Chapter I: Introduction to Science, Technology, and

Society (STS)
This chapter presents the salient concepts related to STS as a course. It
contains introductory topics about science, technology, and society as individual
concepts with the aim of relating them to the course, STS. It also includes topics
on the historical development of science and technology.

Lesson 1: Basic Concepts of Science, Technology, and Society

By: Isah Lou G. Nocal

Starting Accurately

Science, technology, and society are essential elements in a man’s life.

These three components are interrelated to one another bringing an effect; may it
be positive or negative. Science, technology, and society are not separated
entities; they are interrelated with each other and thus, are inseparable.
This lesson will introduce you to what STS course is all about. As an
interdisciplinary course, this will find a way in exploring the importance and
highlight the impact of science, technology, and society in our everyday living.
One would discover the different activities from the groups of people in a society
cause the production, distribution, and utilization of scientific knowledge and
thus, developing technological systems.

Intended Learning Outcomes:

At the end of this lesson, learners must be able to:
a. discuss basic concepts of science, technology, and society; and
b. discuss the interactions between science, technology, and society throughout
history.

Stimulating Learning

Motivation Activity Number 1: “Mystery Box”

1. Prior to this activity, prepare a box with different contents inside. Cover the
box in such a way that the contents are not visible to the class.
2. On the day of the activity, your class will be presented with a box. Put the box
on the teacher's table. Ask the class what they have observed in reference to
the box. Write their observations on the board.
3. Next, instruct the class to come closer to the box; they can hold it and do
anything with it except open it; and ask them what they have observed in
reference to the box. Write their observations on the board.

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4. Then, ask the class: What do you think are the contents of the box? Write
your guesses or hunches on a clean piece of paper and let us check in a
while whether your guesses or hunches are correct. Open the box in front of
the class and reveal its contents to the class.
5. Process the activity by asking the following questions:
a. How did you come up with your observations? What did you do to
come up with such observations?
b. Were your observations correct? If yes, what do you think is/are the
factor/s that led you to such correct observations? If no, what do you
think is/are the factor/s that led you to such incorrect observations?
c. Were your guesses or haunches correct regarding the contents of the
box? If yes, what do you think is/are the factor/s that led you to such
correct guesses or haunches? If no, what do you think is/are the
factor/s that led you to such incorrect guesses or hunches?
d. Is observation an important process in our everyday life? Why or why
not?

Inculcating Concepts

Basic Concepts About Science (Definition, Branches, Basic Principles)

SCIENCE

A body of facts that has been systematically classified and correlated

to serve as a basis for the discovery of general truth.
Comes from the Latin word “scire,” which means to know and
“scientia,” which is knowledge.
A systematic attempt to establish theories to explain observed
phenomena and knowledge obtained through these efforts.
Has the goal to understand the world around us.

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Source: http://tech21stworld.blogspot.com/2014/08/science-technology-and-society.html

IMPORTANCE OF SCIENCE

Gives idea on the nature of life and things that occur around us.
a) Man observed things around them and saw a connection between
certain events.
b) Man tries to understand nature so that they may be able to control it for
the enrichment of human lives.
Tries to explain the different phenomena and eventually leads to the
discovery of general truth.
Seeks relationships among things and processes. Scientific knowldege
enables us to do and make all kinds of things.
Part of our everyday living.
Source of intellectual enjoyment by understanding scientific processes,
one can develop and sharpen their problem solving and critical thinking
ability.
Liberates the mind and supplants superstitiuos beliefs and prejudices.

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TYPES OF SCIENCE

SCIENCE

Applied Science
Pure science
-is the practical application
- concerned with gathering of
information solely for the sake
of scientific theory and law
of obtaining new knowledge that can be used in everyday
situations called technology

MAIN DIVISION OF SCIENCE

SCIENCE

Biological science Physical science

- deals with the more - deals with the matter and
complex things as observed energy apart from life. Relates
in living-things to order of nature and to
regular succession of events.

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BRANCHES OF SCIENCE

Physics-the science of the changes in matter which do not involve a change in composition.

Chemistry-deals with changes in the compostion of matter.

Geology-the study of the Earth’s structure.

Geography-deals with the surface and regional distribution of raw materials.

Meteorology- the study of weather and climate.

Astronomy- the study of the universe outside our own planet.

Biology-study of living things.

TECHNOLOGY

The application of science (the combination of scientific method and

material) to solve problems.
It is the making, usage and knowledge of tools, machine, techniques,
crafts and system of organization to solve problems.

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TYPES OF TECHNOLOGY

Simple Technology Advanced Technology

• Has two or less simple • Has several simple machines.

machines. • Ex: Microwave oven, electric
• Ex: Knife, brush. iron, washing machine.

ADVANTAGES OF TECHNOLOGY

Reduces the time it takes to perform a task.

Lessens the amount of energy used to perform a task.
Allows one to perform more than one task at the same time
(multitasking).
Improves the quality of finished product.
Increases the performance rate of tasks that can be performed with a
specified time.

DISADVANTAGES OF TECHNOLOGY

Can cause umployment as machine replaces human labor

Can cause individuals to become inactive because the use of the
devices does not require much energy to be expended

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SOCIETY

SOCIETY

-A large grouping that shares the same

-Derived from Latin word "socius," which
geographical territory, shares a common
means companionship or friendship.
culture and social structure.

“A society is a relatively independent, self-

perpetuating human group which occupies a
territory, shares a culture, and has most of its
associations within the group.” - Horton and
Hunt.
https://books.google.com.ph/books/ab
out/Sociology.html?id=eiEEAgAACAA
J&source=kp_cover&redir_esc=y

“A society is a complex system of usages and

procedures, of authority and mutual aid of
many groupings and divisions, of control of
human behavior and of liberties.” - Maclver and
Page.
https://www.azquotes.com/author/259
19-Robert_Morrison_MacIver

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“Society is the union itself, the organization, the
sum of formal relations in which associating
individuals are bound together.” - Franklin
Henry Giddings.

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fil
e:GIDDINGS-FRANKLIN-HENRY-
2.JPG

NATURE OF SOCIETY

*Society depends on likeness.

*Society is consist of people.
-The principle of likeness is essential for
-Society is composed of people. Without society. It exists among those who
people there can be no society, no social resemble one another in body and mind
relationship and no social life at all. to some extent.

*There is mutual awareness and mutual *Society is dynamic.

interaction.
-Society is a group of people in -Society is not static, but it is dynamic.
continuous interactions with each other Changeability is an inherent quality of
because of mutual awareness. human beings.

*Society rests on differences. *There is cooperation and division of

-If men are exactly alike, their social labor.
relationships would be very limited. -Division of labor and cooperation have
People differ from one another. made social solidarity of social cohesion.

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SOCIETY

Pre-Industrial Industrial
Society Society

Hunting and
gathering

Horticulture
and pastoral

Agrarian

TYPES OF SOCIETY

1. Pre-Industrial Society

Use of Low Joint family Dominance There is

simplest division of structure is of religious pro-
technology labor: prevalent. and liberation
developed production superstitio of
locally with was simple ns beliefs knowedge.
the help of and the over the
indigenous number of day to day
knowledge. specialized activities of
crafts was people.
limited.

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SUB TYPES OF PRE-INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY

1. Hunting and gathering societies

- The simplest kind of society.
- The use of simple tools to hunt animals and gather vegetation is a
feature of this society.

2. Horticultural and pastoral societies

- The use of hand tools to cultivate crops was discovered.
- People turned to the domestication of animals.

3. Agrarian Society
- The discovery of agriculture in which large-scale cultivation using plows
harnessed to animals or more powerful energy sources.

2. Industrial Society

- A social system in which the

mode of production focuses
primarily on finished goods
manufactured with the aid of
machinery.
- Society driven by the use of
technology to enable mass
production, supporting a large
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url= population with a high capacity
https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cusd200.org for division of labor.

