Nigeria (/naɪˈdʒɪəriə/ ⓘ ny-JEER-ee-ə),[a] officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a country

in West Africa.[9] It is situated between the Sahel to the north and the Gulf of Guinea to the south in
the Atlantic Ocean. It covers an area of 923,769 square kilometres (356,669 sq mi), and with
a population of over 230 million, it is the most populous country in Africa, and the world's sixth-most
populous country. Nigeria borders Niger in the north, Chad in the northeast, Cameroon in the east,
and Benin in the west. Nigeria is a federal republic comprising 36 states and the Federal Capital
Territory, where the capital, Abuja, is located. The largest city in Nigeria is Lagos, one of the
largest metropolitan areas in the world and the largest in Africa.
Nigeria has been home to several indigenous pre-colonial states and kingdoms since the
second millennium BC, with the Nok civilization in the 15th century BC marking the first internal
unification in the country.[10] The modern state originated with British colonialization in the
19th century, taking its present territorial shape with the merging of the Southern Nigeria
Protectorate and Northern Nigeria Protectorate in 1914 by Lord Lugard. The British set up
administrative and legal structures while practising indirect rule through traditional chiefdoms in the
Nigeria region.[11] Nigeria became a formally independent federation on 1 October 1960. It
experienced a civil war from 1967 to 1970, followed by a succession of military dictatorships and
democratically elected civilian governments until achieving a stable democracy in the 1999
presidential election. The 2015 general election was the first time an incumbent president failed to
be re-elected.[12]
Nigeria is a multinational state inhabited by more than 250 ethnic groups speaking 500 distinct
languages, all identifying with a wide variety of cultures.[13][14][15] The three largest ethnic groups are
the Hausa in the north, Yoruba in the west, and Igbo in the east, together constituting over 60% of
the total population.[16] The official language is English, chosen to facilitate linguistic unity at the
national level.[17] Nigeria's constitution ensures de jure freedom of religion[18] and it is home to some of
the world's largest Muslim and Christian populations.[19] Nigeria is divided roughly in half
between Muslims, who live mostly in the north, and Christians, who live mostly in the
south; indigenous religions, such as those native to the Igbo and Yoruba ethnicities, are in the
minority.[20]
Nigeria is a regional power in Africa and a middle and emerging power in international
affairs. Nigeria's economy is the largest in Africa, the 39th-largest in the world by nominal GDP,
and 27th-largest by PPP. Nigeria is often referred to as the Giant of Africa owing to its large
population and economy[21] and is considered to be an emerging market by the World Bank. Nigeria
is a founding member of the African Union and a member of many international organizations,
including the United Nations, the Commonwealth of Nations, NAM,[22] the Economic Community of
West African States, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and OPEC. It is also a member of the
informal MINT group of countries and is one of the Next Eleven economies.

Etymology
The name Nigeria was taken from the Niger River running through the country. This name was
coined on 8 January 1897, by the British journalist Flora Shaw, who later married Frederick Lugard,
a British colonial administrator. The neighbouring Republic of Niger takes its name from the same
river. The origin of the name Niger, which originally applied to only the middle reaches of the Niger
River, is uncertain. The word is likely an alteration of the Tuareg name egerew n-igerewen used by
inhabitants along the middle reaches of the river around Timbuktu before 19th-century European
colonialism.[23][24]
Before Flora Shaw suggested the name Nigeria, other competing names included "Royal Niger
Company Territories", "Central Sudan", "Niger Empire", "Niger Sudan", and "Hausa Territories".[25]

History
Main articles: History of Nigeria and Timeline of Nigerian history

Prehistory
Main article: Prehistory of Nigeria
Kainji Dam excavations showed ironworking by the 2nd century BC. The transition
from Neolithic times to the Iron Age was accomplished without intermediate bronze production.
Some have suggested the technology moved west from the Nile Valley. But the Iron Age in the Niger
River valley and the forest region appears to predate the introduction of metallurgy in the upper
savanna by more than 800 years, as well as predating it in the Nile Valley. And more recent
research suggests that iron metallurgy was developed independently in sub-saharan Africa.[26][27][28][29]

Nok sculpture, terracotta

The Nok civilization of Nigeria thrived between 1,500 BC and AD 200. It produced life-
sized terracotta figures that are some of the earliest known sculptures in Sub-Saharan Africa[30][31][32][33]
[34]
and smelted iron by about 550 BC and possibly a few centuries earlier.[35][36][37] Evidence of iron
smelting has also been excavated at sites in the Nsukka region of southeast Nigeria: dating to 2000
BC at the site of Lejja[38] and to 750 BC and at the site of Opi.

Early history
Main article: History of Nigeria before 1500
Royal Benin ivory mask, one of Nigeria's most recognized
artifacts. Benin Empire, 16th century.
The Kano Chronicle highlights an ancient history dating to around 999 AD of the Hausa Sahelian
city-state of Kano, with other major Hausa cities (or Hausa Bakwai)
of Daura, Hadeija, Kano, Katsina, Zazzau, Rano, and Gobir all having recorded histories dating back
to the 10th century. With the spread of Islam from the 7th century AD, the area became known
as Sudan or as Bilad Al Sudan (English: Land of the Blacks; Arabic: ‫)بالد السودان‬. Since the populations
were partially affiliated with the Arab Muslim culture of North Africa, they began trans-Saharan
trade and were referred to by the Arabic speakers as Al-Sudan (meaning "The Blacks") as they were
considered an extended part of the Muslim world. There are early historical references by medieval
Arab and Muslim historians and geographers which refer to the Kanem-Bornu Empire as the region's
major centre for Islamic civilization.
The Kingdom of Nri of the Igbo people consolidated in the 10th century and continued until it lost its
sovereignty to the British in 1911.[39][40] Nri was ruled by the Eze Nri, and the city of Nri is considered
to be the foundation of Igbo culture. Nri and Aguleri, where the Igbo creation myth originates, are in
the territory of the Umeuri clan. Members of the clan trace their lineages back to the patriarchal king-
figure Eri.[41] In West Africa, the oldest bronzes made using the lost wax process were from Igbo-
Ukwu, a city under Nri influence.[39]
The Yoruba kingdoms of Ife and Oyo in southwestern Nigeria became prominent in the 12th[42][43] and
14th[44] centuries, respectively. The oldest signs of human settlement at Ife's current site date back to
the 9th century,[42] and its material culture includes terracotta and bronze figures.

Pre-colonial era
Further information: History of Nigeria (1500–1800)
Depiction of Benin City by a Dutch illustrator in 1668. The
wall-like structure in the centre probably represents the walls of Benin, housing the Benin
bronze decorated historic Benin City Palace.
In the 16th century, Portuguese explorers were the first Europeans to begin important, direct trade
with the peoples of southern Nigeria, at the port they named Lagos (formerly Eko) and
in Calabar along the region Slave Coast. Europeans traded goods with peoples at the coast; coastal
trade with Europeans also marked the beginnings of the Atlantic slave trade.[45] The port of Calabar
on the historical Bight of Biafra (now commonly referred to as the Bight of Bonny) became one of the
largest slave-trading posts in West Africa in the era of the Atlantic slave trade. Other major slaving
ports in Nigeria were located in Badagry, Lagos on the Bight of Benin, and Bonny Island on the Bight
of Biafra.[45][46] The majority of those enslaved and taken to these ports were captured in raids and
wars.[47] Usually, the captives were taken back to the conquerors' territory as forced labour; after time,
they were sometimes acculturated and absorbed into the conquerors' society. Slave routes were
established throughout Nigeria linking the hinterland areas with the major coastal ports. Some of the
more prolific slave-trading kingdoms who participated in the Atlantic slave trade were linked with the
Edo's Benin Empire in the south, Oyo Empire in the southwest, and the Aro Confederacy in the
southeast.[45][46] Benin's power lasted between the 15th and 19th centuries.[48] Oyo, at its territorial
zenith in the late 17th to early 18th centuries, extended its influence from western Nigeria to modern-
day Togo.
In the north, the incessant fighting amongst the Hausa city-states and the decline of the Bornu
Empire gave rise to the Fulani people gaining headway into the region. Until this point, the Fulani,
a nomadic ethnic group, primarily traversed the semi-desert Sahelian region north of Sudan with
cattle and avoided trade and intermingling with the Sudanic peoples. At the beginning of the 19th
century, Usman dan Fodio led a successful jihad against the Hausa Kingdoms, founding the
centralised Sokoto Caliphate. This empire, with Arabic as its official language, grew rapidly under his
rule and that of his descendants, who sent out invading armies in every direction. The vast
landlocked empire connected the east with the western Sudan region and made inroads down south
conquering parts of the Oyo Empire (modern-day Kwara), and advanced towards the Yoruba
heartland of Ibadan, to reach the Atlantic Ocean. The territory controlled by the empire included
much of modern-day northern and central Nigeria. The sultan sent out emirs to
establish suzerainty over the conquered territories and promote Islamic civilization; the emirs in turn
became increasingly rich and powerful through trade and slavery. By the 1890s, the largest slave
population in the world, about two million, was concentrated in the territories of the Sokoto Caliphate.
The use of slave labour was extensive, especially in agriculture.[49] By the time of its break-up in 1903
into various European colonies, the Sokoto Caliphate was one of the largest pre-colonial African
states.[50]
A changing legal imperative (the outlawing of the Atlantic slave trade in 1807) and economic
imperative (a desire for political and social stability) led most European powers to support the
widespread cultivation of agricultural products, such as the palm, for use in European industry.
European companies engaged in the Atlantic slave trade until it was outlawed in 1807 by Britain,
which up until that point had been the second largest actor in the trade. The slave trade continued
after the ban, as illegal smugglers purchased slaves along the coast from native slavers.
Britain's West Africa Squadron sought to intercept the smugglers at sea. The rescued slaves were
taken to Freetown, a colony in West Africa originally established by Lieutenant John Clarkson for the
resettlement of slaves freed by Britain in North America after the American Revolutionary War.

British colonization
Main articles: Colonial Nigeria and Royal Niger Company
Britain intervened in the Lagos kingship power struggle by bombarding Lagos in 1851, deposing the
slave-trade-friendly Oba Kosoko, helping to install the amenable Oba Akitoye and signing the Treaty
between Great Britain and Lagos on 1 January 1852. Britain annexed Lagos as a crown colony in
August 1861 with the Lagos Treaty of Cession. British missionaries expanded their operations and
travelled further inland. In 1864, Samuel Ajayi Crowther became the first African bishop of the
Anglican Church.[51]

Flag of the Lagos Colony

In 1885, British claims to a West African sphere of influence received recognition from other
European nations at the Berlin Conference. The following year, it chartered the Royal Niger
Company under the leadership of Sir George Taubman Goldie. By the late 19th and early 20th
centuries, the company had vastly succeeded in subjugating the independent southern kingdoms
along the Niger River, the British conquered Benin in 1897, and, in the Anglo-Aro War (1901–1902),
defeated other opponents. The defeat of these states opened up the Niger area to British rule. In
1900, the company's territory came under the direct control of the British government and
established the Southern Nigeria Protectorate as a British protectorate and part of the British
Empire, the foremost world power at the time.

