewhere, an antique effect is the result. In ordinary
plain painting, this effect is sometimes produced in
panelled work, and some pretty effects may be pro-
duced. For example, a rich ultramarine blue painted
over with a thin glazing of yellowish white and partly
removed, gives a very pretty effect.
^8 PAINT AND COLOUR MIXING.
It is a little surprising that glazing isnot used
more among decorators than it is. It is truethat
often glazing colours are expensive, such as, for
instance, carmine and madder, but the actual amount
of colour used is smah, so that the cost of materials
when compared to the excellence of result obtained is
trifling.
The student of colour effects in decoration is

recommended to experiment on the lines above
indicated. Much wiU depend, of course, upon the
artistic sense of the operator, but by experimenting
with different transparent colours on various grounds,
many unexpected and novel effects wiU be produced,
which become valuable in the execution of high class
work, particularly so in these days when plain and often
sombre hued wall coverings are so much in vogue.
From what has been said it will be clear to the
reader that some excellent results may be obtained by
a good colourist by a judicious use of a briUiant
glazing colour over a more subdued and perhaps
cheaper colour of good body beneath. But there are
other effects obtainable by means of an ordinary brush
and the use of colours, specially adapted for the
purpose. Graining may belooked upon as a description
of glazing as already stated, because one colour shows
through the other. The particular point which it is
desired now to make clear is very well illustrated by
Plates XII. and XIII., which show " Matsine " appHed
-over various coloured surfaces. This material is made
by the well known paint and varnish house of Messrs.
Mander Brothers, of Wolverhampton. It is a trans-
parent, semi-flat thickish material, and is made in
thirteen colours. The remarkable effects that can be
obtained by its use need very Httle explanation to the
practical reader, who has Plates XII. and XIII. before
him, but it willbe seen that the effects are excelle nt
while it will be found that the labour involved IS
trifling.
GLAZING. 99
It will be observed that with these colours, one

might sa^^ hundreds of different effects can be pro-
duced according to the ground employed. If, for
example, the samples of Spanish mahogany and
Spanish mahogany on dark ground on the sheets are
compared, and it is remembered that exactly the same
" matsine "is used in each case, it will be clear that
many different effects can be produced with a mini-
mum of labour. Good colourists of ingenuity can by
means of this material and a variation in their grounds
produce novel effects for which they might locally
obtain a reputation, but even novices could use the
materia] with advantage, the simplicity of the appli-
cation being remarkable.
CHAPTER XIII.
GRAINING GROUNDS AND GRAINING COLOURS.
considerable difference of opinion exists among

A
grainers as to the best method of obtaining their
grounds. Indeed the most experienced men are by
no means agreed as to precisely what colour a graining
ground should be. For this reason the author has
deemed it desirable in the present edition to give
several different mixtures from various authorities.
—
Maple. White lead tinted with a very Httle
vermihon and about an equal quantity of lemon chrome.
Some prefer yellow ochre only, others ochre and raw
umber in the proportion of four ounces ochre and one
ounce umber to thirty pounds of lead.
—
Medium Oak. Add French ochre to white lead
in the proportions of about one hundred and twenty
of lead to five of ochre add a Httle burnt umber.
;
—
Mahogany, Dark. Four pounds of medium
Venetian red, one pound of orange chrome yellow, and
one pound of burnt umber, or a Uttle less burnt umber
may be used according to the strength.
—
Mahogany, Light. Mix six pounds of pure
white lead with one pound medium Venetian red and
fiveounces of burnt umber.
—
Light Oak and Birch. Eighty parts of white
lead to one of yellow ochre produces a good ground,
but sixty pounds of white lead, half a pound of French
ochre, and one ounce of lemon chrome is sometimes
preferred.
GRAINING GROUNDS AND COLOURS. loi
—
Dark Oak. Sixty parts of white lead and one
part of golden ochre may be used, or the following
mixture if preferred. Six pounds of white lead, one
pound of French ochre, two ounces medium Venetian
red and two ounces of burnt umber.
—
Satinwood. Mix six ounces of lemon chrome
to fifteen pounds of pure white lead and add a little deep
English vermilion.
—
Pollard Oak. Tint one hundred pounds of
white lead with twenty-seven pounds of Frepch ochre,
four pounds of burnt umber, and three and three-
quarter pounds medium Venetian red, or mix Oxford
ochre, Venetian red, and white lead in proportions
to form a rich buff, ground together with equal parts
of boiled and raw linseed oil and turpentine with the
necessary driers added, or white lead, chrome yellow
and vermilion will answer equally well.
—
Pitch Pine. Tint sixty pounds of white lead
with half pound medium Venetian red, and quarter
pound of French ochre.
—
Italian Walnut. One pound of French ochre
mixed with ten pounds of pure white lead and four
ounces of burnt umber and four ounces medium
Venetian red give this ground.
—
American Walnut. Thirty pounds pure white
lead tinted with nine pounds of French ochre, four
pounds burnt umber, and one pound medium Venetian
red.
—
Antique Oak. Thirty pounds pure white lead
tinted with nine pounds of French ochre, four pounds
burnt umber, and one pound medium Venetian red.
Ash. — White
lead tinted with a very little ver-
milion and about an equal quantity of lemon chrome.
Some prefer yellow ochre only, others ochre and raw
umber in the proportion of four ounces ochre and one
ounce umber to thirty pounds of lead.
—
Birch. Eighty parts of white lead to one of
yellow ochre produces a good ground, but sixty pounds
•• •* 3^
• • a
• 33 :i
pound of French ochre
of white lead, one-eighth of a
and one ounce lemon chrome is sometimes preferred.
of
—
Knotted Oak. Sixty pounds of white lead, nine
pounds of French ochre, and three and half pounds
burnt umber. Same as Pollard Oak.
—
Wainscot Oak. Mix white lead, yellow chrome
and Venetian red, or white lead, chrome yellow and
vermilion. Strain the colour before using.
—
Bird's Eye Maple. Add a Httle Oxford ochre
to white lead or a Httle Venetian red, or Vermilion will
answer equally well, but only very Httle must be used.
—
Birch. Add a Httle Oxford ochre and a Httle
Venetian red to white lead, rather more ochre than
red, to produce a very light buff colour.
—
Rosewood and Dark Mahogany. Four pounds
of medium Venetian red, one pound of orange chrome
yellow,and one pound of burnt umber, or a little less
burnt umber may be used according to the strength.
The examples of graining grounds given in the
coloured plate wi'th their mixtures must be taken
as an average arrived at from comparison of the
methods employed by different painters in various
parts of the country. No doubt some readers will
not agree with them, and wiU think that the colour
should be Hghter or darker as the case may be. As we
have explained, the mixtures given are those which may
be considered an average, and a variation of them may
be made according to individual taste and judgment.
Graining Colours.
Having given the ground colours, we now proceed
to give those which are used for graining. It will be
understood that the method of obtaining a graining
colour varies just as much as it does in the case of the
ground colour, according to the opinion of the painter.
The following as, what may be safely followed
are given
to get an average good result.
—
Light Oak. Mix one-third burnt umber with two
thirds raw sienna, and add a very Httle drop black.
GRAINING GROUNDS AND COLOURS. 103
—
Light Oak and Birch. Burnt umber lightened
with white or with Oxford ochre is frequently used.
—
Bird's Eye Maple. Mix raw umber and raw
sienna with a little Vandyke brown or ivory black.
Three parts Vandyke brown and one part raw sienna
will give a brown tint, but this must be modified
according to whether brown, yellow or grey maple
is to be imitated.
AsH.^Same as light oak.

—
American Walnut. Burnt umber to which is
added a little Vandyke brown will give a good graining
colour for walnut.
—
Mahogany. Burnt umber, burnt sienna and
Vandyke brown, with the addition of a little crimson
lake for over graining, will answer well for mahogany.
—
Rosewood. Vandyke brown, with the addition
of a little black, should be used, and rose pink may be
added if desired.
—
Mahoagny. In producing the colour for ordin-
ary use, such as for instance, Anaglypta or Mncrusta
or other relief material, mix Venetian red with equal
parts of burnt umber and burnt sienna, and even
add a little orange chrome to give brightness.
—
Pollard Oak. Mix burnt umber, Vandyke, raw
and burnt siennas, and add a little black or ultra-
marine. Same as wainscot oak, which see.
—
Cherry. Use raw and burnt siennas and raw
umber.
—
Chestnut. Mix raw sienna, Vandyke and raw
umber with a very little burnt sienna.
—
Wainscot Oak. Mix burnt and raw Turkey
umber with a little megilp to prevent running. If
a dark oak is required add a little black in oil or a
little purple lake.
—
Birch. Equal parts of Vandyke brown and
raw sienna.
Knotted Oak. — Same as wainscot oak.
H
CHAPTER XIV;
Mixing Paints and Colours on the Manufacturing

Scale.
With the object of giving information to that

large and increasing class of paint users who desire
to have an intimate knowledge of their materials,
and who wish from time to time to be in a position
to manufacture on a larger or smaller scale certain
of the standard grades of paint materials, this chapter
is added.
Although it cannot claim to be absolutely exhaus-
tive (the subject being an exceedingly wide one) it
will at the same time afford a certain amount of
information and point out the main principles of the
subject under consideration.
RAW materials USED IN PAINT GRINDING.
It must not be lost sight of that the manufacture

or preparation of a finished paint ready for appHcation
on any surface takes place in a variety of stages.
The first stage is the preparation of the pigment or
mixture of pigments, that is the dry powder or powders
which form the pigmentary base of the paint. The
preparation of pigments forms an important branch
of industrial chemistry and is quite outside the scope
of a volume Hke the present. The manufacture of
dry white lead, dry zinc white, the oxides of iron,
carbon black, ultramarine blue, the chromes, Chinese
and Prussian blue, emerald, Brunswick, Bronze and
other greens, lakes, etc., form part of this wide subject
MANUFACTURING SCALE OF MIXING. 105
The second stageready mixed paint manufac-

in
ture is to reduce the before mentioned pigments or
powders to the paste form by grinding them in a suit-
able medium. In the enormous majority of cases
that medium is raw Unseed oil, but occasionally and
for special purposes other media are employed instead
of this.
This branch of the subject, that is the mixing
and grinding of the dry pigments with oil to form a
paste, is termed paint grinding, and is a branch of the
industry which is carried on by most of the large

manufacturing paint houses, many of whom do not
themselves make the dry pigments.
The final stage is the incorporation of the stiff or
paste paint with suitable vehicles or media to form
ready mixed or prepared paints as used by the painter
and decorator. In our present more or less restricted
view of the subject we will commence with the work
performed by the ordinary paint grinder, and we wil)
in the first instance turn our attention to raw materials
used in paint grinding.
These are, as we have indicated above, the base
dry colours, but they also include many other materials
introduced into the paint for specific purposes. One
of the most important purposes is to cheapen the
product and in such cases they are termed adulterants.
Sometimes, however, materials are introduced into the
paint not for the purpose of cheapening or adulterating
the finished article, but in order to communicate to it
certain specific properties which will increase its value
as a decorative or protective agent. The following
fistincludes most of the materials used in paint grind-
ing apart from the true pigment which is the base
of the particular paint which it is desired to produce,
viz. :
—
Barytes. A heavy white or greyish white natural
mineral of crystalline texture consisting principally
of sulphate of barium. This article varies in quality
io6 PAINT AND COLOUR MIXING.
and price according* to its whiteness and freedom from

used
earthy and irony matter. The finest grades are
similar high
to adulterate white lead, white zinc, and
class white pigments. The commoner varieties are
introduced as cheapening agentsinto putty and coloured
grinder's
paints generally. It has been termedthe paint
to the
friend, and it is equally his enemy according
point of view. Its price varies from 35s. to £4 per
ton, and a pecuUarity of the material is that it requires

to the con-
a very small proportion of oil to reduce it
sistency of paste.
Whiting or Paris White. This well known —
material (which is almost pure carbonate of lime) is
and
used largely in cheap paints to neutralise the heavy
porous nature of barytes it is more opaque than
;
barytes but it is much hghter and absorbs a

much
larger proportion of oil. It is, as is well known, the
base of common distempers and a pecuUarity of the
article is that although in a water medium
it dries out
yellow
very white, in an oil medium it assumes a
Putty is composed largely of whiting.
colour.
Gypsum or Terra Alba.—This material is not
much used in Britain in paint making but enjoys a wide
paint it has
use in America, and for certain kinds of
much to recommend it. If it is adopted care should be
hydrated
taken that it should only be employed in the
form, as if it is not used in this
form it rapidly absorbs
impervious
moisture from the air and sets into a hard
mass, acting precisely as the well known
plaster of
Paris'. Terra alba of good quality is a very white

pigment and amalgamates well with certain of the
forming
hghter oxide of iron colours, ochres, etc.,
protective paints of good quaUty.
China Clay.— This article is never used large m
proportion
quantities in paint grinding, but a small
or
is sometimes introduced into paints of a spongy
open texture in order to give coherence.
A word or two must be added with regard to the
base pigments with which the foregoing cheapeners

or adulterants are mixed. Little need be said of white
lead or white zinc, as to completely treat of these well
known articles would cover many pages. The following
brief notes, however, on the chief colour pigments
may be of use, and one remark applies to them all, viz.,
that in manufacturing paints it is the truest economy
to purchase the very best pigments that can be obtained.
By hesi we mean the strongest and brightest, and these
properties should in every case be carefully tested
against a standard sample.
—
Yellow Pigments. The ochres are natural
earths, and are valued in proportion to their purity of
yellow tone, staining power and freedom from materials
such as chrome or cheap lakes introduced with the
object of giving a fictitious yellow tone. A good
quality grinding ochre will fetch a very high price
and it is one of the most expensive colours to grind,
requiring to be passed through the rollers many times
before the grit is finally disposed of. The chromes
are well known yellow pigments and are seldom ground
otherwise than pure.
Red Pigments. — These are obtained in endless
variety, the most important being the iron reds,
the best of which is oxide of iron. Thus we have
Indian red, Venetian red, bright oxide reds, purple
browns and purple oxides and many other oxide colours
known under fancy names. In purchasing these for
grinding purposes they should be examined for staining
power and also for the tone of shade produced on
reduction with white lead and whiting respectively.
The colour produced on reduction with whiting is
important for the reason that cheaper grades of paint
would be produced in this way and often an unpleasing
tint of red is produced on reduction. Freedom from
grit is also an important feature. It is a great mistake
to -purchase a red which is difficult to grind even
although it is otherwise cheap, as the saving in price
io8 PAINT AND COLOUR MIXING.
will be rapidly neutralised in the subsequent grinding
operations. Other red pigments are the red lakes
and so-called fast reds and aniline reds, which are
used in comparatively small proportions for special
decorative purposes.
Black Pigments. — The most important is perhaps
ivory black and a large proportion of black sold under
this name to-day is not ivory black at all but simply
hone black, the production of ivory black being very
hmited. Other blacks are vegetable or lamp black and
gas or carbon black. The latter possesses great staining
power and is useful in giving the requisite amount of
blackness to black paints which, paradoxical as it

may seem, always contain a large amount of white
material.
Blue Pigments used by the paint grinder are
ultramarine blue, to a very Hmited extent, and more
largely Prussian blue usually in one or other of its
reduced derivatives, Brunswick blue (which is Prussian
blue struck on a base of terra alba) or celestial blue,
(which is composed of Prussian blue struck on a base
of barytes). The enormous staining power of Prussian
blue will be understood when it is said that a very
excellent and strong staining Brunswick blue can be
produced by striking Prussian blue on terra alba in
the proportions of I2| per cent, of Prussian blue to
87^ per cent, of white base.
—
Green Pigments. The great bulk of these consist
of the well known Brunswick greens which really
consist of a mixture of chrome yellow, Prussian blue,
and white base, the latter being usually barytes. In
the case of greens it is of the utmost importance to use
a very pure and strong staining colour, otherwise it is
impossible to reduce them with economy in the mixing
and grinding..
Having disposed of the dry colours used in the
process of paint manufacture we now turn to the oil
employed to reduce the dry colour to the paste or
stiff form. Linseed oil is the only oil of practical

importance in this connection, although for artists'
colours some other of the drying oils are occasionally
used. The proportion of oil absorbed by the various
pigments is a matter of great consequence to the
paint grinder, and we give the following table compiled
by Mr. J. Cruickshank Smith, B.Sc, F.C.S., the figures
in which represent the number of parts of oil by weight
usually required by 100 parts by weight of the
respective dry colours.
Table of Quantity of Linseed Oil Required

IN Grinding Pigments.
White Lead (English stack made) ... 6^-7.
„ (Chamber process) 7i-S.
Oxide of Zinc 20 — 21.
Sulphide Zinc White 14 — 16.
Sulphate of Lead (Glasgow White) ... 8.
Best White Barytes 7.
Second Quality Barytes 8.
Common Grade Barytes 9 — 10.
Paris White 21—23.
Oxide of Iron Pigments 18 — 24.
Fine Italian Ochre 87.
Strong Staining Ochres 30 and upwards.
Strong Staining Siennas 95
Fine Turkey Umbers ... 85
Vandyke Brown 95
Vegetable and Carbon Black
95
Pure Chromes ... 12,
Ultramarine 33-
Lime Blue 25.
Pure Prussian Blue 100.
Brunswick Blue 16.
Celestial Blue ... 12.
Brunswick Green 15 — 20.
The question of oil is all important in paint grinding
as the cost of the oil is one of the most serious con-
siderations. It is therefore one of the problems which
face the paint grinder to adjust his paint mixing in
such a manner as to necessitate the introduction of
the smallest possible quantity of oil in the grinding.
Pfe-fekfefei
no PAINT AND COLOUR MIXING.

At the same time he has to consider that unless there
is an adequate proportion of oil present he cannot get
the paint to mix properly and therefore he has to

hit upon the happy medium. The general rule is that
the heavier the pigment the less oil it absorbs, and a
reference to the foregoing table will show that this
rule is followed pretty closely, white lead and barytes,
which are the heaviest pigments, absorbing the smallest
proportion of oil, while pigments like sienna and
Vandyke brown, which are very Hght, require almost
their own weight of oil. A further important point
is that damp pigments always require more oil to
grind them than dry pigments.

