UNIT 1: Interpersonal Skill

Suasion Examples of Expressing Suasion Examples of responding Suasion

To propose I’d like to suggest that … it sounds like a good suggestion;

Beg Do you mind …, please? I have no objection
Instruct Could you do this, please? Sure!

To Advice I think you should … At your service, sir

Order It’s a good suggestion
Remind/warn I’m warning you … I’ll remember that

To persuade Would it be possible for you to …? I’ll consider that

Motivate/encourage Come on! Don’t give up! I’ll try
Prevent I wouldn’t that if … Thanks for telling me

To ask for Would you mind …, please? Here you are, sir
Pass the beg I don’t mind Sure, I will
Refuse Sorry I can’t do that Sorry to say that

Problem Examples of Expressing Problem Examples of responding Problem

To Complain This is crazy! You’re not alone
Critic I don’t think that was a good idea I’m glad you bring that up

To blame You are the one to blame It’s my fault, isn’t it?
Accuse I think you are the only person who can Are you accusing me?
do that

To admit OK, I have to admit that It’s good you admitted that
Deny I’m afraid that wasn’t true So, it’s not true, is it?

To regret/ lament I honestly regret that … no use crying over split milk
over

Apologize I do apologize Apology accepted

Give apology Your apology is accepted It’s very kind of you

Future scenarios Example of Expressing Future Example of responding Future

scenarios scenarios
Curiosity I wonder if …; What is that you want? let me tell you this
Hope I do hope that… le me just say that
Wish (Passion) I really wish …

Plan What’s the plan? The plan is …

Intention What do we want to achieve? Well, we hope that
Purpose What is it that you want? What I am saying is ..

Promise I promise; I swear You’d better keep your promise or else!

Predict I would say… I think it’s well grounded

Speculate/Anticipate We can speculate that … It’s worth speculating

Possibility Would there be any possibility of …? That’s one possibility

Capability Do you think we are capable of …? I think we have that capacity

(Source: curr’04)

Example of question:
Ali : Since they are classified into three classes, they must live exclusively to each other.
Adi: That’s not true. We all know they live side by side harmoniously.
The underlined expression expresses …
A. uncertainty B. dissatisfaction C. denial D. impossibility E. displeasure
English Learning Program 1
Empowering Human
Check Your Comprehension!

The nuclear family, consisting of a mother, a 3. The word “current” in p. 2 line 2 means …
father, and their children, may be more an American A. typical C. present E. perfect
ideal than an American reality. Of course the so- B. traditional D. couples
called traditional American family was always more 4. The word “none” in p. 2 line 5
varied than we had been to believe, reflecting the A. parents C. mold E. children
very different racial, ethnic, class and religious B. couples D. families
customs among different American groups, but today 5. How many single people were identified in the
diversity is even more obvious. survey?
The most recent government census statistics A. one third of the total surveyed
reveal that only about one third of all current B. one fourth of the total surveyed
American families fits the traditional mold of two C. one fifth of the total surveyed
parents and their children, and another third consists D. less than one tenth of the total surveyed
of married couples who either have no children or E. more than one third of the total surveyed
have none still living at home. An analysis of the 6. Who generally constitute a one-person household?
remaining one third of the population reveals that A. a single man in his twenties
about 20 percent of the total number of American B. an elderly man
households is single people, the most common C. young women
descriptor being women over sixty –five years of age. D. a single woman in her late sixties
A small percentage, about 3 percent of the total, E. a divorced woman
consists of unmarried people who choose to live 7. The word “the rest” in p.2 last sentence refers to …
together; and the rest, about 7 percent, are single A. single people D. married couple
parents, with at least one child. B. American household E. children
There are several easily identifiable reasons for C. unmarried couples
the growing number of single-parent households. 8. The main idea of paragraph 4 is …
First, the sociological phenomenon single-parent A. the nuclear American family
households reflect changes in cultural attitudes B. the importance of close friends for families
toward divorce and also toward unmarried mothers. C. traditional nuclear arrangement
A substantial number of adults become single parents D. some views resulted from modern
as a result of divorce. In addition, the number of American life
children born to unmarred women who choose to E. The traditional family’s views
keep their children and rear them by themselves has 9. The word undervalues in p.4 line 8 means …
increased dramatically. Finally, there is a small A. does not appreciate D. does not exist
parentage of single-parent families that have resulted B. does not include E. does not understand
from untimely death. Today, these varied family C. does not realize
types are typical and, therefore, normal. 10. The passage discusses all of the following reasons
In addition, because many families live far from for an increase in single-parent households,
relatives, close friends have become more important EXCEPT …
part of family life than ever before. The vast majority A. a rising divorce rate
of American claims that they have people in their B. death of one of the parents
lives whom they regard as family although they are C. increased interest in parenting by fathers
not related. A few of family that only accepts the D. babies born to single women
traditional nuclear arrangement not only ignores the E. cultural changes
realty of modern American life, but also undervalues 11. With which of the following statements would the
the family bounds created in alternative family author most probably agree?
arrangements. Apparently, many Americans are A. there have always been a wide variety of
achieving supportive relationships in family forms family arrangements in the United States
other than in traditional one. B. racial, ethnic, and religious groups have
preserved the traditional family structure
1. What is the topic of the text? C. the ideal American family is the best structure
A. The traditional American Family D. fewer married couples are having children
B. the nuclear family E. single parents is a typical traditional family
C. the current American family structure
D. the ideal family
E. The family The generic structure of the text above:
a. A general statement to position of the reader:
2. The word “reality” in p. 1 line 3 is opposite to … b. Why or how natural or social cultural phenomenon
A. different C. ideal E. racial occurs:
B. religious D. obvious

