GENERAL BIOLOGY 1
The Cell
Presented by: Joan A. Riparip
Topics for discussion
Core Concepts
1. Cell Theory
2. Cell Structure and Functions
3. Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells
4. Cell Types
5. Cell Modifications
6. Cell Cycle
General Biology 1
Learning Objectives
Biology 1
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
-Explain the postulates of the cell theory
Specifically,
a. Outline the history of the development of cell theory from its
origin with Robert Hooke to the present
b. Describe how cell theory is an explanation for life
Activity 1
Timeline of events
The Wacky History of
the Cell Theory
General Biology 1
Early Microscopy and
Observations
Before microscope, the Romans had
already invented and experimented with
glasses during first Century.
-Became the early form of lens ( Latin
word Lentil)
Early Microscopy and
Observations
In 1590, Dutch spectacle-maker
Zacharias Janssen made the first
compound microscope (one having more
than one lens to magnify the image that
can magnify an image 30 times).
Early Microscopy and
Observations
In 1665, Robert Hooke, examined the
structure of thinly sliced cork under the
microscope and described small
rectangular compartments which he
called cellulae (Latin for small
chambers/rooms reported in his
publication Micrographia.)
Early Microscopy and
Observations
In 1676, Anton van Leeuwenhoek, a
Dutch shopkeeper, examined pond
water sample and saw living
organisms (protozoa and fungi),
which he called animalcules (small
animals). His single-lenses magnified
an image 200 times.
Development of the Cell Theory
Biology 1
• In 1838, Matthias Schleiden
determined that all living
plant tissue was composed
of cells and that each plant
arose from a single cell.
Development of the Cell Theory
Biology 1
• In 1839, Theodore Schwann
came to a similar conclusion
to animals.
Development of the Cell Theory
Biology 1
• Schleiden and
Schwann’s researches
became the bases of the
first two postulates of the
Cell Theory
Development of the Cell Theory
Biology 1
• In 1858, the cell theory was refined
by German pathologist Rudolf
Virchow, who concluded that “all
cells arise from cells” and that the
cell was the basic unit of life.
• This discovery was initially made
by Robert Remak in 1855 when he
tried to prove the idea of cell
division
3 Postulates of Cell Theory
All organisms are The cell is the Cells arise
made up of cells basic unit of from pre-
life. existing cells.
The Theory of Spontaneous
Generation
1. Among these scientist, who do you think had the greatest
impact in the study of life? Justify the answer.
2. If you were a scientist from the 1900s, what discovery
would you like to have made yourself? Why did you choose
this discovery?
3. You are one of the scientists who accidentally discovered
cells. Unfortunately, you work was not recognized by the
public. How should you communicate your research with
other scientists so that your discovery would be recognized?
What values should a scientist possess regarding the
problem?
GENERAL BIOLOGY 1
Cell Structure
and
Functions
Presented by: Joan A. Riparip
Learning Objectives
Biology 1
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
-Describe the structure and function of major and
subcellular organelles
CELL MEMBRANE
Selectively permeable
composed of a double
layer of phospholipids
with proteins embedded
throughout
CYTOPLASM
enclosed within the cell
membrane is the
cytoplasm and contains
the semifluid substance
called the cytosol
Microfilament (7
nanometer )
Microtubules ( 25 nm)
Intermediate Filament
(10 nm) - the most
stable and least soluble
and provide tensile
strength
CENTRIOLES
Centrioles help in the
separation and movement
of the replicated genetic
materials called
chromosomes to opposite
poles.
NUCLEUS
Control center of the cell
Inside the nuclear envelope
is the nucleoplasm.
Within the nucleoplasm are
strands of chromatin, which
are combination of DNA
and proteins
NUCLEOLUS
Membrane-free organelle
found inside the nucleus
that contains fibrils and
granules.
RIBOSOMES
Small, dense structure
that help in the assembly
of proteins in the cell.
Not membrane-bound,
so they are not
organelles.
ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM (ER)
Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum manufacture
secretory proteins such
as pancreatic cells.
ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM (ER)
Smooth Endoplasmic
Reticulum has no
ribosomes attached
Involved in synthesis and
breakdown of lipid and
carbohydrate
Golgi Bodies/Golgi
Apparatus/Golgi Complex
Modifies, packages
and distributes
molecules made at
one location of the
cell and used at
another.