It is a mistake to suppose that the use of cheap
or indifferent linseed oil cheapens the cost of the paint,
because it does not do so. Oil containing a large pro-
portion of albuminous matter does not go so far as a
clear bright oil. Therefore attention ought to be
paid to the quaUty of the oil purchased and also to
the storage tanks to see that they are free from sludge
and foots.
The last ingredient we have to revert to in the
case of stiff paints is what is sometimes termed the
" binder." This material may vary in nature and it is
not always required. Its object is to enable the oil
to retain the pigment in suspension. Thus, if the
paint grinder is grinding a somewhat low quality of
Brunswick green, he finds that after the paint is ground
and placed in the kegs, the solid matter is apt to settle
down with the result that the lower part of the keg
contains a hard mass of pigment and the upper part
a sloppy mass of mixed oil and pigment. To avoid
this inconvenience which at once results in complaints
he introduces into the paint in the process of mixing
something of a tenacious viscous nature which helps
the oil and pigment to remain incorporated together.
Boiled oil is sometimes used for this purpose and some
old fashioned grinders use a large proportion of
^^-
MANUFACTURING SCALE OF MIXING, iii
boiled their paint mixing.

oil in This practice, how-
ever, rapidly dying out and a better material to use
is
is a small proportion of varnish foots, say 7 to 14
lbs. to the cwt., but care must be taken that the

quantity is not too large, otherwise the whole of the
paint will set hard in the kegs. Before finally adopting
any particular batch of varnish foots or other similar
material as a binder it should be tried on a small scale,
as these materials often contain large quantities of
active driers and other chemical matters which act in
peculiar ways on the paint.
Machinery and Plant Used in Paint Grinding.
After a paint grinder has decided on the relative

proportions of colour, cheapening materials, oil and
binder, he has to set about amalgamating these into
the stiff paint and the first process is that of mixing.
Paint mixing machines are of various types
including :
(i) The old fashioned pug mill, which consists

of a vertical cyUnder with revolving spindle carrying
usually six knives set at right angles to this spindle
which, when the latter rotates, cut through the mass
of paint and gradually mix it.
The vertical mixer which consists essentially
(2)
of a horizontal box or chamber containing blades
which revolve and cut the paint up after the fashion
of a dough mixing machine used by bakers.
(3) The improved pan

mill of which that perfected
by Messrs. Torrence, of Bitton, may be taken as a
type. This latter mill possesses many attractions and
is especially useful where mixing has to be done quickly,
as owing to the construction of this mill the paint
undergoes a good deal of grinding as well as mixing.
The second class of mill referred to above is only
useful for fairly soft paints. For very stiff paints the
first class is said by some authorities to give the best
results. The process of mixing paints in any of the
above mentioned machines is not altogether a hap-
hazard process. For example, in mixing tinted paint
it does not do to throw in all the white colour first
and then dump the staining material in towards the

end of the operation. As a matter of fact the best
results are got by mixing up the tinting matter separ-
ately in another mill and introducing it in the mixed
state into the mixture containing the white colour.
This avoids the formation of lumps and irregular
patches of material which would otherwise manifest
themselves when the mixture was placed upon the
grinding rollers.
In making up tinted paints on a large scale the

order in which the various tinting materials are added
is somewhat important, and if this be not attended
to the result is frequently that a considerable pro-

portion of material is wasted. In this connection the
author strongly recommends anyone who proposes
engaging in the manufacture of tinted paints to under-
take a fairly exhaustive course of study of the actual
tinting and staining properties of the pigments com-
monly used by paint grinders. This side of the
question is very frequently left somewhat severely
alone with the result that it is only after numerous
failures and spoiled batches that the would-be manu-
facturer comes to appreciate the relative strengths
and tinting properties of the raw materials which he
is using. A very useful course of study is to take in
rotation the various staining pigments commonly
used by paint grinders, most of which we have already
dealt with in the foregoing paragraphs, and to reduce
these in varying proportions with white lead, white
zinc and whiting. In this way a very fair idea is
obtained of the variety of shades obtained b}' these
strong staining materials.
In order to indicate a few of the points that have
to be attended to in making up tinted paints in general
we may discuss in some detail the manufacture of
two typical tinted paints, viz. : Slate colour and mast

colour paints.
We will suppose that the paint manufacturer is
required to produce a slate colour paint in the stiff
form, and we will imagine that the exact tint to which
his paint is to conform has been given him. Let us
suppose that this tint is of a somewhat pale colour
of the nature of the so-called " invisible grey " used
in the British Navy. Now, every practical man who
has gone through a course of training in the staining
properties of pigments will see by inspection of this
colour that it contains four elements, viz. white, :
black, blue and red, and common sense united with

a little practical experience will show him that it
will be fatal to the ultimate result if he adds too much
black to begin with. He will know by practical
trial and experience that the most sensitive or easily
affected of the four elements just mentioned is blue,
and he will be proceeding on correct lines if he adds
the blue tinting material first. Let him therefore
select his white base, which in the case of a somewhat
" clean " or bright looking colour would be oxide of
zinc (either pure or reduced according to the required
cost with terra alba). Let him then add such a
quantity of ultramarine blue as will bring the paint
to the same depth of colour as the given sample. By
then adding little by small proportions of black
little
the brightness of the blue will be " killed " and the
slate colour or greyness will gradually manifest itself.
The object of the red is to neutralise the native " cold-
ness " of the blue and black and the addition of a
very small quantity of Indian red will probably suffice
to give the necessary cast of colour. The proportion
of Indian red will be very small and will vary accord-
ing to the colour of the ultramarine used as certain
grades of ultramarine possess in themselves a dis-
tinctly reddish tone.
Suppose for the moment the paint grinder were
» t^MWww

to begin by adding black to the white base. He
would in all probability overstep the mark and would
obtain a dark grey colour which would require the
addition of a very large proportion of blue and pro-
bably of white as well to bring it to the required slate
tone. The general rule, therefore, in adding a mixture
of tinting colour to a white base to produce tinted
paints, is to commence with the more sensitive and
delicate ones and to add the stronger and darker ones
last and in the smallest proportions.
Fig. 8.
Another example of a tinted paint and the method

of its product on is mast colour. In this case the
white base will in all probabiHty be white lead, con-
taining a greater or smaller proportion of whiting,
and, if the quality is a somewhat low one, a proportion
of second grade barytes as well. The tinting colours
will be Oxford ochre, Venetian red, burnt seinna, and
orange chrome. In this case the practical man will
see at once that the ochre is the predominant material
and he therefore commences by adding a sufficiency

of this pigment. He then adds sufficient burnt sienna
to give the richness and density to the ochre ;
this
he then follows with Venetian red, or in the case of

some low grades he would probably use Venetian
red] right through in place of sienna. Finally, he
livens the whole up by means orange chrome.
of
One of the chief points in paint grinding is to
Fig 9.
judge the proportion of oil that should be added in

the mixing process. Frequently the material becomes
somewhat heated with the result that it works
softer than it ultimately becomes when cold this has
;
to be allowed for.
Another type of machine largely used for the
mixing of paint bodies and the thinning down of same
is the
" Universal Kneading and Mixing Machines,"
ii6 PAINT AND COLOUR MIXING.
made by Werner, Pfleiderer and Perkins, Ltd. These
have been forverymanyyearsadoptedby leading paint
and enamel manufact-
urers. As will be seen
from the illustrations these
machines consist of a
trough or container
equipped with one or two
horizontal blades, the
action being such as to
produce themostthorough
and perfect mixing obtain-
able, and in such rnanner
as to prevent any possi-
bility of settling or strati-
fication. Fig. 8 shows
the heavier type as used
for white lead and zinc
Fig. 10,
bodies, etc., whilst Fig. 9
illustrates the lighter type
in use for thinning down, stirring, etc. The
"Universal "type of Kneader is also extensively
used in the manufacture of the finest grades of
putty. These machines are, where required, supplied
with arrangements for emptying through the bottom
of the trough instead of by the tilting of it.
In the preparation of fine colours and paints in

oil,turpentine or water, it is often most economical
to mix and sieve the pig-
ments while they are in the
form of a dry powder and
before they are ground in
their medium. For this
purpose a very useful
"
machine is the " Rapid FlG. II.
Sifter and Mixer, manufact-
ured by Messrs. Wm. Gardner and Sons (Gloucester),
Ltd.,andisillustratedinFig.io. It may be said to con-
two chambers, one above the other. In the top

sist of
chamber into which the powdered pigments are intro-
duced is a finely meshed sieve of silk which surrounds
a specially constructed spiral brush. This brush very
quickly breaks up tiny lumps while the mechanism
causes the finely divided powder to pass through the
sieve and drop to the chamber below. At the same
time any foreign matter, such as small stones, sticks
and irreducible lumps, are automatically thrown out
of the machine through a spout provided for the
purpose. In the mixing or blending chamber below
to which the finely sifted powder has descended, an
agitator is provided by which the blending and mixing
is very thoroughly effected in a short time. A second
form of the same machine is shown in Fig. 11.
A still further variety in construction is
called the "Quick Change "

powder dresser. In this
machine the sieve can be changed
so that several
powders of varying degrees of fineness can be dealt
with in the same day. It can also be adjusted
in such a manner that two different mixings can be
produced at the same time.
After mixing, the paint is transferred to the
grinding rollers which now almost invariably consist
of what is known as a three-roller horizontal mill.
These mills have been brought to a state of great
perfection,and by the use of suitable mixing apparatus
the amount of grinding is reduced to a minimum.
Sometimes two, three or more grinding mills are worked
in series and the paint falls from one to the other
becoming still further reduced at each operation.
As an indication of the difference in grinding required
by different pigments we may remark that white
lead is usually considered to require one grinding,
white zinc two grindings, ochre staining colours three

grindings, sienna and some of the harder staining
colours, as well as colours for coachmakers and printers'
inks four to six grindings.
ii8 PAINT AND COLOUR MIXING.
For more minute information of the grinding
we refer the reader to the " Manufacture of
of paints
Paint," by J. Cruickshank Smith, B.Sc., F.C.S.,
pubhshed by Scott, Greenwood and Son, London.
Prepared Paints.
These we have already indicated, the final
are, as
stage in the manufacture of paint. The stiff paint
prepared as already described is placed in large mixers
either of a horizontal or vertical type where the proper
proportions of oil, turpentine, driers and sometimes
varnish are added. The machinery is set in motion
and the mixture is thoroughly beaten up by means of
stirrers for several hours, at the end of which time the
ingredients have become thoroughly amalgamated.
Anyone who has seen a paint mixing mill of this des-
cription will at once disabuse himself of any idea he may
have possessed that a painter working with a domestic
pail and a wooden paddle is equipped with an ideal
paint mixing plant. The proportions of the various
ingredients employed by manufacturers of prepared
paints vary greatly. Much depends upon the con-
sistency of the stiff paint used, the softer this is the
more easily it is worked up, and many of the ready
mixed paint manufacturers are very skilful in making
up their stiff paint so as to require the minimum
amount of thinning with oil and turps, which are
expensive ingredients. Then again the quaUty of the
stiff paint has considerable influence ; the better the
quahty the more thinning material the paint will stand.
Obviously, if the paint is of very inferior r-uality the

addition of the normal quantity of liquid thinners
would render the paint practically useless as a covering
material. While, therefore, the dominating agent is
the nature of the pigment in the stiff paint it is only
practical trial with the particular stiff paint that is
to be employed, which will indicate exactly how much
thinners is required. As to the relative proportion
PLATE VIII.
1
BURNT OXFORD OCHRE PALE NAIAD GREEN
ROYAL BLUE VANDYKE RED
PISTACHIO GREEN CHESTNUT RED
APPLE GREEN NYANZA PURPLE
IBIS RED EGYPTIAN BLUE
DEEP LIME BLUE JADE GREEN
GOLDEN YELLOW GERANIUM RED
DAMSON BROWN GROTTO BLUE

1
NON-POISONOUS COLOURS FOR DISTEMPER.

of oiland turpentine, this also is a matter which will

vary according to the necessities ol the case. For
ordinary outside use one part of turpentine to three
parts of oil is ample, and the probability is that when
turps reaches a high price this proportion will [be
reduced, if possible. The question has sometimes
been discussed whether really glossy paint can be
made without the addition of varnish. Trial has
proved that this can be done by using a good bodied
boiled oil in place of a proportion of the linseed oil.
Indeed the introduction of varnish into prepared

paint has little effect upon the gloss, although it has
a considerable influence on the wear and vitality of ,
the paint.
The whole question of the advisability of employ-
ing varnish as an ingredient of ready mixed paints
is one on which contrary views are entertained, and
if the question is asked whether or not varnish is a
satisfactory ingredient of these products, the answer
is that it all depends upon the nature of the varnish
and the composition of the paint. Assuming that the
paint is made of the very best materials, carefully
selected and prepared manner, and
in the best possible
assuming also that the varnish is selected with due
regard to its composition and the composition of the
ingredients with which it will be combined, then there
can be no doubt that the introduction of a material
containing, as varnish does, a proportion of gum resin
will add materially to the life and protective qualities
of the paint. On the other hand, if paint is manu-
factured to meet competition and if the temporary
appearance of the painted surface rather than the
composition of the paint itself has been the object of
the paint manufacturer's attention if, further, the
;
composition of the varnish is a more or less unknown

quantity, then it may unhesitatingly be said that
varnish will do little good to the finished paint and
may in many cases be a source of serious trouble.
A varnish which contains resin should never be used
in mixed paints. Not only so, but many of the cheaper
gums used as substitutes for the finer copals are not
suited for amalgamation with pigments. Again, the
presence of certain dry materials in paint often exer-
cises very curious results on materials of a varnish
nature, causing what is known as " jellying "
and other
disastrous results. There no more technical or
is
intricate branch of varnish manufacture than the

preparation of what are known as mixing varnishes,
that is to say, varnishes suitable for admixture with
paints and pigments, and unless the paint manu-
facturer is prepared to spend some time in the selec-
tion of suitable varnishes he will be well advised to
leave them out of the question altogether in the
fabrication of prepared paints for decorators' use.
Of course, in such articles as varnish paints, anti-
fouling compositions, etc., varnish of some kind is
the base of the whole thing.

The recent boomin turpentine substitutes has
raised the question whether these could be safely
used in ordinary prepared paint. The balance of
evidence at the present time appears to show that
assuming due care and caution have been exercised
in the purchase of a turpentine substitute, very good
paints can be prepared containing these articles, pro-
vided there is plenty of oil in the paint as well that ;
is to say that while a very good glossy paint can be
produced containing a turpentine substitute, it would

not be so easy to produce a thoroughly good fiat
paint.
The question of driers in ready mixed paint also

deserves attention. Paint manufacturers as a rule
use nothing but paste driers, and these are usually
added in a considerable quantity for two reasons.
(i) Because the driers employed are usually very
cheap and tend to cheapen the paint.

(2) Because of all the complaints to which the

paint manufacturer is exposed that of bad drying in
paint is most troublesome, and so long as he gets his
paint to dry he is not so particular about other
features.
Of late years manufacturers of prepared paints

for special purposes, in particular protective paints,
have been adopting the principle of using liquid driers,
but detailed information concerning their use and
proportions is hardly within the scope of this
work.
The following are authenticated proportions which
have been employed in Britain in the manufacture of
prepared paints. The qualities, it will be observed,
are by no means first rate, but lepresent very fairly
what may be described as ordinary commercial quali-
ties oftinned paints suitable for re-sale. It is, of
power of the manufacturer to vary these
course, in the
mixings according to his actual requirements.
Ground Purple Brown (for R.M. Paint).
cwts. qrs. lbs.
2 Dry Purple Brown

2 Paris White.
2 2 No. 2 Barytes.
21 Boiled Oil Foots.
7 Varnish Foots.
20 Raw Linseed Oil.
Ground Brunswig K Green (for R.M. Paint).

1
cwts qrs. lbs.

I 21 Dry Green (pure).
3 21 Paris White.
3 2 No. 2 Barytes.
14 Boiled Oil Foots.
14 Varnish Foots.
I 21 Raw Linseed Oil.
Ground White Lead (for R.M. Paint).

cwts.
400
600
qrs. lbs.
Dry White Lead.
Best Barytes.
2 16 Refined Linseed Oil.
Composition of one Ton of R.M. Paint on the

Basis of a Variety of vShades.
cwts qrs. lbs.
14 I 15 Stiff Paint.
2 2 22 Paste Driers.
2 I Raw Linseed Oil.
2 19 American Turpentine
20 o o
With regard to the cost of prepared paint per

ton, the following is a skeleton cost sheet, including
the various items which must be included in such a

statement.
Cost of R.M. Paint Per Ton

i s.
Materials as above .
o o
Cost of manufacture of stiff paint o o
„ of R.M. paint, including
fining and labelHng o
tins .
o o o
,, labels o
packing o o
„
supervision, office, travelling, and
other expenses .
o o
be borne in mind that the cost

It will of course
of tins is a very important item in the above. Tins
are usually quoted at so much per gross, therefore
in the case of paint packed in one pound tins there
will be 2240 tins per ton, in the case of paint packed
in two pound tins 1120, and so on, according to the

size of the various packages. It has been stated by
a prominent ready mixed paint manufacturer that he
considers the cost of manufacturing ready mixed
paints exclusive of materials and packages, but includ-
ing labour and packing, at about £8 per ton on an
average of all sizes of packages.
CHAPTER XV.
\^/ATER Paints, Distempers, Etc.
For many years distemper colours have been used

by painters with more or less success, a large variety
of colours being available for interior decoration. In
most cases such distemper colours consist of whiting
mixed with colour in the proper proportion to produce
the desired tint, size being added by the painter to
bind the particles together and prevent the colour
rubbing off when the hand or clothes are brought in
contact with it. Of late years various washable water
paints have been put upon the market in a large
variety of colours and have gained very considerably
in popularity. Not only are they suitable for inside
work, but in certain cases they can be employed also
on the exterior of buildings. Further than this, some
of the water paints may be painted or varnished
over
so as to produce the effect of oil paint at a
considerable
reduction in price. The varnish may be applied
directly to the distemper or a coat of size may
be
given first. In the latter case there will be little
or no darkening of the colour when the varnish
is
applied.
Hall's well knownsanitary washable distemper
was chosen for in a practical manner
illustrating
the effect of varnish as appHed to their material,
and
the result will be found in Plate VI., which is
more
fully described on page i8i.
WATER PAINTS, DISTEMPERS, ETC. 125
The coloured plates, numbered VI., VII., VIII.,

IX., and X., show many examples of different water
paints, some of them of totally different character, and
it is hoped that these will be of service to the reader
in selecting suitable colours for his work. Alabastine,

shown on Plates IX. and X., as fully explained under
the heading of " Description of Coloured Plates," is
a class of distemper which is manufactured in a number
of colours, and supphed in the form of powder.
Some ofthese washable distempers shown on
the Plates have a world wide reputation. The author
feels that he should limit himself here to a description
of the use of these water paints, leaving the reader to
investigate further as to their respective merits. One
point, however, is worth especial note, and that is each
manufacturer issues a book of colours or tints which he
keeps in stock, and these are freely supplied to painters
on request. A small selection of such books will be
found of the utmost use in selecting the particular
colour required for any job, whether it be a simple
cottage or a town hall. Indeed, such books are exceed-
ingly useful to show to one's customer, who can quickly
make a selection from them. The latest plan is to
supply the books with the samples divided through
the centre so that harmonious contrasting colours can
be selected.
The use of water paints may be divided con-
veniently into three parts, (i) for interior decorations ;
(2), as a substitute for oil paints and (3), to prevent

;
blistering. We may take these three headings seriatim.

For interior work they produce, if properly applied,
very beautiful fiat surfaces of light or bright colours as
may be desired. After a little practice they are not
at all difficult to apply, so as to get a flat surface
without laps.
Very charming results are obtained by using a
different coloured frieze to that of filling and stencilling
on a simple ornament. The mistake that many painters
make is to suppose that this class of paint possesses
more body than it has, or to put it in another way,
because these paints have an excellent body, some

painters try to produce with one coat the results that
can only be reasonably expected with two. Whiting
is not always the base of these paints,
frequently
hthopone or zinc white is employed, it being well known
that zinc white acts well either in water or oil.
As to how far these paints will go, Mr. J. Cruick-
SHANK Smith gives the following figures : —^For one
hundredweight, one coat, 400 yards two coats ;
200 yards, and three coats, 120 yards. One of

the most used water paints on the market is mixed
with a special hquid supphed by the manufacturer,
and the painter should be cautioned against making
his mixture too thin, and also against adding
anything (such as water), other than the ingredients
recommended by the manufacturers. In every case
exphcit directions are given by the makers as to the
use of these paints, and the painter has only himself
to blame if he departs from them. We give below a few
recipes for distempers and water paints arranged by
Mr. W. G. Scott, the eminent American writer on
paints and painting.
Wall Suction Size.
[a) 2 lb. white glue soak four hours in f gallon

;
cold water ; dissolve on water bath.
(&) 1 lb. pulv. alum ; dissolve in I gallon boiUng

water.
(c) 1 lb. bar soap (shaved fine) ;
dissolve in |
gallon boiling water.
Into solution{a) pour 2 gallons of boiling water,
add solution then (c)

[b], stir well, then add 8 lb.
;
of plaster of Paris. This will stop suction on the

coarsest sand wall, and the surface eventually becomes
as hard as flint.
Size for Distemper.
[a) il soda (carbonate of soda)

lb. | lb. borax ;
;
dissolve in 3 gallons boiling water add a little at a ;
time, 51b. pulv. resin continue the heat until the resin
;
is dissolved.
[b) 5 lb. white glue ;
soak four hours in 5 gallons
cold water ; dissolve and add 10 gallons hot water.
Mix {a) with (&).
Insoluble Wall Finish for Plaster Walls.

(a) 4 oz. chloride of zinc dissolve in | gallon hot
;
water.
{b) 2 oz. borax ;
dissolve in 4 fi. oz. hot water.
[c) 2 oz. cream 8 oz. common starch
of tartar ;
;
16 oz. zinc oxide ;

mix with 1 gallon cold water.
Mix {a) and {b), boil and add (c), stirring a few
minutes, then apply hot.
Dextrine Binder for Water Colours.
(a) 8 oz. yellow dextrine ;
dissolve in 16 fl. oz.
cold water.
(6) 10 grains thymol ;
dissolve in 8 fl. oz.hot water.
Mix (a) and (&).
Starch Binder.
common starch beat up with 6 fl. oz. cold
(a) 3 oz.
water, then pour into 64 fl. oz. boiling water.
{b) 2 oz. gum arable 4 oz. pulv. borax dissolve ;
;
in 16 fl. oz. cold water.

Mix [a] with {b).
DISTEMPER AND WHITEWASH.

Common Distemper.
{a) 1 lb. white glue, soak four hours in ^ gallon
cold water dissolve on a water bath.
;
(&) 16 lb. dry Paris

white or whiting, beat up in
I gallon boiling water.

Pour {a) into (&), and mix by stirring.
The above formula will make about 2 gallonsôf
distemper, and it will weigh 12 lb. to the gallon.
The covering capacity is as follows : i gallon covers
on wood, 225 square feet ; i gallon covers on brick,
180 square feet ; i gallon covers on plaster, 270 square
feet.
The time of applying, using a 4 in. brush is Rough :
walls, 22 square yards per hour smooth walls 38 ;
square yards per hour flat surface, 40 square yards ;
per hour ceiling, 25 square yards per hour.

;
Fence Sign White.

{a) 6 quicklime
lb. slack in i| gallon warm ;
water ; keep covered while slacking.

{b) 4 oz. white resin dissolve in 12 fl. oz. boiled
;
linseed oil.
(c) 6 lb. whiting beat up on i gallon skim milk.

;
Mix [a) with [b) while hot, then add (c).
Weather Whitewash.
{a) 8 lb. quicklime ; slack in 2 gallons boiling-
water.
[b) I lb. carb. soda ; dissolve in J gallon boiling
water.
(c) I lb. common glue ; i lb. rice flour or pounded
rice soak 8 hours in | gallon cold water
; ; dissolve
on water bath.
Mix {a) with {b), then add (c).
Washable Distemper.
I lb. white glue
{a) soak 4 hours in | gallon ;
cold water dissolve on water bath.