Industrialization draws people away from home to factories.

Occupation specialization has become more pronounced.
Leads to the rise of very large cities and surrounding suburban areas
with a high rate of economic activity.
Division of labor becomes over-exhibited.
Rapid change and movement from place to place also generate
anonymity, cultural diversity, and numerous subcultures and counter-
cultures.

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Evaluating Understanding

Self-Assessment: Answer the following questions and check whether your

answers are correct by referring to Appendix A for the correct answers.

Test I. Multiple Choice: Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. STS stands for _______________________.

A. Society, Time, and Science
B. Science, Technology, and Society
C. Science, Technology, and System
D. Society, Technology, and Science
2. The application of science which could help in solving the problems of
society.
A. Technology B. Invention C. Innovation D. Robotics
3. The two types of technology
A. simple and advanced C. traditional and advanced
B. simple and complex D. simple and complicated
4. Which of the following is not a sub-type of pre-industrial society?
A. agrarian C. industrialized
B. hunting and gathering D. horticultural and pastoral
5. A Latin word that means friendship or companionship.
A. scientia B. socium C. socia D socius
6. A systematic body of knowledge.
A. theory B. science C. law D. technology
7. Two types of science.
A. pure and applied C. applied and physical
B. natural and pure D. physical and natural
8. Which topic is not included in the study of STS?
A. Historical development of technology
B. World history
C. Specific issues in STS
D. Human condition
9. The study of STS is covered by what CMO?
A. CMO No. 20, B. CMO No. 19, C. CMO No. 18 D. CMO No. 20
series of 2014 series of 2012 series of 2001 series of 2013
10. The branch of science that deals with the study of living things.
A. Genetics B. Biology C. Zoology D. Astronomy

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Test II. Cluster True or False: In the space provided, write True if the statement is
correct and False if not.

A. In a society,
_________ 1. all are alike.
_________ 2. there is social relationship that exists.
_________ 3. everything is permanent.
_________ 4. mutual awareness and interaction are important.

B. Science is important because it,

_________ 5. affects our everyday living.
_________ 6. supports superstitious beliefs.
_________ 7. can explain varied phenomena.

C. Industrialization
_________ 8. both has a negative and positive effect.
_________ 9. help the high demands of society for goods.
_________ 10. does not affect the economic growth of a country.
_________ 11. Creates more job opportunities to people.

D. Technology is a big help to mankind because

_________ 12. one can do work with lesser energy applied.
_________ 13. multitasking is made possible.
_________ 14. we became overly dependent on them.
_________ 15. high quality products are produced.

Upgrading Competence and Expanding Insights

Given this link, https://www.lifehack.org/articles/technology/20-smart-

home-technology-gadgets-that-will-leave-you-spellbound.html, read the article
about 20 Smart Home Technology Gadgets That Will Leave You Spellbound by
Michelle S. Smith. In 50-100 words, answer the question: If you are given the
chance to choose one smart home technology that you want to have, what would
it be and why? Write your answer in a ½ crosswise sheet of paper.

References:

Gribbin, J. (2003). Science: A History. London, UK: Penguin Books.

Iaccarino, M. (2003). Science and Culture. EMBO Reports, 4, 220-223.
Serafrica, J.P., et al. (2018). Science, Technology, and Society. Philippines: Rex
Printing Company.

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https://www.vectorstock.com/royalty-free-vector/cartoon-community-world-
people-society-vector-14855193
https://www.facebook.com/priyaisas/
https://www.britannica.com/place/United-Kingdom/Economy
https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2012/03/20/a-practical-vision-simple-
technology-that-transforms-lives/
https://www.google. marketbusinessnews.com
https://www.google.hopeinterculturalcomm.weebly.com
https://www.google. superstition-inquisition
https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/political-cartoons-in-the-age-of-
memes/article30525504.ece
https://reviste.in/careers/liberation-of-knowledge/

Lesson 2: Historical Development of Science and Technology

By: Millie Flor L. Adam

Starting Accurately

Intended Learning Outcomes:

At the end of this lesson, students should be able to:

1. discuss how scientific and technological developments affect society and the
environment;
2. identify the paradigm shifts in history;
3. articulate ways by which society is transformed by science and technology; and
4. create a timeline on the history of science and technology.

Stimulating Learning

Motivation Activity Number 2: “Standing on the Shoulder of Giants”

1. Your class will be divided into four groups. Prior to this activity, each group will
be assigned to search for at least one Filipino Scientist or Inventor for each of
the following categories: National, Regional, Antiqueño, and UA Faculty.
Search for the picture of the scientist or inventor, the name of the invention,
the picture of the invention, the use or purpose of the invention, and the
manner of how the invention works, if applicable.
2. As a group, arrange and paste the pictures that you have gathered on a 1/8
illustration board. Label the pictures accordingly and as needed. Design the
illustration board with an appropriate theme.

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3. On the day of the activity, present your output in front of the class. Explain in
your own words how the invention works. Conclude your presentation by
discussing how the invention impacted people and society.

Inculcating Concepts

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Historical evidences in development of science and technology can be

traced back only with written records from about 5000 years ago. However,
archaeological excavations of fossil remains of a “Peking man” were confirmed to
be dated about 500 million years ago through modern instruments and techniques.
These fossils were accompanied by stones of various shapes which were used as
tools for survival (Borbon, 2000).
Science and technology continued to progress with the intention to improve
the society’s quality of life. Products of science and technology allow people to do
more with a little effort in a shorter period of time (McNamara, 2012). Discovery
and invention governed man’s achievements in science and technology (Borbon,
2000).
In this lesson, we will try to look at the progress of science and technology
through the perspective of history by identifying their significant discoveries and
inventions and how these affect the societies in their respective time periods.

Time Period Significant Discoveries and Inventions

a. Pre-Historic Times • Fire (man’s first invention).
• Tools and weapons made of stones a bronze.

(Source: https://historiamolim6000.wordpress.com)
b. Ancient Times
(3500 B.C. – A.D.
1200)

1. Sumerian
Civilization • Cuneiform (world’s first writing system).
• Sexagesimal system of measurement which
uses the number 60 as base system (e.g., an
hour is divided into 60 minutes of 60 seconds).
• Ziggurats.

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• Wheeled vehicle.

Cuneiform
(Source: https://www.britannica.com/place/Sumer)
2. Babylonian • Hanging Gardens of Babylon (one of Seven
Civilization Wonders of the World).
• Ishar Gate.

Hanging Gardens of Babylon

(Source: https://www.ancient.eu/babylon/)
3. Egyptian • Hieroglyphics (Egyptian system of writing).
Civilization • Egyptian calendar (composed of 365 days).
• Water clock to calculate time (divided the day
into 24 hours).
• Pyramids (e.g., Step Pyramid of Sakkara and
Great Pyramid of Khufu or Cheofs).
• Mummification (a system of embalming their
dead to preserve the body).

Pyramid
(Source: https://www.britannica.com/place/ancient-Egypt)
4. Greek • Geocentric theory of the universe (postulated
Civilization by Claudius Ptolemy) became the first model of
the universe for more than 1,400 years).

(Source: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/sanjac-
earthscience/chapter/introduction-to-the-solar-system/)
5. Roman • Public buildings could accommodate as many
Civilization as 300, 000 people (e.g., Hippodrome,
Colosseum, Circus Maximus, Hagia Sophia).

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• Roman roads stretched for thousands of miles.

Hippodrome for horse racing and chariot racing

(Source: https://www.crystalinks.com/circusmaximus.html)
6. Arabic/ Islamic • Canon of Medicine book written and published
Civilizations by Ibn Sina or Avicenna (980-1037 A.D.) was
used as the basis for Arab medicinal research.
• Arabic system of numbers.
• Pseudoscience of alchemy in which they mix
chemical elements to transform base metals
into gold.
• Glass lens (first to use them for magnification).
• Black powder (eventually used as gunpowder
and they were the first to create the first gun).