English Learning Program 2

Empowering Human
UNIT 2: SUMMARY ON TENSES

1. SIMPLE: Verb – 1 / Verb – s

Function: Daily activities/ Habit (kebiasaan)/ general truth (sesuatu yang pasti
benar)
Adverb of Time: every …/ always,…/ on Mondays,…/ once/twice a week,… .
Examples: The school begins at 7 / the stars shines at night/ we play tennis
every Sunday

2. CONTINUOUS: is/am/are + V-ing

Function: aktivitas yang sedang dilakukan saat ini/sekarang (at time of
speaking)
Adverb of Time: Now/ today/ This time, …/ Direct command (perintah
langsung)
Examples: Be Quiet! The baby is sleeping/ We are discussing the problem
now.

3. FUTURE: is/am/ are going to (will) + Verb - 1

Function: kegiatan yang akan dilaksanakan diwaktu depan (planned/
unplanned)
Adverb of Time: tomorrow/ tonight/ next week, …/when +Verb –1/If +Verb -1
Examples: I will visit you when I go to town/ I am going to buy a new bag next
week

4. FUTURE CONTINUOUS: is/am/ are going to (will) + be + V – ing

Function: kegiatan yang akan sedang dilaksanakan diwaktu depan
Adverb of Time: at 8 o’clock tonight/tomorrow
Examples: I will be studying at 7 tonight/ We will be holding a meeting at 10
tomorrow

5. PERFECT: Have/Has + Verb – 3

Function: aktifitas yang dilakukan diwaktu lampau dengan efek/akibat di masa
sekarang
Adverb of Time: pernah/belum/ already/ just/ several times/recently
Examples: He has visited Bali several times/They have done hard
[Link] are tired now

6. PERFECT CONTINUOUS: Have/Has + been + Verb – ing

Function: kegiatan yang dilakukan sejak dulu hingga sekarang masih
dilakukan.
Adverb of Time: since/ for (selama)
Examples: he has been painting the wall since morning (he is still painting
now).

7. FUTURE PERFECT: will + have + Verb - 3

Function: kegiatan yang akan telah dilakukan di waktu yang akan datang
Adverb of Time: by the time + V-1
Examples: The farmers will have harvested by the end of this month (he has
been planting)

8. FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS: Will + have + been + V – ing

Function: kegiatan yang dilakukan sejak dulu hingga kelak (waktu yang akan
datang)
Adverb of Time: by the time/when/before + V – 1 + for …(minutes/hours/…)
Examples: We will have been studying in this school for 3 years by the time
we graduate.