The Lord and Lady Lugard, 1908

By 1902, the British had begun plans to move north into the Sokoto Caliphate. British General
Lord Frederick Lugard was tasked by the Colonial Office to implement the agenda. Lugard used
rivalries between many of the emirs in the southern reach of the caliphate and the central Sokoto
administration to prevent any defence as he worked towards the capital. As the British approached
the city of Sokoto, Sultan Muhammadu Attahiru I organized a quick defence of the city and fought
the advancing British-led forces. The British force quickly won, sending Attahiru I and thousands of
followers on a Mahdist hijra. In the northeast, the decline of the Bornu Empire gave rise to the
British-controlled Borno Emirate which established Abubakar Garbai of Borno as ruler.

Emir of Kano with cavalry, 1911

In 1903, the British victory in the Battle of Kano gave them a logistical edge in pacifying the
heartland of the Sokoto Caliphate and parts of the former Bornu Empire. On 13 March 1903, at the
grand market square of Sokoto, the last vizier of the caliphate officially conceded to British rule. The
British appointed Muhammadu Attahiru II as the new caliph. Lugard abolished the caliphate but
retained the title sultan as a symbolic position in the newly organized Northern Nigeria Protectorate.
This remnant became known as "Sokoto Sultanate Council". In June 1903, the British defeated the
remaining northern forces of Attahiru. By 1906, all resistance to British rule had ended.
On 1 January 1914, the British formally united the Southern Nigeria Protectorate and the Northern
Nigeria Protectorate into the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria. Administratively, Nigeria remained
divided into the Northern and Southern Protectorates and Lagos Colony. Inhabitants of the southern
region sustained more interaction, economic and cultural, with the British and other Europeans
owing to the coastal economy.[52] Christian missions established Western educational institutions in
the protectorates. Under Britain's policy of indirect rule and validation of Islamic legitimist tradition,
the Crown did not encourage the operation of Christian missions in the northern, Islamic part of the
country.[53] Some children of the southern elite went to Great Britain to pursue higher education.
By the middle of the 20th century following World War II, a great wave for independence was
sweeping across Africa, in response to the growth of Nigerian nationalism and demands for
independence, successive constitutions legislated by the British government moved Nigeria toward
self-government on a representative and increasingly federal basis. By the eve of independence in
1960, regional differences in modern educational access were marked. The legacy, though less
pronounced, continues to the present day. Imbalances between north and south were expressed in
Nigeria's political life as well. For instance, northern Nigeria did not outlaw slavery until 1936 whilst in
other parts of Nigeria, slavery was abolished soon after colonialism.[54][46]
1953 postage stamp with portrait of Queen Elizabeth II

Nnamdi Azikwe, first president of Nigeria

Independence and federal republic
Main articles: Federation of Nigeria, First Nigerian Republic, and Independence Day (Nigeria)
Nigeria gained a degree of self-rule in 1954, and full independence from the United Kingdom on 1
October 1960, as the Federation of Nigeria with Abubakar Tafawa Balewa as its prime minister,
while retaining the British monarch, Elizabeth II, as nominal head of state and Queen of Nigeria.
Azikiwe replaced the colonial governor-general in November 1960. At independence, the cultural
and political differences were sharp among Nigeria's dominant ethnic groups: the Hausa in the north,
Igbo in the east and Yoruba in the west.[55] The Westminster system of government was retained, and
thus the President's powers were generally ceremonial.[56] The parliamentary system of government
had Abubakar Tafawa Balewa as Prime Minister and Nnamdi Azikiwe as the ceremonial president.
Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, prime minister of Nigeria, 1962
The founding government was a coalition of conservative parties: the Northern People's
Congress led by Sir Ahmadu Bello, a party dominated by Muslim northerners, and the Igbo and
Christian-dominated National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons led by Nnamdi Azikiwe. The
opposition consisted of the comparatively liberal Action Group, which was largely dominated by
the Yoruba and led by Obafemi Awolowo. An imbalance was created in the polity as the result of
the 1961 plebiscite. Southern Cameroons opted to join the Republic of Cameroon while Northern
Cameroons chose to join Nigeria. The northern part of the country became larger than the southern
part.

Fall of the First Republic and Civil War

Main articles: 1966 Nigerian coup d'état, 1966 Nigerian counter-coup, and Nigerian Civil War
The disequilibrium and perceived corruption of the electoral and political process led to two military
coups in 1966. The first coup was in January 1966 and was led mostly by soldiers under
Majors Emmanuel Ifeajuna (of the Igbo tribe), Chukwuma Kaduna
Nzeogwu (Northerner of Eastern extraction) and Adewale Ademoyega (a Yoruba from the West).
The coup plotters succeeded in assassinating Sir Ahmadu Bello and Sir Abubakar Tafawa
Balewa alongside prominent leaders of the Northern Region and also Premier Samuel Akintola of
the Western Region, but the coup plotters struggled to form a central government. Senate
President Nwafor Orizu handed over government control to the Army, under the command of
another Igbo officer, Major General[57] Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi. Later, the counter-coup of 1966,
supported primarily by Northern military officers, facilitated the rise of Yakubu Gowon as military
head of state. Tension rose between north and south; Igbos in northern cities suffered
persecution and many fled to the Eastern Region.[58]
The Republic of Biafra in June 1967, when it declared its
independence from the rest of Nigeria
In May 1967, Governor of the Eastern Region Lt. Colonel Emeka Ojukwu declared the region
independent from the federation as a state called the Republic of Biafra, as a result of the
continuous and systematically planned attacks against Igbos and those of Eastern extraction
popularly known as 1966 pogroms.[59][60] This declaration precipitated the Nigerian Civil War, which
began as the official Nigerian government side attacked Biafra on 6 July 1967, at Garkem. The 30-
month war, with a long blockade of Biafra and its isolation from trade and international relief, ended
in January 1970.[61] Estimates of the number of dead in the former Eastern Region during the 30-
month civil war range from one to three million.[62] France, Egypt, the Soviet Union, Britain, Israel, and
others were deeply involved in the civil war behind the scenes. Britain and the Soviet Union were the
main military backers of the Nigerian government, with Nigeria utilizing air support from Egyptian
pilots provided by Gamal Abdel Nasser,[63][64] while France and Israel aided the Biafrans.
The Congolese government, under President Joseph-Désiré Mobutu, took an early stand on the
Biafran secession, voicing strong support for the Nigerian federal government[65] and deploying
thousands of troops to fight against the secessionists.[66][67]
Following the war, Nigeria enjoyed an oil boom in the 1970s, during which the country
joined OPEC and received huge oil revenues. Despite these revenues, the military government did
little to improve the standard of living of the population, help small and medium businesses, or invest
in infrastructure. As oil revenues fuelled the rise of federal subsidies to states, the federal
government became the centre of political struggle and the threshold of power in the country. As oil
production and revenue rose, the Nigerian government became increasingly dependent on oil
revenues and international commodity markets for budgetary and economic concerns.[68]

Yakubu Gowon, civil war national leader of Nigeria

The coup in July 1975, led by Generals Shehu Musa Yar'Adua and Joseph Garba, ousted Gowon,
[69]
who fled to Britain.[70] The coup plotters wanted to replace Gowon's autocratic rule with a
triumvirate of three brigadier generals whose decisions could be vetoed by a Supreme Military
Council. For this triumvirate, they convinced General Murtala Muhammed to become military head of
state, with General Olusegun Obasanjo as his second-in-command, and General Theophilus
Danjuma as the third.[71] Together, the triumvirate introduced austerity measures to stem inflation,
established a Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau, replaced all military governors with new
officers, and launched "Operation Deadwood" through which they fired 11,000 officials from the civil
service.[72]
Colonel Buka Suka Dimka launched a February 1976 coup attempt,[73] during which General Murtala
Muhammed was assassinated. Dimka lacked widespread support among the military, and his coup
failed, forcing him to flee.[74] After the coup attempt, General Olusegun Obasanjo was appointed
military head of state.[75] As head of state, Obasanjo vowed to continue Murtala's policies.[76] Aware of
the danger of alienating northern Nigerians, Obasanjo brought General Shehu Yar'Adua as his
replacement and second-in-command as Chief of Staff, Supreme Headquarters completing the
military triumvirate, with Obasanjo as head of state and General Theophilus Danjuma as Chief of
Army Staff, the three went on to re-establish control over the military regime and organized the
military's transfer of power programme: states creation and national delimitation, local government
reforms and the constitutional drafting committee for a new republic.[77]

Second Republic and military dictatorship

Main articles: Second Nigerian Republic and Military dictatorship in Nigeria

Flag of the President and Commander-in-Chief of the Armed

Forces of Nigeria, 1979
The military carefully planned the return to civilian rule putting in place measures to ensure that
political parties had broader support than witnessed during the first republic. In 1979, five political
parties competed in a series of elections in which Alhaji Shehu Shagari of the National Party of
Nigeria (NPN) was elected president. All five parties won representation in the National Assembly.
On 1 October 1979, Shehu Shagari was sworn in as the first President and Commander-in-Chief of
the Federal Republic of Nigeria. Obasanjo peacefully transferred power to Shagari, becoming the
first head of state in Nigerian history to willingly step down.
Shehu Shagari was the first elected President of Nigeria from
1979 to 1983.
The Shagari government became viewed as corrupt by virtually all sectors of Nigerian society. In
1983, the inspectors of the state-owned Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation began to notice
"the slow poisoning of the waters of this country".[78] In August 1983, Shagari and the NPN were
returned to power in a landslide victory, with a majority of seats in the National Assembly and control
of 12 state governments. But the elections were marred by violence, and allegations of widespread
vote-rigging and electoral malfeasance led to legal battles over the results. There were also
uncertainties, such as in the first republic, that political leaders may be unable to govern properly.
The 1983 military coup d'état took place on New Year's Eve of that year. It was coordinated by key
officers of the Nigerian military and led to the overthrow of the government and the installation of
Major General Muhammadu Buhari as head of state. The military coup of Muhammadu Buhari
shortly after the regime's re-election in 1984 was generally viewed as a positive development.[79] In
1985, Ibrahim Babangida overthrew Buhari in a coup d'état. In 1986, Babangida established
the Nigerian Political Bureau which made recommendations for the transition to the Third Nigerian
Republic. In 1989, Babangida started making plans for the transition to the Third Nigerian Republic.
Babangida survived the 1990 Nigerian coup d'état attempt, then postponed a promised return to
democracy to 1992.[80]