;
{b) J lb. phosphate of soda ; dissolve in | gallon

hot water.
(c) whiting or other pigment
16 lb. ;
beat up in
I gallon warm
water.
Mix (a)* with (c), then add (b).
Cold Water Paints.
I lb. casein, i| oz. soda ash, mix with 10 lb.
whiting, zinc oxide, clay, or other white pigment, or
I lb. casein, 6 oz. Vienna lime, mix with 10

lb. whiting,
plaster of Paris, etc., or i lb. casein, i oz. powdered

soap, 2 oz. pulverised borax, 3 oz. dry carbonate of
soda, mix with 10 lb. dry white pigment.
Washable Cold Water Paint.

7 lb.Paris white, 2 lb. zinc oxide, 2 lb. plaster of
Paris, 1 lb. white dextrine, 1 lb. pulv. gum arable, i^
oz.
pulv. borax, i oz. pulv. alum.
Liquid Prepared Water Colour.

[a] 12 lb. quickhme slack in 3 gallons water.
i gallon hot
3 lb. siUcate of soda, thin with
{b)
water, then stir in ii lb. casein stir until dissolved.

;
(c) 2 lb. strong white glue soak 8 hours in

;
1 gallon cold water ;

dissolve in 1 gallon hot water;
dissolve on water bath.
(d) 2 lb. pulv. alum dissolve in 1 gallon hot
;
water ;then stir in 24 lb. Paris white or whiting.

Mix [a] with {b), add (c), then stir in {d).
COLOURS WHICH ARE FAST TO LIME.

In executing distemper or fresco painting upon
ordinary plaster, a number ofcolours cannot be success-
fully used as the free Hme in plaster acts upon the
colour and bleaches it. Following is a hst of the
principal colours which are fast to lime, and are not
affected. Most of the earth colours, such as Vandyke
brown, red oxide, yellow ochres, siennas and umbers,
Venetian red, Indian red, light red, hthopone,
zinc white, whiting, cadmium yellow, ultramarine,
cobalt blue, chrome green, emerald green, lamp
black, and black pigments. The crimsons and
all
greens are the most Ukely to be adversely affected by

lime. The following test may be used to ascertain
whether any particular colour is fast to lime or not.
First mix three parts of plaster of Paris to one part of
freshly slaked lime, add water, mix to a paste and place
Ill

in a frame or mould about one inch deep. Place the
paste in this mould, smooth level on the top, and when
set remove the frame. Now take the colour to be
tested, painting all the surface of the plaster slab so
formed, at the same time paint a small portion of
cartridge paper, and when dry, put this away between
the leaves of a book, so that the hght cannot get to it.
Expose the painted slab to strong light for twenty-four
hours, and then compare the colour with the colour
painted on the cartridge paper. If there is any differ-
ence between them, the colour is more or less affected
by the lime.
As a further test, place the slab into a dish or other

suitable fiat vessel, pour in water until it nearly
covers the slab, leaving, however, the painted surface
just above the top of the water. Leave it in that con-
dition for twenty-four hours, and again compare with
the cartridge paper. The water will act upon the
lime, and cause it to act in its turn upon the colour.
Any water paint which will stand this test may be said
to be quite fast to lime.
The substitution of washable distempers for oil
paints in order to lessen the cost is becoming better
understood among painters every day. The writer
is by no means prepared to say that one or two coats
of water paint, followed by a coat of oil paint, will

produce a better result from the point of view of
durabihty than a good oil paint of carbonate of lead or
zinc all through, but he does assert most positively
that where it is necessary to lessen the expense,
the water paint under the oil paint will produce a far
better job than could be obtained by using the adul-
terated oil paint which would be necessary in order
to keep the price within the same hmits. There is
an immense amount of work done by the painter
which does not justify the use of the very highest
class materials, for instance, cottage and small villa
property, workshops, factories, where a very high finish
isnot always required, and if the work is primed with

water paint and two coats of good oil paint are given
on top of it, the job will be a good one. The preven-
tion of Mistering by the use of water paint above
mentioned is very important and is not so well recog-
nised among painters as it deserves to be. If a really
good water paint is used it wih cure the most
obstinate case of bUstering.
Another use for certain of the water paints which
are suppHed in dry powder, notably Alabastine, is for i\V'
fining. The importance of having a level surface

upon which to paint is well understood among painters,
and the necessity is most marked in the case of enamel
work, because the gloss would show up every inequaUty.
A simple, cheap filling is made by Alabastine, and
the cost is lessened also, because it may be so readily
rubbed down.
CHAPTER XVI.
Artists' Water Colours and How to Mix Them.
The colours used in water colour painting in

most cases bear the same names as those ground in oil
for decorators' use, but there are a number of excep-

tions. For instance, the chrome green of the artists'
colourman is similar to the Brunswick green of the
house painter. All of the principal names will, how-
ever, be found under the head of the various chapters
headed, " Red," " Blue," etc. Note is also made
in the same places of those colours which are used
exclusively in water and are not suitable for use in
oil and vice versa. Plate XL contributed by Messrs.
Reeves and Son will repay a careful study.
Considering the large number of artists' water
colours on the market it is obvious that no artist
would, as a rule, have them all at hand. Indeed,
from one to two dozen colours are usually quite sufficient
for the use in all ordinary water colour painting. It
may be taken as a safe rule that, within reasonable

limits, the more restricted a painter's palette is, the
better. By the kindness of Messrs. Madderton and
Company, Ltd., of Loughton, Essex, manufacturers of
and decorators'
artists' colours, we reprint from " Notes
for Artists," the palettes of several well known artists,
and they may safely be taken as a guide.
—
Bell, Robert Anning, A.R.W.S. Rose madder,
pale cadmium, mid cadmium, deep cadmium, per-
manent vellow, cobalt blue, French ultramarine,
ARTISTS' WATER COLOURS. 133
cobalt green (light), oxide of chromium (viridian),

oxide of chromium (opaque), permanent Chinese white,
Chinese vermiHon, Venetian red (Hght red), golden
ochre, raw sienna (Hght), trans, golden ochre, yellow
ochre (Oxford ochre), terre verte, burnt umber, ivory
black, raw umber. Turner brown, verona brown.
Macintosh, J. M., R.B.A.— Light red, vermilion,
rose dore, rose madder, purple madder, Venetian red,
cobalt yellow (aureoUne) pale cadmium, deep cadmium,
,
lemon yellow, cobalt French ultramarine, ivory

blue,
black, sepia, yellow ochre, Roman
ochre, raw umber,
raw sienna, oxide of chromium (viridian), burnt sienna,
cobalt green, orange cadmium.
Severn, Walter, R.C. A. —Indian yellow, orange

cadmium, aureoUne, yellow ochre, orange vermiHon,
scarlet vermiHon, aHzarine, crimson, violet mineral,
rose madder, cobalt blue, cyanine blue, emerald green,
brown madder, transparent brown (dark), Payne's
gray, ivory black.
Sir Francis Powell, P.R.S.W.— Pale lemon
yeUow, aureoHne, yeUow ochre, transparent orange
ochre, raw sienna, raw umber, transparent brown
(Hght), burnt umber, brown madder, burnt sienna,
Chinese vermiHon, rose madder, aHzarine crimson and
aHzarine violet, cerulean blue,
scarlet, cobalt violet,
cobalt blue, ultramarine, cyanine blue, transparent
green, oxide of chromium, emerald green, ivory black.
—
Linton, Sir James D., R.I. Brown madder,
purple madder, ruby madder, scarlet madder, pale
cadmium, deep cadmium, orange cadmium, cerulean
blue, cobalt blue, French ultramarine, oxide of chro-
mium (viridian), scarlet vermiHon, burnt sienna,
Venetian red (Hght red), raw sienna (Hght), Roman
ochre, transparent golden ochre, yellow ochre (Oxford
ochre), yellow ochre (light), Prussian blue, old terra
verte, burnt umber, blue black, ivory black, raw
umber, transparent brown (dark).
Bayliss, Sir Wyke, P.R.B.A.— Yellow ochre,
lemon yellow, aureoline, raw sienna, light red, madder
carmine, Chinese vermihon, cobalt blue, ultramarine,
ash, Vandyke brown, sepia, burnt sienna, emerald
green, ivory black, brown madder.
The following water colour palettes are taken
from " The Chemistry of Paints and Painting," by
Prof. A. H. Church (Seeley).
Sir John Gilbert, R.A. (15 pigments) .—Chinese
white, yellow ochre, raw sienna, vermihon, hght red,
Venetian red, Indian lake, cobalt, ultramarine (arti-
ficial), Prussian blue, Antwerp blue, burnt
indigo,
sienna, Vandyke brown, and ivory black.
Alfred W. Hunt (17 pigments). Lemon yellow, —
gamboge, yellow ochre, raw sienna, vermilion, Hght
red, Indian red, madder lake, terra verte, cobalt,
ultramarine, ultramarine ash, smalt, madder brown,
raw umber, burnt sienna, burnt umber.
A palette that
is useful for flower painting for
those not well versed in mixing coloi is as follows :
Raw burnt sienna. Chines^ white, yellow

sienna,
ochre, gamboge, Indian yellow, lemon yellow, Prussian
blue, French blue, cobalt, Naples yellow, emerald
green, purple lake, crimson lake, pink madder, brown
madder, brown pink, sepia, Vandyxe brown, scarlet
lake, scarlet vermilion, carmine, rlive green.
be readily understood that from these
It will
palettes nearly any colour or hue may be obtained
so that the artist has at hand means for obtaining
any effects desired. Occasionally it may be found
desirable to buy a small tube of some special colour
for a special purpose or to obtain a special effect.
Although we have given below a few mixtures by

which some colours can be imitated it is more impor-
tant to the beginner in water colour painting to know
the general effects of admixture and the purposes
for which they may be employed. Mr. Frederick
Oughton has copyrighted a colour chart for water
9«we
Plate ix.
Plate showing how 40 Tints may be

produced by the intermixture of Blue (A),
Yellow (B), Red (31), with White.
The Ruie for obtaining these 40 Tints
will be found within.
These Tints have been stippled, the ppimaples wil be

seen on the back of this sheet, brushed plain.
Plate X.
Twenty-seven useful Tints and Shades in
Distemper Painting.
;i
Clear White.
White.
Blue White. Cream
25 26 A
i
L 20 :
B
1
27 24 H
28 29 C
i
21
!
22 G
30 23 F
1
4 31 7
1
1
5 6 34
NOTE.— The abov e specimen s

J are brushed out . On
the other side of th is sheet ar e sho\vn specime ns of
stip pled work.
colour painting which the author recommends strongly

to beginners for close study. It is pubUshed at^2s. 6d.
by Messrs. Winsor and Newton, and consists of a sheet

of cartridge paper divided into twenty- one numbered
spaces. Upon each is given a wash of two or more
colours, pure at the top and blended together imme-
diately below, being hghtened off by the addition of
water as the colour reaches the bottom. The follow-
ing colours are used (i) Indigo, Vandyke brown, and
:
ahzarin crimson (2) French blue and brown

;
madder ;
(3) Cobalt, sepia, and

alizarin crimson (4) Cobalt and ;
light red ; (5) Cobalt rose

madder and yellow ochre ;
(7) Cobalt,
rose madder
(6) Cobalt and raw sienna ;
and aureoHn (8) Cobalt and yellow ochre

;
(9) Sepia ;
and gamboge (10) Indigo and yellow ochre

;
(11) ;
Indigo and gamboge (12) Indigo and sepia

;
(13) ;
Prussian blue (14) Prussian blue, burnt sienna

;
and
gamboge (15) Prussian blue and aurora yellow (16)
;
;
Prussian blue and aureohne (17) French blue and

;
ahzarin crimson (18) Cobalt and rose madder

;
(19) ;
Rose madder and yellow ochre (20) Vermilion and ;
gamboge (21) VermiUon and yellow ochre.

;
The chart indicates at a glance the different

colours which are obtained by mixing the various
pigments mentioned above after each number. The
student might very well prepare for himself a number
of such charts based either upon his individual fancies
as to a palette, or by taking one or even several of
those given above. It would be excellent practice
to make a chart on every one of these palettes and

to keep all the charts for constant study and inspec-
" How to
tion as recommended under the head of
Learn to Mix Colours."
How TO Imitate Water Colours.
win be noted in the following list that white,

It
which is so important an element in mixing oil colours,
is almost whollv omitted. The reasons for this are
I
that the addition of water to water colours
first,
produces a thin wash or a tint in the same

manner as pigmentary white in oil colour next, that ;
if white pigment is any quantity to a water

added in
colour a chalkiness results and the tone of the colour
is destroyed, and third that the paper or ground in
water colour painting being usually white this forms

an element which must always be considered. More-
over, crude white is very rarely employed in water
colour painting excepting, perhaps, for small high
lights and cloud effects.
The following brief Ust gives the mixtures by
which some of the colours named may be imitated.
Alizarin Green. — Prussian blue and gamboge or
aurora yellow.
—
Blue Black. Indigo and sepia.
Burnt Sienna. A close — imitation may be
obtained by mixing madder carmine and cappagh
or Caledonian brown.
—
Cadmium. Chrome yellow with a very slight
addition of burnt sienna.
—
Cadmium Orange. Add a httle vermiUon to
medium cadmium yellow.
—
Cologne Earth. Prussian blue and sienna.
—
Grays. A large series of grays suitable for
skies may be produced by mixing either of the follow-
ing colours with or without black as may be required :
Lake and cobalt lake and indigo

;
light red and
;
cobalt Indian red and cobalt

;
indigo, lake and
;
burnt sienna ;
indigo, lake and gamboge.
Hooker's Green. — Prussian blue and gamboge
or aureolin.
—
Indigo. ^Dark ultramarine with black and add
a very Httle veridian, or mix Prussian blue, crimson
lake and black.
—
Indian Red. Tone vermilion with a very Httle
yeUow ochre and add madder carmine and ivory
black until a match is made.
Light Red.— Mix together yellow ochre, vermilion

and cappagh or Caledonian brown.
—
Madder Brown. Vandyke brown and crimson.
Prussian Blue.— Add black and a very little
veridian to ultramarine.
Neutral Orange. — Cadmium and Venetian red.
Raw —
Sienna. Mix aureolin, yellow ochre, with
cappagh or Caledonian brown.
—
Rose Madder. Crimson lake with a Httle Van-
dyke brown.
Sepia. —Vandyke brown and black.
Vandyke Brown. —Tint cappagh or Caledonian
brown with madder carmine and sadden with a very
little black.
Venetian Red.— Mix together yellow ochre,
vermilion and madder carmine and add a Httle cappagh
or Caledonian brown.
Suggestions for Painters in Water Colour.

Although the above Ust may be useful under
some circumstances the beginner in water colour
painting will be more interested in learning the mixtures
which may be successfully employed in various parts
of a picture and to such the fohowing hints will be
useful for study. It must always be remembered
that thin washes are, as a rule, intended.

Autumnal Tints (See also skies).— (a) Indian
yellow {b) French blue and brown pink
;
(c) Cobalt,;
Naples yellow, and rose madder {d) Gamboge and

;
rose madder.
Banks, Earthy.— (a) Light red, yellow ochre,
(&) Gamboge and burnt
and Payne's grey ;
sienna ;
(c) Yellow ochre and Vandyke

brown.
Bracken.— Yellow tints, yellow ochre, French
blue and Indian yellow. Green tints French blue
:
and yellow ochre. Red tints cadmium, Venetian

:
red and burnt sienna.
msm^
138 PAINT AND COLOUR MIXING. '».
Branches of Trees. [a) Vandyke brown —

(5) ;
Brown madder with or without a httle French blue ;
(c) French blue and brown madder {d) Rose madder ;
and blue black [e) Sepia and brown madder.

;
—
Backgrounds. It is almost useless to give
mixtures for backgrounds, because to put it crudely
anything will do for the purpose provided that it
harmonises the picture itself or either throws in relief
may require. The follow-
or acts as a foil as the case
ing are some useful backgrounds other than plain
greys and grays which are so often employed.
[a) Cobalt blue, Chinese white and emerald green {h) ;
Cobalt and brown madder (c) Cobalt and scarlet ;
vermilion with a little emerald green.

Clouds and Distances. Mix thin washes, either—
of the following in varying proportions according to
circumstances [a] Cobalt, yellow ochre,
: and rose
madder (6) The
;
same, omitting the cobalt (c) ;•
Brown madder and cobalt [d) French blue, burnt

;
sienna, and crimson lake {e) Indigo and blue black

; ;
(/) Cobalt and light red [g) French blue and blue
;
black {h) cobalt, hght red and rose madder

;
{i) ;
Yellow ochre or Indian red with a little rose madder.

—
Clouds (Stormy). {a) Blue black and hght red ;
(&) French blue and blue black (c) French blue, ;
light red, and blue black.

—
Flowers and Fruit. It is obviously impossible
within the limits of the present work to give anything
like a complete list of the different colours used in
painting fruit and flowers indeed, their number is
;
infinite. A few of the most important, however, may

be given, [a) Vermilion and gamboge (marigold) (6) ;
Vermilion and yellow^ ochre (c) French blue and ;
crimson [d) Rose madder and cobalt {e) Rose madder

; ;
and yellow ochre; (/) scarlet lake and cobalt (Christmas

rose) ; (g) Madder and white or pink madder by
itself (pink rose) (A) Scarlet lake and carmine (red
;
rose) ; (/) Crimson lake and purple lake (dark parts

of, cyclamen) (/) Crimson lake mixed with either

;
purple lake, madder brown, Indian yehow or gamboge

(carnation).
Foliage, Grass and Herbage. Clearly a wide —
range of greens, reds, and yellows may be employed
for these purposes. The following are some suggestions.
{a) Veridian and French blue (&) Gamboge and ;
sepia (c) French

;
blue and emerald green {d) ;
Emerald green and gamboge [e] Indigo and gamboge ;

;
(/) Indian yellow and burnt umber (g) Indian ;
yellow and French blue [h) French blue, Indian;
yellow and burnt sienna [i) Yellow ochre and French

;
blue (/)
;
French blue, rose madder and yeUow ochre ;
{k) Indigo, Ught red and yellow ochre (/) Gamboge, ;
burnt sienna, and French blue (w) Burnt sienna, ;
Indian yellow and French blue [n] Yellow ochre, ;
gamboge, French blue, and burnt sienna.

Foliage and Herbage (Distant). {a) French —
blue and brown pink [b) YeUow ochre ;
(c) Brown ;
pink mixed with French blue and either burnt sienna

or Vandyke brown {d) Naples yellow and cobalt
;
;
(/) Naples
{e) Cobalt and lemon yellow yellow, ;
yellow ochre, and cobalt.

—
Foregrounds. {a) Brown pink, either by itself
or mixed with burnt sienna, Vandyke brown or gam-
boge'; (b) gamboge and yellow ochre (c) Yellow ;
ochre and cobalt, with or without a httle Hght red.

Grass. —
{a) French blue and gamboge (b) In- ;
digo and gamboge (c) French blue mixed with

;
gamboge and yellow ochre or Indian yellow {d) ;
French blue and yellow ochre.

Grays, Warm and Cold. — For clouds, and hills
distant effects. To get these mix either of the follow-

ing, depending upon the circumstances — Mix cobalt
:
with Light red

either {a)
(6) Raw sienna (c) ; ;
Sepia and crimson {d) Rose madder and aureolin, or

;
{e) Rose madder and yellow ochre. Mix indigo with

crimson and Vandyke brown or mix French blue with
brown madder.
Ivy. —
[a] Indigo and burnt sienna {b) Yellow ;
ochre, brown madder and French blue (c) Brown ;
madder, French blue, and a Uttle cobalt.
Leaves and Stems of Flowers. Here again a —

very large variety of greens might be given, but the
following hst will be found to suit most requirements :
{a) Naples yellow or gamboge mixed with a httle

emerald green {b) Cobalt or French blue mixed with
;
carmine and Naples yellow (c) Prussian blue and ;
gamboge {d) French blue,

;
gamboge, and yellow
ochre ;
{e) French blue, raw sienna, and gamboge ;
(/) French blue, scarlet lake, and a Httle Naples yellow.

Note This gives a deUcate bluish mauve suitable
:
for the of the leaves of the cyclamen

under part ;
[g) Indian yellow, gamboge

and Prussian blue {h) ;
Olive green used alone or mixed with a little raw

sienna, white or Prussian blue [i] Prussian blue, ;
sepia and raw sienna (/) Cobalt gamboge and yellow

;
ochre. This list might be added to almost indefinitely,

but inasmuch as several greens are usually to be
found in the palettes of most painters further examples
are not necessary.
—
Mountains. [a) Yellow ochre, cobalt and rose
madder {b) Either two of the three last mentioned
;
;
(c) Cobalt, rose madder, and raw umber (d) Light ;
red, rose madder, and cobalt.

—
Rivers. The colours used will depend, of course,
upon the state of the river. If it is calm raw sienna
with a httle Vandyke brown and cobalt will answer.
If dark, Indian yellow, sepia, and lake may be used,
or Vandyke brown, Indian yellow and lake.
—
Roads. {a) Rose madder, burnt umber, and
indigo {b) Light red and blue black
;
(c) Yellow- ;
ochre {d) Yellow ochre, light red, and either Payne's

;
grey, or a httle cobalt {e) Yellow ochre and Van-

;
dyke brown- ,,
Sea. —
[a] Cobalt mixed with either light red,
burnt sienna or lake, and yellow ochre (&) Indigo, ;
yellow ochre, and rose madder (c) Raw sienna mixed ;
with blue black or cobalt.