English Learning Program 3

Empowering Human
1. SIMPLE: Verb – 2
Function: aktifitas yang terjadi di waktu lampau
Adverb of Time: yesterday/ last night, …/ a week ago
Examples: I dreamt last night

2. CONTINUOUS: was/were + V – ing

Function: aktifitas yang sedang terjadi di waktu lampau (atau ada kejadian
lain yang menyusul)
Adverb of Time: at 8 o’clock yesterday/ when + V-2
Examples: He was watching TV at 7 o’clock last night

3. FUTURE: would + Verb - 1

Function: aktifitas yang akan terjadi di waktu lampau; digunakan dalam
Conditional Type II; Kebiasaan dfi waktu lampau.
Adverb of Time: If + V-2 (conditional Type II) atau secara kontekstual
Examples: At 8 this morning I was bored with the lesson. I would buy food at
break time.

4. FUTURE CONTINUOUS: would be + V – ing

Function: aktifitas yang akan sedang terjadi di waktu lampa;/ digunakan
dalam Conditional Type II
Adverb of Time: If + V-2 (conditional Type II) atau secara kontekstual
Examples: At 8 this morning I was bored with the lesson. I would be buying
food at 10.

5. PERFECT: had + Verb – 3

Function: aktifitas yang telah selesai terjadi sebelum aktifitas berikutnya di
waktu lampau
Adverb of Time: After (konteks lampau)
Examples: After I had swept the floor, Tono came. So Tono didn’t see me
sweeping the floor.

6. PERFECT CONTINUOUS: had been + Verb - ing

Function: aktifitas yg tlh berlangsung bbrp waktu di waktu lampau ketika
kejadian lain muncul
Adverb of Time: when/before + V – 2 + for …
Examples: I had been writing letters for two few minutes when Tono appeared.

7. FUTURE PERFECT: would have + Verb – 3

Function: Conditional Type III
Adverb of Time: If + had + Verb - 3
Examples: I would have been happy if I had met Tono (in fact I wasn’t happy)

8. FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS: would have been + Verb - ing

Function: Conditional Type III (menekankan pada lama waktu berlangsungnya
kejadian)
Adverb of Time: If + had + Verb - 3
Examples: I would have been waiting long if he hadn’t told me (I didn’t wait
long)

English Learning Program 4

Empowering Human
EXERCISES ON TENSES:

1. The dog is still wet. It … out of the rain.

A. comes B. has come E. was coming
B. has been coming D. is coming
2. He usually listens to the radio, but at the present moment he … television.
A. watches C. was watching E. C. has watched
B. is watching D. will be watching
3.… at a higher temperature than water?
A. has milk boiled C. is milk boiling E. did milk boil
B. does milk boil D. was milk boiling
4. While you… to me on the phone, somebody pushed a letter under the door.
A. are talking C. talk E. were talking
B. will be talking D. have talked
C. were talking
5. When I move out of this house at the end of the month, I … here for twenty years exactly.
A. will have been living C. has been living E. is going to live
B. will be living D. has lived
6. After he had written the letter, he … himself.
A. shot C. was shooting E. shoots
B. will shoot D. has shot
7. By the time I get there, the work…
A. will be done C. will have been done E. had been done
B. has been done D. was done
8. A telephone … in their office next week.
A. has been installed C. will install E. is installed
B. installs D. will be installed
9. I know all about that film because I … it twice.
A. had seen C. am seeing E. saw
B. see D. have seen
10. He … unhappy for the last three days and he still looks miserable.
A. has felt C. has been feeling E. felt
B. will have been feeling D. is feeling

Text Completion:

You’ve probably cracked open hundreds of eggs in the kitchen. But … …you ever … …1) to wonder about
them? In nature, eggs … …2) lined up liked checkers in a box. Hens … … 3) eggs to produce baby chicks. A
hard out shell protects the … … 4) chick. An air space lets the chick … … 5). The yolk and the white look
absolutely nothing like a bird. But twenty – one day at the right temperature make a big difference. An active
chick come pecking through the shell. It can walk, see and … … 6) almost all at once.

1. A. do – hear C. have – heard E. will – hear

B. did – hear D. are – hearing

2. A. find C. have – found E. would found

B. were found D. are – found

3. A. lays C. have laid E. laid

B. lay D. are – laying .

4. A. develop C. have – developed E. developing

B. are developing D. developed

5. A. breathe C. has breathed E. to breather

B. breathes D. is breathing

6. A. ate C. will have eaten E. has been eating

B. is going to eat D. have – eaten

English Learning Program 5

Empowering Human
UNIT 3: ACTIVE – PASSIVE VOICE

ACTIVE PASSIVE
- Tom kicks the ball (simple Present Tense) The ball is kicked by Tom
V-1 Be-1 + V-3