The Arabs practice alchemy to turn metals into gold.

(Source: https://www.arabbritishcentre.org.uk/alchemy-in-the-middle-east-by-
christopher-danieli/)
7. Chinese • Silk production.
Civilization • Chopsticks.
• Astronomical records of stars, novae, eclipses,
and comets (e.g., Halley comet was first
observed in China in 240 B.C.).
• The Great Wall of China and the Great Palace
of the First Emperor (two architectural
monuments of massive proportions).
• Chinese medicine (e.g., practice of
acupuncture).
• Earthquake weathercock (instrument to
detect earthquake occurrence).
• Paper production.
• Movable-type printing press.
• Black powder used in fireworks displays and
was later used in explosive cannonballs.

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The Great Wall of China was built to defend the
country from invaders.
(Source: https://www.china-roads.com/travel/great-wall-of-china/)
8. Indus-Hindu • Indian surgeons successfully performed various
Civilization operations like repair of broken limbs,
complicated bone setting, amputation, plastic
surgery, and Caesarean section.
• Hindu-Arabic numerals
• Mathematical concepts (known as the Indian
art) such as the negative and positive
quantities; square and cube roots; quadratic
equations; mathematical implications of zero
and infinity; value of pi up to nine decimal
places; important steps in trigonometry, sine
functions, spherical geometry, and calculus.

(Source: https://www.basic-mathematics.com/hindu-arabic-numeration-
system.html)
9. Pre-Columbian • Mayan hieroglyphics.
Mesoamerican • Calendar containing 365 days and divided into
Civilization 18 months of 20 days each.
• Calendar stone (represented the Aztec’s
universe).
• Rubber products.
• Mathematical system with 20 as the base
number instead of 10. They used dots and
dashes to represent numbers and a special
symbol that signified zero.
• Farming techniques such as slash-and-burn
farming, terraces to prevent erosion, chinampas
(artificial islands which serve as their cropland)
• Chocolates made out of cacao beans.
• Tacos and tortilla chips made from corn.

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They grew their crops in chinampas or artificial
islands.
(Source: https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/157414949449830116/)
c. The Middle Ages • Known as the Medieval Times in the Western
(400-1300 A.D. in World between Ancient Times and Modern
the Western World) Times.
• Time devoted by the scholars to the study of
theology which somehow left little interest for
scientific pursuits.
• However, as the original works were translated
and copied by hand, errors were inadvertently
committed and multiplied.
d. Modern Times

1. Renaissance Renaissance Period is known as the period of rebirth

Period (1300- or revival in Europe.
1600 A.D.) • Movable-type printing press invented in the
1440’s by Johann Gutenberg in Germany.
• Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519), one of the
greatest artists of his time, left behind the plans
that anticipated such inventions as the
helicopter, the submarine, the machine gun,
and the motor car.

Gutenberg’s printing press

(Source: http://davincid.weebly.com/gutenberg-printing-press.html)
2. Scientific The rebirth of science in Europe known as Scientific
Revolution Revolution began in 1543 with the publication of two
(1600-1700 books:
A.D.) ➢ On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres
written by Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543),
challenged the centuries-old geocentric
universe of Claudius Ptolemy; and
➢ On the Fabric of the Human Body written by
Andreas Vesalius (1514-1640), who

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presented the first scientifically accurate
description of human anatomy which eventually
replaced those earlier written by Galen (100’s
A.D. Greek physician) and Avicenna (early
1000’s A.D. Arab physician).

Significant inventions during this period include:

• Telescope which was devised by Galileo
Galilei (1564-1662) to study the heavens. It
was also invented in Holland by Hans
Lippershey (1570-1619).
• Optics. Isaac Newton discovered that visible
light is composed of different colors when
separated by prism which was written in his
book, The Optiks, that was published in 1704.
Newton also transformed the underlying
principles in physical science with his three laws
of motion and the law of universal gravitation.
• Cell. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)
studied the appearance of protozoa and
bacteria while he looked at them under the
optical instrument he made. Robert Hooke
(1635-1703) discovered in 1665 the “cell,” the
term he used to describe what he saw while
looking at the very thin layers of cork under his
microscope.
• Barometer. Evangelista Torricelli (1608-
1647) invented the barometer while Blaise
Pascal (1623-1662) demonstrated how air
pressure diminished with altitude by using the
barometer.

Galileo’s telescope
(Source:
https://history.amazingspace.org/resources/explorations/groundup/lesson/scope
s/galileo/index.php)
3. Industrialization Until the nineteenth century, all physical labor was
in the Modern accomplished either directly by human hands or with
World (1703- the aid of tools. Gradually, the power for production
1930 A.D.) was reinforced by simple machines, coal, petroleum,
and was soon replaced by electricity. The phenomenal
transforming process ushered by the transfer of work

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from human hands to machines was aptly called “The
Industrial Revolution.”

Significant discoveries and inventions during this

period include:
• Steam engine – James Watt invented the first
satisfactory efficient condensing steam engine
in 1765 with his friend, Joseph Black who
discovered latent heat.
• Electricity - Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)
proved that lightning is electricity. It led him to
invent the lightning rod to prevent houses from
getting burned when struck by lightning.

Benjamin Franklin proved that lightning is electricity

by flying a wired kite in a thunderstorm.
(Source: http://www.benjamin-franklin-history.org/experiments-with-electricity/)

• Electric battery - Alessandro Volta (1745-

1827) invented electric battery in 1800. In his
honor, a unit of electromotive force which drives
current was called the volt.
• Electromagnetism - Michael Faraday (1791-
1867) carried out several experiments which
greatly enlightened our understanding of
electromagnetism.
• Electric motor - Hans Oersted (1777-1851)
invented electric motor, a device for converting
electricity to mechanical motion.
• Electric current - Andre Ampere (1775-1836)
explained the observed magnetic effects in
terms of electric currents flowing in small loops.
• Telegraph - Samuel F.B. Morse (1791-1872)
produced the first practical telegraph known as
the Morse Code, a system of signals composed
of dots and dashes combined to represent
letters of the alphabet.

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• Telephone – invented by Alexander Graham
Bell (1847-1922) who carried out the world’s
first successful telephone conversation in 1876.
• Electric bulb – invented by Thomas Alva
Edison (1847-1931) which brought electrical
illumination into the world in the 1880’s. Among
his other outstanding inventions are the
phonograph and the motion picture equipment.

Thomas Alva Edison was deaf, claiming that his

deafness enabled him to concentrate. He held a
world record of 1,093 patents for his inventions
including incandescent electric light which brought
electrical illumination into the world.
(Source: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Thomas-Edison)

• Radio waves - Heinrich Hertz (1857-1894)

was the first to broadcast and receive radio
waves. Hertz established the fact that light and
heat are electromagnetic waves.
• Radiotelegraphy – a system of mass
communication which was invented by
Guglielmo Marconi (1874-1937). He patented
wireless telegraphy apparatus in 1900.
• Motor car – Nicolas Otto (1832-1891) created
an improved combustion engine, and this is still
the way cars work today.
• X-rays – Wilhelm Roentgen (1845-1923)
recorded the first X-ray image and realized the
medical potential of x-rays.
• Airplane – Wilbur and Orville Wright built and
flew the first really successful airplane.
• Rockets and space flights – Konstantin
Tsiokovsky (1857-1935) was the first person to
draw up plans for space stations and calculated
the rocket’s travel and consumption of rocket

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fuel. Yuri Gagarin (1934-1968) was the first
man to orbit the earth in 1961.
• Atomic bomb - John Cockcroft (1897-1967)
and Earnest Walton (1903-1995) were able to
split the atom. This proved Albert Einstein’s
(1879-1955) theory of relativity. This unlocked
the secrets of the atomic nucleus, which later
allowed scientists to develop the atomic bomb.

HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES

Time Period Status of Philippine Science and Technology

1. The Pre- Before the coming of the Spaniards, Filipinos already
Spanish had:
Colonial Period • Own writing system, Baybayin.
• Own method of counting.
• System of weights and measurements.
• Calendar.
• Cultivated their fields.
• Built ships or bancas out of logs.
• Engaged in extensive fishing and some mining,
particularly gold.
• Been weaving cloth from abaca, cotton, and fine
pineapple fibers (pina).
• Treated wounds and diseases using some
medical herbs.

Baybayin is the ancient Filipino writing system.

(Source:https://narrastudio.com/blogs/journal/baybayin-the-ancient-filipino-script-
lives-on)
2. The Spanish The Spaniards introduced the following:
Colonial Period • Roads and stone bridges were built to connect
provinces and towns.
• Stone churches, many of which still stand today.
• Use of concrete materials and the manufacture of
lime, cement, and bricks.
• Built hospitals such as the San Lazaro Hospital in
Manila, considered the oldest in the Far East,
which still exists today.

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• Printing from movable types and the Roman
alphabet was introduced and books in Spanish,
Tagalog, and some other dialects were printed in
small numbers.
• Establishment of academic institutions beyond
the primary grades which influenced the
beginning and progress of science through the
introduction of scientific subjects in formal
education.

Academic institutions, such as University of Sto.

Tomas, Manila, were established.
(Source: https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/510736413973957507/)
3. American • The first State University, the University of the
Colonial Period Philippines, was established.
• Several members of the U.P. faculty were sent to
the United States and Europe to advance their
training and to obtain higher degrees for a
Master’s or Doctorate’s Degree in the sciences
specialized in agriculture, chemistry, biology,
medicine, physics, engineering, and
mathematics.
• Science bureaus were created.
• Scientific periodicals were established with the
increase of scientific activities.
• Scientific societies were organized.
4. Japanese • There was not much scientific activity, apart from
Colonial Period development of the production of basic
necessities such as soap and coconut oil.
• Produced native substitute for quinine which was
much in demand because of the rampant spread
of malaria.
5. Period of the • Many agencies in science and technology were
Republic of the established and strengthened, including the
Philippines Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and
Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA),
the National Academy of Science and Technology
(NAST), and the National Science and
Technology Authority (NSTA).
• NSTA was reorganized into the Department of
Science and Technology (DOST). DOST is the

Page 23 of 51
central agency mandated to provide direction,
leadership, and coordination of all scientific and
technological activities in the Philippines.
• Science schools were established to develop
gifted students in science and mathematics, such
as the Philippine Science High School System
(PSHSS), Manila Science High School, Quezon
City Regional Science High School, and the
Special Science Elementary Schools Project to
promote science education.

(Source: www.dost.gov.ph)

Filipino Discoveries and Inventions

Filipino scientists’ discoveries and inventions were built from indigenous

materials or created to adapt to the harsh tropical environment in the Philippines
(McNamara, 2012). Some of Filipino-made inventions include:

Inventions Inventor Description and Photos

1. Salamander Victor Llave and An amphibious tricycle that can cross not
Amphibious his team at H2O only flooded streets but also rivers and
Tricycle Technologies lakes.

(Source: https://startsomegood.com/H2OSalamander)
2. Sustainable Aisa Mijeno A lighting system that utilizes saltwater, a
Alternative material abundant in the Philippines.
Lighting Alternative to saltwater may be done by
(SALt) lamp mixing two tablespoons of salt and a
glass of tap water.

(Source: https://inhabitat.com/filipino-salt-lamp-runs-8-hours-
on-just-1-glass-of-salty-water/)

Page 24 of 51
3. Medical Dr. Fe del Made from indigenous and cheap
Incubator Mundo, a Filipino materials which did not run on electricity.
pediatrician and
the first Asian
woman admitted
into Harvard
Medical School

Medical incubator made of bamboo.

(Source:https://www.esquiremag.ph/long-
reads/features/amazing-inventions-by-filipinos-a00204-
20200529)
4. Mosquito Department of Also known as OL Trap. This trap
Ovicidal/ Science and system is made of natural ingredients
Larvicidal Technology – that are lethal to mosquitos but safe for
Trap Industrial humans and the environment.
System Technology
Development
Institute (DOST-
ITDI)
(Source:https://www.researchgate.net/figure/DOST-
Mosquito-Ovicidal-Larvicidal-OL-Trap-5_fig1_272361932)
This modern type of transportation
5. Electrical Leonardo Sarao utilizes electricity. It is environment-
Jeepney (e- friendly since it does not emit any smoke
Jeepney) and noise.

E-jeepney by Sarao Motors

(Source:https://www.topgear.com.ph/news/industry-
news/sarao-e-jeepneys-features-a00188-20180425)

Page 25 of 51
INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION

Intellectual revolution is the period where paradigm shifts happen when well-
established and widely accepted scientific beliefs were challenged and opposed.
The following are some of the revolutionizing theories that transformed societies
and beliefs:

1. Copernican Revolution
“Finally, we shall place the Sun himself at the center of the Universe.”
Nicolaus Copernicus
Famous Greek philosopher and astronomer, Claudius Ptolemy, stated that
the planets, as well as the sun and the moon, moved in a circular motion around
the Earth. He believed that the Earth was at the center – a concept known as
geocentrism. Ptolemy’s geocentric model was widely accepted by the people for
more than 1400 years.
In 16th century, the Ptolemaic model was challenged by Nicolaus
Copernicus, a Polish mathematician and astronomer. He introduced a new
concept known as heliocentrism, which suggested that the center of the Solar
System was not the Earth but actually the sun, and that the Earth and all the
planets were surrounding or orbiting the Sun each year (McNamara, 2012).
Copernicus’ idea was rejected by the public because his teachings were against
what was widely accepted by religion that the Earth was created first before all
other things. He circulated a summary of his ideas to his few close friends in a
manuscript called Commentariolus or Little Commentary (Serafica, 2018).
However, fearing the wrath of the church, he kept his ideas to himself for thirty
years. Only as he was nearing death did he finally decide to publish his little book
On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres. When it was eventually published,
in 1543, (Copernicus first saw a copy on the day he died) it was immediately placed
on the papal index of forbidden books (Doria, 2018).
It took about 150 years before the three astronomers – Galileo, Kepler, and
Tycho – finally laid to rest the Aristotelian-Ptolemaic universe in a period which was
called the birth of modern astronomy (Doria, 2018). The evidences from their
experiments finally confirmed the heliocentric theory proposed by Copernicus.

(Source: http://www.sussexvt.k12.de.us/science/TheHistoryoftheWorld1500-
1899/Copernicusandtheheliocentricsolarsystem.htm)

Click on the link to watch a video to know more about Nicolas Copernicus:

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M0p6NKANE08.

2. Darwinian Revolution
“It is not the strongest or the most intelligent species that survive, nor the
most intelligent, but the ones most responsive to change.” – Charles Darwin
All the species of animals and plants in existence were thought to have been
created in their final form at the time of the Creation.
This was challenged when Charles Darwin, an English naturalist, biologist,
and geologist, published his book On the Origin of Species (1859) and Descent
of Man (1871). He studied on animals, plants, and geology of South America when
he joined a five-year voyage through the HMS Beagle on the Islands of Galapagos.
Darwin collected many significant materials in order to present evidence on how
species evolved over time and presented traits and adaptation that differentiate
species. He stated that organisms have the ability to adapt to their environment
and would gradually change into something that would be more competitive to
survive, a process known as evolution. This process is called the natural
selection which is a natural process of survival.
However, this theory became very controversial as people perceived it to be
contradictory to the church’s teachings that the source of life is a powerful creator.
The theory emerged at a time when most of the population believed and accepted
the biblical version of the Earth’s creation. It sparked a massive debate between
science and religion. It was only after some time that people came to understand
that Darwin’s theory of evolution was not in fact against the teachings of the church
and both can coexist (McNamara, 2012).