June 12 and the crisis of the Third Republic

Main articles: Third Nigerian Republic and 1993 Nigerian presidential election
Moshood Abiola, Hope campaign poster in 1993
Babangida legalized the formation of political parties and formed the two-party system with
the Social Democratic Party and National Republican Convention ahead of the 1992 general
elections. He urged all Nigerians to join either of the parties, which Chief Bola Ige referred to as "two
leper hands". The two-party state had been a Political Bureau recommendation. After a census was
conducted, the National Electoral Commission announced on 24 January 1992, that both legislative
elections to a bicameral National Assembly and a presidential election would be held later that year.
The adopted process advocated that any candidate needed to pass through adoption for all elective
positions from the local government, state government and federal government.[81]
The 1993 presidential election held on 12 June, was the first since the military coup of 1983. The
results, though not officially declared by the National Electoral Commission, showed the duo
of Moshood Abiola and Baba Gana Kingibe of the Social Democratic Party defeated Bashir
Tofa and Sylvester Ugoh of the National Republican Convention by over 2.3 million votes. However,
Babangida annulled the elections, leading to massive civilian protests that effectively shut down the
country for weeks. In August 1993, Babangida finally kept his promise to relinquish power to a
civilian government but not before appointing Ernest Shonekan head of an interim national
government.[82] Babangida's regime has been considered the most corrupt and responsible for
creating a culture of corruption in Nigeria.[83]
Abdulsalami Abubakar, military ruler in 1998 saw the return to
democracy in 1999
Shonekan's interim government, the shortest in the political history of the country, was overthrown in
a coup d'état of 1993 led by General Sani Abacha, who used military force on a wide scale to
suppress the continuing civilian unrest. In 1995, the government hanged environmentalist Ken Saro-
Wiwa on trumped-up charges in the deaths of four Ogoni elders, which caused
Nigerian's suspension from the Commonwealth. Lawsuits under the American Alien Tort
Statute against Royal Dutch Shell and Brian Anderson, the head of Shell's Nigerian operation,
settled out of court with Shell continuing to deny liability.[84] Several hundred million dollars in
accounts traced to Abacha were discovered in 1999.[85] The regime came to an end in 1998 when the
dictator died in the villa. He looted money to offshore accounts in western European banks and
defeated coup plots by arresting and bribing generals and politicians. His successor,
General Abdulsalami Abubakar, adopted a new constitution on 5 May 1999, which provided for
multiparty elections.

Return to democracy (1999–present)

Main article: Fourth Nigerian Republic

Olusegun Obasanjo served as president of Nigeria from 1999 to

2007.
On 29 May 1999, Abubakar handed over power to the winner of the 1999 presidential election,
former military ruler General Olusegun Obasanjo, as President of Nigeria. Obasanjo had been in
prison under the dictatorship of Abacha. Obasanjo's inauguration heralded the beginning of the
Fourth Nigerian Republic,[86] ending a 39-year period of short-lived democracies, civil war and military
dictatorship. Although the elections that brought Obasanjo to power and allowed him to run for a
second term in the 2003 presidential elections were condemned as unfree and unfair, Nigeria made
significant progress in democratisation under Obasanjo.[87] The fact that parliament was able to
successfully deny the president a third term in office, despite his influence on the army and security
forces, is evidence of the strengthened parliamentarism in Nigeria.

Goodluck Jonathan in a handshake with his successor, Buhari at

the inauguration in 2015
In the 2007 general elections, Umaru Yar'Adua of the People's Democratic Party came to power.
The international community, which had observed the Nigerian elections to promote a free and fair
process, condemned these elections as seriously flawed.[88] Obasanjo acknowledged fraud and other
"shortcomings" in the elections, but said the result was in line with opinion polls. In a nationally
televised address in 2007, he added that if Nigerians did not like the victory of his handpicked
successor, they had the option of voting again in four years' time.[89] Yar'Adua died on 5 May 2010,
and Vice President Goodluck Jonathan had been sworn in by the Senate three months earlier as
acting president to succeed Yar'Adua.[90][91] Jonathan won the 2011 presidential election, unlike
previous elections, the polls went smoothly and with relatively little violence or electoral fraud.
[92]
Jonathan's tenure saw an economic recovery that made Nigeria the leading economic power in
Africa.[93][94] The Jonathan admininistration also saw an increase in unparalleled corruption, with as
many as 20 billion US dollars said to have been lost to the Nigerian state through the national oil
company. Above all, however, Jonathan's tenure saw the emergence of a wave of terror by the Boko
Haram insurgency, such as the Gwoza massacre and Chibok schoolgirls kidnapping in 2014.[95]

Muhammadu Buhari was president of Nigeria, serving from

2015 to 2023.
Ahead of the general election of 2015, a merger of the biggest opposition parties in Nigeria –
the Action Congress of Nigeria, the Congress for Progressive Change, the All Nigeria Peoples Party,
a faction of the All Progressives Grand Alliance and the new PDP (a faction of serving governors of
the ruling People's Democratic Party) – formed the All Progressives Congress led by current
president Bola Ahmed Tinubu. At the time, it was the most expensive election ever to be held on the
African continent (being surpassed only by the elections of 2019 and 2023). The new mega-
opposition party chose as their candidate for the election, former military dictator Muhammadu
Buhari—who had previously contested in the 2003, 2007, and 2011 presidential elections. Buhari's
campaign in 2015 was popular and built around his image as a staunch anti-corruption fighter and
his incorruptible and charismatic honest reputation, he pledged not to probe past corrupt leaders and
would give officials who stole public funds in the past amnesty if they repented —he won the election
by over two million votes. Jonathan in an unprecedented presidential call telephoned Buhari to
concede and congratulate him on his election victory. Observers generally praised the election as
being fair.[96][97][98][99] The election marked the first time an incumbent president had lost re-election in
Nigeria. In the 2019 presidential election, Buhari was re-elected for a second term in office defeating
his closest rival Atiku Abubakar.[100]
For the first time since the elections of the Second Republic, four candidates vied for the presidency
in the February 2023 presidential election: Bola Tinubu leader of the progressive ruling party the All
Progressives Congress, Atiku Abubakar of the conservative People's Democratic Party, Peter Obi of
the Labour Party and Kwankwaso of the far-left New Nigeria Peoples Party. Moreover, for the first
time since the return of democracy, no former military ruler ran for president, marking a
strengthening of democracy and faith in the multiparty constitution as well as heralding the transition
to a new-savvy democratic class of politicians. The election also saw the rise of metonymic
supporters of the new candidates, the Obidient movement of Peter Obi, previously governor of
Anambra State, widely appealed to young, urban voters and has his core base in the Southeast;
[101]
and the Kwankwassiya of Rabiu Musa Kwankwaso, former governor of Kano State in the
Northwest.[102]

Chief Bola Tinubu is currently serving as President of Nigeria

since 29 May 2023.
Bola Tinubu of the ruling party, won the disputed election with 36.61% of the vote, 8,794,726 total
votes.[103] Runners-up were former Vice President Atiku Abubakar, Peoples Democratic Party, and
former Governor of Anambra State Peter Obi, Labour Party, who both immediately contested the
result;[104] however both runner-ups claimed victory and litigation is ongoing in an election
tribunal. Other federal elections, including elections to the House of Representatives and the Senate,
held on the same date while state elections were scheduled to hold two weeks afterward on 11
March, but were postponed by a week and was held on 18 March.[105] Bola Tinubu's inauguration was
held on 29 May 2023 and Bola Tinubu was sworn in as Nigeria’s president to succeed Buhari.[106]

Geography
Main articles: Geography of Nigeria, Geology of Nigeria, and Wildlife of Nigeria

Topography of Nigeria
Nigeria is located in western Africa on the Gulf of Guinea and has a total area of
923,768 km2 (356,669 sq mi),[107] making it the world's 32nd-largest country. Its borders span 4,047
kilometres (2,515 mi), and it shares borders with Benin (773 km or 480 mi), Niger (1,497 km or
930 mi), Chad (87 km or 54 mi), and Cameroon (including the separatist Ambazonia) 1,690 km or
1,050 mi. Its coastline is at least 853 km (530 mi).[108] Nigeria lies between latitudes 4° and 14°N, and
longitudes 2° and 15°E. The highest point in Nigeria is Chappal Waddi at 2,419 m (7,936 ft). The
main rivers are the Niger and the Benue, which converge and empty into the Niger Delta. This is one
of the world's largest river deltas and the location of a large area of Central African mangroves.
Nigeria's most expansive topographical region is that of the valleys of the Niger and Benue river
valleys (which merge and form a Y-shape).[109] To the southwest of the Niger is a "rugged" highland.
To the southeast of the Benue are hills and mountains, which form the Mambilla Plateau, the highest
plateau in Nigeria. This plateau extends through the border with Cameroon, where the montane land
is part of the Bamenda Highlands of Cameroon.

Climate

Climate map of Nigeria

Nigeria has a varied landscape. The far south is defined by its tropical rainforest climate, where
annual rainfall is 1,500 to 2,000 millimetres (60 to 80 in) per year.[110] In the southeast stands
the Obudu Plateau. Coastal plains are found in both the southwest and the southeast.[109] Mangrove
swamps are found along the coast.[111]
The area near the border with Cameroon close to the coast is rich rainforest and part of the Cross-
Sanaga-Bioko coastal forests ecoregion, an important centre for biodiversity. It is a habitat for
the drill primate, which is found in the wild only in this area and across the border in Cameroon. The
areas surrounding Calabar, Cross River State, also in this forest, are believed to contain the world's
largest diversity of butterflies. The area of southern Nigeria between the Niger and the Cross
Rivers has lost most of its forest because of development and harvesting by increased population,
and has been replaced by grassland.
Everything in between the far south and the far north is savannah (insignificant tree cover, with
grasses and flowers located between trees). Rainfall is more limited to between 500 and 1,500
millimetres (20 and 60 in) per year.[110] The savannah zone's three categories are Guinean forest-
savanna mosaic, Sudan savannah, and Sahel savannah. Guinean forest-savanna mosaic is plains
of tall grass interrupted by trees. Sudan savannah is similar but with shorter grasses and shorter
trees. Sahel savannah consists of patches of grass and sand, found in the northeast.[111]

Shrinking of Lake Chad in north-eastern Nigeria, with the

outline of the British Isles for size comparison
Hydrology
Nigeria is divided into two main catchment areas - that of Lake Chad and that of the Niger. The Niger
catchment area covers about 63% of the country. The main tributary of the Niger is the Benue,
whose tributaries extend beyond Cameroon into Cameroon into Chad and the Sharie catchment
area. In the Sahel region, rain is less than 500 millimetres (20 in) per year, and the Sahara Desert is
encroaching.[110] In the dry northeast corner of the country lies Lake Chad, on a shared
water boundary delimitation with Niger, Chad and Cameroon.
The Chad Basin is fed from the north-eastern quarter of Nigeria. The Bauchi Plateau forms the
watershed between the Niger/Benue and Komadugu Yobe river systems. The flat plains of north-
eastern Nigeria are geographically part of the Chad Basin, where the course of the El Beid River
forms the border with Cameroon, from the Mandara Mountains to Lake Chad. The Komadugu Yobe
river system gives rise to the internationally important Hadejia-Nguru wetlands and Ox-bow lakes
around Lake Nguru in the rainy season.[112][113] Other rivers of the northeast include the Ngadda and
the Yedseram, both of which flow through the Sambisa swamps, thus forming a river system. The
river system of the northeast is also a major river system.[114] In addition, Nigeria has numerous
coastal rivers.
Photo of Lake Chad from Apollo 7, 1968
Lake Chad in the far north-east of Nigeria has had a chequered history over the last million years,
drying up several times for a few thousand years and just as often growing to many times its current
size. In recent decades its surface area has been reduced considerably, which may also be due to
humans taking water from the inlets to irrigate agricultural land.