- Tom kicked the ball (Simple Past Tense) The ball was kicked by Tom
V-2 Be-2 + V-3

- Tom has kicked the ball (Present Perfect Tense) The ball has been kicked by Tom
has V-3 has Be-3 + V-3

- Tom had kicked the ball (Past Perfect Tense) The ball had been kicked by Tom
had V-3 had Be-3 + V-3

- Tom is kicking the ball (Present Continuous Tense) The ball is being kicked by Tom
be 1-Ving Be-1+Being+ V-3

- Tom was kicking the ball (Past Continuous Tense) The ball was being kicked by Tom
Be 2 + V- ing Be-2+Being +V-3

- Tom can/will kick the ball (Modals) The ball can/will be kicked by Tom
Modals+ V-1 modals + be + V-3

NOTE: Be can only be followed by V-ING (ACTIVE) and V-3 (passive)

Be-1: is, am, are Be- 2: was, were Be- 3: been

EXERCISES ON ACTIVE –PASSIVE VOICE:

Active or Passive?
1. Language skills (teach) in every school in this country.
2. “Have you delivered the packages to the customers?” “Not yet, some ( wrap).
3. “Why are those people panic?” “Their semi-permanent houses (demolish)
4. It’s noon. The mail should be here soon. It (deliver) sometimes between noon and one o’ clock.
5. Frostbite may occur when the skin (expose) to extreme cold. It most frequently (affect) the skin of
cheeks, chin, ears, nose and toes.
6. An accident (happen) almost everyday.
7. Fred (pay) three hundred dollars per month for consulting fees.
8. The plane from Chicago (arrive, usually) at 7

Choose the best answer 5. “Bambang looks very happy today.”

1. The progress of this class needs … “Don’t you know that he … to General Manager?”
A. to be evaluated D. in evaluating A. has promoted D. has to promote
B. evaluated E. to evaluate B. to be promoted E. has been promoted
C. be evaluated C. being promoted
2. Komodos … to be descended from dinosaurs 7. “Harry arrived home late last night, but he said he
A. they believe D. to be believed went straight home last night.”
B. to believe E. are believed “He must … in a traffic jam.”
C. believed A. caught D. have caught
3. Little children are usually afraid of … by their B. be catching E. be caught
mother. C. have been caught
A. Left C. leaving E. being left 8. “Why does the baby next door crying?”
B. to leave D. been left “As usual, it … by the babysitter.”
4. “You seem to be waiting for something.” A. is neglecting D. is to be neglected
“I’m still waiting … for an interview.” B. is neglected E. is to neglects
A. to be called C. called E. be calling C. neglects
B. be called D. to call
English Learning Program 6
Empowering Human
Check Your Comprehension!

The influenza is a single molecule composed of 3. The word themselves in p.1 line 1 refers to …
millions of individual atoms. Although bacteria can A. bacteria C. substances
be considered a type of plant, secreting poisonous B. viruses D. organisms
substances into the body of the organism they attack,
viruses, like the influenza virus, are living organisms 4. The word strictly in p.1 could be best replaced by
themselves. We may consider them regular chemical …
molecules since they have strictly defined atomic A. unusually C. broadly
structure ; but on the other hand , we must also B. completely D. exactly
consider them as being alive since they are able to
multiply in an unlimited quantities. 5. Why does the author say that viruses are alive?
An attack brought on by the presence of the A. they have complex atomic structure
influenza virus in the body produces a temporary B. they move
immunity, but, unfortunately, the protection is against C. they multiply
only the type of virus that caused the influenza. D. they need warmth and light
Because the disease can be produced by any one of
three types, referred to as A, B, or C, and many 6. The atomic structures of viruses …
varieties within each type, immunity to one virus will A. is variable
not prevent infection by other types or strains. B. is strictly defined
Protection from the influenza virus is also C. cannot be analyzed chemically
complicated by the fact that immunity to a specific D. is more complex than that of bacteria
virus persists for less than a year. Finally, because a
virus may periodically change characteristics, the 7. The word unlimited in p.1 could be best replaced
problem of mutation makes it difficult to carry out a by …
successful immunization program. Vaccines are often A. very small C. very similar
ineffective against newly evolving strains. B. very large D. very different
Approximately every ten years, worldwide
epidemics of influenza called pandemics occur. 8. According to the passage, how does the body react
Thought to be caused by new strains of type-A virus, to the influenza virus?
these pandemic viruses have spread rapidly, infecting A. it prevents further infection to other types and
millions of people. strains of the virus.
Vaccines have been developed that have been B. It produces immunity to the type and strain of
found to be 70 to 90 percent effective for at least sox virus that invaded it.
months against either A or B types of the influenza C. It becomes immune to types A, B, and C
virus, and a genetically engineered live-virus vaccine viruses, but not to various strains within the
is under development. Currently, the United States types.
Public Health Service recommends annual D. After a temporary immunity, it becomes even
vaccination only for those at greatest risk of more susceptible to the type and strain that
complications from influenza, including pregnant caused the influenza
women and the elderly. Nevertheless, many other
members of the general population request and 9. The closest meaning of the word strains is …
receive flu shots every year, and even more are A. types C. protection
immunized epidemic or pandemic cycles. B. characteristics D. persists