(Source: https://www.overdrive.com/media/2062131/on-the-origin-of-species)

Click on the link to watch the video for further details about Charles Darwin:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9VFxefR23EY.

3. Freudian Revolution
“The mind is like an Iceberg. It floats with one-seventh of its bulk above
water.” Sigmund Freud
Psychology was always classified under philosophy and was considered
more of an art rather than a science. Sigmund Freud is a famous figure in the
field of psychology. He introduced the study of psychoanalysis to explain human
behavior. Many questioned psychoanalysis as a science since its concepts were

Page 27 of 51
more philosophical and supernatural. They believed that Freud’s theory had no
scientific basis as no empirical or experimental data could support it.
Despite criticisms, Freud tried to explain how psychoanalysis can be a
clinical method in treating some mental disorders. His method of psychoanalysis
was proven to be effective in understanding some neurological conditions that
were not understood by medicine at that time. His method focused on human
sexuality and the evil nature of man. This posed immense challenges to scholars
and ordinary citizens of his time. Soon enough, people were able to understand
the concepts of psychoanalysis, which eventually resulted in classifying
psychology as a science. In the late 19th century, Sigmund Freud was able to
change people’s perception of psychology with his revolutionary theory of
psychoanalysis (McNamara, 2012).

(Source: https://sites.google.com/site/hookappsychology2a/defense-mechanisms-by-kallie-balatsias/repression-and-
regression)

Click on the link to watch the video about Sigmund Freud:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CvISgp0_8Cc.

Evaluating Understanding

Self-Assessment: Answer the following questions and check whether your

answers are correct by referring to Appendix A for the correct answers.

Test I. Matching Type. Match Column A with Column B. Write the letter of your
answer in the space provided.

Match the following discoveries and inventions in Column A with their

respective time period in Column B:

Column A Column B
1. Paper making A. Babylonian
2. Mummification of the dead B. Stone Age
3. Ziggurats C. Sumerian
4. Discovery of fire D. Egyptian
5. Hanging Gardens E. Chinese
F. Bronze Age

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Match the following discoveries and inventions in Column A with the
scientists in Column B:

Column A Column B
6. Movable printing press G. Galileo Galilei
7. Telescope H. Thomas Alva Edison
8. Light bulb I. Johann Gutenberg
9. Telephone J. Alexander Graham Bell
10. Heliocentric theory K. Benjamin Franklin
L. Nicolas Copernicus

Upgrading Competence and Expanding Insights

Lesson Activity Number 1: Timeline Making on History of Science and

Technology

Instructions:
1. This activity should be done in a 1/8 size illustration board.
2. Your class will be divided into three groups. Each group will be assigned to
bring drawing and coloring materials prior to this activity.
3. On the day of the activity, your group will be making a timeline on history of
science and technology specific for the following time periods: Pre-Historic and
Ancient Times, Modern Times, and Philippine Science and Technology.
4. Your group will be given one hour maximum to accomplish the task. Once done,
your group will wrap your output with a plastic cover and present such in front
of the class. The following rubrics will be used in rating your output:

Below
Advanced Proficient Average
Criteria Average
5 4 3 2
The drawing
includes all All but 1 of
All required Several
required the required
Required elements are required
elements as elements are
Elements included on elements
well as included on
the drawing. were missing.
additional the drawing.
information.
The drawing The drawing The drawing
The drawing
Creativity demonstrates lacks sincere shows little or
demonstrates
originality. originality. no evidence

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a unique level of original
of originality. thought.
All graphics All graphics
are related to are related to
All graphics Graphics do
Graphics- the topic and the topic and
relate to the not relate to
Relevance make it easier most make it
topic. the topic.
to easier to
understand. understand.
The drawing
is The drawing The drawing The drawing
exceptionally is attractive in is acceptably is distractingly
attractive in terms of attractive messy or very
Attractiveness
terms of design, though it may poorly
design, layout, and be a bit designed. It is
layout, and neatness. messy. not attractive.
neatness.
The drawing The drawing
The drawing
is completed is finished but
is completed The drawing
in an above they lack
and far did not finish
average finishing
Effort exceeded the in a
manner, yet touches or
requirements satisfactory
more could can be
for the manner.
have been improved with
project.
done. little effort.
Highest Score=25
Source: https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/surigao-state-college-of-technology/information-technology/rubrics-for-
graphic-design/12150998

References:

Ariola, Mariano M. (2018). Science, Technology, and Society. Unlimited Books

Library Services & Publishing, Inc. Manila, Philippines
Borbon, Veronica L., et al (2000). College Science, Technology, and Society. Rex
Book Store, Inc. Manila, Philippines
Bueno, David C. (2019). Science, Technology and Society. Books Atbp.
Publishing Corp. Mandaluyong City, Philippines
Doria, Benjamin D., et al (2018). Science, Technology and Society. Jimczyville
Publications. Malabon City, Philippines
McNamara, Daniel Joseph, et al (2012). Science, Technology, and Society. C &
E Publishing, Inc. Quezon City, Philippines

Page 30 of 51
Serafica, Janice Patria J., et al (2018). Science, Technology, and Society. Rex
Printing Company, Inc. Quezon City, Philippines

Chapter II: STS and the Global Goals

This chapter presents the salient concepts on Millenium Development
Goals, Sustainable Development Goals, and Philippine Development Plan 2017-
2022.

Lesson 1: Millenium Development Goals (MDGs) and Sustainable

Development Goals (SDGs)
By: Ryan R. Alabado

Starting Accurately

This lesson discusses about Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

Intended Learning Outcomes:

At the end of this lesson, the learners will be able to:
1. discuss the Millenium Development Goals and their influence on one another;
and
2. discuss the Sustainable Development Goals and the ways to achieve them.

Stimulating Learning

Watch the video titled: “8 Millennium Development Goals-What We Met

and Missed.” Ponder on the question: “Did we really achieve the 8 Millennium
Development Goals so far?”

Inculcating Concepts

• Millennium Development Goals

o The United Nations Millennium Development Goals are eight goals that
all 191 UN member states have agreed to try to achieve by the year
2015. The United Nations Millennium Declaration, signed in September
2000 commits world leaders to combat poverty, hunger, disease,
illiteracy, environmental degradation, and discrimination against
women. The MDGs are derived from this Declaration, and all have
specific targets and indicators.
o The Eight Millennium Development Goals are:

Page 31 of 51
• to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger;
• to achieve universal primary education;
• to promote gender equality and empower women;
• to reduce child mortality;
• to improve maternal health;
• to combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases;
• to ensure environmental sustainability; and
• to develop a global partnership for development.
o The MDGs are inter-dependent; all the MDGs influence health, and
health influences all the MDGs. For example, better health enables
children to learn and adults to earn. Gender equality is essential to the
achievement of better health. Reducing poverty, hunger and
environmental degradation positively influences, but also depends on,
better health.