The Obudu mountains in the southern region of Nigeria

Vegetation
Nigeria is covered by three types of vegetation: forests (where there is significant tree
cover), savannahs (insignificant tree cover, with grasses and flowers located between trees),
and montane land (least common and mainly found in the mountains near the Cameroon border.
Both the forest zone and the savannah zone are divided into three parts.[115]
Some of the forest zone's most southerly portion, especially around the Niger River and Cross
River deltas, is mangrove swamp. North of this is fresh water swamp, containing different vegetation
from the salt water mangrove swamps, and north of that is rain forest.[115]
The savannah zone's three categories are divided into Guinean forest-savanna mosaic, made up of
plains of tall grass which are interrupted by trees, the most common across the country; Sudan
savannah, with short grasses and short trees; and Sahel savannah patches of grass and sand,
found in the northeast.[115]

The Mambilla Plateau in the North-Eastern region of Nigeria

Environmental issues
Further information: Deforestation in Nigeria and Environmental issues in the Niger Delta
Deforestation in Nigeria 1981–2020 [116]

Waste management including sewage treatment, the linked processes of deforestation and soil
degradation, and climate change or global warming are the major environmental problems in
Nigeria. Waste management presents problems in a megacity like Lagos and other major Nigerian
cities which are linked with economic development, population growth and the inability of municipal
councils to manage the resulting rise in industrial and domestic waste. This waste management
problem is also attributable to unsustainable environmental management lifestyles
of Kubwa community in the Federal Capital Territory, where there are habits of indiscriminate
disposal of waste, dumping of waste along or into the canals, sewerage systems that are channels
for water flows, and the like. Haphazard industrial planning, increased urbanisation, poverty and lack
of competence of the municipal government are seen as the major reasons for high levels of waste
pollution in major cities of the country. Some of the solutions have been disastrous to the
environment, resulting in untreated waste being dumped in places where it can pollute waterways
and groundwater.[117]
In 2005, Nigeria had the highest rate of deforestation in the world, according to the Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.[118] That year, 12.2%, the equivalent of 11,089,000
hectares, had been forested in the country. Between 1990 and 2000, Nigeria lost an average of
409,700 hectares of forest every year equal to an average annual deforestation rate of 2.4%.
Between 1990 and 2005, in total Nigeria lost 35.7% of its forest cover or around 6,145,000 hectares.
[119]
Nigeria had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 6.2/10, ranking it 82nd
globally out of 172 countries.[120]
In the year 2010, thousands of people were inadvertently exposed to lead-containing soil from
informal gold mining within the northern state of Zamfara. While estimates vary, it is thought that
upwards of 400 children died of acute lead poisoning, making this perhaps the largest lead poisoning
fatality outbreak ever encountered.[121]
Nigeria's Delta region is one of the most polluted regions in the world due to serious oil spills and
other environmental problems caused by its oil industry.[122][123] The heavy contamination of the air,
ground and water with toxic pollutants is often used as an example of ecocide.[124][125][126][127][128] In
additional to the environmental damage it has caused conflict in the Delta region.
Illegal oil refineries, in which local operators convert stolen crude oil into petrol and diesel, are
considered particularly "dirty, dangerous and lucrative".[129] Safety and environmental aspects are
usually ignored (e.g. no sulphur is removed from the fuels produced). Refining petroleum also
inevitably produces heavy oil, which is "cracked" into lighter fuel components in regular plants at
great technical expense. Illegal refineries do not have these technical possibilities and "dispose" of
the heavy oil where it accumulates. The lighter components of crude oil
(methane to butane, isobutane), on the other hand, always mean a certain risk of explosion, which
often leads to disasters at illegal plants.[130] In 2022, Nigeria suffered 125 deaths from explosions at
local, illegal refineries.[131]

Politics
Main articles: Politics of Nigeria and Political parties in Nigeria

Government

Coat of arms of Nigeria in current use

The National Assembly Complex in the capital Abuja, with

the Senate located on the left and backdrop of Aso Rock
Nigeria is a federal republic modelled after the United States,[132] with 36 states and capital Abuja as
an independent unit. The executive power is exercised by the President. The president is both head
of state and head of the federal government; the president is elected by popular vote to a maximum
of two four-year terms.[133] State governors, like the president, are elected for four years and may
serve a maximum of two terms. The president's power is checked by a Senate and a House of
Representatives, which are combined in a bicameral body called the National Assembly. The Senate
is a 109-seat body with three members from each state and one from the capital region of Abuja;
members are elected by popular vote to four-year terms. The House contains 360 seats, with the
number of seats per state determined by population.[133]
The Nigerian president is elected in a modified two-round system. To be elected in the first round, a
candidate must receive a relative majority of the votes and more than 25% of the votes in at least 24
of the 36 states.[134] If no candidate reaches this hurdle, a second round of voting takes place
between the leading candidate and the next candidate who received the majority of votes in the
highest number of states. Presidential candidates take a "running mate" (candidate for the vice-
presidency) who is both ethnically and religiously the opposite of themselves: a Christian candidate
from the South will choose a Muslim running mate from the North - and vice versa. There is no law
prescribing this, yet all presidential candidates since the existence of the Fourth Republic have
adhered to this rule.
However, this principle of religious and ethnic diversity in leadership was ignored in the 2023
General Elections, where the candidate for the All Progressives Congress, Bola Ahmed Tinubu, a
Muslim, selected another Muslim, Senator Kashim Shettima, as running mate.

Administrative divisions
Main article: Subdivisions of Nigeria

Map of Nigeria with administrative divisions

Nigeria is divided into thirty-six states and one Federal Capital Territory, which are further sub-
divided into 774 local government areas. In some contexts, the states are aggregated into six
geopolitical zones: North West, North East, North Central, South West, South East, and South
South.[135][136]
Nigeria has five cities with a population of over a million (from largest to
smallest): Lagos, Kano, Ibadan, Benin City and Port Harcourt. Lagos is the largest city in Africa, with
a population of over 12 million in its urban area.[137]
The south of the country in particular is characterised by very strong urbanisation and a relatively
large number of cities. According to an estimate from 2015,[138] there are 20 cities in Nigeria with more
than 500,000 inhabitants, including ten cities with a population of one million.

Law
Main article: Law of Nigeria
The Constitution of Nigeria is the supreme law of the country. There are four distinct legal systems in
Nigeria, which include English law, common law, customary law, and Sharia law:

 English law in Nigeria consists of the collection of British laws from colonial times.
 Common law is the collection of authoritative judicial decisions in the field of civil law (so-called
precedents) that have been handed down in the country concerned - in this case Nigeria. (This
system is mainly found in Anglo-Saxon countries; in continental Europe, on the other hand,
codified and, as far as possible, abstracted civil law predominates, as in the Napoleonic Code in
France).[139]
 Customary law is derived from indigenous traditional norms and practices, including the dispute
resolution meetings of pre-colonial Yoruba land secret societies and the Èkpè and Okónkò
of Igboland and Ibibioland.[140]
 Sharia law (also known as Islamic Law) used to be used only in Northern Nigeria, where Islam is
the predominant religion. It is also being used in Lagos State, Oyo State, Kwara State, Ogun
State, and Osun State by Muslims. Muslim penal codes are not the same in every state and they
differentiate in punishment and offences according to religious affiliation (for example, alcohol
consumption and distribution).
The country has a judicial branch, the highest court of which is the Supreme Court of Nigeria.[141]

Foreign relations
Main article: Foreign relations of Nigeria

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Abuja

Upon gaining independence in 1960, Nigeria made African unity the centrepiece of its foreign policy.
[142]
One exception to the African focus was Nigeria's close relationship developed with Israel
throughout the 1960s. Israel sponsored and oversaw the construction of Nigeria's parliament
buildings.[143]
Nigeria's foreign policy was put to the test in the 1970s after the country emerged united from its civil
war. It supported movements against white minority governments in Southern Africa. Nigeria backed
the African National Congress by taking a committed tough line about the South African government.
Nigeria was a founding member of the Organisation for African Unity (now the African Union) and
has tremendous influence in West Africa and Africa on the whole. Nigeria founded regional
cooperative efforts in West Africa, functioning as the standard-bearer for the Economic Community
of West African States (ECOWAS) and ECOMOG (especially during the Liberia and Sierra Leone
civil wars) - which are economic and military organizations, respectively.
With this Africa-centred stance, Nigeria readily sent troops to the Congo at the behest of the United
Nations shortly after independence (and has maintained membership since that time). Nigeria also
supported several Pan-African and pro-self government causes in the 1970s, including garnering
support for Angola's MPLA, SWAPO in Namibia, and aiding opposition to the minority governments
of Portuguese Mozambique, and Rhodesia. Nigeria retains membership in the Non-Aligned
Movement. In late November 2006, it organized an Africa-South America Summit in Abuja to
promote what some attendees termed "South-South" linkages on a variety of fronts.[144] Nigeria is also
a member of the International Criminal Court and the Commonwealth of Nations. It was temporarily
expelled from the latter in 1995 when ruled by the Abacha regime.
Nigeria has remained a key player in the international oil industry since the 1970s and maintains
membership in OPEC, which it joined in July 1971. Its status as a major petroleum producer figures
prominently in its sometimes volatile international relations with developed countries, notably the
United States, and with developing countries.[145]
Since 2000, Chinese–Nigerian trade relations have risen exponentially. There has been an increase
in total trade of over 10,384 million dollars between the two nations from 2000 to 2016.[146] However,
the structure of the Chinese–Nigerian trade relationship has become a major political issue for the
Nigerian state. This is illustrated by the fact that Chinese exports account for around 80 per cent of
total bilateral trade volumes.[147] This has resulted in a serious trade imbalance, with Nigeria importing
ten times more than it exports to China.[148] Subsequently, Nigeria's economy is becoming over-reliant
on cheap imports to sustain itself, resulting in a clear decline in Nigerian industry under such
arrangements.[149]
Continuing its Africa-centred foreign policy, Nigeria introduced the idea of a single currency for West
Africa known as the Eco under the presumption that it would be led by the naira. But on 21
December 2019, Ivorian President Alassane Ouattara, Emmanuel Macron, and multiple
other UEMOA states announced that they would merely rename the CFA franc instead of replacing
the currency as originally intended. As of 2020, the Eco currency has been delayed to 2025.[150]

Military
Main article: Nigerian Armed Forces

Nigerian Army self-propelled anti-aircraft gun

The Nigerian Armed Forces are the combined military forces of Nigeria. It consists of three
uniformed service branches: the Nigerian Army, Nigerian Navy, and Nigerian Air Force.
The President of Nigeria functions as the commander-in-chief of the armed forces, exercising
his constitutional authority through the Ministry of Defence, which is responsible for the management
of the military and its personnel. The operational head of the AFN is the Chief of the Defence Staff,
who is subordinate to the Nigerian Defence Minister. With a force of more than 223,000 active
personnel, the Nigerian military is one of the largest uniformed combat services in Africa.[151]