1. Which of the following is the main topic of the 10. The passage discusses all of the following as
passage? characteristics of pandemics EXCEPT…
A. the influenza virus C. bacteria A. they spread very quickly
B. immunity to disease D. chemical molecules B. they are caused by type-A virus
C. they are regional outbreaks
2. According to the passage, bacteria are … D. they occur once every ten years
A. poisons C. very small
B. larger than viruses D. plants

The generic structure of the text above:

a. A general statement to position of the reader:
b. Why it occurs:
c. How it occurs:

English Learning Program 7

Empowering Human
UNIT 4: HOW TO CONNECT IDEAS (CONJUNCTIONS)
A. Parallel Structure (Coordinating Conjunctions): connecting words/phrases/sentences that have the
same grammatical function in a sentence (Noun + Noun; Adj + Adj; Verb + verb; ETC.)
1. And (/ as well as) :
He is waving his arms and (he is) shouting at us.
2. But (/ yet / however/ nevertheless/ nonetheless/ still)
The house is small but cozy
3. Nor (The meaning is NEGATIVE)
He does not like horror films nor classical music.
4. Or (choice)
I want the house to be painted yellow or green.

C. Pair Conjunctions: connecting words/phrases/sentences that have the same grammatical function in a
sentence (Noun + Noun; Adj + Adj; Verb + verb; ETC.)
1. Both …And…. (Two subjects connected by both … and … take a plural verb)
Example: Both the president and the vice president are going abroad.
2. Not Only … But Also (Two subjects connected by Not only …but also … ; Neither … Nor
…Either … Or … the subjects that is closer to the verb determines whether the verb is SINGULAR
or PLURAL/Subject yang terdekat dengan verb menenntukan tunggal atau jamak)
Example: Not only I but also my sister is going abroad (both of us are going abroad).
3. Neither … Nor …(the meaning of both is NEGATIVE)
Neither you nor that worker was able to finish this complicated work.
4. Either … Or … (Choice)
Either I or my sister is going abroad (Only one of us is going abroad)
C. Main Clause + Conjunction + Sub Clause (Adverb Clauses)
1. Adverb Clause of Reason / Cause
The Conjunctions/ the clause markers are: BECAUSE, SINCE, AS, FOR, NOW THAT, SO LONG
AS, INASMUCH AS

The Pattern is : Subject + Predicate + Object + CONJUNCTION + Subject + Predicate + Object +…

(akibat) (sebab / alasan)
Predicate (of a sentence) is marked (ditandai dengan adanya):
 is, am, are, was , were .
 have, has , had
 Verb-1 / Verb-2
 Doesn’t / Don’t / Didn’t
 Modals: can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, must, should, ought to, needn’t
Examples:
Geoffrey looks tired because / as / for he has worked hard.
Since he has worked hard, Geoffrey looks tired; ETC.
Adverb clause of Reason diatas dapat diubah menjadi PREPOSITION + NOUN PHRASE dengan arti
yang sama dengan menggunakan : BECAUSE OF dan DUE TO.
Examples:
Geoffrey looks tired because/ since/ for/ as he has worked hard.
Geoffrey looks tired because of / due to having worked hard
2. Adverb Clause of Opposition
The Conjunctions/ the clause markers are: EVEN THOUGH, ALTHOUGH, THOUGH (semua
conjunctions ini artinya MESKIPUN / WALAUPUN)
The Pattern is : Subject + Predicate + Object + CONJUNCTION + Subject + Predicate + Object +…
walaupun
Examples:
Ferdinand keeps going although / even though / though he realizes the danger.
Adverb clause of Opposition diatas dapat diubah menjadi PREPOSITION + NOUN PHRASE dengan
arti yang sama dengan menggunakan : DESPITE dan IN SPITE OF.
Examples: Ferdinand keeps going although / even though / though he realizes the danger
Ferdinand keeps going despite / in spite of the danger