Shadows. —The colour of shadows will, of course,
always depend upon the colour of the object upon

which they are thrown. The following mixtures are
among the most useful
Brown pink, French blue and lake
{a) ; (6) Lake
and Indigo (c) Blue black, lake and burnt
;
umber ;
{d) Cobalt rose madder and yellow ochre.
Shadows, Especially over Flesh Colour. —

Mix cobalt and raw sienna.
Shadows (Foreground) When a purple shadow . —
is required use either (a) Cobalt mixed with rose
madder [b) French blue and crimson.
;
Shadows (General). Vary either of the follow- —

ing : French blue, burnt sienna, crimson lake
{a) ;
[b)
•
Cobalt, raw and burnt sienna.
Shadows (Warm and Cold). — {a) Sepia, indigo,
and crimson lake {b) Indigo and
;
light red; (c)
Crimson lake and blue black {d) Light red and blue;
black (e) Indigo and Indian red.

;
Ships (Hull). —
{a) Burnt sienna; {b) Lake and
Vandyke brown (c) Burnt sienna, brown

;
madder
and blue black. Sails {a) Raw sienna (&) Yellow
: ;
ochre, and umber (c) Roman ochre

;
{d) Brown ;
madder and light red.

Skies. —
Skies may vary from differently toned
grays to pure cobalt Under the head of grays on
:
page 83 will be found a number of different mixtures

most of which are suitable for sky work. The follow-
ing are additional mixtures :
Cobalt and rose madder

{a) {b) Indigo and ;
Indian red (c) Cobalt and a Httle Chinese

;
white
or (d) Cobalt by itself.
—
Stone Walls. {a) Rose madder and blue black ;
(b) Yellow ochre and Vandyke brown (c) Blue black ;

(d) Indigo and sepia (/) Yellow ochre and blue
;
black (g) Yellow ochre, hght red and blue black.

;
Sunset and Sunrise. — The same as Autumnal

Tints, which see.
Trees Distance and Middle Distance.
:
—
Use either of the following {a) Indigo and gamboge
:
;
{b) Sepia and gamboge (c) Cobalt and yellow ochre

; ;
{d) Indigo and yellow ochre {e) Indigo and sepia

; ;
(/) Cobalt, lake and yellow ochre (g) Brown pink, ;
indigo, and burnt sienna {h) Gamboge, Hght red,

;
and indigo.
Trees (in the Foreground). Either of the —
following mixtures will serve (a) Prussian blue, :
gamboge, and burnt sienna (&) Prussian blue and

;
aureolin (c) Prussian blue and aurora

;
yellow and
Prussian blue and burnt sienna (d) Gamboge, yellow ;
ochre, and indigo {e) Gamboge, burnt sienna, and

;
indigo (/) Naples

;
yellow, Indian yellow, French
blue, and a little burnt sienna.
v«-
TESTING COLOURS. H3
CHAPTER XVII.
Testing Colours.
Although to accurately test the quality of a colour

requires somewhat elaborate experiments, both
chemical and practical, yet there is no reason why the
painter should not determine with a sufficient degree of
accuracy for his purpose the quality of the colour he
uses. Indeed, was done more generally, many
if this
of the grossly indifferent colourswould be driven from
the market, and none would rej oice more at such a result
than the colour manufacturers themselves. The writer
has no connection with, or interest in, these manufac-
turers, but it is only fair to assert that they are as
desirous that the trade should use pure colours as the
painters can possibly be. Even the largest houses
produce cheap grades of colours, and this they do almost
under a protest and simply because they are compelled
by painters demanding colours for certain low prices,
far below that at which it would be possible to produce
the pure article. As a rule such adulterated colours
do not bear the name of the maker. Our advice to
painters is Make a careful com.parison between pure
:
colours and those you are using. At the same time,

compare the and then see which is cheaper to
prices
use. If even they come out at the same price, remem-
ber that by using a pure colour you will have all the
benefit of that purity of tone so necessary for the
execution of good work.
The thing to be done in testing 'any paint
first
material have a standard. There must be no
is to
doubt about this. Unless we have in each case some-
thing with which to compare the particular sample
of colour that is being examined, we shall have ho
useful information concerning it. Take, therefore,
good decorators' colours of well known make. If
necessary purchase small tubes of the best colours,
such as are put up for artists' use. This will be rather
a severe trial, but still it will afford a standard.
Having such samples and going through the tests we are
about to describe, the painter can, after some amount
of trouble, arrive at results which are almost as accurate
as those which could be deduced by a chemist. An
expert on this question some years ago summarised
the characteristics of colours which should be con-
sidered in making the examination, under the following
heads :
1. Purity of the material.

2. Purity of the tone brilliancy
; richness, ;
which indicate the amount of care in selection.

3. Fineness of grinding or preparation this ;
means the degree of the division of the particles and

upon the completeness of such division the durability
will in a great measure depend.
4. Its spreading capacity.
5. Its body. This applies, of course, only to
opaque or semi-opaque colours. Body is opacity,
and means capacity to conceal the surface to which
the paint is applied, and must not be confused with
spreading. It is an inherent quality.
6. Its staining power or tinting strength with
white or colours.
7. The quality of purity of the tint obtained by
mixing with white.
8. If a paste colour, the consistenc}^ of the paste.
9. Transparency of transparent colours and the
quality of the transparency.
TESTING COLOURS. 145
10. The permanency of the colour.

It willbe observed that all of these tests will not
necessarily be applied to every colour. For instance,
a transparent colour would be tested for its trans-
parency, but certainly not for its body. The one
condition is the converse of the other.
We will now consider the above-named quaUties
separately.
—
Purity of the Material. This is sometimes of
considerable importance, as in the case of white lead,
—
whilst in others for example the earth colours it can—
hardly be said that there is a standard of purity. As
a rule a knowledge of practical chemistry is necessary
in order to determine whether a sample of paint or
colour is pure or not.
The purity of white lead, however, can readily be
ascertained by the painter who possesses no chemical
knowledge, viz., by aid of the blow-pipe. Take a piece
of flat charcoal and scoop out a hollow space from it into
which place a small piece of white lead to be tested,
about the size of a pea. Now direct the flamic of a blow-
pipe upon it, using an ordinary paraffin candle or a
Bunsen burner, taking care that the blue portion of
the flame bears upon the lead. Keep up a steady
blow for a few minutes and the white lead will be
converted into metalHc lead, which will show in the
form of a bright silver-hke button. If the lead is
adulterated the blowing will only have the result of
making it appear like a cinder. To conduct this
experiment successfully requires a httle practice with
the blow-pipe in order to obtain a steady flame.
Another method of testing is to place a little white
lead in a crucible and place this on a hot fire, when, if
genuine, it will be converted into metallic lead.

A form of blow-pipe that may be purchased at
most ironmongers' shops consists of a wooden handle
and a container filled with cotton soaked in benzine.
To this is attached a rubber tube with a mouthpiece.
This blow-pipe is very easily used, and may be success-
fully employed in testing the purity of white lead in
the manner indicated.
Purity of Tone. —
Some rcmarlvs on this subject
will be given under the heads of the various groups of
colours. Speaking generally, the richness of brilliancy
.
of tone is easily discernible by placing the sample to

be tested side by side with another of well known
excellence. In siennas, ochres and umbers the selection
of crude material by v/hich the richness of tone is
assured is of great importance.
—
Fineness of Grinding. The method of testing
the fineness of a pigment usually employed by the
painter is to rub a little on the finger nail but this ;
is a crude and unreliable method. If the pigment is

dry and it is desired to compare it for fineness with a
similar pigment or white lead, the following is as good
a plan as any :
Take two tali vertical glass jars, place in them

an equal amount of turpentine, and then take a small
quantity of the white lead to be tested. Place it in
one jar, and an equal quantity of the pigment with
which it is to be compared, in the other thoroughly
;
stir up both and then note the time it takes the samples
to settle. If graduated marks are made on the two
jars the observations will be taken more readily.
Another test is to weigh out equal quantities of

the two leads, and then to take a very small quantity
of the same colour, say black, and add to each sample,
thoroughly mixing. The lead that is the lightest in
colour will be the finest. The explanation of this
is somewhat interesting. Suppose that we have a
number of cubes of white lead each measuring one
inch side. This will give us six superficial inches to be
coloured. Now suppose that we break up these inch
cubes into half inch cubes, which will give eight half
inch cubes to each inch cube. Now as each half inch
cube has six faces measuring half an inch by half an
TESTING COLOURS, 147
inch, has a superficial surface of three square inches

it ;
and as there are eight of the half inch cubes, there are
twenty-four superficial inches to be coloured against
six in the inch cubes. It will be seen, therefore, that by
increasing the fineness of a pigment a greater surface
is presented to be coloured, and hence more colour is
required.
Another test for fineness is to paint different
samples thinned in turpentine on plate glass when ;
dry the two specimens may be compared, and the

difference of fineness between them will soon be
apparent.
Still another and one frequently used by
test,
painters, is ground in
to place a quantity of the colour
oil that is to be tested upon a level surface such as a
piece of glass, and to run the blade of a spatula or

palette knife over it, and then over another sample
with which it is to be compared, noticing carefully
the difference in appearance of the two samples. By
these means the presence of grit is discovered. ;,
Spreading Capacity or Covering Power. The —

spreading capacity of pigments and their " body " are
very nearly related, although of two equal in body one
may possess greater covering power or spreading
capacity than the other. A practical method of
testing covering pov/er is to mix a small quantity of a
standard paint and an exactly similar quantity of the
pigment to be tested, taking care to use precisely the
same amount of oil and thinners in each case. Then,
taking a clean brush for each of the paints, paint a
door, or other surface that has been primed, on two
panels side by side, continuing to paint till all the
pigment has been in each case used up. The one
that goes farthest has the greater covering power.
In comparing the two it will be well to notice

whether the body is equal to both cases, as one may go
farther but not cover so well.
I
14a PAINT AND COLOUR MIXING.
—
Body. The word " body," as applied to pigments,
is almost synonymous with opaqueness. It is the
most important property of a pigment, and it is
because white lead possesses the quahty in an eminent
degree that it is so much valued.
Body is sometimes called " covering power," but
this term is a Uttle misleading, as some may suppose
it to relate to the spreading capacity of the pigment.
If two different white leads ground in oil to an

equal consistency be appHed to different panels of
a door, primed in the same manner, the one of the two
leads that possesses the better body will be shown
by it hiding the grain of the wood better. Some
white leads, especially those that are manufactured
by the new processes, lack this important quaUty of
body, and three coats will only cover the work as well
as about two of old process whitelead.
There are numbers of methods of practically
testing the " body " of pigments, among the simplest
being the following.
Prime and paint a board with alternate black and
white squares, Uke a chess- or draught-board. Take a
sample of a pigment, similar to that to be tested, of
which the body is known to be good, and paint a wide
strip across the chess-board ; then paint a smaller
strip of thepigment to be tested. When both strips
are dry, by comparing them one can tell almost at a
glance which has the better body, the superior pigment
covering or hiding the black squares better than the
other. A second coat may afterward be appHed to
each over a portion of the strip, if desired.
It may be again mentioned that in all cases of
practically testing paints the results are obtained by
comparisons being made, and hence it is necessary in
every case to have a standard with which to compare
the sample to be tested as has already been explained.
The test of painting over squares of black and white
may be varied by using stripes instead. The test
answers equally well for white lead, zinc, lithopone or

any pigment of which the quality of body is of impor-
tance. In some colours it is of little moment.
Tinting or Staining Strength. —We have
already explained at length how greatly the tinting
strength of different colours or stains varies. Any
painter can test the tinting strength of any colour
himself in a very simple manner. All that is necessary
isto have a pair of apothecaries' scales, some blotting
paper, a palette knife, some pieces of glass or a flat
piece of marble and some pieces of waxed paper. First
weigh out say eighty grains of dry white lead or dry
zinc. Any other white will answer equally well.
Place these eighty grains on one side of the glass and
the second eighty grains on the other. Now take the
dry colour and weigh one grain and add that to one
of the little piles of white, then weigh a grain of the
standard colour and add that to the other pile. Next
add to each pile a few drops of oil, taking care that
the number of drops is the same in each case. With the
pabtte knife thoroughly mix until no streaks can be
seen and the mixture is perfectly uniform. Then by
comparing the two the difference in tinting strength
will at once be apparent. The same result would have
been produced had ordinary white lead ground in
oil been used instead of dry lead or zinc. If the colour
is ground in oil a little difference in the method must be
observed, the reason being that one colour might be

ground much thinner than the other, in other words
might contain much more oil than the other, and
hence if equal weights of each were compared the result
would be misleading. Take then each colour in oil
that is the standard and the colour with which it is
to be compared — place on a small quantity of blotting
paper and allow it to remain a few minutes so that the
oil may be extracted. If it is thought necessary the
sample can be washed with benzine, but for painters*
purposes the extraction of the oil by means of blotting
paper is sufficient for the purpose. The two samples
having remained on the blotting paper for a short time
one grain of each is weighed out separately on little
pieces of wax paper, this being used so that the colour
shall not stick to the scale. Then each grain is mixed
separately with the white and the result compared as
before. It is not too much to say that every painter
should be prepared to make this test, because it informs
him not only as to the tinting strength of the colour,
but also gives valuable information as to the tone, etc.
Of course the quantities may be varied if necessary,
and a larger amount used instead of the single grains.
It need hardly be pointed out that scrupulous cleanli-
ness necessary for successfully carrying out this
is
test. The
palette knife must be wiped between each
operation and every care taken to do justice to both
samples.
If the reader will turn to Plate I. in this work
he will see a number of colours given in their full
strength, and also when reduced with certain parts
of white, as marked upon the sheets. The colours
used in the preparation of this sheet were of excellent
quality, and it will prove interesting no doubt to the
student to mix the colour he has been in the habit of
using in the same proportion with white, and to note
whether the results come out above or below those
shown by our samples.
The Permanence of Colours. — It must be
admitted that very disappointing to a painter to
it is
find, after taking pains to produce the exact colour

required, that it " flies" or fades after a little exposure
to the weather. The tests for thepermanence of a colour
when exposed to light are simple enough, and are to
mix a little of the colours to be tested in oil and to
spread them on different slips of paper, cut the paper
in half, number each half with corresponding figures or
letters, expose one half to a strong light for as long as
may be deemed desirable and put the other half away
SPECIMENS OF TYPICAL WATER COLOURS.
oo
V
oooo
Gamboge. Cadmium Ex. Pale. Cadmium Pale. Cadmium IVIid. Cadmium Deep.
Y Yellow Oclire. Raw Sienna. Burnt Sienna. Burnt Umber". Raw Umber.
Sap Green. Olive Green. Terre Vepte. Sepia. Vandyke Brown,
003
Viridian. Emerald Green. Antwerp Blue. Prussian Blue. Indigo.
I Purple Lake. Cobalt Blue. New Blue. French Blue. Permanent Blue.
Caroline. Alizarin Crimson. Pink Madder.

o
Rose Madder. Brown Madder.
C Crimson Lake. Scarlet Lake. Vermilion Pale. Vermilion Mid.

o
Vermilion Deep.
Neutral Tint. Venetian Red.

9 Light Red. Indian Red. Ivory Black.
M
into a safe place where the light does not penetrate.

Waxed paper is the best, as it will not absorb the
thinners or, better still, glass may be used, this being
cut across with a diamond after the paint has been
apphed. It need hardly be said that the permanence of
water colours is entirely different from that of oil
colours. Some very useful experiments were made
several years ago by Captain Abney on the permanence
of water colours, and these were pubhshed in the form
of a blue book. In the lists of colours which are
given in the preceding chapters, the quality of
permanence or non-permanence under various con-

ditions is given in each case.
COLOURS FAST TO LIGHT.

colours fly or fade very quickly, while others
Some
are perfectly permanent. In the Hsts of mixtures
under the head of " Reds," " Blues," etc., in this
book, will be found a Hst of all the colours on the
market and a note is made in each case whether the
colour is permanent when exposed to light or not.
The method of ascertaining whether a pigment is
fast to Hght is recommended by George H. Hurst in
his admirable book, " Painters' Colours, Oil and
Varnishes," and is as follows.
Probably the simplest method (which is a very
good one) of testing the durability of colours, is to pro-
vide a sheet of unglazed cardboard ;
that known as
Bristol board will do very well. It must have so slight
an absorbent property that if any coat of paint is placed
on the surface it will remain there, and not soak into
the substance of the cardboard. This sheet of board
is ruled into squares or rectangles measuring about
3 in. by 3 in., or 2 in. by 2 in.

A the colour to be tested is ground up
little of
with a little gum water into a .smooth paste, and a

portion of one of the ruled spaces on the cardboard
painted with it. It is advisable to rule and prepare two
sheets at the same time. The name of the colour can
be written either underneath the patch of colour in the
square, or in a corresponding position on the back of
the card. It is also advisable to grind a little of the
pigment with oil, so that the relative durability as a
water colour and as an oil colour can be tested.
One
of the prepared cards is hung in a place where
it isexposed to as much sunlight and air as possible,
while the other card is placed in a drawer away from
any such influence. After a week or two of exposure
the cards can be compared to see if any changes have
occurred they can then be replaced in their respective
;
positions, and from time to time compared together.

Any change which may have been brought about by the
action of sunlight and air on the exposed card will be
observable some colours will be changed in a few
;
weeks' exposure, other colours require months of

exposure to produce any effect.
By placing a card painted in the manner described,
with different pigments in a closed cupboard, in which
is placed a vessel containing some ferrous sulphide and
diluted sulphuric acid, the action of sulphuretted

hydrogen on the colours can be tested if any are
;
affected by this test it is certain that they will be

similarly affected when exposed to the action of impure
air.
We may now take each colour separately, following

the order taken by the C. Wilson, who
late Mr. W.
arranged the above quoted table in conjunction with
the author.
—
Chrome Green. This colour is often made by
the addition of a base such as barytes, but the pre-
sence of this material is not necessary. A number of
different shades of chrome green are sold, usually
designated pale, mid (middle or medium) and deep.
The tinting strength should be tested by mixing one
part of green to, say, a hundred parts of white lead or
zinc, as explained elsewhere, or twenty-five parts of
lead may be used to one part of green. If it is desired

to find out the relative strength for tinting purposes
of the green, it can be done very simply in the follow-
ing manner, but the painter must have a pair of
apothecaries' scales, in order to weigh the different
quantities. Take first the same quantity of the green
which is being tested as that of the standard. If the
colour is not so deep add more green each time, and
more and more until the two samples are exactly the
same tint. By comparing the weights the experimenter
will have accurately the relative value of the two greens
for colouring purposes. The test for body of the green
is performed in almost exactly the same way as that
already described for white lead. Prime a board

thoroughly so that there may be no absorption, paint
across the centre of it a stripe of white and by its side
a stripe of black. When this is thoroughly dry take the
two greens ;that is, the standard and the one being
tested. Then mix both with exactly the same amount
of oil and turpentine. Take a clean brush for each
and paint over the black and white stripes. The
one which has the greatest body will, of course, hide the
stripes better than the other one. The experiment is
simple, and is very useful as a body tint.
—
Bronze Green. This colour is usually mixed by
the painter and not bought ready made, although all
manufacturers make bronze greens. Quaker green
is practically the same thing. The mixture usually
employed is ochre, lamp black and a httle yellow.
The chrome should be either yellow or orange, but
not lemon. Bronze greens may be made
in a large
variety by varying the quantities of the colours mixed
and by introducing sienna, umber or Indian red in
small quantities as may be required. The colour is
very rich, and many cheap bronze greens consist of
a considerable quantity of adulteration.
Emerald Green. — This is a very brihiant green
almost identical with spectrum green. It is
sometimes used where brightness is required. When
ground in oil the test for purity is to dissolve it
with benzine and when the dry powder is obtained to
treat it with strong ammonia. It will thus entirely
dissolve if pure, giving a deep blue colour.
Venetian, Indian and Tuscan Reds, Etc. —
These colours may be classed as the iron colours,
consisting largely of oxide of iron. It should be
remembered that ochres and umbers also receive their
colouring from iron. iVnalysis gives but little informa-
tion concerning the value of this group of colours.
They form economical paints, especially as they spread
well. The proportion of oxide of iron contained is
often considered to be an indication of quality, but
where paint is to be used
this refers particularly to cases
on iron. The tests of value to the painter are body
and fineness of grinding, which may be tested in the
usual way. Oxide paints are usually sold as such in
three shades. A Venetian red is lighter than an Indian
red, which, in comparison, should have a purplish tint.
It must be remembered in this class of colours that a
comparison of the same shades must be made if any
useful result is to be obtained.
Tuscan Red is a mixture of Indian red with some
sort of lake colour in order to secure brilliancy. This
brilliancy forms an important feature of the test.
Body should also be ascertained, and fineness of grinding
is also important. A Tuscan red, which is coarse,
may lose its richness when ground fine.
Indian Red. — This is shown by analysis to
consist almost wholly of oxide of iron. The paler
Indian red is, the greater is its tinting strength, and
the rosier is the tint obtained from it by mixing it

with white. Indian red should be always tested for
fineness and tint.
Vermilion and Vermilionettes. — Many of the
imitation vermilions consist of orange red, that is, a
superior red lead coloured with eosine, which is the
name of one of the coal tar colours. Speaking gener-

ally,the scarlet colours are more permanent than those
having a crimson tinge. It is important to know that
the tinting strength for many vermihonettes is no
indication of their quaUty, or rather, perhaps it should
be said that within reasonable limits the better stainers
they are, the worse colours they will prove to be. This
is because barytes or some other mineral may be
substituted for the orange red and then the eosine will
go farther in staining.
—
Red Lead. Every painter knows that the great
objection to the use of red lead is that it will harden
quickly. We recommend that on large jobs arrange-
ments should be made with a manufacturer to supply a
sufhcient quantity for two or three days. It should
be well ground to a thin paste in the proportion of,
say, about one pound of oil to five pounds of red lead.
The usual manner of painting iron, etc.,' in red lead is
to first give a priming coat of pure lead and then a
second coat of any colour desired. An excellent
second coat is formed of equal parts by weight of red
lead and good iron oxide. Any finishing coat may be
applied.
Chromes.
There are many shades of chrome yellows sold,
the most usual being lemon, medium and orange
chromes, sometimes called i, 2, and 3. The other
shades are sold under various names, depending upon
the manufacturer. It is advisable that the painter
should always have on hand the fighter shades, as
although it might appear at first sight that on mixing
the deeper shades with white he would get the same
result, as a matter of fact there is a considerable
difference. As noted elsewhere, chromes must not
be mixed with ultramarine. The pale chromes change
colour quicker than the darker shades. Pale chrome
should never be used on fresh plaster, although orange
chromes may. In the deeper shades of chrome orange
II

red is sometimes used as an admixture or adulterant,
but this is not a good stainer. The test for a chrome

is tinting strength, taking care to make a comparison
with the same grade of colours, that is, light, medium

or orange chrome. Fineness is another important test.
Placing a small quantity on glass and passing a palette
knife over it and pressing firmly will detect grit if
present. In the lighter chromes it is well to look for
nil I
the greyness of tone which is objectionable. Chromes
mix well with white lead and are strong in body.
—
Ochres. Analysis is of no value in determining
the value of an ochre. Sometimes chrome yellow is
used to tone it up. The colour is an important feature,
as is also the fineness.
Blacks.
There are a number of blacks on the market, drop
black, ivory black, blue black, vegetable black, carbon
black, etc. The subject of their tests is a somewhat
intricate one, but its tinting strength can be readily
ascertained by mixing with white lead or zinc in the
manner already described. They are frequently adul-
terated with barytes.
Blues,
Prussian blue must be very finely ground or it is
likely to settle out. A pure Prussian blue has a rich
bronze appearance when looked at from certain points
of view. The tint made by mixing with white should
be clear and free from any leaden or gray appearance.
Some Prussian blues have a certain red or purpHsh cast
which cannot be removed. These should be avoided,
as if a purple is required it is a simple matter to add a
little red to the blue to produce the desired colours.
One part in a hundred of good Prussian blue gives a
distinct sky blue.
Ultramarine.— As explained elsewhere, this

colour cannot be mixed with white lead. Where it
is necessary to make a tint, zinc white should be

employed in preference.
Umbers and Siennas.