Nigerian Air Force attack helicopter

Nigeria has 143,000 troops in the armed forces (army 100,000, navy 25,000, air force 18,000) and
another 80,000 personnel for "gendarmerie & paramilitary" in 2020, according to the International
Institute for Strategic Studies.[152] By comparison, Poland has 114,500 troops in armed forces and
"paramilitary" and Germany 183,500, according to the same source.[152] Nigeria spent just under 0.4
per cent of its economic output, or US$1.6 billion, on its armed forces in 2017.[153][154] For 2022,
US$2.26 billion has been budgeted for the Nigerian armed forces, which is just over a third
of Belgium's defence budget (US$5.99 billion).[152]

Communal and religious conflicts

Main articles: Communal conflicts in Nigeria, Religious violence in Nigeria, and Nigerian bandit
conflict
Attacks by Boko Haram, 2011 to date (as of October 2022).
Each figure represents 1,000 deaths. [155]

Boko Haram and the bandit conflict have been responsible for numerous serious attacks with
thousands of casualties since mid-2010. Since then, according to the Council on Foreign Relations'
Nigeria Security Tracker, over 41,600 lives have been lost to this conflict (as of October 2022).
[155]
The United Nations refugee agency UNHCR counts about 1.8 million internally displaced persons
and about 200,000 Nigerian refugees in neighbouring countries who have fled the fighting in
northeastern Nigeria.
The Boko Haram-affected states agreed in February 2015 to establish an 8,700-strong Multinational
Joint Task Force to jointly fight Boko Haram. By October 2015, Boko Haram had been driven out of
all the cities it controlled and almost all the counties in northeastern Nigeria. In 2016, Boko Haram
split and in 2022, 40,000 fighters surrendered.[156] The splinter group ISWAP (Islamic State in West
Africa) remains active.
The fight against Boko Haram, other sectarians and criminals has been accompanied by increasing
police attacks. The Council on Foreign Relations' Nigeria Security Tracker counted 1,086 deaths
from Boko Haram attacks and 290 deaths from police violence in the first 12 months of its
establishment in May 2011. In the 12 months after October 2021, 2,193 people died from police
violence and 498 from Boko Haram and ISWAP,[155] according to the NST. The Nigerian police are
notorious for vigilante justice.[155]
The Niger Delta saw intense attacks on oil infrastructure in 2016 by militant groups such as
the Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND), the Niger Delta People's Volunteer
Force (NDPVF), the Ijaw National Congress (INC) and the Pan Niger Delta Forum (PANDEF). In
response, the new Buhari government pursued a dual strategy of repression and negotiation.
In late 2016, the Nigerian federal government resorted to the gambit of offering the militant groups a
4.5 billion naira (US$144 million) contract to guard oil infrastructure. Most accepted. The contract
was renewed in August 2022, but led to fierce disputes among the above-mentioned groups over the
distribution of the funds. Representatives speak of "war"[157] - against each other. The high propensity
for violence and the pettiness of the leaders, as well as the complete absence of social and
environmental arguments in this dispute[157] give rise to fears that the militant groups, despite their
lofty names, have discarded responsibility for their region and ethnic groups and have moved into
the realm of protection rackets and self-enrichment. In any case, the pipelines in the Niger Delta are
not very effectively "guarded" - the pollution of the Niger Delta with stolen crude oil and illegally
produced heavy fuel oil continued unhindered after 2016.[158]
In central Nigeria, conflicts between Muslim Hausa-Fulani herders and indigenous Christian
farmers flared up again, especially in Kaduna, Plateau, Taraba and Benue states. In individual
cases, these clashes have claimed several hundred lives. Conflict over land and resources is
increasing due to the ongoing desertification in northern Nigeria, population growth and the generally
tense economic situation.
In June 2022, a massacre took place in the St. Francis Xavier Church, in Owo. The Government
blamed ISWAP for the murder of over 50 parishioners, but locals suspect Fulani herdsmen
involvement.[159]

Economy
Main article: Economy of Nigeria

GDP per capita in West Africa, 2019 [160]

A proportional representation of Nigeria exports,

2019
Nigeria's economy is the largest in Africa, the 31st-largest in the world by nominal GDP, and 30th-
largest by PPP. GDP (PPP) per capita is US$9,148[161] (as of 2022), which is less than South Africa,
Egypt or Morocco, but a little more than Ghana or Ivory Coast.
Nigeria is a leader in Africa as an energy power, financial market, in pharmaceuticals and in
the entertainment industry. Next to petroleum, the second-largest source of foreign exchange
earnings for Nigeria are remittances sent home by Nigerians living abroad.[162]
Nigeria has a highly developed financial services sector, with a mix of local and international banks,
asset management companies, brokerage houses, insurance companies and brokers, private equity
funds and investment banks.[163]
Nigeria has a lower-middle-income economy[164] with an abundant supply of natural resources. Its
wide array of underexploited mineral resources include coal, bauxite, tantalite, gold, tin, iron
ore, limestone, niobium, lead and zinc.[165] Despite huge deposits of these natural resources, the
mining industry in Nigeria is still in its infancy.
Before 1999, economic development has been hindered by years of military rule, corruption, and
mismanagement. The restoration of democracy and subsequent economic reforms have
successfully put Nigeria back on track towards achieving its full economic potential.
After 2015, the Nigerian economy was able to diversify somewhat. Apart from oil and gas, Nigeria
exports fertilisers and cement/cement board, moulded polypropylene (plastic) products, personal
care products, paint, malt beverages and armoured vehicles.
Agriculture
Further information: Agriculture in Nigeria

Nigerian palm nuts put out to dry

In 2021, about 23.4% of Nigeria's GDP is contributed by agriculture, forestry and fishing combined.
[166]
As far as cassava is concerned, Nigeria is the world's largest producer.[167] Further major crops
include maize, rice, millet, yam beans, and guinea corn (sorghum).[168] Cocoa is the principal
agricultural export, and one of the country's most significant non-petroleum products.[169][170] Nigeria is
also one of the world's top twenty exporters of natural rubber, generating $20.9 million in 2019.[171]
Before the Nigerian Civil War and the oil boom, Nigeria was self-sufficient in food.[172][173][174] Agriculture
used to be the principal foreign exchange earner of Nigeria.[175] Agriculture has failed to keep pace
with Nigeria's rapid population growth, and Nigeria now relies upon food imports to sustain itself.[173]
[176]
It spends US$6.7 billion yearly for food imports, four times more than revenues from food export.
[167]
The Nigerian government promoted the use of inorganic fertilizers in the 1970s.[177]
Nigeria's rice production increased by 10% from 2017/18 to 2021/22 to 5 million tonnes a year,[178] but
could hardly keep up with the increased demand. Rice imports therefore remained constant at 2
million tonnes per year. In August 2019, Nigeria closed its border with Benin and other neighbouring
countries to stop rice smuggling into the country as part of efforts to boost local production.[179]
Until now, Nigeria exported unhusked rice but had to import husked rice, the country's staple food. -
The rice mill in Imota, near Lagos, is intended to handle the corresponding processing at home,
improve the balance of trade and the labour market, and save unnecessary costs for transport and
middlemen. When fully operational at the end of 2022, the plant, the largest south of the Sahara, is
expected to employ 250,000 people and produce 2.5 million 50-kg bags of rice annually.[180]

Oil and natural gas

Further information: Petroleum industry in Nigeria and Oil theft in Nigeria

Oil and gas fields in the Niger delta

Nigeria is the 15th largest producer of petroleum in the world, the 6th largest exporter, and has
the 9th largest proven reserves. Petroleum plays a large role in the Nigerian economy and politics,
accounting for about 80% of government earnings. Nigeria also has the 9th largest proven natural
gas reserves estimated by OPEC; the government's value of its about 206.53 trillion cubic feet has
been valued at $803.4 trillion.[181] Natural gas is seen as having the potential to unlock an economic
miracle on the Niger River.[182] Nigeria each year loses to gas flaring an estimate of US$2.5 billion,
[183]
and over 120,000 barrels of oil per day to crude theft in the Niger Delta, its main oil-producing
region.[184][185] This has led to piracy and conflict for control in the region and has led to disruptions in
production preventing the country from meeting its OPEC quota and exporting petroleum at full
capability.[186]

Overflight photo of the creeks of the Niger Delta

Nigeria has a total of 159 oil fields and 1,481 wells in operation according to the Department of
Petroleum Resources.[187] The most productive region of the nation is the coastal Niger Delta Basin in
the Niger Delta or "south-south" region which encompasses 78 of the 159 oil fields. Most of Nigeria's
oil fields are small and scattered, and as of 1990, these small fields accounted for 62.1% of all
Nigerian production. This contrasts with the sixteen largest fields which produced 37.9% of Nigeria's
petroleum at that time.[188] Petrol was Nigeria's main import commodity until 2021, accounting for 24%
of import volume.[189]
The Niger Delta Nembe Creek oil field was discovered in 1973 and produces from
middle Miocene deltaic sandstone-shale in an anticline structural trap at a depth of 2 to 4 kilometres
(7,000 to 13,000 feet).[190] In June 2013, Shell announced a strategic review of its operations in
Nigeria, hinting that assets could be divested. While many international oil companies have operated
there for decades, by 2014 most were making moves to divest their interests, citing a range of
issues including oil theft. In August 2014, Shell said it was finalising its interests in four Nigerian oil
fields.[191]
The supply of natural gas to Europe, threatened by the Ukraine war, is pushing projects to transport
Nigerian natural gas via pipelines to Morocco or Algeria.[192][193][194] As of May 2022, however, there are
no results on this yet.