3. Adverb Clause of Result/effect : THEREFORE, CONSEQUENTLY, SO, SO THAT.

Example: She was so weak therefore it is impossible for her to continue the journey
4. Adverb Clause of Addition: MOREOVER, FURTHERMORE, IN ADDITION (semua conjunctions ini
artinya JUGA . Note: In addition to + Noun Phrase)
Example: The computer enables the users to do many things, moreover it has other advantages.
English Learning Program 8
Empowering Human
EXERCISES ON CONJUNCTIONS:
Choose the best answer
1. How are you doing in the exam ?“Not very well ………… I studied hard for it.”
A. while B. since C. whenever D. in spite of E. even though

2. ”His two last musical shows were not professionally conducted.”

“You’re right. ……………., he has contacted Kris, a professional in the entertainment business.”
A. so that B. In addition C. therefore D. in spite of that E. moreover

3. These stars were called “novae” ….. they were thought to be new.
A. although B. because C. however D. moreover E. nevertheless

4. An average adult works best with seven or eight hours …. Some can function with as little as four hours
and others seem to need ten or more.
A. in spite of B. although C. moreover D. unless E. so that

5. Natural gas consumers are finding their heating bills more of a burden than last year….. a dramatic increase
in supplies.
A. whereas B. therefore C. as long as D. in order to E. in spite of

6. The murder suspects wanted to tell the police the truth …. They were afraid. (1996)
A. so B. nevertheless C. otherwise D. moreover E. therefore

7. …….. she likes him very much, she always pretends to ignore him.(1996)
A. since B. because C. whereas D. even though E. however

8.. My neighbour is an employ with a modest income; …. His four children are all university students. (1995)
A. consequently B. in addition C. otherwise D. moreover E. nevertheless

9……….. all the students were seated, the teacher started the lesson. (1994)
A. if B. when C. until D. so that E. although

10. …….. but he is also trustworthy.

A. Ali is not only dependable C. Not only Ali is dependable E. Not only is Ali dependable
B. Ali is only not dependable D. Is Ali not only dependable

11.A popular method of treating exposure to very cold weather and frostbite is to slowly rewarm the fingers
or toes or to rub them with snow. The best treatment, …. Is not slow rewarming but rapid rewarming.
A. because B. while C. however D. since E. although

12. One must be careful about burning the skin, however, ….. the affected parts are anesthetic.
A. while B. due to C. in order that D. since E. but

13. Rita continued eating …. She heard the phone ringing.

A. as soon as B. although C. because D. since E. after

[Link]: Have you ever read about Mr. Azwan?

Tiur: Sure. He is in almost every business magazines.
Robby: I just want to say that I admire him…. The monetary crisis, he managed to make his business
successful.
A. since B. because C. although D. in spite of E. despite
In case or If
1. Ann might phone this evening. I don’t want to go out… she phones
2. You should tell the police … your motorcycle is stolen.
3. I hope you’ll come to London sometime. … you come, you can stay with us.
4. Write your name and address on your bag … you lose it.
5. Go to the lost property office … you lose your bag.

By or Until
1. Fred has gone away. He’ll be away … Monday.
2. Sorry, but I must go. I have to be at home … 5 o’clock.
3. I’d better pay the phone bill. It has to be paid … tomorrow.
4. Don’t pay the bill today. Wait …tomorrow.
5. It’s too late to go shopping. The shops are only open …[Link]’ll be closed …now.
English Learning Program 9
Empowering Human
Like or As
1. It’s raining again. I hate weather … this.
2. Dianne failed her driving test … she expected.
3. We met Keith last night. He was very cheerful … always.
4. He really gets on my nerves. I can’t stand people … him.
5. … I said yesterday, I’m thinking of changing my job.