The colour should be arich brown rather than a
red cast. In siennas prepared for grainers' use, it is
important that they be transparent rather than
opaque. Richness and quality of tint should be
considered rather than the body.
Those who are interested in testing colours are
advised to purchase " Simple Methods for Testing
Painters' Materials," by A. C. Wright, M.A., B.Sc.
The price is 5s., and the publishers are Messrs. Scott,
Greenwood and Son, 19, Ludgate Hill, London, E.G.
It is a thoroughly reliable work which gives simple
tests for all the principal materials used by the painter.
CHAPTER XVII.
Notes on Colour Harmony,
Perhaps the most difficult subject with which the

decorator has to deal is that of colour harmony. In
other words, how to use different colours in decoration
in such a manner as to produce a perfectly harmonious
and pleasing result. The subj ect is a difficult and com-
prehensive one, and it would be impossible within the
limits of this book to do justice to it. A few general
hints, however, will no doubt be of service.
It should be first recognised that there are distinct
rules and laws regulating harmony in colour. Just
as some people have an ear quick to recognise the
slightest discord, so some are fortunate enough to
possess an inherent talent for recognising colour
harmony. It is to be feared that while the musical
ear, so to speak, is fairly common, the ability to har-
monise colours is much rarer. Speaking generally, ladies
have more natural talent in matters concerning colour
than men have. Possibly the reason is that they are
called upon more frequently to choose and determine
uponmattersrelating to colour in connection with their
dress. It is true that if one is inclined to be satirical
one might suggest that some ladies, judging by the
extraordinary combination of colours they wear, must
be colour blind.
It has been proved by statistics that one person
in ten is colour blind, but this does not mean wholly
devoid of the ability to distinguish one colour from
NOTES ON COLOUR HARMONY. 159
another, but simply that there are certain colours

which the person who is colour blind cannot dis-
tinguish from others.
In almost everyday work the painter is called
upon to mix colours that shall harmonise, as, for
instance, to paint the woodwork of a room in colours
that will harmonise with the wall-paper.
—
Matching the Wall-paper. The simplest plan,
and therefore the one which is usually followed, is to
take the prevailing colour of the wall and to use it,
usually much lightened, on the woodwork. Other
colours which occur in the paper may be introduced
as may be thought to be judicious. For example,
if the room is a bed-chamber and the paper has a
cream ground with a floral pattern printed in green
with a pink flower, the stiles and rails of the doors
might be painted a light green, the panels cream,
and the mouldings, or a portion of them, pink. The
same plan may be followed successfully with many
papers, but on the other hand much more pleasing and
artistic results may often be obtained by using a
distinct, but harmonising contrast. A single example
will suffice. The writer has before him a striped wall-
paper, printed in brilliant sealing-wax red, which
might cause wonderment in the eyes of a novice as
to how it could possibly be used successfully in an
ordinary room. The excessive brilliancy might at
first sight appear to be certain to produce an effect too
glaring to make a comfortable living-room. Yet such a
paper used in a room very soberly furnished say, with
old dark oak, ebony or black walnut, would look very
handsome, or in a more modern room the doors,
skirting, in fact thewhole of the woodwork, might be
finished in white enamel, and the effect would also be
very good.
—
Contrasting Harmonies. From this single
example it can readily be seen that contrasting colours
often give the very best results. A wall painted green
x6o PAINT AND COLOUR MIXING.
may look very monotonous, but if a frieze, having some
bright red used Uberally in it, is used in conjunction,
there will be a vast difference in the appearance of
the apartment.
The following suggestions for different colour
schemes are by Mr. William Fourniss.
SUGGESTIONS FOR COLOUR SCHEMES.

For a Red Wall.— Red may graduate from
m Indian red to what would practically be a warm gray.
Any colour going with a selected tone or tint needs to
be modified so as to harmonise with it. If a wall has a
paper coloured in light red and gold, and it is desirable
that the woodwork should be red too, it must differ
from the colour of the wall in tone and in intensity.
A Crimson Wall may have amber woodwork with
cream coloured mouldings, or they may be heliotrope
for contrast, or the woodwork may be white.
A Scarlet Wall may have light snuff brown, or
a sage green, for the woodwork, with yellow green
mouldings, or they may be white.
A Yellow Red Wall, in which scarlet has been
tempered with an excess of chrome, will bear a raw
umber tone of brown for the woodwork, with ivory
or white mouldings.
A —
Pink Toned Wall. With this the woodwork
may be a yellowish green, with or without straw
coloured mouldings, or two shades of citrine, with
pearl grey for contrast in the mouldings.
For a Dark Red, inclining to purple, the wood-
work may be a sage or myrtle green, with amber
mouldings.
—
A Poppy Red. Grey green, lavender and black
may be used for this.
All warm tones and shades of green or gray may
be used with red,, provided they get their hues by
contrast with the red. Any blue associated with red
must be slatey or purple in tone. If the colour of a
NOTES ON COLOUR HARMONY. i6i
wall-paper is heliotrope, inclined to red, the woodwork

may be cream. If the heliotrope inclines to yellow,
straw colour should be adopted.
Blue.
A Blue Wall of a Purple ToNE.^With this
yellowish orange, amber, salmon pink or terra cotta will
harmonise according to the " value " of the wall colour.
A Peacock Tone of Blue Wall. This calls for —
orange red, deep amber, warm brown, cool brown, or
both.
—
A Sapphire Blue Wall. Chocolate woodwork in
two tones, with amber mouldings. Pearl grey and
cream will go with this colour.
A Wall of an Ultramarine Tone. Light warm —
grey and cool yellow brown go happily with this.
A Neutral Blue Wall will unite with citron and
chocolate, or a warm grey green, or a blue green grey,
and salmon.
A Slate Coloured Wall of a Blue Tone. —
For this there is plum colour and lavender, puce and
orange to choose from. •
Yellow.
This colour ranges from a rich sienna to a lemon
tone ;from citrine to a cream.
A Yellow Wall. — Plum colour, slate, brown, or
citrine may be u.sed with this.
A Gold Coloured Wall.— The woodwork may
be in two tones of lavender, with citrine mouldings.
An Orange Coloured Wall. The colour for the —
wood may be a purple tone of red, with maroon mould-
ings, or if Hght mouldings be required, citrine would
serve.
A Canary Coloured Wall. —Vellum colour, with
deep ivory mouldings, may be adopted for the wood-
work.
A Deep Terra Cotta Wall. —A selection from
buff, sage green, Indian red, vermiHon, white and black
l62 PAINT AND COLOUR MIXING.
either or any, may be selected, the strong colours in
the small parts.
A Primrose Tone of Wall. Tones of snuff —
brown, medium yellow green, and lavender may be
selected.
A Neutral —
or Drab Wall. Shades of olive
green, Venetian red, and lilac go well together.
Brown.
This colour perhaps the best wearing colour for
is
woodwork. There are infinite tints and shades, from

sober to rich, from cool to warm. Blue agrees especially
with brown.
Deep brown, light blue, and gold go well together.
Light Purple Tone of Brown Wall. The —
woodwork may be yellow red, with cream mouldings.
A Brown —
Ingrain Wall. The woodwork may
be in two tones, made from indigo blue, with amber
mouldings.
A Gold Coloured Brown Wall would unite
with woodwork of a red tone of purple, with plum
coloured mouldings, or a warm grey may be used.
Burnt Sienna Brown Tone of Wall. With —
this, salmon and myrtle harmonise.
Green.
This colour, so extensive in Nature, will agree
with all colours, provided they are toned to suit each-
other, warm or cold, neutral or bright, etc.
An Olive Green Wall will agree with maroon
woodwork with a crimson lake, straw or pink tone for
the mouldings.
A Medium Green Coloured Wall. — If two
tones of red, a crimson tone and a yellow tone be
adopted, the mouldings, if desired, may be a salmon
buff. [f-^.;
A Grey Green Wall may have a primrose tone

of woodwork, with a scarlet tone for mouldings.
NOTES ON COLOUR HARMONY. 163
A Moss Green Tone of Wall will associate well

with citrine woodwork, and salmon coloured panels or
mouldings.
A Pea or Leaf Green Wall goes well with a
chocolate and a lavender.
Grey.
This neutral colour agrees with and helps every
other colour.
A Warm Gray Wall. — With this the woodwork
may well be a tawny leather colour, with either buff
or cream in the mouldings. A quiet red would also
suit.
A Silver Grey Wall
sympathises with a salmon
colour, as well as with a deep blue. Should there be
blue and red in the pattern on the paper, the styles of
the woodwork could then be a delicate raw umber
tone of brown. The mouldings the same brown, with
burnt sienna added to it. The panel may be a cameo
pink. A snuff coloured brown would also come well.
A Drab Tone of Wall, having an ornament
upon it, low in tone, a citrine for instance, would need
some force in the woodwork. A rich burnt sienna
brown suggests itself for this, with a reddish brown
for the mouldings.
Of course, these schemes of colour can be reversed.
Should the general tone of the wall-paper be that tone
suggested here for the woodwork, it takes then the
colour of the paper.
Colour Combinations for Doors.

Excellent results may be obtained in painting
front and other doors in rich contrasting colours or
in self-colours, i.e., a dark colour for the frame of
the door and a tint of the same colour for the panels.
The following combinations are recommended as
producing very good effects. They were carried out
in doors prepared by Messrs. Lewis Berger and Co.,
Ltd., forsome of the conventions of Master House
Painters and Decorators.
Frame. Moulding, Panel.
Yellow, Bronze and
Golden Ochre. Carriage Green. Yellow, Pale Bronze.
Homerton Red. Carriage Green. Maroon Brown.
Mid. Japan Brown. Maroon Brown. Deep Japan Brown.
Vienna Lake and Maroon Brown and
Pompeian Red Black. Coronation Red.
Mid. Japan Brown,
(reduced jV). Deep Japan Brown. Mid. Japan Brown.
Verona Blue. Maroon Brown. Vernon Blue and White-
Coronation Brown. Coronation Orange.
White Japan.
Deep Japan Hrown
(reduced). Deep Japan Brown. Berger's Purple.
Emerald Tint S. Olive. Emerald Tint W.
Purple Maroon Brown.
Maroon Bi'own. Homerton Red. Homerton Red.
White Japan. Gold Lined. White Japan.
Cream. Green. White.
Hedge Sparrow Egg
Tmt. Stone Colour. Old Gold.
Japanner's Brown Same Brown Deep Japanner's Brown,
Mid. 37. Shade Mid. ^7.
Japanner's Brown Maroon Brown. Japanner's Brown,
Mid. deep.
Purple. Pompeian Red Pompeian Red,
(reduced.) permanent.
Homerton Red. Homerton Red. Maroon Brown.
Homerton Green. Yellow Bronze Green. Homerton Green.
Verona Blue. Verona Blue (reduced;. Verona Blue (further
reduced.)
PROPORTIONS OF MATERIALS, 165
CHAPTER XIX.
The Proportions of Materials, Notes, Etc.
A consideration will make it quite clear
little
that it is impossible to give exact proportions of
materials necessary to produce a paint that will suit
every job. These proportions are determined by
the condition of the work. A new door of good
sound pine will be treated differently to one made
of an inferior wood, which is knotty and somewhat
sappy. Again, a door that has been exposed to the
weather for some years, and from which the paint
has, perhaps, almost wholly departed, will require a
different mixture to a front door from which the
accumulation of old paint, extending perhaps, to over
one hundred years, has been burnt off. Precisely in
the same way as patent medicines cannot be safely
used for any and every complaint, so it is impossible
to have paints that will suit any and every purpose.
In one case the doctor is consulted and he takes into
consideration every symptom and every condition and
acts upon his diagnosis or scrutiny of symptoms. In
hke manner the decorator takes note of every condition
of his work, and prepares his paint accordingly.
Again, iron would not be painted with the same
mixture as wood. Still, if we cannot give exact pro-
portions, we can, at least, give some information on
the subject, which will form a guide and give some
data for the reader to work upon. These we will jjive
under separate heads
Priming for Iron.— The usual plan is to use red
required
lead mixed with hnseed oil, the proportion
every
being about fourteen pounds of Hnseed oil to
be
hundredweight of lead. The second coat should
to a
equal proportions of red and white lead mixed
oxide
proper consistency with linseed oil. Sometimes
of iron paint is used instead of red
lead.
Painting on Stucco.— The priming must contam

absorbent
a considerable quantity of oil because of the
proportion
nature of the stucco, and it should have a big
also of turpentine. Four gallons of boiled oil to a
hundredweight of red lead and three quarts
of
turpentine usually answer. The second coat

will
white lead
should be an equal mixture of red and
with a smaller proportion of turpentine and
oil.
Priming for Deal or Pine (inside). —With

and the
white lead use three-quarter ounces of driers
same quantity of red lead to every pound of lead.
Thm
oil to 14 Ib.
with three-quarter gallon of raw Hnseed
of lead.
Second Coat (inside).— Use about half an ounce
and one ounce of red lead to every pound
of
of driers
of lead will require half gallon
white lead ; 14 lb.
raw linseed oiland quarter gallon turpentine.

ounce
Second Coat (outside).— Use about one
of patent driers to every pound of
white lead, with the
addition of about the same quantity of
red lead.
quarter
Third Coat.— Use to 14 lb. of lead,
gallon each of raw Hnseed oil and turpentine
and quarter
pound driers.
Table of Materials Required.

The following table is extracted from a more
" Painters' Pocket
elaborate one to be found in the
nett by
Book," by Peter Matthews, pubHshed at 3s.
John'Heywood, Ltd., Deansgate, Manchester.
and
On absorbent surface, such as new plaster
white
stone. Based on the assumption that 10 lb. of
PLATE XII.
SPANISH MAHOGANY.
if
5'
ii i-
GREEN.
SPANISH MAHOGANY.
SILVER GREY.
Examples of " MATSINE " on Painted Surfaces.
J
PROPORTIONS OF MATERIALS. 167
lead mixed with driers and thinners will cover

40
square yards.
White Lead. Patent Driers. Linseed Oil. Turpentine,
Sq. yd. cwt. qr. ib. lb. oz. gal. qt. pt. gil. gal. qt. pt. gil.
5 2i 1
10 3
¥
20
50
5
I2J
H I of
si O 3i
100 3*
25 I
3i I 2|
500 O 13 13 8| I of O
1000 o 26 27 H o o 2|
Table When 10
white lead with driers and
: lb, of
thinners will cover 60 square yards (as on old painted
work, or after second coat on new work).
White Lead, Patent Driers, Linseed Oil. T urpentine.

Sq. yd. cvi t. qr lb. oz. lb. oz. ga!. qt. pt. £il. qt. pt. gil.
i3i 1
5 li JL
4
10 I 10k 2i
20 si 4f ^4 i
50 8 5i 12 I oi
100
500 2
16 10^
27 5i
I 8 I
a
7 2i I I I
3i I
3f
1000 I I 26 14 4*
-->
I 2
J 3 1 3l
Eggshell Gloss. To every pound of white lead —

add quarter of an ounce of copal varnish and to same
quantity of gold size with half the quantity of boiled
oil. These will serve the purpose of binding the
materials together and causing them to dry. The
thinners should consist of turpentine used in the
proportion of about three-quarters of a pint to every
7 lb. of white lead.
Oxide of Zinc. —
In mixing oxide of zinc it is
necessary, as already mentioned, to use a special
drier free from lead. Special zinc driers may be
purchased ready made. They consist for the most
part of borate of manganese.
Outside Woodwork.— To every hundredweight
(112 lb.) of zinc oxide ground in oil as usually suppHed
lise 19 lb. of refined boiled hnseed oil, 5I lb. of tur-
pentine, and 5 lb. of zinc driers. A smaller quantity
of driers will frequently suffice.
M
Inside —
Woodwork. Use rather more refined
boiled and a little more driers.
oil
!j#-j These mixtures may be employed in varying

proportions of oil and driers on stone, plaster and
iron, and the quantity of turpentine will rarely require
to be changed.
PIGMENTS.
Some Useful Tables.
PiCxMENTS Ll\BLE TO CHANGE UNDER THE INFLUENCE

OF Sulphuretted Hydrogen, Air, and Moisture :
Yellow.— Chronie yellow, mineral yellow, Naples

yellow.
White.— Chremnitz white, flake v/hite, pearl white.
jêd.—Red lead, purple red, iodine scarlet.
.(;^gg,;^._Verdigris, Scheele's green, emerald green,
mountain green.
^/^g__Prussian blue, Antwerp blue.
Orange. —
Orange chrome.
Pigments Little Liable to Change under the

Influence of Sulphuretted Hydrogen,
Air and Moisture :
jYhite.—IAnc white, constant white, tin white.

7^g(^._Vermilion, red ochre, Indian red, madder
lakes.
Yellow.— Yellow ochre, barium chromate, zinc
chromate, aureolin, raw sienna.

Qyeen.— Chrome green, cobalt green.
5^^g._Ultramarine, smalt, Thenard's blue.
Brown.— Nandyke brown, raw umber, burnt
umber, manganese brown, sepia.
Black. Ivory black, lamp black, Indian ink,
graphite.
Orange.— Orange vermilion, burnt sienna.
Pigments Liable to Deterioration when in Con-

tact WITH White Lead, Chrome or other
Lead Pigment :
Yellow. — Yellow orpiment, king's yellow, Indian

yellow, gamboge.
: Red.— Iodine scarlet,
cochineal, carmine.
Orange. — Golden antimony sulphide, orange orpi-
ment.
Green. — Sap green.
Blue. — Ultramarine.
Pigments which are Little Affected by Heat, and

which may be Employed when the
Material has to Stand Fire :
While. — lin white, barium white, zinc white.