Source: https://www.who.int/topics/millennium_development_goals/about/en/

Source: https://www.gavi.org/our-alliance/global-health-development/millennium-development-goals

• Sustainable Development Goals

o The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, adopted by all United
Nations Member States in 2015, provides a shared blueprint for peace
and prosperity for people and the planet, now and into the future. At its
heart are the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which are an
urgent call for action by all countries - developed and developing - in a
global partnership. They recognize that ending poverty and other
deprivations must go hand-in-hand with strategies that improve health
and education, reduce inequality, and spur economic growth – all while

Page 32 of 51
tackling climate change and working to preserve our oceans and
forests.
o The Sustainable Development Goals are the blueprint to achieve a
better and more sustainable future for all. They address the global
challenges we face, including those related to poverty, inequality,
climate change, environmental degradation, peace, and justice.
The 17 Goals are all interconnected, and in order to leave no one
behind, it is important that we achieve them all by 2030.
o The 17 Goals:
• GOAL 1: NO POVERTY
✓ End poverty in all its forms everywhere.
✓ Economic growth must be inclusive to provide
sustainable jobs and promote equality.
• GOAL 2: ZERO HUNGER
✓ End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition
and promote sustainable agriculture.
✓ The food and agriculture sector offers key solutions for
development and is central for hunger and poverty
eradication.
• GOAL 3: GOOD HEALTH AND WELL-BEING
✓ Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all
ages.
✓ Ensuring healthy lives and promoting the well-being for
all at all ages are essential to sustainable development.
• GOAL 4: QUALITY EDUCATION
✓ Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and
promote lifelong learning opportunities for all.
✓ Obtaining a quality education is the foundation to
improving people’s lives and sustainable development.
• GOAL 5: GENDER EQUALITY
✓ Achieve gender equality and empower all women and
girls.
✓ Gender equality is not only a fundamental human right,
but a necessary foundation for a peaceful, prosperous
and sustainable world.
• GOAL 6: CLEAN WATER AND SANITATION
✓ Ensure availability and sustainable management of water
and sanitation for all.
✓ Clean, accessible water for all is an essential part of the
world we want to live in.
• GOAL 7: AFFORDABLE AND CLEAN ENERGY
✓ Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and
modern energy for all.

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✓ Energy is central to nearly every major challenge and
opportunity.
• GOAL 8: DECENT WORK AND ECONOMIC GROWTH
✓ Promote sustained, inclusive, and sustainable economic
growth, full and productive employment, and decent work
for all.
✓ Sustainable economic growth will require societies to
create the conditions that allow people to have quality
jobs.
• GOAL 9: INDUSTRY, INNOVATION, AND INFRASTRUCTURE
✓ Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and
sustainable industrialization and foster innovation.
✓ Investments in infrastructure are crucial to achieving
sustainable development.
• GOAL 10: REDUCED INEQUALITIES
✓ Reduce inequality within and among countries.
✓ To reduce inequalities, policies should be universal in
principle, paying attention to the needs of disadvantaged
and marginalized populations.
• GOAL 11: SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND COMMUNITIES
✓ Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe,
resilient, and sustainable.
✓ There needs to be a future in which cities provide
opportunities for all, with access to basic services,
energy, housing, transportation and more.
• GOAL 12: RESPONSIBLE CONSUMPTION AND
PRODUCTION
✓ Ensure sustainable consumption and production
patterns.
✓ Responsible Production and Consumption.
• GOAL 13: CLIMATE ACTION
✓ Take urgent action to combat climate change and its
impacts.
✓ Climate change is a global challenge that affects
everyone, everywhere.
• GOAL 14: LIFE BELOW WATER
✓ Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas, and
marine resources for sustainable development.
✓ Careful management of this essential global resource is a
key feature of a sustainable future.
• GOAL 15: LIFE ON LAND
✓ Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of
terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests,

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combat desertification, and halt and reverse land
degradation and halt biodiversity loss.
✓ Sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, halt
and reverse land degradation, halt biodiversity loss.
• GOAL 16: PEACE, JUSTICE AND STRONG INSTITUTIONS
✓ Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable
development, provide access to justice for all and build
effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all
levels.
✓ Access to justice for all, and building effective,
accountable institutions at all levels.
• GOAL 17: PARTNERSHIPS
✓ Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize
the global partnership for sustainable development.
✓ Revitalize the global partnership for sustainable
development.
Sources:
https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/
https://sdgs.un.org/goals

Source: https://tykn.tech/sdgs-sustainable-development-goals/

Page 35 of 51
o What does it take for the SDGs to be achieved?
• Since all 17 goals are big challenges, it will require a lot of effort
from both the international community but also from the citizens
of the world.
• Here are 5 recommendations from Ortwin Renn, Managing
Scientific Director at Institute for Advanced Sustainability
Studies (IASS) Potsdam, as to how to achieve these goals:
✓ Take it step-by-step.
✓ Think regional, not global.
✓ Work from bottom-up.
✓ Strategically balance conflicting objectives.
✓ Use stories to drive change.
• In summary, it will take a lot of continuous efforts, funding and
perseverance for the SDGs to be achieved.
o How can I help the SDGs?
• Goals such as fighting for equality, stop climate change and
eradicate extreme poverty can be overwhelming. It is easy to
feel very small and powerless when facing these 17 goals. But
change starts with you and with little actions that all of us can
undertake every day.
• On the individual level, you too can help achieve the SDGs.
Here are, from the UN’s Lazy Person’s Guide to Saving the
World, just a few of the examples you could partake in:
✓ Turn off the lights when you don’t need them.
✓ Speak up to your local governments to engage in new
initiatives that don’t harm the people or the planet.
✓ Recycle.
✓ Replace old appliances with energy-efficient models and
light bulbs.
✓ Donate what you don’t use.
✓ Use refillable water bottles and coffee cups.
✓ Voice your support for equal pay for equal work.
✓ Encourage your company to work with the civil society
and find ways to help local communities achieve their
goals.

Source: https://tykn.tech/sdgs-sustainable-development-goals/

Page 36 of 51
Using/Applying Knowledge

Watch the videos titled: “Transitioning from the MDGs to the SDGs,”
“Understanding the Dimensions of Sustainable Development,” and “The
Philippine Development Plan 2017-2022.” In 50-100 words, answer the following
questions:
1. What are the videos all about?
2. What significant learning have you gained from the videos?
3. How can you apply such learning to better yourself and the community where
you belong?
Write your answer in a ½ crosswise sheet of paper.

Lesson 2: Philippine Development Plan (PDP) 2023-2028

By: Ryan R. Alabado

Starting Accurately

This lesson discusses about Philippine Development Plan (PDP) 2023-

2028.

Intended Learning Outcomes:

At the end of this lesson, the learners will be able to:
1. discuss the role of science and technology in Philippine nation-building.;
2. evaluate government policies pertaining to science and technology in terms of
their contributions to nation-building; and
3. identify actual science and technology policies of the government and
appraise their impact on the development of the Filipino nation.

Stimulating Learning

Motivation Activity Number 2: “Achieved or Not: A Brainstorming Activity on PDP

2017-2022”

1. The activity sheet herein provided will be used for this activity.
2. Based on the data that you have gathered and researched, answer the
following questions:
a. What were the targets of PDP 2017-2022?
b. What were the achievements out of such targets as of December
2022?
c. Based on your answers in item numbers 1 and 2, were the targets
achieved? If yes, how could the achievements be maintained or

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improved further? If no, what do you think are the gaps and how would
such gaps be addressed?
d. Given the data that you have gathered and researched, what do you
think are the ways forward in terms of our medium-term plan?
3. After answering the questions indicated in the activity sheet and using the
power point presentation prepared by your group, present your output in front
of the class. The following rubrics will be used in rating your presentation:

Excellent Good Marginal Unacceptable

Criteria
3 2 1 0
Movements
Movements Very little
seemed fluid No movement
Body or gestures movement or
and helped or descriptive
Language enhance descriptive
the audience gestures.
articulation. gestures.
visualize.
Holds
attention of Consistent
entire use of direct Minimal eye No eye
Eye Contact audience with eye contact contact with contact with
the use of with some audience. audience.
direct eye audience.
contact.
Poised, clear
Inaudible or
articulation;
too loud; rate
proper Some
Clear too slow/fast;
volume; mumbling;
Speaking articulation and speaker
steady rate; uneven rate;
Skills but not as seemed
good posture; and little or no
polished. uninterested
enthusiasm; expression.
and used
and
monotone.
confidence.
Delivers clear Displays Displays Displays
opening and introductory some level of neither clear
closing or closing organization introductory
remarks that remarks, but with nor closing
capture the segments of discernible remarks;
Organization
attention of the body of theme, but does not
the audience the the present the
and set the presentation presentation segments of
mood; are not is not the body of
provides a presented in organized the