Lysosomes
It has hydrolytic enzymes
(protein that use water to
break down substances) –
digest food, recycle old
components of the cell,
and kill invading micro
organisms
Mitochondrion
Produces ATP
(adenosine
triphosphate), the
energy currency of
the cell
Flagella and Cilia
Appendages
responsible for
locomotion of cells.
Flagella and Cilia
The locomotive action
is due to the
arrangement of
microtubules.
Flagella and Cilia
Flagellum moves in a
whiplike manner –
Euglena
Cilia require power
and recovery stroke –
Paramecium
CELL WALL
Located outside the cell
membrane , made of
cellulose
CELL WALL
Maintains the shape of
the plant, protects and
helps regulate the cell’s
uptake of water
Peptidoglycan
Composed of amino
acids and sugars
This gives the cell walls
of the bacteria structure
and provides protection
Chitin (Fungi)
Nirtogen-
containing
polyssacharide
similar to
cellulose which
serves as
structural support
CHLOROPLAST
Inside this double-
membrane organelle is
stroma, a colorless fluid
surrounding grana.
Each granum contains
several stack of thylakoid
that contains chlorophyll
VACUOLE
In most mature plant cells,
the vacuole that occupies
the largest space is called
central vacuole.
This maintains the Turgor
Pressure to keep cell from
wilting.
Biology 1
Prokaryotes
vs
Eukaryotes
Learning Objectives
Biology 1
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
-Distinguish prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells according
to their distinguishing features
Prokaryotes
unicellular organisms that
lack membrane-bound
structures, the most
noteworthy of which is
the nucleus.
Prokaryotic cells tend to
be small, simple cells,
measuring around 0.1-5
μm in diameter
Archaea Bacteria
Prokaryotic cell features
Here is a breakdown of what you might find in a prokaryotic bacterial
cell.
Nucleoid: A central region of the cell that contains its DNA.
Ribosome: Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis.
Cell wall: The cell wall provides structure and protection from the
outside environment. Most bacteria have a rigid cell wall made from
carbohydrates and proteins called peptidoglycans.
Cell membrane: Every prokaryote has a cell membrane, also known as
the plasma membrane, that separates the cell from the outside
environment.
Capsule: Some bacteria have a layer of carbohydrates that
surrounds the cell wall called the capsule. The capsule helps the
bacterium attach to surfaces.
Fimbriae: Fimbriae are thin, hair-like structures that help with
cellular attachment.
Pili: Pili are rod-shaped structures involved in multiple roles,
including attachment and DNA transfer.
Flagella: Flagella are thin, tail-like structures that assist in
movement.
Eukaryotes
organisms whose cells
have a nucleus and other
organelles enclosed by a
plasma membrane.
Organelles are internal
structures responsible for
a variety of functions,
such as energy production
and protein synthesis.
Eukaryotic cell features
Within a eukaryotic cell, each membrane-bound structure carries out specific
cellular functions. Here is an overview of many of the primary components of
eukaryotic cells.
•Nucleus: The nucleus stores the genetic information in chromatin
form.
•Nucleolus: Found inside of the nucleus, the nucleolus is the part of
eukaryotic cells where ribosomal RNA is produced.
•Plasma membrane: The plasma membrane is a phospholipid bilayer
that surrounds the entire cell and encompasses the organelles within.
•Cytoskeleton or cell wall: The cytoskeleton or cell wall provides
structure, allows for cell movement, and plays a role in cell division.
•Ribosomes: Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis.
•Mitochondria: Mitochondria, also known as the powerhouses of
the cell, are responsible for energy production.
•Cytoplasm: The cytoplasm is the region of the cell between the
nuclear envelope and plasma membrane.
•Cytosol: Cytosol is a gel-like substance within the cell that contains
the organelles.
•Endoplasmic reticulum: The endoplasmic reticulum is an organelle
dedicated to protein maturation and transportation.
•Vesicles and vacuoles: Vesicles and vacuoles are membrane-bound
sacs involved in transportation and storage.
Other common organelles found in many, but not all, eukaryotes
include the Golgi apparatus, chloroplasts and lysosomes.
Animals, plants, fungi, algae and protozoans are all eukaryotes.