Red. — Red ochre, Venetian red, Indian red.
Yellow. — Naples yellow, antimony yellow.
Blue. — Smalt and royal b]ue, ultramarine.
Green. — Chrome green, cobalt green.
Orange. — Burnt sienna, burnt ochre.
Brown. — Burnt umber, manganese brown.
Black. — Graphite, mineral black.
Colours that may be Used with Lime :
.
White. — Permanent white, baryta
i.e., \Nhite,
gypsum, zinc white.
Red. — The vermilions, light red, Venetian red,
^
Indian red, madder lakes.
Orange. — Cadmium, orange chrome. Mars orange,
burnt sienna, burnt Roman ochre, light red.
Yellow. —Aureolin, cadmium yellow, lemon yellow,
Naples yellow, Mars' yellow, raw sienna, yellow
ochre, Roman ochre, transparent gold ochre,
brown ochre, Indian yehow, Oxford ochre.
- Green. —
Oxide of chromium, transparent oxide of
chromium, viridian, emerald green, malachite
green, verdigris, terra verte, cobalt green,
chrome green.
Blue. — Genuine ultramarine, artificial ultramarine,
new blue, permanent blue, cobalt blue,
cerulean blue, smalt.
Purple. —
Purple madder. Mars' violet.
—
Brown. Bone brown, bistre, Prussian brown,
burnt umber, Vienna brown, Vandyke brown,
Cologne earth, asphaltum, Cassel earth,
manganese brown.
Citrine. —
Raw umber, Mars' brown.
Blacks. —
Ivory black, lamp black, blue black,
charcoal black, cork black, Indian ink, black
lead, drop black, plumbago.
—
Brushes. We include here some information
concerning brushes, but may first give a brief description
of the way in which they are made, taking the firm of
G. B. Kent and Sons, Ltd., as an example, as the
author had the pleasure of going over their factory
some time since. The following is his account written
for the Decorator's Magazine.
A superficial observer may be inclined to think
there no particular advantage to the painter and
is
decorator in possessing a knowledge as to how the tools

he uses are made. Yet such a knowledge may help
him considerably in judging as to the quafity of those
tools, and it will be at once acknowledged that an
abifity to discriminate in this respect is of considerable
value. For brushes vary greatly in quality, far more
so,perhaps, than our readers may imaguie possible.
Everyone knows that there are good brushes that cost
more than a trifle, and rubbishy goods, chiefly of foreign
make, that can be bought for, perhaps, half the amount.
Probably there is not a reader who does not fully
understand that it is far better in the end to buy the
best quality brushes, that is, that it is cheaper to pay
a higher price, because the work with such brushes
can be done quicker and better than it can by the
inferior ones, and also because the superior quality
lasts much longer. Those things are well understood
among most painters, and even if some of them will

use cheap stainers and lose money in consequence,
they have, at least, learned a lesson of the necessity,
of using only best quality tools.
But it is not a comparison between high grade and
low grade brushes that we now want to make, it is
rather to direct attention to the difference that exists
in the actual quality of so-called first class tools of
different makes. It is this difference that can best
be understood after inspecting the process of brush-
making, and it must be acknowledged that adultera-
tion can be carried on in the manufacture of brushes
to a considerable extent. Take a common ground
brush as an example. The actual brush part should
consist wholly of hog'sbristles, for there is nothing yet
discovered that gives better results. Yet there are on
the market many brushes marked "pure bristle,"
which really contain more or less a large proportion of
horsehair or other material which makes a poor
substitute, but which cannot be easily detected, in
fact, it is the difficulty of detection
which has probably
given rise to the objectionable adulteration referred to.
The objection to horsehair in a painter's brush is'
that it is flabby and without spring, but its presence
in adulterating brushes can be understood when it is
said that approximately the price of horsehair is is. gd.
to 2s. 2d., and bristles 8s. to 9s. per pound. It certainly
requires an expert to state positively whether horsehair
is included or not, but there are certain
signs that
with care, will determine the matter, at least to a
certain extent. The real bristle has its end spHt—
called a "flag" end— the root end is considerably
larger and cannot be mistaken. The spring or elasticity
is another indication of the bristle. The horsehair,
on the other hand, is the same both ends, and has
no flag end if the suspected bristles be viewed under
;
a strong reading glass the difference can be told without

a great deal of difficulty.
At the works of Messrs. G. B. Kent and Sons, Ltd.,
the author was shown how suspected brushes sent out
had been dissected and the various parts divided
up, and it was surprising to see how much horsehair
could be included in a brush without giving it any
out-of-the-way appearance. There were httle piles
of horsehair of different lengths, while the bristles
were all sorted into other piles, each of different lengths.
Photographs of the brushes that have been dissected
in this way proved of use in showing painters that
adulteration in brushes is carried on to almost as great
an extent as it is in paint materials. No adulteration
whatever in painting brushes is permitted in the
standard quality of G. B. Kent and Sons, Ltd.
Certainly the brush department in any brush
manufactory which is of the most importance is the
bristle room, and it was to this that the author was
first taken. There were bristles of many different
kinds, most of them tied up into neat bundles ready
to be afterwards dealt with. For instance, Siberian
Okatka, and perhaps most important to my readers
because they make the best paint brushes, having an
excellent spring and being stiff. They are very costly,
and are rarely used by themselves, nor is it necessary
because other varieties of bristles may be mixed in,
and it is this mixing or blending that constitutes so
important a part in the brush manufacturer's art.
Indeed, the purchase and blending take years of
careful study to learn. One class of bristle is intro-
duced into the mixing to give strength, another straight-
ness, another solidity, another colour, and it is the
judicious blending, the knowledge of which is acquired
only by much experience, which makes a first class
brush for first class work, and having the requisite
spring and durabiUty and the band of which will
not burst.
The process of dividing the bristles into uniform
lengths is termed " dragging," a very interesting process
which requires considerable expertness on the part of

the operator. A handful of bristles, after being mixed,
is placed against a gauge, and the operator, grasping
firmly those bristles which project beyond a mark

which indicates the required length, withdraws them
with his thumb and finger and places them aside. The
whole bundle having been gone over in this way, a
second dragging to the next mark is made, and so on
until the bristles are arranged in little piles of uniform
lengths.
The operation of " mixing " is also interesting.

This is done in order to obtain a uniform colour and
quality in the bristles. First, all the bristles of different
colours are piled on the top of one another, varying
considerably in colour in the different layers, from
top to bottom. Perhaps there will be one layer nearly
white and another nearly black. If these were all
mixed up indiscriminately to make a brush, the result
would be a very patchy appearance that would not be
hked. The object, therefore, is to have an equal
admixture of black and white throughout. A workman
takes in his hand a portion of the bristles from top to
bottom, cutting through all at once. These he holds
in his —
two hands and " jabs " for the want of a
better —
word through a steel comb which is fixed
upright before him. This mixes the different coloured
bristles and at the same time pulls out inferior or
woolly parts that may have been left in. As each
handful of bristles dressed in this way it is laid
is
aside, and when the whole is completed, the second

dressing is gone -through in the same way as the first,.
the result being that the admixture is perfect, and the
appearance of any one part of the pile is exactly the
same as that of the other. It is essential also that all
the bristles should Ue the same way, and, as in the
rough an uncertain small proportion of the bristles-
arrive with their heads the wrong way, to extract
them, another small comb, termed an " engine," with
:^Ki-fe^fei<i'3--->-.'-v--:-; :,•--.-.;::,'; :--
K-..-

teeth very close together, is used the " flag " end of ;
the handful is combed over this, and the roots of the

" turned " hairs catch in the comb.
It be unnecessary to describe in detail how
will
every brush is mad€, but an ordinary ground brush
will serve as an example. The actual manufacture is

not difficult. First, the bristles are carefully weighed
out so that every brush of the same grade has exactly
the same quantity of bristle in it as a corresponding
brush great care being taken not to disturb the way
;
in which the bristles lie. They must all point one

way, and naturally they have a certain bend. The
outside of the brush is usually made of white bristles,
while the inside is grey and yellow. This is almost a
universal rule, for although the inside bristles are of
equal spring to those outside, still trade demands
white bristles outside and has them. The reader
% will understand that the bristles that are to form the

ground brash about to be made are lying on the scale,
these having been weighed they are taken off, the white
bristles being underneath, so as to form the outside of
the brush. The workman takes all the bristles care-
fully, but firmly, in both hands, and turns the bristle
round his thumb in such a way that the bend of the
bristles all turn inward towards the centre, and the
white bristles or " cappings " lie in an even rim round
the rest, and the " knot " is then tied round with
string. The knots are then dipped in hot cement
and kept warm, standing upon a hot plate.
The next process is " driving," which consists in
forcing the handle through the bristles, which has been
previously inserted in its binding, and this tightens
the brush by compression.
Varnish brushes, as a shaped in a manner
rule, are
somewhat similar to the method of making artists'
pencils, that is to say, the wedge shape is produced by
placing the bristles into a small circular box, the
bottom of which is concave. Hence, it will be seen
that the bristles, if even they are all of the same length
have the necessary chisel edge for a varnish brush.
After the brush is made, the bristles are thoroughly
scoured on a stone with soap and water. After the
brush is finished, the bleaching chambers are reached
where, by means of sulphurous fumes, the bristles are
tleached to the required degree of whiteness.
The Care of Brushes. — However good a brush
may be it will soon be ruined unless it is properly
treated when out of use. The following hints will
suffice as a guide in this respect :
—
Writing Pencils, etc. Wash in turpentine until
quite clean, and if they are not to be used for some
time, dip in olive oil and smooth from heel to point.
S tip piers. —Wash thoroughly in pure soap and

hot water, rinsing with cold water. Place point
downward to dry.
Varnish Brushes.— The best method of keeping
"varnish brushes, in the opinion of the author, is to
suspend them in the same description of varnish as
that they are used for. As this is not always possible,
boiled oil may be used instead.
—
Paint Brushes. Mr. Ernest N. Kent gives the
iollowing instructions in " Specifications " :
Brushes made for Use in Colour should first be

soaked well in water to swell the bristle in the binding.
This applies also to whitewash brushes which are
bound either by wire or leather.
A Brush after use should be thoroughly cleansed
out in turps or soap and water. If left in water any
length of time they are liable to twist, and the bristles
lose their elasticity.
A Brush made for Paint should not be used in
varnish, the spirit of which dissolves the cement
with which and loosens the bristles.
it is set, When a
ground brush has been well worn down in colour, it
may, however, be used in varnish.

Varnish Brushes when not in use should be sus-
pended in either varnish or oil, the brush not resting
on the bristles. No brushes should on any account
be kept in turpentine.
Stippling Brushes should be well cleansed and dried
after use, the bristle being carefully kept from crushing
;
a box in which they can be sHd, allowing the bristle

to hang downwards is recommended.
Should a Brush become quite hard with Paint it
should be soaked for twenty-four hours in raw linseed
oil, after which time in hot turpentine.
—
The Tintometer. Many attempts have been
made to devise an instrument by which records of
colours can be registered with accuracy. The nearest
approach to success in this direction is the tintometer,
which is described as an instrmnent for the analysis
of accurate measuring and recording of all colours.
It isan invention of Mr. J. W. Lovibond, of Sahsbury,
and is largely used not only by colour and dye manu-
facturers, but in many other industries. By its use
a colour manufacturer can dispense with keeping a
sample of every colour he makes. Provided that the
customer possesses a Tintometer, and the colour
manufacturer one also, it is the simplest matter for
an order to be sent simply by numbers which will
ensure complete accuracy of shades. The instrument
consists of a double tube, ending in an eye-piece at
one end, and in equal apertures for viewing the colour
to be measured, and the glasses which are used as
measures at the other end. These glasses are coloured
in various degrees of intensity, and in even gradations
ranging from almost white to strong colours in red,
yellow and blue respectively. In the whole 465
coloured glasses are supplied with the instrument,
but it is so very rare indeed that so large a number
is required, and, as a rule forty or fifty glasses or even
many less will answer all purposes. It will be under-

stood that the colour which is to be measured or
PROPORTIONS OF MATERIALS 177
recorded is placed on one side of the doul?le tube, on

the other side is put one, two or three glasses which
are changed until a perfect match is obtained. A
note of the numbers of the glasses thus records the
matched colour. The instrument is a great success,
and permits of the colour analysis of pigments.
Fig. 12.
Fig. 12 shows the arrangement for mea.suring

colour in opaque objects. The optical instrument
B fits into the shoe at A, the bottom of whichis com-
manded by both tubes of one instrument, f Under
one side at F is placed the opaque substance to be
measured, and under the other the standard white,
for reflecting the beam of white light, which is then
dissected at J by the suitable standard glasses, as
already described for transparent colours.
—
ColouredOil Varnishes. Spirit varnishes made
in various colours are familiar enough to decorators,
but they are not very durable. A series of coloured
oil varnishes are manufactured by Messrs. Lefranc and
Cie., of Paris (London office, 27, Fetter Lane, E.G.),

which are very useful for various purposes. For
example, they may be used on such woods as bird's eye
maple, chestnut, etc., with excellent effect., as the
beautiful lights in the wood show up to advantage
through the varnish. They are also used for glazing.
especially the red colour, which on a ground of bright
coloured oxide, shows up well and does away with
the necessity for using fugitive crimson lake.
—
Oxides. The oxide of iron paints which are so
useful and economical for the use of house painters
depend to some extent for their durability upon the
proportion of ferric oxide which they contain. Even
more important is the fineness of the pigment and the
colour or tone. The writer has examined some Indian
reds and a special Turkey red made by the Derby-
Oxide and Colour Co., Ltd., Rugeley, Staffs, which
may be taken as typical oxides of a high quality.
—
Jelstone. This is a product of the Alabastine
Company and is now used by many of the most enter-
prising tradesmen in place of distemper, as usually
made with whiting and size. As the obj ect of the Com-
pany is to compete with whiting and size, they have
necessarily placed the price low, and this being a
perfectly white dry powder and only requiring cold
water to mix (which is free), as against whiting and
size, which is always purchased with a percentage
of water which you pay for, it is obviously important
that our readers should consider this view which the
Company take. The saving of time and waste as
compared with the ordinary preparation of distemper,
and its convenience, also its absence of odour in hot
weather, also that ordinary colours may be added to
the white, are points which should be kept in mind.
DESCRIPTION OF COLOUR PLATES.

PLATE I.
This plate, which faces the title page, is prepared

in order to show the result of adding white to various
colours in given proportions. All the colours
shown on this sheet are manufactured by Messrs.
Lewis Berger and Sons, Ltd., of Homerton, London,
N.E. The colours are shown pure with tints of the
same colour side by side, produced first by tinting with
fifteen parts ofwhite lead and next with thirty parts of

white lead. The reader is strongly advised to care-
fully study this sheet, particularly the tints, so that
he may have well in mind the appearance of the
different colours when white is added to them. An
excellent plan would be to compare the self-colours in
daily use with those shown on this sheet, and then
to mix the same number of parts of white lead, again
making a comparison. Most of the colours shown on
this sheet are referred to under their respective heads.
On appUcation to Messrs. Lewis Berger and
Sons, Ltd., a book containing no self-colours and
tints will be forwarded, free of charge, to readers who
mention this book in their application.
PLATE II.
On this plate are shown the principal grounds used

in graining. They are given in flat colours so as to
better indicate the exact tones. It must be said,
however, that opinion among grainers varies con
siderably as to the exact shade or hue the ground of
principal woods should have. Those given on this
sheet may be taken as average examples, but they may
be somewhat varied without detriment if a correspond-
ing variation is made in the graining colour.
In chapter XIII. will be found instructions for
producing each of these graining grounds as well as
the graining colours which should be used over them.
Eight colours in everyday use are also shown on
this sheet.
PLATE III.
Sixteen examples of different colours of paint are

shown on this sheet. In each case paint, and not
printers' ink, has been used in their production, so
that no difficulty should be experienced in imitating
them. Instructions for mixing the colours will be
found under the various heads, such as " Reds,"
" Blues," " Greens," etc. The reader has only to
i8q PAINT AND COLOUR MIXING.
turn to the name of the particular colour in order to
get the correct mixture.
PLATE IV.
On this plate are shown thirty of the sixty standard

colours issued by Messrs. Pinchin, Johnson and Co.,
Ltd., of 23, 24 and 25, Billiter Street, London, E.C.,
as a result of a competition which is described on
page 22. The thirty additional colours are included
on Plate V. The reader should remember that while
these colours do not necessarily accord in certain cases
with their own ideas of what any particular name may
be, that they have been selected as a result of the
concensus of opinion of some three thousand different
decorators and colour experts. It should also be
borne in mind that inasmuch as one name is as good

as another for a colour provided that the name is
fixed rigidly, that a convenient plan is to adopt Messrs.
Pinchin, Johnson's standard colour and to work upon
it as a base. It should also be added that this firm
have made a practical apphcation of the standard
colour card by making it the base of a new paint they
have recently issued under the name of " Minerva
Paint," which is ready prepared for use. They have
selected from their standard colour card twenty
different colours, namely, the following Lemon:
chrome, middle chrome, orange chrome, signal red,

carnation red, yellow ochre, raw sienna, burnt sienna,
light purple brown, mid. purple brown, maroon, burnt
umber, emerald tint, hght Brunswick green, mid.
Brunswick green, dark Brunswick green, mid. bronze
green, ultramarine blue, Prussian blue and black,
and make "Minerva Paint "with these twenty standard
colours. Now inasmuch as a painter can very readily
produce tints by adding white to any of these colours
and can so obtain a large series of different tints, the
firm have issued an exceedingly useful colour card
which gives samples of the twenty colours above
mentioned and underneath four rows of tints made from
PROPORTIONS OF MATERIALS. i8i
the same colours, having been reduced with three

and thirty-one parts
parts, seven parts, fifteen parts,
of white respectively. This colour sheet will be sent
to any reader of this book who writes to Messrs.
Pinchin, Johnson and Co. at the address above given.
PLATE V.
This plate shows thirty additional colours named

in the competition referred to in the above description.
PLATE VL
This plate is prepared to show the effect of varnish-
ing a water paint. All of the samples are Hall's
Sanitary Washable Distemper, manufactured by Messrs.
Sissons Brothers and Co., Ltd., of Hull, and the
numbers are appended for the convenience of ordering.
In chapter XV. will be found a reference to the use of
water paints and the method of varnishing. The
varnish may be applied direct to the distemper if
desired, and in that case it will darken it considerably.
This is sometimes an advantage as when finishing a
room in washable distemper it is desired to form a
varnished dado. H it is wished to varnish the surface
but retain the colour a coat of size will effect this, as
shown in the plate.
PLATE vn.
Another water paint of considerable merit, but
of a different character, is shown in various selected
colours on this plate. It is mixed with hot water
and gives excellent results, both when used inside and
outside. The distemper in question is called " Phasan-
tite," and is manufactured by Messrs. Wilkinson,
Hey wood and Clark, Ltd., Caledonian Road, London.
PLATE viii.
This plate shows sixteen different examples of

Messrs. Wilkinson, Heywood and Clark's beautiful
non-poisonous decorators' colours. The advantages
of using these colours from a sanitary, as well as
an artistic point of view, are very considerable. Effects
1 ''' ^-^/iVr AND COLOUR MIXING.
may be obtained by
their „,p ^-ta
without very "' \^'*™" '° "rive ,
considerabll a
materials. I poi^t ?W "?^" "-g °the
readily grasp
^h tt':'"'^^^
i^^the ™'
may be obtained byfacS ity l^th v l'"'
Indeed, almost
the rHv""
"''^'"''"^ t^t
°' ^"*^ ^^^te
from the complete
numberts ti Z™
"'"^ "^^^ "bt^înec
sTt o /n,
WHkmson, H^yJo:^' '" «--^'
book, which the
a d a^t.r.^T
J^^ndsome sample
author ha, »
purchasers of this
work on annr"^!'' ""' ^^^ '» ™"
Caledonian Road,
Tw's
rô r " *° ""'" "* 7,
^-eenot these
c.our:-eûredVSstât.r
PLATE IX.
Th-
.t showsln'lt ;;rtf^rj --^"' study because
how forty
colours, shades
together vanous
or^L^m"T^ ^'^^^^nt
white.
propo t^nf ofê^d t^' '" "'""^
These primarv mil " ^"*'' y«="°* --md
plate • 31," .. i ™^^y f°l°r "« marked on the
colours are made
from the we^fr''™'^' ^" *e
alabastine, wh.ch
'arge sale among
posseTse grelt 1^7"
.'"*^™P«-
"'^ '"'''' a very
•?!
decorator,
producing all the colours sh^, P^Portions for
g'ven below, and
it is urestedT
^'"' ^^- ^^^
"l
desirous of learning
co!fur miv ' *'* '"^™'^"
m .^ "%r""
time very profitably 'P^"'' '^'^
by
the results obtained '" ""'""--s. as
wouW
at ff^ .
practical knowledge on the \""'^^*'°" ^r a good
honse pamter wilf ^P"^*"^'
read.ly' ee
Which IS that instead aCth advantage
"^""^^êr
of îcZv s
he only has to
stock foufm'cludF"fr^"'^°'™-
from these he can ^^„'^' "">'"= ^s
so read'l'v oh^
" ^" *''<^ °«hers.
Before giving the nro. ^.
toproduceeachtfn *°"'d "'^ "-^
raTbrwe"?,?'^'
i
Alabastme is floated '"at when

most
fTeXr""^"'^sufficient
walls, but where
there 'is T^ '' on
tionofthesurfaceasêrmst'uctTo ™'"°"' P«P«^-
The Alabastme "^^^^^"y-
is sullied
PP mnd^^^'T'^
dry powder,
the proper-
'J'SffiPISSl'-
tions are mixed according to rule, and as shown in the

list which follows. The actual mixing is effected with
the dry colours, cold water is then added, and after
stirring,the material is ready for use. A beautiful
surface is thus readily produced.
Referring to the numbers marked against each

tint on Plate
V., the following are the proportions that
are to be used. A convenient way of measuring the
material is to use an ordinary tea-cup, but care must
be taken to pour in the Alabastine hghtly in each case.
If the cup or measure is knocked on the bench so as
to cause the material to pack, it will, of course, hold
more than it would do otherwise, and if it is packed
inone case and not in another, the colour will not come
out as intended. The reader is recommended to use a
tea-cup or similar measure, and to put the material in,
as far as possible, in each case in the same way. All
the colours shown on this sheet are stippled, Tthis
giving a more artistic result than can be obtained by
brushing out.
Proportions of Materials for Producing