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“road map” a coherent clearly or in a presentation
for the manner; or coherent in a coherent
audience; and presents the manner; and manner;
each segment segments of introductory irrelevant
relates to the the body of and closing statements
others the remarks are are made;
according to a presentation missing. and leaves
carefully in a coherent the audience
planned manner, but wondering
framework. introductory where the
or closing presentation
remarks are is headed.
missing.
Satisfactory
Use of fluid
use of Displays
speech and Consistently
inflection but some level of
inflection uses a
Voice does not inflection
maintains the monotone
consistently throughout
interest of the voice.
use fluid delivery.
audience.
speech.
Gave
Ran too
audience Gave
quickly
ample time to audience
though
absorb almost
visuals and
information enough time
spoke to the
on visual; to absorb
screen than Used no
Visuals spoke to the material but
to the visuals.
audience, not occasionally
audience; and
the screen; read the slide;
visuals did
and visuals and visuals
not detract
greatly added to the
from the
enhanced presentation.
presentation.
presentation.
Correct use of
Correct One or two Multiple
grammar; use
grammar; and minor grammar
of some
vocabulary grammar errors and
Language advanced
mostly errors; and use of
language;
appropriate vocabulary inappropriate
and effective
for the use is too vocabulary.
use of

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appropriate purpose and elementary or
vocabulary for the audience. not effective.
the purpose
and for the
audience.
Highest Score=21
Source: https://mcb.unco.edu/pdf/communications-rubrics/Oral-Rubric.pdf

Note: Refer to the Appendix for the Activity Sheet with Guide Questions.

Inculcating Concepts (Input/Lesson Proper)

• Philippine Development Plan (PDP)

2023-2028
o Overall Goal: To reinvigorate job
creation and poverty reduction by
steering the economy back to its
high-growth path, and more
importantly, through transformation
for a prosperous, inclusive, and
resilient society.
o Although many uncertainties
abound covering health,
recovering learning losses from
COVID-19, environmental, and
global trade and finance trends,
the challenges are not
insurmountable.
o The reforms laid down by past
administrations have paved pathways for the incoming administration
to pursue opportunities for accelerating economic transformation.
o Such reforms can be deepened to build stronger foundations for a
more robust, more inclusive, and more resilient Philippine society.
o It will focus on an 8-point agenda, where a number of strategies are
intended to address immediate issues of inflation, socioeconomic
scarring, and low income.
- To arrest inflation.
➢ Amid continuing inflationary pressures from both global
and domestic sources, prices of basic goods and
services must be kept within the ordinary Filipino’s reach.
➢ Constraints in food, energy, and transportation and
logistics sectors must be holistically addressed to ensure

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that there is enough supply of basic goods and services
that is affordable and accessible to all.
- To reduce vulnerability and remedy the scars from COVID-
19.
➢ The government will continue to implement risk-managed
interventions to fully reopen the economy and ensure the
unimpeded and adequate delivery of social services such
as health, education, and social protection.
- Creating more JOBS, quality JOBS, and green JOBS.
➢ There will be more job opportunities for Filipinos.
➢ Productivity-enhancing investments will be promoted
while exercising prudence in fiscal management.
➢ The government will implement a more holistic Build,
Build, Build program, including strategic utilization of
public-private partnerships (PPPs), supporting local
government units (LGUs) to increase infrastructure
spending more effectively, and upgrading the country’s
internet infrastructure.
➢ There will be avenues for re-tooling and re-skilling, and
effective job facilitation processes to increase the
employability of job seekers.
➢ Finally, special attention will be given to the development
of sustainable technologies to create green jobs and
establish livable communities.
➢ The strategies on creating more JOBS, quality JOBS,
and green JOBS will be supported by the enhanced
implementation of the National Competition Policy and
the accelerated operationalization of amended laws
governing foreign investments.
o All the above strategies will be founded on a peaceful and orderly
society where human rights, and economic and socio-cultural rights
are observed.
o Our sovereignty and territorial integrity will likewise be upheld.

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o In our continuing pursuit of AmBisyon Natin 2040 of a matatag,
maginhawa, at panatag na buhay para sa lahat, the government will
work with all of society to realize economic transformation for a
prosperous, inclusive, and resilient society.
- The economy is targeted to grow by 6.5 to 8 percent through
2028.
- Unemployment rate will be reduced from about 8 percent in
2021 to a range of 4 to 5 percent in 2028.
- To reflect the increase in quality jobs, the percentage of wage
and salaried workers in private establishments to total employed
workers will increase from 48 percent in 2021 to a range of 53 to
55 percent in 2028.
- Poverty is targeted to decline to 9 percent of population by
2028.

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8-POINT AGENDA
1. PROTECT PURCHASING POWER OF FAMILIES
ENSURE FOOD SECURITY
❖ Ensure availability, affordability, and
accessibility of food in the country amid the
looming global food shortages.
❖ Prioritize spending on productivity-
enhancing measures, research and
development, and efficient marketing and
distribution of the produce.
❖ Rationalize subsidies and provide targeted
nutritional support to pregnant women and
children under three years old.
REDUCE TRANSPORT AND LOGISTICS
COSTS
❖ Streamline regulatory processes to facilitate
seamless international trade and domestic
transactions, and hasten the movement of
goods from ports and warehouses to wet
markets and end consumers.
❖ Implement a program to bring down the cost
of transporting food produce from farm to the
market.
REDUCE ENERGY COST TO FAMILIES
❖ To conserve energy, implement
alternative/flexible work arrangements that
reduce the need to travel where these have
been proven to be effective and productivity-
enhancing.
❖ Encourage the use of active transport and
other alternative modes of transportation by
improving and creating structures and
regulations for safety, convenience, and
mobility of pedestrians and bicyclists.

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2. REDUCE VULNERABILITY AND MITIGATE SCARRING
FROM THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC
ENSURE CAPACITY OF HEALTHCARE IN
CASE OF SURGES
❖ Ramp up vaccination and uptake boosters
for the elderly and vulnerable populations.
❖ Maintain compliance with minimum public
health standards to enable safe reopening of
the economy and schools.
❖ Strengthen surveillance and laboratory
capacity to enable the prompt identification
and response to outbreaks.
❖ Resume implementation of reforms and
investments enshrined in the Universal
Health Act.
ADDRESS LEARNING LOSSES
❖ Quickly and safely reopen classes at all
levels.
❖ Improve curriculum to focus on foundational
skills, and provide tutorial and remedial
classes to address learning gaps arising
from the pandemic.
❖ Expand the Alternative Learning System to
support dropouts.
❖ Support teachers to improve pedagogical
competencies, including the use of digital
learning platforms, and subject knowledge.
❖ Through the Technical Education and Skills
Development Authority (TESDA), promote
reskilling and upskilling programs for
displaced workers and out-of-school youth.
❖ Improve school governance at all levels.
❖ Enhance and modify the Government
Internship Program to provide opportunities
for new graduates to gain shop, laboratory,
or internship experiences.
STRENGTHEN SOCIAL PROTECTION
❖ Strengthen the core functions of poverty
reduction and human capital investment of
the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program
(4Ps).
❖ Expedite the adoption of the National ID
System (PhilSys) and facilitate digital
transformation of social protection systems
to allow for a more efficient, targeted, and
equitable delivery of social programs.

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❖ Strengthen social protection delivery to be
more adaptive and responsive to needs, by
streamlining contingency financing
mechanisms, establishing a dynamic social
registry, and defining business process for
national and local governments with
emergency cash transfers.
❖ Rationalize the existing programs to ensure
that the objectives of promotion,
transformation, prevention, and protection of
well-being are achieved.