Energy
Main article: Energy in Nigeria
Kainji Dam on the Niger River, built in the 1960s
Nigeria's energy consumption is much more than its generation capacity. Most of the energy comes
from traditional fossil fuel, which account for 73% of total primary production. The rest is from
hydropower (27%). Since independence, Nigeria has tried to develop a domestic nuclear industry for
energy. Nigeria opened in 2004 a Chinese-origin research reactor at Ahmadu Bello University and
has sought the support of the International Atomic Energy Agency to develop plans for up to 4,000
MWe of nuclear capacity by 2027 according to the National Program for the Deployment of Nuclear
Power for Generation of Electricity. In 2007, President Umaru Yar'Adua urged the country to
embrace nuclear power to meet its growing energy needs. In 2017, Nigeria signed the UN Treaty on
the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons.[195] In April 2015, Nigeria began talks with Russia's state-
owned Rosatom to collaborate on the design, construction and operation of four nuclear power
plants by 2035, the first of which will be in operation by 2025. In June 2015, Nigeria selected two
sites for the planned construction of the nuclear plants. Neither the Nigerian government nor
Rosatom would disclose the specific locations of the sites, but it is believed that the nuclear plants
will be sited in Akwa Ibom State and Kogi State. The sites are planned to house two plants each. In
2017 agreements were signed for the construction of the Itu nuclear power plant.
Electricity
94% of Nigerians are connected to the national grid, according to the survey, but only 57% have
their electricity consumption recorded by an electricity meter.[196] Only 1% of Nigerians surveyed
reported having electricity 24 hours a day. 68% have electricity 1 to 9 hours a day, according to the
NIO. 66% of Nigerians pay up to 10,000 Naira (13 USD) a month for electricity, which is almost 3%
of the average income in Nigeria.[196] 67% of respondents were willing to pay more for uninterrupted
electricity supply. 21% own a power generator, 14% of Nigerians use solar energy.[196]

Manufacturing and technology

Further information: Automotive industry in Nigeria and Pharmaceutical industry in Nigeria

Nigeria EduSat-1, the first satellite built by Nigeria by

the Federal University of Technology Akure
Nigeria has a manufacturing industry that includes leather and textiles (centred
in Kano, Abeokuta, Onitsha, and Lagos), plastics and processed food. Ogun is considered to be
Nigeria's current industrial hub, as most factories are located in Ogun and more companies are
moving there, followed by Lagos.[197][198][199] The city of Aba in the south-eastern part of the country is
well known for handicrafts and shoes, known as "Aba made".[200] Nigeria has a market of 720,000
cars per year, but less than 20% of these are produced domestically.[201]
In 2016 (the last year from which data is available), Nigeria was the leading cement producer south
of the Sahara, ahead of South Africa.[202] Aliko Dangote, Nigeria's richest inhabitant, based his wealth
on cement production, as well as agricultural commodities.[203] According to its own information,
the Ajaokuta Steel Company Limited produces 1.3 million tonnes of steel per year.[204] This would be
equivalent to one-sixth of the United Kingdom's steel production in 2021.[205] However, steel plants
in Katsina, Jos and Osogbo no longer appear to be active.[206]
In June 2019, Nigeria EduSat-1 was deployed from the International Space Station. It is the first
satellite that was built in Nigeria, which followed many other Nigerian satellites that was built by other
countries.[b][207] In 2021, Nigeria hosts about 60 percent of the pharmaceutical production capacity in
Africa,[208] the larger pharmaceutical companies are located in Lagos.[209] The pharmaceutical producer
with the most employees in Nigeria is Emzor Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.[210] Nigeria has a few
electronic manufacturers like Zinox, the first branded Nigerian computer, and manufacturers of
electronic gadgets such as tablet PCs.[211] As of January 2022, Nigeria is the host 5 out of the
7 unicorn companies in Africa.[212]

Internet and telecommunications

Nigerian librarians editing the Wikidata database

Nigerian telecommunications market is one of the fastest-growing in the world, with major emerging
market operators (like MTN, 9mobile, Airtel and Globacom) basing their largest and most profitable
centres in the country.[213] Nigeria's ICT sector has experienced a lot of growth, representing 10% of
the nation's GDP in 2018 as compared to just 1% in 2001.[214] Lagos is regarded as one of the largest
technology hubs in Africa with its thriving tech ecosystem.[215] According to a survey by the GSM
Association, 92% of adult Nigerian men and 88% of women owned a mobile phone.[216] Using various
measures including but not limited to Illegal arrest, taking down of websites, passport seizures, and
restricted access to bank accounts, the Nigerian government is punishing citizens for expressing
themselves on the internet and working to stifle internet freedom.[217]

Tourism
Main article: Tourism in Nigeria

Òwú waterfalls, visited by Nigerian undergraduates

Tourism in Nigeria centres largely on events, because of the country's ample amount of ethnic
groups, but also includes rain forests, savannah, waterfalls, and other natural attractions.[218] Abuja is
home to several parks and green areas. The largest, Millennium Park, was designed by
architect Manfredi Nicoletti and officially opened in December 2003. After the re-modernization
project achieved by the administration of Governor Raji Babatunde Fashola, Lagos is gradually
becoming a major tourist destination. Lagos is currently taking steps to become a global city. The
2009 Eyo carnival (a yearly festival originating from Iperu Remo, Ogun State) was a step toward
world city status. Currently, Lagos is primarily known as a business-oriented and fast-paced
community.[219] Lagos has become an important location for African and black cultural identity.[220]
Lagos has sandy beaches by the Atlantic Ocean, including Elegushi Beach and Alpha Beach. Lagos
also has many private beach resorts including Inagbe Grand Beach Resort and several others in the
outskirts. Lagos has a variety of hotels ranging from three-star to five-star hotels, with a mixture of
local hotels such as Eko Hotels and Suites, Federal Palace Hotel and franchises of multinational
chains such as Intercontinental Hotel, Sheraton, and Four Points by Sheraton. Other places of
interest include the Tafawa Balewa Square, Festac town, The Nike Art Gallery, Freedom Park, and
the Cathedral Church of Christ.

Infrastructure
Main article: Transport in Nigeria
Due to Nigeria's location in the centre of West Africa, transport plays a major role in the national
service sector. The government investments has seen an increase in extensive road repairs and
new construction have been carried out gradually as states in particular spend their share of
increased government allocations. Representative of these improvements is the Second Niger
Bridge near Onitsha, which was largely completed in 2022.[221] A 2017 World Bank report on logistics
hubs in Africa placed the country in fourth place, behind Côte d'Ivoire, Senegal, and Sao Tome,
[222]
but in 2021, Nigeria joined the World Logistics Passport, a private sector group working to
increase the effiency of global trade.[223]

Roads
Main article: Roads in Nigeria

Third Mainland bridge across the Lagos lagoon

Nigeria has the largest road network in West Africa. It covers about 200,000 km, of which 60,000 km
are asphalted. Nigeria's roads and highways handle 90% of all passenger and freight traffic. It
contributes N2.4trn ($6.4bn) to GDP in 2020. 35,000 km of the road network fall under the
jurisdiction of the federal government. The motorway links of important economic centres such
as Lagos-Ibadan, Lagos-Badagry and Enugu-Onitsha have been renovated.[224]
The rest of the road network is a state matter and therefore in very different shape, depending on
which state you are in. Economically strong states such as Lagos, Anambra and Rivers receive
particularly poor evaluations.[225] Most roads were built in the 1980s and early 1990s. Poor
maintenance and inferior materials have worsened the condition of the roads. Travelling is very
difficult. Especially during the rainy season, the use of secondary roads is sometimes almost
impossible due to potholes.[226] Road bandits often take advantage of this situation for their criminal
purposes.[227][228]
Abuja Light Rail in Idu Station
Rail transport
Main article: Rail transport in Nigeria
Railways have undergone a massive revamping with projects such as the Lagos-Kano Standard
Gauge Railway being completed connecting northern cities
of Kano, Kaduna, Abuja, Ibadan and Lagos.

Air transport
Main article: List of airports in Nigeria

An A340-500 of Arik Air

The Nigerian aviation industry generated 198.62 billion naira (€400 million) in 2019, representing a
contribution of 0.14 per cent to GDP. It was the fastest growing sector of the Nigerian economy in
2019. Passenger traffic increased from 9,358,166 in 2020 to 15,886,955 in 2021, a significant
increase of over 69 per cent. Aircraft movements increased by more than 46 per cent from 2020 to
2021. Total freight volumes were 191 tonnes in 2020 but increased to 391 tonnes in 2021.[229] In
December 2021, the Anambra International Cargo Airport started its operation.[230] In April 2022, the
second terminal of the Murtala Muhammed International Airport has been inaugurated. It will
increase the capacity of the airport to 14 million passengers per year.[231]

B737-300 of Air Peace

There are 54 airports in Nigeria; the principal airports are

 Murtala Muhammed International Airport in Lagos,

 Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport in Abuja,
 Mallam Aminu Kano International Airport in Kano,
 Akanu Ibiam International Airport in Enugu and
 Port Harcourt International Airport in Port Harcourt.
Nigeria had in the past operated state-owned airline Nigeria Airways which was over-indebted in
2003 and was bought by the British Virgin Group; since 28 June 2005 it has flown under the
name Virgin Nigeria Airways. At the end of 2008, the Virgin Group announced its withdrawal from
the airline, so that since September 2009 the airline has been operating as Nigerian Eagle Airlines.
The largest airline in Nigeria is privately-owned Air Peace, founded in 2012. It has a fleet of over 31
aircraft and serves national and international destinations.

Demographics
Main article: Demographics of Nigeria
See also: Social class in Nigeria

Population density (persons per square

kilometer) in Nigeria
The United Nations estimates that the population of Nigeria in 2021 was at 213,401,323[232][233],
distributed as 51.7% rural and 48.3% urban, and with a population density of 167.5 people per
square kilometer. Around 42.5% of the population were 14 years or younger, 19.6% were aged 15–
24, 30.7% were aged 25–54, 4.0% were aged 55–64, and 3.1% were aged 65 years or older. The
median age in 2017 was 18.4 years.[234] Nigeria is the world's sixth-most populous country. The birth
rate is 35.2-births/1,000 population and the death rate is 9.6 deaths/1,000 population as of 2017,
while the total fertility rate is 5.07 children born/woman.[234] Nigeria's population increased by
57 million from 1990 to 2008, a 60% growth rate in less than two decades.[235] Nigeria is the most
populous country in Africa[236] and accounts for about 17% of the continent's total population as of
2017; however, exactly how populous is a subject of speculation.[237]
Millions of Nigerians have emigrated during times of economic hardship, primarily to Europe, North
America and Australia. It is estimated that over a million Nigerians have emigrated to the United
States and constitute the Nigerian American populace. Individuals in many such Diasporic
communities have joined the "Egbe Omo Yoruba" society, a national association of Yoruba
descendants in North America.[238][239] Nigeria's largest city is Lagos. Lagos has grown from about
300,000 in 1950[240] to an estimated 13.4 million in 2017.[241]
Nigeria has more than 250 ethnic groups, with varying languages and customs, creating a country of
rich ethnic diversity. The three largest ethnic groups are the Hausa, Yoruba and Igbo, together
accounting for more than 60% of the population, while the Edo, Ijaw, Fulɓe, Kanuri, Urhobo-
Isoko, Ibibio, Ebira, Nupe, Gbagyi, Jukun, Igala, Idoma, Ogoni and Tiv account for between 35 and
40%; other minorities make up the remaining 5%.[242] The Middle Belt of Nigeria is known for its
diversity of ethnic groups, including the Atyap, Berom, Goemai, Igala, Kofyar, Pyem, and Tiv.[137][243]
[244]
There are small minorities of British, American, Indian, Chinese (est. 50,000),[245] white
Zimbabwean,[246] Japanese, Greek, Syrian and Lebanese immigrants. Immigrants also include those
from other West African or East African nations.