Colours shown on Plate IX.
r—
U 31 B. A.
-4-*
B. A. U
31 '.B 31 B. A.
^ ^ ^
'^
^
62 6 I I I
74
1
86 8 ^ *
1
4
^3 4 2 6 — 4
1
I
b4 — 5
5 3
3
4
75
76 S
1
4
I
3 I
^7
88 —
6
I
2 Ik
T
I
4
b5 H I
77 89 10 1
4
66 4 2 Z I 78 10 4 qo [O 2
I
by 4 b - — 3
qi — 4
—
b8 — I — 3,
I
79
80 — 3
2h
4 S
Q2 — 2k 4
— 4 I ,
[ T
69 8 — I 81 10 1 1
— 93 — 2
70 4 — I 82 8 I
4 4
i-
— 94 — 5
4
3
-7
I
71 b — i loi 83 1 —
72 10 — I — 84
4
8
I
U —
95
96
8
8 —
2 I
2
75 4 i 2 ~ 85 ->
3
2 i 97 I
^
4
98 z I
5
I
N
PLATE X.
This plate gives twenty-seven different colours of

Church's Alabastine, including the three (A, B, and 31)
primary tints shown on Plate IX. The manufacturers
recommend that shades 5, 6, 7 and 34 are best in one
coat work on prepared walls, and that two-thirds white
Alabastine should be added for the first heavy coat. A
m careful study of this plate
It may be added
is also recommended.
that Alabastine has many uses in
addition to that of a distemper. It may be used
most successfully as a hard filler for bringing work to
a level surface as for example, under white enamel
;
work. It is also employed in the following mannei

to produce varied novel effects, but the ground is pre-
pared with Alabastine of say, for example, a deep red
colour similar to 31. Upon this is given a thick coat
of white or fighter colour, and while the last coat is
still wet, it is combed with a coarse grainers' comb
with a wavy motion. This removes some of the white
and shows the red beneath, giving a very pretty effect.
The comb may be moved, of course, in any direction,
the example may be employed so as to produce scollops
or in a hundred and one different ways which would
occur to the ingenious reader. Further variety may
be given by placing the end of a fairly large brush
against the wet top coat and giving it a twisting motion
which will form something of the nature of a rosette.
A thicker variety of the same material suitable for
modelling and high reliefsis manufactured by the
same firm and is called " Alabastine-Opalia."
PLATE XL
This plate shows forty specimens of typical water
colours manufactured by Messrs. Reeves and Sons,
the well known firm of artists' colourmen, whose
headquarters are at Ashwin Street, Dalston, N. The
plate will be very useful for reference in connection
with the chapter on artists' water colours, and readers
, ui i!WW«MJt?ftBWl!llWilMBWt
ii
are advised to compare these water colours with the

specimens of oilpaints which are contained in this
book. They will then get an accurate idea of the
difference of appearances between a pigment ground
in water, and one ground
in oil. It should further
be observed that artists' colours are, as a rule, of a
much higher grade than house painters' oil colours,
and are correspondingly more expensive. It will be
observed that the specimens are produced in such a
manner that both a thin and a thick wash is given so
that the difference in appearance can be accurately
gauged.
PLATE XII.
This plate gives four examples of " Matsine," a

coloured material manufactured by Messrs. Mander
Brothers, Wolverhampton. It is mentioned under
the head of " Glazing " on page 96, to which the
reader is referred. " Matsine " is made in thirteen
different colours and by varying the grounds literally
hundreds of different effects may
be produced. The
effect of applying silver grey over a white ground as
shown at the bottom of this plate is very beautiful
and most useful in many places where colour would be
objectionable.
PLATE XIII.
This plate shows four more examples of " Matsine "

above referred to and also under the head of " Glazing "
on page 96. The imitation of light oak on the plate
is much truer to Nature than many elaborated examples
the writer has seen which have probably taken as
many hours to perform or one might say, days, as
this has minutes.
3 3 3a •
3 » • • 33 3 ai
i «
3 3 3 3 • 3 3 J 4
» a »
9 ••
i86 PAl^T AND COLOUR MIXING.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.
The author's acknowledgements are made to the following

gentlemen and firms for kind assistance in the preparation of
this edition :
James Newman, 24, Soho Square, London, W. Catalogue of

Artists' Colours.
Howard and Jones, Bury Street, E.C. Colour mounters, who

prepared most of the coloured plates.
Noel Heaton. Questions re the technicalities of artists' colours.
J. Barnard, 19, Berners Street, W. Catalogue of artists'

materials.
J. W. LoviBOND, Salisbury. Pamphlets relating to Colour

and the Tintometer and a copy of " An Introduction to the
Study of Colour Phenomena."
The Derby-Oxide and Colour Company, Rugeley, Staffs.
Samples of Oxide Paints.
Madderton and Company, Ltd., makers of the Cambridge
artists' colours, Loughton, Essex. Permission to reprint
from their " Notes for Artists " and for samples of oil and
water colours with which many of the tests herein recorded
were made.
GooDLASS, Wall and Company, I^td., Liverpool. Samples of
Royal Rubinette, Fast Maroon, Golden Ochre, Fast Red,
etc.
Wm. Harland and Sons, varnish and colour manufacturers,

Merton, Surrey.; : 9a-rr'p]es~ -of -cblov'rs suit-btSls 'iov painting
motor ca?;s^ ajid; ©ther carrv.agpy. •,. ;, I
'•
,. : ;
Lefrang and- GiE,j i-8y rue^ de Valois, Paris, and 27'. Fetter
Lane, E>C. ^Sa-niplcs of coloured >'-arrajshbS;., special ichromes,
.^
etc. ; folding book of colcui- specimens.

e*«*«»^f<i!
PLATE Xm.
LIGHT OAK.
WALNUT.
MAHOGANY.
DARK BROWN.
Examples of " MATSINE " on Painted Surfaces.
A CKNOWLEDGMENTS. 187
Pilcher's, Ltd., Morgan's Lane, E.C. Colour cards and tint

books.
Torrance and Sons, Ltd., Bitton, near BristoL A pestle

paint mixer.
Castle Brand Co., Newcastle-on-Tyne. Colour cards.

Burt, Boulton and Haywood, Ltd., 64, Cannon Street, E.C:
List of special paints, anti-fouling compositions, etc.
GoDDARD and Son, Silver Street, Hull. Colourmounters. Plate VI.

showing distemper plain and varnished.
Lewis Berger and Son, Ltd., Homerton, N. Plate I. showing
tints of various colours.
Pinchin, Johnson and Co., Ltd., 23, Billiter Street, EsC.

Plates IV. and V., showing sixty standardised colours.
SissoNs Bros, and Co., Hull. Plate VI., showing specimens of

Hall's sanitary distemper.
Alabastine, Ltd., Chuich Street, Lambeth. Plates VII. and

VIII,, showing specimens of colour in alabastine.
Wilkinson, Heywood and Clark, Ltd. Plates IX. and X.,

showing their Phasantite and non-poisonous colours.
Reeves and Son, Ltd., Darwin Street, Dalston, N. Plate XI.,
showing specimens of their artists' water colours.
Messrs. Mander Bros., Wolverhampton. Plates XII. and
XIII., specimens of work in " Matsine."
Werner, Pfleiderer and Perkins, Ltd., Peterborough.

Catalogue of mixing machinery. 1
Winsor and Newton, Ltd., 38, Rathbone Place, W. Catalogue

of artists' colours and materials.
George Rowney and Co., 10, Percy Street, W. Catalogue of
artists' colours and materials.
Major and Co., Ltd., Hull. Layers of wood stained with
" Solignum."
W. S. Merrikan, Hull. Colour books and cards.

Alexander, Fergusson and Co., Ltd., 38, McAlpine Street,
Glasgow. Colour cards and tint books.
Naylor Brothers, 407, Oxford Street, W. Colour cards.
John J. Bo water, Spon Lane, West Bromwich. Colour cards.

Wm. Gardner and Sons, Gloucester. Catalogue of sifting
and mixing machinery.
O
i88 PAINT AND COLOUR MIXING
INDEX.
PAGE PAGE
Alizarin Crimson 35 Cadmium Yellow 55
Alizarin Green 64 Caledonian Brown 76
Alizarin Yellow 54 Cappagh Brown 76
Care Brushes 175
Amber 54 of
Amber Brown 74 Carmine 37
Carminette 37
American Walnut 101, 103
Antique Oak 101 Carnation Red 37
Cassell Earth 76
Antwerp Blue 47
Antwerp Crimson 35 Charcoal Gray 84
Cherry 103
Armenian Red 35
Artists' Water Colours and How to Chestnut 103
18
MixThem 132 Chinese Blue
Chinese Orange .'
56
Ash ..- 101
37
Aureolin 54 Chinese Vermilion
Aurora Yellow 54 Chrome Green 65, 152
Autumnal Tints 137 Chronie Yellow 57

Azure Blue 47 Chromes 155
Chrominm Oxide .,
66
Citron Yellow 56
Backgrounds 138
Claret 37
Banks, Earthy 137
Clouds and Distances 138
Barytes 105 48
Cobalt
Begonia 35 Cobalt Green 65
Berlin Blue 47
Cobalt Yellow o6
Bice 64 Coeruleum 1°
Birch 101,103 Cold Water Paints 128
Eye Maple 102
Bird's
Biscuit Colour
Bismark Brown
55
75
Cologne Earth
Colour Combinations for Doors
Colour Schemes. Suggestions for
—..
77
163
160
75
Bistre
Bitumen
Black Maroon
,
75
36
Coloured Oil Varnishes
Coloured Plates, Description of
Colours Fast to Light
— 177
178
151
Black Pigments 108 Colours Made with Black Japan . 93
Blue Pigments 108 Colours or Stainers 17
Blues 28,161.156 Colours. Permanence of 150
Blues, and How to Mix Them 47 Colours which are fast to Lime 129
Body 118 Colours, the Nomenclature of 18
Bracken 137 Coiumon Distemper 127
Bremen Blue 47 Composition of a Paint _1
Brick 36 Contrasting Harmonies 159
Bright Scarlet 36 Cream 56
Bronze Blue 47 Crimson Madder (Permanent) 38
Bronze Green 65, 153 Crimson Lake 38
Brown Ochre 76 Cyanine Blue 48
Bronze Yellow 55 Cyprus Umber 77
Brown 162
Brown Madder 36
Browns, and How to Mix Them 74 Daffodil Yellow 57
Brunswick Green 65 Dark Oak 101
Brunswick Blue 48 Davy's Grey 84
Brushes 173 Deal. Priming for 166
Buff 55 Deep Cream 57
Burnt Carmine and Burnt Lake 36 Distemper and Whitewash 127
Burnt Ochre 37 Distempers and Water Paints 124
Burnt Umber 76 Dragon's Blood 38
Burnt Sienna 76 Dutch Pink 78
INDEX 189
PAGE PAGE
Economy of Using Good Colours . 24 Machinery and Plant used in Paint
Ecru 57 Grinding Ill
Eggshell Gloss 167 Madder Green 79
Emerald Green 66, 153 Madder Lake 40
Mahogany 103
MahOKany, Dark 100
FastRed 38 Malachite Green 68
Fawn Brown 78 Mander's Yellow 59,79
Fence Sign White 128
Maple 100
Fineness of Grinding 146 Marine Blue 50
Flesh Colour 39 Mars' Brown 80
Flowers and Fruit 138
Mars' Orange 41
Foliage, Grass and Herbage 139 Mars' Red 41
Foregrounds 139 Mars'Yellow 60
French Blue 49 Matching the Wall-paper 159
French Red 39 Materials, Proportions of 165
Mauve 50
Gamboge 57 Medium Oak 100
Geranium 39 Methyl Blue 50
Glazi ng 96 Mineral Gray 86
Gold Ochre 57 Mixing and Matching Coloi;rs 27
<3trainingGrounds and Graining Mixing Paint 10
Colouis 100 Mixing Paints on the Manufactur-
Grass 139 ing Scale 104
Grays, Warm and Cold 139 Moss Green 69
Green Pigments 108 Mountain Blue 50
Greens 30, 162 Mountains 140
Greens and How to Mix Them 64
Grey 163
Naples Yellow
Greys and Grays 60
83
Guignet's Green 67
Navy Blue 50
Oypsum or Terra Alba 106
Neutral Blue 50
Neutral Tint 86
New Blue 51
Hooker's Green 68 New Persian Red 41
Holly Green 68 Nomenclature of Colours 18
How to Imitate Water Colours 135 Notes on Colour Harmony 158
How to learn to Mix and Match
Colours 27
How to Mix Reds Ochres 156
35
Oil, Quantity Required in Grinding 109
Hue, Tint and Shade 25
Olive 69
Olive Lake ."
70
Indian Pink 39 Olive Yellow 60
Indian Red 39, 154 Orange 61
Indian Yellow 58 Orange Scarlet 41
Indigo 49 Orange Vermilion 41
Inside Woodwork 168 Orpiment 61
Iron, Priming for 166 Outside Woodwork 167
Italian Pink 39 Oxford Ochre 61
Italian Lake 58 Oxide of Zinc 167
Italian Walnut 101 Oxides 178
Ivory 58
Paint Brushes 175
Jelstone 178
Paint Grinding, Raw Materials
King's Yellow
Used in 104
58 Paint Mixing 10
Knotted Oak 102,103
Paint Mixing Machines 12
Paint, The Composition of a 1
Lavender 49 Paint Straining 15
Leaves and Stems of Flowers 140 Painting on Stucco 166
Lcitch Blue 49 Paints and Colours, Mixing on the
Lemon hrome
( 59 Maniifacturing Scale 104
Lemon Yeilow 59 Payne's Gray 86
Light Blue 49 Peacock Blue 51
Light Oak 102 Permanence of Colours 150
liight Oak and Birch 100, 103 Permanent Blue 51
Light Olive Green 68 Permanent Yellow 61
Light Red 39 Persian Red 42
Light Salmon 40 Pigment and Thinnci"s 4
Lime Blue 50 Pigments Liable to Change 168
Lime, Colours which are Fast to 129
. Pigments, Quantity of Oil Required
Linseed Oil, Quantity Required in in Grinding 109
Grinding 109 Oak
Pollard 101, 103
Liquid prepared Water Colour 129 Pompcian Red 42
igo PAINT AND COLOUR MIXING
PAGE PAGE
Pompeian Yellow 61 Sunlight Red 45
Pink Madder i^ Sunset and Sunrise 142
Pitch Pine 101
Prairie Brown 80 Table of Linseed Oil required in
Prepared Paints 118 Grinding Pigments 109
Tables of Materials Required 166
Priming for Deal or Pine
Priming for Iron
Proportions of Materials, Notes,
—
etc.
166
166
165
Tables, Some Useful
Terra Rosa
168
45
Prussian Blue 51 Terre Verte 72
Prussian Green 70 Testing Colours 143
Purity of the Material 148 Thinners 7
Piirity of Tone 116 Thinners and Pigment 4
Purple Brown 80 Tiut, Hue and Shade 25
Purple Lake 42 Tinting or Staining Strength 149
Purple Oxide 42 Tintometer 176
Trees 142
Quaker Green 71 Turkey Umber 82
Turpentine 8
Raw Materials Used in Paint Tuscan Red 45, 154
Grinding 104
Raw Sienna 81 Ultramarine 156
Ready Mixed Paints 121 Ultramarine (Artificial) 52
Red Lead 15o Ultramarine Ash 53, 87
m RedOchre
Red Pigments
Reds
42
107
27,39
Umbers and Siennas
Vandyke Brown
157
82
Reds, and How to Mix Them 35
Varnish Brushes 175
Rivers 140
Roads 140 Varnishes, Coloured Oil 177
Roman Ochre . .61, 81 Venetian Green 72
Rose Carnation 43 Venetian, Indian and Tuscan Reds 154
Rose Madder 43 Venetian Red 45
Vermilion 45, 154
Rosewood
Rosewood and Dark Mahogany
Royal Blue
— 103
102
52
Verona Brown
Verona Blue
82
53
Royal Green 71 Veronese Green 72
43 Viridian 72
Royal Purple
Sap Green 71 WainscotOak 102.103
Satin wood 101 Wall-paper, Matching the 159
Scarlet Lake 44 Wall Suction Size 126
Scarlet Madder
Scarlet Red
Sea
44
44
141
Washable Distemper
Water Colours, How to Imitate
Water Paints and Distempers
— 128
135
124
Shade, Hue and Tint 25 Weather Whitewash 128
Shadows 141 Whitewash and Distemper 127
Ships (Hull) 141 Whites and Blacks 88
Signal Red 44 Whiting or Paris White 106
Skies 141 Wine Colour 46
Sky Blue 52 Writing Pencils 175
Special Thinners 9
Spreading Capacity or Covering Yellow 161
Power 147 Yellows and How to Mix Them .... 54
Stainers or Coloiirs 17 Yellow Carmine 46
Starch Binder 127 Yellow Lake 46, 62
Stipplers 175 Yellow Madder 46
Yellow Ochre 62
Stone Walls 141
Straining Paint 15 Yellow Pigments 107
Strontium Yellow 62 Yellow Ultramarine 63
Stucco, Painting 166 Yellows 29
Suffleld Greens 72
Suggestions for Colour Schemes 160 Zinc Green 73
Suggestion for Painters in Water Zinc Oxide %
Colours 137 Zinc Yellow '»
A D VERTISEMENTS.
Goodlass'
A Few of our Specialities.
Swansdown Enamel.
Extra Pale French Amber
Varnish.
Privet Green in Oil.
Originators of Fast Reds.
Golden Ochre in Oil.
Fast Maroon in Oil.
Pure Ready Mixed Paints.
Goodlass, Wall &' Co.

LTD.,
Colour and Varnish Manufacturers,
LIVERPOOL.
•jt«-x:«i»:* i£<i* »>ri

11. ADVERTISEMENTS.
,y~y^
IMPORTANT TO PAINT
s
U COLOUR MIXERS
s
It is important in mixing paints that pigments be
used which do not act adversely on each another.
s
White lead cannot be mixed with Ultramarine or
s
Cadmium Yellow, Vermilion and several other pigments
because a chemical re-action takes place.
Zinc White (Zinc Oxidc)
may be used
it
It is
affects none nor is itself
important in making tints of colours by adding

....
with absolute safety with any pigment, as
affected.
white that the purity of tone be maintained. This can

only be done by means of ZINC WHITE (Zinc Oxide)^
which is of a pure, brilliant white. S
It is important
that a paint be mixed in such a way that it be durable. S
The reputation of the paint manufacturer who sells the
paint and the painter who depends upon this
applies it
durability. It has been proved that there is no pigment

s
more durable than ZINC OXIDE. It is uninfluenced
i
by foul gases, such as sulphuretted hydrogen, resists
S
the action of sea air, and may be relied upon for its
S
beauty, economy and durability.
i
S
1^
S
The reader of this book is invited to i
send for a pamphlet entitled, Address, Room 366,
"A Few Facts Concerning: Non- No. 329, HIGH HOLBORN,
Poisonous Paint —
Zinc Oxide ;
Its Comparative Cost and LONDON, W.C.

Durability."
i^^-vx/V-^
ADVERTISEMENTS. 111.
For GRINDING, 5IFTING and MIXING all classes

of DRY COLOURS, PAINTS, ETC., use
GARDNER'S patent "RAPID"
Sifting & Mixing

Will perfectly blend 1 oz. of
Machines
any colour with any larger quantity.
sWl
RAPID SIFTER. RAPID MIXER.
=«rdnsr;s^^^^,^^
Fine Powder Colour Dressers, Grinding Mills, etc. \ „,^^
Catalogues from
Vm. Gardner E Sons (Gloucester) £t5.,
Nat. Telephone: ENGINEERS,

Telegrams and Cables: ,— ftLQUCESTEKi
" Gardner, Oloucester."
VITROLITE.
A Paint far superior to White Lead. For all purposes.
J-
Made in White and Stone Colour. J> J-
MURALINE.
A Washable Water Paint prepared in a Dry Powder.
Unsurpassable for beauty of surface and durability.
Made in all Colours. ^ e^
Prices, Patterns, etc., of above and other well known Specialities.
WALTER CARSON & SONS, Grove Works, Battersea, LONDON, S.W.