3. ENSURE SOUND MACROECONOMIC FUNDAMENTALS

ENHANCE BUREAUCRATIC EFFICIENCY
AND SOUND FISCAL MANAGEMENT
❖ Facilitate the transformation and
digitalization of government processes,
records, and databases, and ensure full
functionality with the PhilSys.
❖ Implement a right-sizing program for the
bureaucracy, particularly on functions that
have been devolved following the
Mandanas-Garcia ruling.
❖ Pursue tax reforms and improve tax
administration to increase revenue
collection.
❖ Realign expenditure priorities and improve
spending efficiency to immediately address
the economic scarring arising from the
effects of Covid-19 and be prepared for
future shocks.
ENSURE A RESILIENT AND INNOVATIVE
FINANCIAL SECTOR
❖ Adopt regulatory frameworks and platforms
for digital finance to enhance the scope,
scale, and reach of digital financial services.
❖ Pursue compelling use cases for digital
payments, alongside expanded digital
financial literacy programs, more robust
consumer protection policies, and enhanced
ability of microfinance institutions to provide
digital financial services.

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❖ Support reforms in the domestic financial
market through innovative solutions such as
the establishment of digital supply chain
financing, credit risk database, and online
collateral registry.

4. CREATE MORE JOBS

PROMOTE INVESTMENTS
❖ Aggressively promote the country as an
investment destination, capitalizing on the
Corporate Recovery and Tax Incentives for
Enterprise (CREATE) Law and amended
economic liberalization law (i.e., Public
Service Act, Retail Trade Liberalization Act,
and Foreign Investment Act).
❖ Harness the potential of the creative industry
to generate interest in Philippine products,
including tourism.
❖ Reinvigorate manufacturing, including agri-
food processing, for more and high-quality
jobs.
❖ Utilize and fully support ecozones as an
agglomeration strategy, especially to bring in
strategic industries (high-tech
manufacturing, health and medical care,
emerging tech, among others) and promote
growth outside NCR.
❖ Continue to improve government regulatory
processes, in both national and local
government units.
IMPROVE INFRASTRUCTURE
❖ Continue implementation of Build, Build,
Build projects that are near completion and
those with firm funding commitments.
❖ Refocus Build, Build, Build towards
infrastructure projects that strengthen
industry linkages, expand physical and
digital connectivity, improve access of the
poor to basic services including water supply
and sanitation, public transportation,
affordable energy and flood protection

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infrastructure, and improve climate
resilience.
❖ In recognition of the tighter fiscal space,
encourage solicited PPPs.
❖ Invest in smart social and economic
infrastructure.
❖ Expand equitable internet connectivity for
education institutions at all levels.

ENSURE ENERGY SECURITY

❖ Pursue an energy transition and
development program aimed at achieving a
clean, reliable, cost-effective, and secure
mix of energy sources.
❖ Encourage continued innovation and
investment in the energy sector.

5. CREATE QUALITY JOBS

INCREASE EMPLOYABILITY
❖ Improve the quality and relevance of
education and provide opportunities for life-
long learning and options to obtain micro-
credentials.
❖ Enhance skills development to ensure that
there is a critical mass of skilled workforce,
especially for strategic industries.
❖ Improve job facilitation programs.
❖ Strengthen linkages between industry,
business, and training institutions for a more
efficient labor market.
❖ Ensure access to social insurance and
worker protection (cum labor regulation) as
well as safe and productive overseas
migration.

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ADVANCE R&D AND INNOVATION
❖ Advance R&D and innovation especially in
products and processes that promote
linkages between and among agriculture,
industry, and services.
❖ Create and expand a research network that
will enable collaboration among higher
education institutions, research institutions,
and local industries, particularly for
enhancing agriculture productivity.
❖ Encourage greater innovation in the food
sector to produce higher value, but
affordable products – high-nutrition, immune-
boosting, even therapeutic food products
that can serve the domestic and
international market.
❖ Sustain improvement of business
environment, financial inclusion, and
competition to encourage entrepreneurship
and innovation.
❖ Develop technologies that contribute to
climate action, and those that mitigate and
adapt to climate change impact.
ENHANCE THE DIGITAL ECONOMY
❖ Implement policies that enable greater
private-sector investment in the country’s
internet infrastructure.
❖ Level the playing field in telecommunications
and prohibit exclusivity dealings for internet
services to promote competition in the
sector.
❖ Facilitate digital payments, promote digital
financial services, adoption of PhilSys by
service providers, and enable market
regulations for building trust and data
transfers to provide greater opportunities for
individuals and MSMEs.

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6. CREATE GREEN JOBS
ESTABLISH LIVABLE AND SUSTAINABLE
COMMUNITIES
❖ Develop sustainable, livable, and affordable
cities and townships where residents enjoy a
comfortable and secure life, resilient to
climate change and disasters.
❖ Promote green public works and include a
green score as part of LGU performance
indicators.
❖ Given the limited resources, incentivize
LGUs to focus more on climate-friendly
projects in: (i) electric vehicles and public
transport development; (ii) sustainable
tourism, (iii) nature-based solutions (coastal
habitat restoration and biodiversity
protection); (iv) energy efficiency (street
lighting, public building retrofits, green
buildings); and (v) water security.
PURSUE A GREEN AND BLUE ECONOMY
❖ Introduce risk-based budgeting and fiscal
risk monitoring; strengthen market for
insurance against catastrophe; protect
farmers against climate extremes by
reforming agricultural insurance; and
implement public asset insurance.
❖ Expand green (and blue) financing to a
broader set of businesses.
❖ Introduce carbon pricing mechanisms in the
medium term.
❖ Expedite the operationalization of the Green
Jobs Act and its IRR by establishing the
green jobs certification system and incentive
schemes and developing the green
workforce with skills accreditation.
❖ Implement the Philippine Action Plan for
Sustainable Consumption and Production.

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7. ENSURE A LEVEL PLAYING FIELD
STRENGTHEN MARKET COMPETITION
❖ Enhance whole-of-government effort to
implement the National Competition Policy,
specifically to address abuse of dominant
position, prevent anti-competitive mergers
and acquisitions, and penalize other anti-
competitive practices.
❖ Review mandates of GOCCs to ensure
competitive neutrality between state-owned
and private businesses.
❖ Sustain research and development efforts to
identify competition-related issues in priority
sectors such as telecommunications,
energy, food, and agriculture.
REDUCE BARRIERS TO ENTRY AND LIMITS
TO ENTREPRENEURSHIP
❖ Expedite efforts to automate and streamline
regulatory and licensing processes, and
establish the Philippine Ease of Doing
Business Reporting System.
❖ Issue and implement the National Policy on
Regulatory Management System to improve
the quality of regulations and to foster an
environment that would allow enterprises of
any form and size to easily and fairly
participate and compete in the market.
❖ Expedite the operationalization of recently-
enacted economic liberalization laws (i.e.,
Public Sevice Act, Retail Trade Liberalization
Act, and Foregin Investment Act).

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8. UPHOLD PUBLIC ORDER AND SAFETY, PEACE, AND
SECURITY
❖ Develop and pursue an integrated,
transparent, and human rights-based peace
and security strategy to ensure that
socioeconomic efforts are implemented
without disruptions.
❖ Address and respond to all forms of internal
(e.g., criminality, local communist armed
conflict, and other threats to public safety),
external (e.g., threats to territorial integrity
and sovereignty, and transnational crimes),
and non-traditional threats (e.g., cybercrime
and health emergencies).
❖ Strengthen national and local institutions
and empower communities to address these
threats to security and public safety.
❖ Strengthen intergovernmental relations with
the Bangsamoro government and ensure
smooth transition towards a fully functioning
autonomous government.
❖ Expedite the modernization and capability
enhancement of the armed forces and other
security sector agencies to uphold our
sovereignty and territorial integrity, ensure
the safety of the public, and protect critical
assets including digital infrastructures.
❖ Strengthen international engagements and
pursue diplomatic measures to advance the
country’s interests and support international
development objectives, particularly in the
areas of regional peace and stability,
maritime cooperation, humanitarian
response, border control and management,
and transnational crime, among others.

Source: https://pdp.neda.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/PDP-2023-2028-Primer.pdf

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