Languages
Main article: Languages of Nigeria

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Map of Nigeria's linguistic groups

525 languages have been spoken in Nigeria; eight of them are now extinct.[247] In some areas of
Nigeria, ethnic groups speak more than one language. The official language of Nigeria, English, was
chosen to facilitate the cultural and linguistic unity of the country, owing to the influence of British
colonisation which ended in 1960. Many French speakers from surrounding countries have
influenced the English spoken in the border regions of Nigeria and some Nigerian citizens have
become fluent enough in French to work in the surrounding countries. The French spoken in Nigeria
may be mixed with some native languages and English.[248]
The major languages spoken in Nigeria represent three major families of languages of Africa: the
majority are Niger-Congo languages, such as Igbo, Yoruba, Ibibio, Ijaw, Fulfulde, Ogoni,
and Edo. Kanuri, spoken in the northeast, primarily in Borno and Yobe State, is part of the Nilo-
Saharan family, and Hausa is an Afroasiatic language. Even though most ethnic groups prefer to
communicate in their languages, English as the official language is widely used for education,
business transactions and official purposes. English as a first language is used by only a small
minority of the country's urban elite, and it is not spoken at all in some rural areas. Hausa is the most
widely spoken of the three main languages spoken in Nigeria.
With the majority of Nigeria's populace in the rural areas, the major languages of communication in
the country remain indigenous languages. Some of the largest of these, notably Yoruba and Igbo,
have derived standardised languages from several different dialects and are widely spoken by those
ethnic groups. Nigerian Pidgin English, often known simply as "Pidgin" or "Broken" (Broken English),
is also a popular lingua franca, though with varying regional influences on dialect and slang. The
pidgin English or Nigerian English is widely spoken within the Niger Delta Region.[249]

Religion
Main article: Religion in Nigeria
National Church of Nigeria, Abuja

Abuja National Mosque

The Cathedral Church of Christ Marina

Cathedral Church of All Saints

Nigeria is a religiously diverse society, with Islam and Christianity being the most widely professed
religions. Nigerians are nearly equally divided into Muslims and Christians, with a tiny minority of
adherents of traditional African religions and other religions.[250] The Christian share of Nigeria's
population is in decline because of the lower fertility rate compared to Muslims in the country.[251] As
in other parts of Africa where Islam and Christianity are dominant, religious syncretism with the
traditional African religions is common.[252]
A 2012 report on religion and public life by the Pew Research Center stated that in 2010, 49.3% of
Nigeria's population was Christian, 48.8% was Muslim, and 1.9% were followers of indigenous and
other religions (such as the Bori in the North) or unaffiliated.[253] However, in a report released by Pew
Research Center in 2015, the Muslim population was estimated to be 50%, and by 2060, according
to the report, Muslims will account for about 60% of the country.[254] The 2010 census of Association
of Religion Data Archives has also reported that 48.8% of the total population was Christian, slightly
larger than the Muslim population of 43.4%, while 7.5% were members of other religions.
[255]
However, these estimates should be taken with caution because sample data is mostly collected
from major urban areas in the south, which are predominantly Christian.[256][257][258] According to a 2018
estimate in The World Factbook by the CIA, the population is estimated to be 53.5% Muslim, 45.9%
Christian (10.6% Roman Catholic and 35.3% protestant and other Christian), and 0.6% as other.[259]
Islam dominates northwestern Nigeria (Hausa, Nupe, Fulani and others), with 99% Muslim, and
northeastern Nigeria (Kanuri, Fulani and other groups). In the west, the Yoruba people are
predominantly Muslim with a significant Christian minority and a few adherents of traditional
religions.[260] Protestant and locally cultivated Christianity are widely practised in Western areas,
while Roman Catholicism is a more prominent Christian feature of southeastern Nigeria. Both
Roman Catholicism and Protestantism are observed in the Ibibio, Efik, Ijo and Ogoni lands of the
south. The Igbos (predominant in the east) and the Ibibio (south) are 98% Christian, with 2%
practising traditional religions.[261] The middle belt of Nigeria contains the largest number of minority
ethnic groups in Nigeria, who were found to be majority Christians and members of traditional
religions, with a small proportion of Muslims.[262]
Conflicts
Since mid-2010, Boko Haram has terrorised northeastern Nigeria. In the following 12 years,
according to the Council on Foreign Relations' "Nigeria Security Tracker", over 41,600 people died
because of this group (as of October 2022).[263] Millions of people fled south or to the big cities, such
as Maiduguri. Boko Haram also attacked churches.
However, the formula "Muslims against Christians" falls short.[264] Despite Boko Haram's murderous
hostility towards Christians, most of their victims have always been Muslims, not least because the
insurgency is taking place in a predominantly Muslim part of the country, mainly Borno state in the
far northeast of Nigeria.[263] The killing of such a large number of Muslims by Boko Haram, based on a
broad definition of apostasy, is believed to have been one of the reasons for the group's split in
2016.[265] Nigeria Security Tracker (NST) data shows (as of March 2022) that Boko Haram attacks on
churches have decreased over time, while attacks on mosques have increased.[263] The lower number
of Christian fatalities at the hands of Boko Haram probably reflects the fact that most of them have
fled.[265]
Boko Haram has been in decline since at least March 2022. 40,000 of its fighters surrendered in
2022.[266] Since 2021, the Islamic State in West Africa (ISWAP) appears more dominant than Boko
Haram. ISWAP is, for example, credited with the church attack in Owo at Pentecost 2022.[267][268]

Health
Further information: Health in Nigeria
Paediatric ward, General hospital, Ilorin
Health care delivery in Nigeria is a concurrent responsibility of the three tiers of government in the
country, and the private sector.[269] Nigeria has been reorganising its health system since the Bamako
Initiative of 1987, which formally promoted community-based methods of increasing accessibility of
drugs and health care services to the population, in part by implementing user fees.[270] The new
strategy dramatically increased accessibility through community-based health care reform, resulting
in more efficient and equitable provision of services. A comprehensive approach strategy was
extended to all areas of health care, with subsequent improvement in the health care indicators and
improvement in health care efficiency and cost.[271]
48% of Nigerians report that they or a household member have fallen ill in the last three
months. Malaria had been diagnosed in 88% of the cases and typhoid fever in 32%.[272] High blood
pressure was in third place with 8%. For symptoms of malaria, 41% of Nigerians turn to a hospital,
22% to a chemist's shop, 21% to a pharmacy and 11% seek cure through herbs.[272]
The HIV/AIDS rate in Nigeria is much lower than in other African nations such as Botswana or South
Africa whose prevalence (percentage) rates are in the double digits. As of 2019, the HIV prevalence
rate among adults of ages 15–49 was 1.5 per cent.[273] Life expectancy in Nigeria is 54.7 years on
average,[273] and 71% and 39% of the population have access to improved water sources and
improved sanitation, respectively.[274] As of 2019, the infant mortality is 74.2 deaths per 1,000 live
births.[275]
In 2012, a new bone marrow donor program was launched by the University of Nigeria to help
people with leukaemia, lymphoma, or sickle cell disease to find a compatible donor for a life-
saving bone marrow transplant, which cures them of their conditions. Nigeria became the second
African country to have successfully carried out this surgery.[276] In the 2014 Ebola outbreak, Nigeria
was the first country to effectively contain and eliminate the Ebola threat that was ravaging three
other countries in the West African region; the unique method of contact tracing employed by Nigeria
became an effective method later used by countries such as the United States when Ebola threats
were discovered.[277][278][279]
The Nigerian health care system is continuously faced with a shortage of doctors known as "brain
drain", because of emigration by skilled Nigerian doctors to North America and Europe. In 1995, an
estimated 21,000 Nigerian doctors were practising in the United States alone, which is about the
same as the number of doctors working in the Nigerian public service. Retaining these expensively
trained professionals has been identified as one of the goals of the government.[280]

Education
Main article: Education in Nigeria
Abisogun Leigh Science Building, for the Lagos State
University's Faculty of Science
Education in Nigeria is overseen by the Ministry of Education. Local authorities take responsibility for
implementing policy for state-controlled public education and state schools at a regional level. The
education system is divided into kindergarten, primary education, secondary education and tertiary
education. After the 1970s oil boom, tertiary education was improved so it would reach every
subregion of Nigeria. 68% of the Nigerian population is literate, and the rate for men (75.7%) is
higher than that for women (60.6%).[281]
Nigeria provides free, government-supported education, but attendance is not compulsory at any
level, and certain groups, such as nomads and the handicapped, are under-served. The education
system consists of six years of primary school, three years of junior secondary school, three years of
senior secondary school, and four, five or six years of university education leading to a bachelor's
degree.[281] The government has majority control of university education. Tertiary education in Nigeria
consists of universities (public and private), polytechnics, monotechnics, and colleges of education.
The country has a total of 138 universities, with 40 federally owned, 39 state-owned, and 59 privately
owned. Nigeria was ranked 109th in the Global Innovation Index in 2023, up from 118th in 2021.[282][283]

Crime
Main article: Crime in Nigeria

A Nigerian police officer at the Eyo festival in Lagos

The security situation in Nigeria is considered inadequate despite political stability. 68% of Nigerians
feel "not safe" in their country, according to a survey conducted by the polling institute NOI-Polls in
May 2022. 77% do not know of an alarm number ("helpline") for emergencies.[284] Nigerians,
according to the above survey, fear being robbed (24%) or kidnapped (also 24%), being victims of
armed bandits or of petty theft (both 8%), or being harmed in the herdsmen-farmers conflict (also
8%).[284] This is followed by "ritual killings" (4%) and "Boko Haram" (3.5%). Respondents see "more
security personnel and better training" (37%), "reduction of unemployment" (13%) and "prayers /
divine intervention" (8%) as promising countermeasures.[284]
Homicides by Nigerian state per year and per 1 million
inhabitants, comparing the UK and Turkey (Source: Nigeria Security Tracker 1/2020-6/2023)
The number of homicides in Nigeria varies greatly depending on the state. It is noticeable that
metropoles such as Lagos, Kano and Ibadan seem much safer than rural areas. Kano has better
statistics than the UK, with 1.5 homicides per year and 1 million inhabitants - which can be explained
by the fact that the region's religious and morality police not only monitor the morality of the
inhabitants and crack down on drug users, but also have a curbing effect on murder and
manslaughter.[285] This contrasts with other cities that are also Islamic, such
as Maiduguri and Kaduna, which have worrying statistics on homicides.
There is some piracy in the Gulf of Guinea, with attacks directed at all types of vessels. However,
security measures on board of mentioned vessels have recently meant that pirates are now more
likely to attack fishing villages.[286]
Internationally, Nigeria is infamous for a type of advance-fee scam along with a form of confidence
trick. The victim is talked into exchanging bank account information on the premise that the money
will be transferred to them. In reality, money is taken out instead. In 2003, the Nigerian Economic
and Financial Crimes Commission was created to combat this and other forms of organised financial
crime.[287] The EFCC is quite active.[288] On X (formerly Twitter), the financial watchdog reports almost
daily on successes against fraudsters etc. and does not avoid conflicts with top politicians.[289][290]

Poverty
Main article: Poverty in Nigeria
According to the International Monetary Fund, 32% of Nigeria's population lives in extreme poverty
(as of 2017), living on less than US$2.15 a day.[291] The World Bank stated in March 2022 that the
number of poor Nigerians had increased by 5 million to 95.1 million during the Covid period.
[292]
Accordingly, 40% of Nigerians live below the poverty line of US$1.90 as handled by the World
Bank.[293]
The threshold amounts used internationally by the IMF and the World Bank do not take into account
the local purchasing power of a US dollar.[citation needed] The methodology is therefore not without
controversy.[294][295] Despite the undoubted existence of slums in Nigeria, for example, the fact that
92% of men and 88% of women in Nigeria own a mobile phone[296] is difficult to reconcile with the
poverty percentages published by the IMF and the World Bank.