IV. ADVERTISEMENTS.
Jooks r paint ani Colour Trades

MANUFACTURE OF PAINT. By DICTIONARY OP CHEMICALS AND
J. Cruickshank Smith. B.Sc. Demy 8vo. 200 RAW PRODUCTS USED IN THE MANU-
pp. Sixty Illustrations and One Large Diagram. FACTURE OF PAINTS, COLOURS. VAR-
Price 7/6 net. NISHES & ALLIED PREPARATIONS.
CHEMISTRY OF PIGMENTS. By By G. H. Hurst, F.C.S. Demy 8vo. 380 pp.
E.J. Parry, B.Sc. (Lond.), F.I.C., F C.S., and J. Price 7/6 net.
H._ CosTE, F.I.C., F.C.S. Demy 8vo. 285 pp. RECIPES FOR THE COLOUR. PAINT,
Price 10/6 net. VARNISH, OIL, SOAP AND DRYSAL=
OIL COLOURS AND PRINTING INKS. TERY TRADES. Cnmpiled by An Analytical
By Louis Edgar Andes. Translated from the Chemist. 3.50 pp. Demy 8vo. Price 7/6 net.
German. 215 pp. Crown
Price 5/- net.
8vo. 56 Illustrations. SIMPLE METHODS FOR TESTING
PAINTERS' MATERIALS. By A. C.
TESTING AND VALUATION OF RAW Wright, M.A. (Oxen.), B.Sc. (Lend.) Crown
MATERIALS USED IN PAINT AND 8vo. 160 pp. Price s/- net.
COLOUR MANUFACTURE. By M. W. STUDENTS' MANUAL OF PAINTS,
Jones, F.C.S. 88 pp. Crown 8 vo. Price 5/- net. COLOURS, OILS AND VARNISHES. By
AH Books post /ree in United Kingdom for J. FuRNELL. Crown 8vo. 12 Illustrations. 96
cash Tvith order. pp. Price 2/6 net,
Catalogues of Technical Books on Paints, Anidine and Mineral Colours, Varnishes, Oils, etc., sent post free.
The Weekly Organ of the Paint «& Colour Trade
The Oil
Known
&as
Colour Trades Journal
THE OIL & COLOURMAN'S JOURNAL.
SUBSCRIPTION : United Kingdom 7/6, British Colonies 8/-, Other Countiies 10/-, per year
_ . post free, including Annual Diary.
Specimen Copy post free on receipt of trade card. Contains each week the latest trade painting and
decorating contract news, technical articles, trade reports, etc.
Publishers : SCOTT, GREENWOOD d SON,

19, LUDGATE HILL, LONDON, E.G.
FEWSTER'S China Gloss.

This White Enamel has not yet been surpassed for Colour,
Wearing
and Cheapness.
FEWSTER'S Permanent Red Paint.
Has a Wonderfully Strong Body. Is the Fastest Red on the Market.
Jrtichest m
Colour.
FEWSTER'S Amber Oak Varnish.

Suitable for Outside or Inside Work. A better Varnish
than ordinary
Oak Varnish, at a moderate cost for high class work. It is more
durable, and paler than real Amber Varnish.
FEWSTER'S Turpentine Stains.

Colours Strong and Permanent, and Quick Drying. May be varnished
over m24 hours, and a good workman can improve the wood by
assistmg the marking in applying the Stain. A Novelty for
Decorative Work.
POUR FEW^STER LINES FOR GOOD WORK.

Write for further particulars to
THOS. FEWSTER & SON, LTD.,

HULL.
ADVERTISEMENTS.
LEFRANC & COS

Colours & Varnishes.
Oil Colours in tubes for Decorators,
Colours ground in turps, ^ ^
Liquid Wood Filler. Driers. ^
AMBRO NAPHTA VARNISH the best, most brilliant and durable
Yarnish for outside work.
COLOURED OIL YARNlSHESj transparent, durable and permanent

in the light, for use on Glass, Wood, Metals, Leather, etc.,
suitable for Glazing, Imitation of Woods, etc.
For Samples apply to Wholesale Office :
27, FETTER LANE,

LONDON, E,C,
C olour Measurement
BY LOVIBOND'S METHOD.
The TINTOMETER, Ltd.,

Supply Apparatus for determining the Colour
and Tint of all Materials used in Decor-
ative Work.
They make Colour Standards for commercial
purposes and report on the Colour Composi-
tion of pigments, paper, etc.
Catalogues of Apparatus and full particulars forwarded

on application to :
Manag:er, The Colour Laboratories,

SALISBURY.
• •;*.•- - H
VI. A D VERTISEMEN TS
Iôhles 4r Boare
Varnish U Japan Manufacturers,
CORNWALL ROAD, STAMFORD STREET.

LONDON, S.E.
Telegrams— "NOBLES, LONDON." Telephone— No. 1302 Hop.
Specialities for Painters & Decorators made by
FARQUHAR & GILL

PATINOL (Registered).
A perfect Enamel Paint in pure White and all Colours. Suitable for coating
both interior and exterior surfaces, possessing the following qualities —
:
Moderate Cost, Easy Manipulation, Great Opacity, Purity of Colour.

Fine and Durable Lustre, Hardness to the Touch, Perfect Elasticity
under varying temperature, and therefore not liable to crack.
SANATOL.
A Perfect Water Paint, for walls and ceilings, in paste form, liaving the greatest
possible powerto cover up sub-adjacent surfaces, becoming insoluble in water
within five days after application, and sufficiently so within 24 hours to permit
of a second coat being applied without working up the first. In many artistic
shades, all of which are fast to light and the lime in plaster walls.
(Registered), PYROL
A Perfect Material for removing old Paint or Varnish.
(Patented).
Softens old coatings in 15

minutes. Absolutely harmless to anything except painted or varnished surfaces.
North of Scotland Colour Works, Aberdeen, Established 1818.

ADVERTISEMENTS. Vll.
Werner Pf leiderer s Perkins,

LTD.
PETERBOROUGH, ENG.
And 92, Queen Victoria St., LONDON, E.C.
^^
UNIVERSAL KNEADERS ''
AND MIXERS For Paint and Putty.

Special Types for Stiffest Mixings in all Sizes.
USED BY LARGEST FIRMS.

(See Pages 114 to 116).
MAKES A PERFECT DISTEMPER.

QUEENSGATE 98 BRAND(A Speciality for Decorators).
—THE—
FINEST PARIS GUARANTEED

WHITE
FREE FROM GRIT, PERFECTLY WHITE.
Write for Prices and Particulars.
Manufactured by tlie
QUEENSGATE WHITING Co., Ltd.,

Makers of All BANKSIDE,
Grades of Whiting
AND Paris White. BEVERLEY.
Telegrams— " Queensgate, Beverley." National Telephone No. 14.
Vlll. A D VERTISEMENTS.
THE . .
'
YiMzxW Decorative Oil Colours
A SELECTED PALETTE OF
PURE PIGMENTS,
THE "MADDERION,
Specially prepared for . . ,:GORATiVE mmim
êa palette Of pur^^,^n^
Art Decorators,
CoAcb^ Builders, Write rs,
liiiiiiSpiiji
Sign Painters, (Jc. SPECIALLY

:_.
PREPMEDM
- |ii|l||tliflfi
DECORATORS, COACH BtlJlDE
In collapsable Tubes, viz.— lERTON&CoaTMiiillS
"LARGE" Tubes (5 x ij) and

"SMALL" Tubes (5J x i)
as illustrated.
EXAMPLES OF PRICES.
(Detailed Price List sent free on application.)
Blacks, Browns, Ochres, Reds,

Siennas, Umbers
Chrome Greens, Chrome Yel-
lows, Whites
Antwerp and Prussian Blues .
Veronese Greens, Oxide of

Chromium
Carmine and Crimson Lake
Substitutes (both permanent)
Rose Madder, Madder Lake,
etc., etc.
Each Tube is put up in a separate
cardboard box.
iMMlffiQN&C^ljii
Small Tube (51 X 1).
Sole ^/a^^r^-MADDERTON & CO., Ltd., Loughton, Essex, England.
Telegrams: " Madderton, Loughton, Essex."
ADVERTISEMENTS. IX.
popular ^(andbook The Painters'

OF HOUSE PAIHTINC, Pocket Book.
DECORATING, VARNISHING By PETER MATTHEWS.
GRAINING, Etc., Prices/-; By Post, 3/2.
By HERBERT ARNOLD. Contains a very large amount of useful, prac-

tical information in addition to thefollowing.
1/3 Olotli.
Price l/~ Paper Cover.
Post Free. 1. PAINTERS' PRICES. A com-
plete list of prices for all kinds of
The Book contains the following Painters' Work, including Plain
chapters
Painting, Paperhanging (Plain and
:
How to Ee-paint a Room—The Re- Relief), Distempering, Gilding,

moval of Paint— Paint Blistering— Graining, Sign Writing, etc., etc.
Re-painting in General Varnishes — 2. MANY USEFUL TABLES
and Varnishing— Colour Mixing- which will save much time in cal-
Whitewashing —
Water Paints and culating. For example Tables :
their Advantages —
Paperhanging— giving Wall Spaces in Yards for
How to Select Harmonious Colour- Different Sized Rooms, Wages
ings — Graining Damp Walls— — Tables, Wall Paper Tables, Oil and
Staining a Floor or other Woodwork Turpentine Calculator. Table of
— Miscellaneous. Discounts and Profits, Materials
Required, etc.
COMPLETE RULES FOR
3.
JUST PUBLISHED. PAINTERS' MEASUREMENTS.
(Note.- These rules, together with
JOHN M. CLARK'S the prices, form a complete Guide to
SERIES OP Estimating Painters' Work.)
COLOUR MIXING. Instruc-
ALPHABETS, 4.
tions for mixing about 400 difierent
colours,
ETC., FOB DEFECTS IN PAINTING
5.
Sign Writers, Decorators, AND HOW TO REMEDY THEM.
Designers, etc. Damp Walls— Shop Window Sweat-
Contents — ing — Cleaning Discoloured Stone
Egyptian Capitals & Lower Case. Work— Efflorescence on Brick Work
Roman ,,
— Varnish Blooming — Resin in
French
,,
Varnish— Loss of Gloss— Blistering
,,
—Crawling Paint—Tacky Varnish
,
Gothic ,,
English Script
,,
,,
Work — Stained Ceilings — Colours
Italian
Fading, etc.
,,
Index Hands, Various Styles

,,
6. MODERN STYLES OF LET-
Transposed Capitals and Lower TERING FOR SIGN PAINTERS.
Case. Six pages.
Condensed ,, ,, ,,
7. HOW TO SET OUT WORK,
Fancy No. 1
and Practical Geometry (illustrated).
Brush
., ,, ,,
n
SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS
8.
Sloped, Various Styles.

,, ,)
USED IN CHURCH DECORATION,
on Flags, in Heraldry, etc., etc.
Two full sized Coloured Plates, (illustrated).
giving many different ideas for the 9. CONCISE DICTIONARY OF
treatment and manipulation of
TERMS used in Painting, Building,
letters in various Colourings and Architecture, Art, Applied Chemistry,
Shadings. etc., etc., v,dth many illustrations
Price 1/-; By Post 1/2. (70 pages).
DEANSGATE, MANCHESTER, and

JOHN HAYWARD, LTD., Lamb's Conduit St., LOUDON, W.C.
X. ADVERTISEMENTS.
Facsimile 0/ Original Photo taken by Conrad llm. Schmidt [F. A. Glacscr), at The Athambra, Granada, Spain.
Sole Manufacturer
CONRAD WM. SCHMIDT (F. A. QLAESER),

Telegrams— "Glaeser, London.'
Telephone-850 East.
CTD
J KA"A TirrXD r^
I F OKU,
1
I
LODClOn,
i r-
E.
.'--*.--'*--"^^- ^
, -^•-u
ADVERTISEMENTS. XI.
'
m
USE AT
LU R E a perfected JAPAN
WHAT WE
PAINT, superseding varnish, with remarkable
SAY Windsor
Castle.
Sandringham,
Osborne House
JEspreading.elastic is
and weather resisting properties. One coat equals two of pamt
Houses of
one of varnish & wears twice as long. 120 colours. Any
shade matched. Sanitary.
& Saves Ume, labour, varnish & money Paruiament
Washable. Will not crack,chip,peel,blisterorfade.
K ew Gardens
ONE GALLON WILL ON THE
COVER ABOUT RoyalYachts
90 SQUARE YARDS ,
^^;}xmm'/^///////y!m'////m/m Victoria ^
WHAT CUSTOMERS SAY Albert,

& Osborne,
Shamrock III.
ONE OR MORE FRKSH LETTERS WILL APPEAR EACH TLME. Erih Masoahita,
EQUAL FIVE WITHOUT.
TWO COATS WITH VELUREVelure Josephine, eT9
"We as a ftnislang ôatj
are perfectly satisfied with your J« J>" ''ff '"; AND AT
LONDON
"
Brandlesome Koail, Elton, Bury.
MIDDLESEX,
"Julys 1906 WESTMINSTER,
LIKE THIS.
WE HAVE HUNDREDS OF UNSOLICITED LETTERS METROPOLITAN,
ADDCNBROOKES,
and mar\y other
HOSPITALS.
HOTELS,
MANSIONS.
vESTAXa
BATTY'S ORIGINAL INVENTION.

-THE-
LOOSE BOTTOMED PAINT STRAINER.

will last for years.
This Strainer is very strongly made and
easily detach-
As shown in the drawing, it consists of three parts, soda and
able. The gauze can be easily cleaned by first soaking in Strainers
ncininal price.
water. New gauzes are supplied at a
the top.
supplied from 4^ to 12 inches diameter across
Write for particulars and price lists to-
TOIVE :Bll-TT"5r, F.I.IB.IJ.,

—DECORA TOR,—
NORTH VIEW, DRIGHLINGTON, Yorkshire.
A.B.C. Code,
Telegrams 1
" Colours, Rugeley." THB- 4t]i Edition Used.
DERBY OXIDE COLOUR Co., Ltd.,

RUGELEY, Staffordshire, England,
PAINT AND COLOUR MANUFACTURERS. SPECIALITIES-

Jewellers' and Glass Rouges.
INDIAN
TUSCAN
TURKEY'
VENETIAN ^ Red and Purple Oxides.
Crocus, Colcothar, and Colours of all Shades and Qualities.
Prepared Chalk, Driers, Pumice, Drop Black, etc.
Inquiries for Samples and Prices will have prompt attention.
'; <».". - ».1
Xll. ADVERTISEMENTS.
The " PESTLE 93

Paint Mixer
(Patented.)
PRICE £2.
Cash with Order.
Paints made ready for the brush
in a few moments. „
A time and money saver for
Decorators and others.
THE
"Little Giant"
Paint IVIixer.
Capacity 5 gallons.
_
The above woodcut shows a useful
Paint Mixer for hand power called the
" Little Giant." The advantage of
this machine is that it can be taken to
the spot where the paint is required,
and any quantity up to 5 gallons mixed
in a few minutes. The drum can be
removed for distributing the paint by
pulling down the lever. The size of
the container is 25 in. X 10 in. and is
interchangeable. The weight of the
" Little Giant" is
3J cwts. when com-
plete. The machine should be of great
use to those having to mix paint where
work is being done, and should appeal
specially to Builders, Shipbuilders and
Engineers.
''WEE McGregor'
Capacity 2J Gallons.
This Paint Mixer will be found

described in this book on page 12
It possesses all the advantages of
the " Little Giant " excepting in
its capacity and the price is cor-
respondingly reduced.
TORRANCE
& Sons, Ltd.,
BITTON,
Near BRISTOL.
ADVERTISEMENTS. xm.
Sanitary
Washable
Distemper
IN ALL CASES Tk MOST Sviitablg,
IN 7\LL WAYS Thc MOST Aftistic.
The most practical \A/all Covering easily and :
cheaply applied with a whitewash brush.

This celebrated Water Paint sets hard and is
practically impervious to climatic conditions.
.
Made in two qualities, for inside and outside work.
40 PER CENT. LESS LABOUR THAN OIL PAINT.

Made in a wide range of §3 Distinct Shades. jt
Dries like Flatted Paint. —
"SISCO" STAINERS
Strongest, colour best, go furthest. For reduction in proportion of 15 IIds.
of White Lead to r lb. of Stainers. Highest quality and
light resisting power.
Manufactured by-
SISSONS, BROTHERS «S CO., LTD.,

LondonOffice: 199b, Borough High St., 5.E. HULL.
XIV. A D VERTISEMENTS.
We have
made
Best British
Brush es '°'
v''ade
For t30 Years.

And are still the Leading Firm in the Brush Trade.
WHY?
there is
PRESTIGE & PROFIT

For the Dealer who sells Kent's Brushes
I F y^^ don't sell them, write for Catalogues to
G. B. KENT & SONS, Ltd.,

Established 75, Farring:don Road,
A.D. 1777.
London, ErC.
pn-â.Mô^
ADVERTISEMENTS. XV.
The Decorators' Greatest Profit

LIES IN USING
Bcrgcr's Specialities,
Not only in pounds, shillings and pence, bub in reputation as well.
When you use any of the Berger products, their superior
quality is at once apparent. And when you figure the cost by
considering your time, labour, material, and all the various
incidentals entering into the expense of the job, you will find
that Berger products are more profitable for you to use.
Besides, you have the added satisfaction of having done your
best work and increased your reputation as a skilled craftsman.
S^fe5.
Bergej*
BERGER'S PAINT. Prepared
" B.-P." is a scientific combination of Pare White Lead,
Pure Oxide of Zinc, Genuine Linseed Oil, and Pure
American Spirits of Turpentine. These ingredients are so
prepared that " B.P." dries with a hard, elastic fiaish of
unequalled durability. It does not chalk nor flake.
The pigment is-fio finely ground in the liquids tha*-, a greater amount of oil
is taken up than in any other paint, and the smoothness, unitormity, and
spreading capacity of the paint is vastly improved. These results are secured
by the use of specially constructed machinery of our own design.
" B.-P." saves time, money and labour. It makes the cumbersome breaking-
up and staining processes quite unnecessary. " B.-P." is always ready for use,
always standard in quality and colour, and always uniform in its consistency.
It is made in fifty-two standard shades, and is packed in convenient
packages.
Send for Shade Card.
PERFECTO, The Perfect Varnish.

PerfectO an excellent varnish for general purposes.
is
No other varnish for similar use has ever been prepared that
will equal it in point of quality.
PerfectO is made from the hardest specially selected
Kauri Gum, well aged, genuine Linseed Oil, pure American
Spirits of Turpentine, and a drier of special efficiency and
adaptability.
Perfect© works easily, spreads evenly and dries properly. It can be used
ei ther for inside or
^ outside work with the best results.
ed by water or dampness. It will hold its fine lustre
.Q.
}0 on your next varnishing job. You will not be

r 'J' it. In fact, you will be pleasantly surprised at its
rs sold for the same purpose.
^
BERGER U SONS, Ltd.,

s. Colours and Varnishes,
35^ tOMERTON, LONDON, N.E.
la, Copenhagen, Sydney, Wellington, Bombay, New York.
Illlllllllllllllllllll
B
tii

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'> ^^' >»; <;

Try our New Dry Washable Distemper " PHASANTITE."

Alabastine Should be used on the interiors of

Is a Patent Wall and Ceiling Coating, giving superior result

Alabastine So,, gritish, Ctd.

Manufacturers of Jelstone Dry Distemper

Church St., South Lambeth, London, S.W.

PAINT AND COLOUR MIXING.

Deep Japan Brown.

With Thirteen Coloured Plates.

ARTHUR SEYMOUR JENNINGS,

E. & F. N., SPON, Ltd., 57, IIAYMARKET, S.W.

PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION.

are thirteen, comprising in all 287 different colours, all

or artists' water colour. This feature is of importance

words, one which would be useful to the man who

has been assumed that the colour mixtures will be

Paint and Colour Mixing Introduction.

The Composition of a Paint Pigments —White Lead Zinc —

A Course of Experiments— Reds and How to Mix them—

Greens and How to Mix Them.

Descriptions of the Coloured Plates 178

THE COLOURED PLATES.

[Note. —A full description of each plate will be found at the

and 30 parts respectively of white lead, making 24 colours

Plate II. —This

Plate III. —This plate gives sixteen different useful colours,

Plate IV.— This plate gives thirty named colours standardised

Plate V. —Thirty more colours standardised in the same manner

Plate VI.— Sixteen useful colours in washable distempers, one

Plate VII. — Sixteen useful colours in distemper.

Plate X. —Twenty-seven different colours of distemper employed

Plate XI. —Forty specimens of typical water colours used by

Plate XIII. — Eight further examples of Matsine.

Paint and Colour Mixing : Introduction,

or pigments, such as white lead, tinctured or used

give a glossy surface and to bring the material to a

wholly. It is generally conceded, among those who

necessary that pure linseed oil be used in the manu-

atmospheric conditions, which cause any paint work

with which it is mixed, thus producing a series of

it proves very destructive to the paint itself.

at the present day there is so much patent driers

White Lead." If any proportion of adulterant is

In another chapter will be explained at length what

treated in the same way as lead would be. The

•.*•• -V» -^*3 '*»•» *»-*'' -^ -

Although American turpentine has for so many

leum origin, and (c) Liquids produced by distillation

Special Thinners.- -It is somewhat extraordinary

the colour being afterwards added to it. It saves

time to well beat up the lead with a wooden spatula,

important rules must be observed at this point. The

and not dry colours. If dry colours are employed, oil

to use the old fashioned method. The author's

in the meantime revolving around on their own axes.

the cyhnder, leaving it free to be hfted in order that

The mixers illustrated in Figs, i and 2 are manu-

very small quantities of paint or colour, and they are

•.•• -V» -^3 '»•» »-*'' -^ -