Human rights
Main articles: Human rights in Nigeria and LGBT rights in Nigeria
End SARS is a decentralised social movement and series of
mass protests against police brutality in Nigeria.
Nigeria's human rights record remains poor.[297] According to the U.S. Department of State,[297] the
most significant human rights problems are the use of excessive force by security forces, impunity
for abuses by security forces, arbitrary arrests, prolonged pretrial detention, judicial corruption and
executive influence on the judiciary, rape, torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment of
prisoners, detainees and suspects; harsh and life-threatening prison and detention centre conditions;
human trafficking for prostitution and forced labour, societal violence and vigilante killings, child
labour, child abuse and child sexual exploitation, domestic violence, discrimination based on
ethnicity, region and religion.
Nigeria is a state party of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against
Women[298] It also has signed the Maputo Protocol, an international treaty on women's rights, and the
African Union Women's Rights Framework.[299] Discrimination based on sex is a significant human
rights issue. Forced marriages are common.[300] Child marriage remains common in Northern Nigeria;
[301]
39% of girls are married before age 15, although the Marriage Rights Act banning marriage of
girls below 18 years old was introduced on a federal level in 2008.[302] There is rampant polygamy in
Northern Nigeria.[303] Submission of the wife to her husband and domestic violence are common.
Women have fewer land rights.[304] Maternal mortality was at 814 per 100,000 live births in 2015.
[305]
Female genital mutilation is common, although a ban was implemented in 2015.[306] In Nigeria, at
least half a million suffer from vaginal fistula, largely as a result of lack of medical care.[307][308] Early
marriages can result in the fistula.[309]
Women face a large amount of inequality politically in Nigeria, being subjugated to a bias that
is sexist and reinforced by socio-cultural, economic and oppressive ways.[310] Women throughout the
country were only politically emancipated in 1979.[311] Yet husbands continue to dictate the votes for
many women in Nigeria, which upholds the patriarchal system.[312] Most workers in the informal
sector are women.[313] Women's representation in government since independence from Britain is
very poor. Women have been reduced to sideline roles in appointive posts throughout all levels of
government and still make up a tiny minority of elected officials.[312] But nowadays with more
education available to the public, Nigerian women are taking steps to have more active roles in the
public, and with the help of different initiatives, more businesses are being started by women.
Under the Shari'a penal code that applies to Muslims in twelve northern states, offences such as
alcohol consumption, homosexuality,[314] infidelity and theft carry harsh sentences, including
amputation, lashing, stoning and long prison terms.[315] Nigeria is considered to be one of the
most homophobic countries in the world.[316][317][318] In the 23 years up to September 2022, university
workers in Nigeria went on strike 17 times, for a total of 57 months.[319] As a result, the 2022 summer
semester was cancelled nationwide.[320]

Culture
Main article: Culture of Nigeria

Literature
Main article: Nigerian literature
Chinua Achebe, winner Booker Prize 2007 and Peace Award of the
German book trade 2002
Most Nigerian literature is written in English, partly because this language is understood by most
Nigerians. Literature in the Yoruba, Hausa and Igbo languages (the three most populous language
groups in Nigeria) does exist, however, and in the case of the Hausa, for example, can look back on
a centuries-old tradition. With Wole Soyinka, Nigeria can present a Nobel Prize winner for
literature. Chinua Achebe won the prestigious Booker Prize in 2007 and Ben Okri in
1991. Achebe also won the Peace Award of the German Book Trade in 2002. Lola Shoneyin has
won several awards for her book The Secret Lives of Baba Segi's Wives (novel).

Music
Main article: Music of Nigeria
The earliest known form of popular music in Nigeria was the palm-wine music which dominated the
music landscape in the 1920s. Tunde King was a prominent name in the genre.[321][322]
1930s saw the emergence of Onitsha Native Orchestra. They explored various social themes and
trends in their native singing style.[321][322]
In the 1950s and 1960s, Highlife music became a popular staple in the country with regional genres
such as the Igbo Highlife. A notable exponent of the genre were the genre's first Nigerian boy
band Oriental Brothers International, Bobby Benson, Osita Osadebe, Victor Olaiya, Rex Lawson, Dr
Sir Warrior and Oliver De Coque.[321][322]
The 1970s was the era of Fela Kuti, the pioneer of afrobeat genre - fused
from Highlife, Jazz and Yoruba Music. Fela later evolved into social activism and black
consciousness.[321][322]
In the 1980s, King Sunny Ade achieved success with Juju Music. Prominent singer of the era
is William Onyeabor who is known for his fusion of Funk Music and Disco.[321][323]
By 1990s, Reggae music transitioned into the music scene. Prominent reggae artiste of the era
was Majek Fashek. By the mid-1990s, Hip hop Music began to gain popularity, led by acts such
as Remedies, Trybes Men, JJC, etc. All throughout the years, highlife music retained its popularity in
the country.
At the turn of the century, famous 2000s Acts like P-Square, 2face, and Dbanj were credited to have
made tremendous impact in the evolution of Afrobeats and its popularization on the international
stage. [324][325][326]
In November 2008, Nigeria's music scene (and that of Africa) received international attention when
MTV hosted the continent's first African music awards show in Abuja.[327] over a decade later and Afro
beats has widely taken over with artist like Davido, Wizkid and Burna Boy.

Cinema
Main article: Cinema of Nigeria
Top five highest grossing Nigerian films:

 Omo Ghetto: The Saga (₦636 million)[328]

 The Wedding Party (₦452 million)[329]
 The Wedding Party 2 (₦433 million)[330]
 Chief Daddy (₦387 million)[331]
 King of Thieves (2022, ₦321 million)[332]

The Nigerian film industry is known as Nollywood (a blend of "Nigeria" and "Hollywood")[333] and is
now the second-largest producer of movies in the world, having surpassed Hollywood. Only
India's Bollywood is larger. Nigerian film studios are based in Lagos, Kano, and Enugu, and form a
major portion of the local economy of these cities. Nigerian cinema is Africa's largest movie industry
in terms of both value and the number of movies produced per year. Although Nigerian films have
been produced since the 1960s, the country's film industry has been aided by the rise of
affordable digital filming and editing technologies. The 2009 thriller film The Figurine heightened the
media attention towards the New Nigerian Cinema revolution. The film was a critical and commercial
success in Nigeria, and it was also screened in international film festivals.[334] The 2010 film Ijé by
Chineze Anyaene, overtook The Figurine to become the highest-grossing Nigerian film; a record it
held for four years until it was overtaken in 2014 by Half of a Yellow Sun (2013).[335][336] By 2016, this
record was held by The Wedding Party, a film by Kemi Adetiba.
By the end of 2013, the film industry reportedly hit a record-breaking revenue of ₦1.72 trillion
(US$4.1 billion). As of 2014, the industry was worth ₦853.9 billion (US$5.1 billion), making it the
third most valuable film industry in the world behind the United States and India. It contributed about
1.4% to Nigeria's economy; this was attributed to the increase in the number of quality films
produced and more formal distribution methods.[337][338]
T.B. Joshua's Emmanuel TV, originating from Nigeria, is one of the most viewed television stations
across Africa.[339]

Festival
Main article: Festivals in Nigeria

Ofala Festival of Onitsha People

There are many festivals in Nigeria, some of which date to the period before the arrival of the major
religions in this ethnically and culturally diverse society. The main Muslim and Christian festivals are
often celebrated in ways that are unique to Nigeria or unique to the people of a locality.[340] The
Nigerian Tourism Development Corporation has been working with the states to upgrade the
traditional festivals, which may become important sources of tourism revenue.[341]

Cuisine
Suya With Pepper Sauce

Akara Nkwobi
Nigerian cuisine, like West African cuisine in general, is known for its richness and variety. Many
different spices, herbs, and flavourings are used in conjunction with palm oil or groundnut oil to
create deeply flavoured sauces and soups often made very hot with chilli peppers. Nigerian feasts
are colourful and lavish, while aromatic market and roadside snacks cooked on barbecues or fried in
oil are plentiful and varied. Suya is usually sold in urban areas especially during night-time.[342]

Fashion
Main article: Fashion in Nigeria
Dumebi Iyamah, founder and CEO of the fashion label Andrea
Iyamah
The fashion industry in Nigeria contributes significantly to the country's economics. Casual attire is
commonly worn but formal and traditional styles are also worn depending on the occasion. Nigeria is
known not only for its fashionable textiles and garments, but also for its fashion designers who have
increasingly gained international recognition. Euromonitor estimates the Sub-
Saharan fashion market to be worth $31 billion, with Nigeria accounting for 15% of these $31 billion.
[343]
Nigeria is not only known for their many fashion textiles and garment pieces that are secret to
their culture. They also outputted many fashion designers who have developed many techniques
and businesses along the way.

Sports
Main article: Sports in Nigeria

Nigeria at the 2018 FIFA World Cup

Football is largely considered Nigeria's national sport, and the country has its own Premier
League of football. Nigeria's national football team, known as the "Super Eagles", has made
the World Cup on six occasions 1994, 1998, 2002, 2010, 2014, and 2018. In April 1994, the Super
Eagles ranked 5th in the FIFA World Rankings, the highest-ranking achieved by an African football
team. They won the African Cup of Nations in 1980, 1994, and 2013, and have also hosted the U-17
& U-20 World Cup. They won the gold medal for football in the 1996 Summer Olympics (in which
they beat Argentina) becoming the first African football team to win gold in Olympic football.
Nigerian football supporters at the 2018 FIFA World Cup in
Russia
Nigeria is also involved in other sports such as basketball, cricket and track and field.[344] Boxing is
also an important sport in Nigeria;.[345] Nigeria's national basketball team made the headlines
internationally when it became the first African team to beat the United States men's national team.
[346]
In earlier years, Nigeria qualified for the 2012 Summer Olympics as it beat heavily favoured world
elite teams such as Greece and Lithuania.[347] Nigeria has been home to numerous internationally
recognised basketball players in the world's top leagues in America, Europe and Asia. These players
include Basketball Hall of Famer Hakeem Olajuwon, and later players in the NBA. The Nigerian
Premier League has become one of the biggest and most-watched basketball competitions in Africa.
The games have aired on Kwese TV and have averaged a viewership of over a million people.[348]
Nigeria made history by qualifying the first bobsled team for the Winter Olympics from Africa when
their women's two-person team qualified for the bobsled competition at the XXIII Olympic Winter
Games.[349] In the early 1990s, Scrabble was made an official sport in Nigeria; by the end of 2017,
there were around 4,000 players in more than 100 clubs in the country.[350] In 2018, the Nigerian
Curling Federation was established to introduce a new sport to the country with the hope of getting
the game to be a part of the curriculum at the elementary, high school, and university levels
respectively. At the 2019 World Mixed Doubles Curling Championship in Norway, Nigeria won their
first international match beating France 8–5.[351]
Nigeria's women's and men's national teams in beach volleyball competed at the 2018–2020 CAVB
Beach Volleyball Continental Cup.[352] The country's U21 national teams qualified for the 2019 FIVB
Beach Volleyball U21 World Championships.[353]
Nigeria is the birthplace of the sport loofball. It is a team sport which is played by tossing a furry ball
over a net.[354]