Although or In spite of/despite ; because or Because of

1. … of the rain, we enjoyed our holiday
2. The traffic is bad, I arrived home on time.
3. I managed to get to sleep …there was a lot of noise.
4. she accepted the job … the salary which was rather slow.
5. I went home early … I was feeling unwell.
6. I went to work the next day …I was still feeling unwell.

Unless or as long as
1. You aren’t allowed into the club … you are a member.
2. I’m going now … you want mw to stay.
3. Our holiday cost a lot of money but it doesn’t matter … you enjoyed yourself.
4. We can sit in the corner … you’d rather sit over there by the window.

While, During or For

1. It rained … three days without stopping.
2. We met many people … our holiday.
3. We met many people …we were on holiday.
4. I fell asleep … I was watching the film.
5. I fell asleep … the film.
6. Where have you been? I’ve been waiting … ages!

Many government leaders are coming to realize that population growth is reaching a crisis point; they feel that
the world’s land, water, and energy … 1) will not be able to support many more people. This view, however,
is often in …2) to the tradition and beliefs of many people. …3), conflicts often exist between government
policies… 4) birth control and people’s practices. Looking at three …5) countries, India, China, and Kenya,
we can see how effectively the world population crisis is being dealt with.
1. A. assets / B. supplies/ C. conditions/ D. alternatives/ E. demands
2. A. agreement/ B. counterpart/ C. contribution/ D. opposition/ E. approval
3. A. consequently/ B. in addition/ C. otherwise/ D. moreover/ E. nevertheless
4. A. due to/ B. regarding/ C. resulting in/ D. referring/ [Link] by
5. A. specification/ B. specify/ C. specifically/ D. specifying/ E. specific

No one knows who invented mechanical clocks. However, the clock …1) can be traced back to the Middle
Ages ion Europe. The earliest clocks were actually made by blacksmith. The main principles in the design of
these clocks, …2) are still used mechanical clocks today, though modern clocks are so much more accurate.
Early clocks had no dial, and …3) the time simply by striking a bell. The word clock, in fact, means bell.
Before the invention of clocks, a man …4) as a clock-jack used to ring a large bell in a castle or monastery to
tell everyone the time. This man was able to …5) the time by means of a sundial or an hour glass containing
sand.
1. A. industry/ B. company/ C. fabrication/ D. installation/ E. procedure
2. A. moreover/ B. besides./ C. therefore/ D. however/ E. consequently
3. A. stated/ B. assumed/ C. predicted/ D. mentioned/ E. indicated
4. A. called/ B. known/ C. used/ D. noticed/ E. grown
5. A. estimate/ B. estimation/ C. estimator. D. estimated/ E. estimating

English Learning Program 10

Empowering Human
Check Your Comprehension! 4. Which of the statements about the sun is correct?
A. shinning behind him as he skated
The sun was getting warm as Phillip put on his B. behind him as he skated but not shinning
skates and prepared to go for a run. At the edge of the C. shinning from in front of him as he skated
lake the ice was still quite hard, and he didn’t seem to D. in front of him as he skated but not shinning
realize there was any danger, but nearer the middle of
the lake the warm sun had already begun to melt the 5. Phillip fell into the water because …
ice. A. the lake was too wide
After making a few practice turns, Phillip set out B. he was too heavy for the ice
with long sweeping strides to cross the lake at its C. all the air was sucked out of his lungs
widest point. In order to make himself go faster, he D. he made a hole in the ice with the practice
tried to race his own shadow as it fell on the ice turns
ahead him. When he was about a hallway across,
crunch! – The weak ice suddenly broke beneath his 6. “Blacked out” means …
weight, and with a splash he fell through it. All the A. it was dark under the water
air was sucked out of his lungs by the shock of the B. he put on dark clothes
freezing water biting into his body, so that for twenty C. he got out of the water backwards
or thirty seconds afterwards he was not even able to D. he didn’t know what was happening to him
scream. Then at last he found his voice, shouted for
help, and almost immediately afterwards blackout. 7. After he had fallen into the water he did not
When he opened his eyes again, he was lying in scream for twenty or thirty seconds because …
bed in his own home, with his father bending A. he couldn’t think what to say
anxiously over hi.” You should have known better B. he was afraid his father would be anxious
than to do a silly thing like that,” were the first C. the cold water stopped him breathing
comfortless words he heard after his narrow escape. D. he had blacked out

1. Phillip skated across the lake … 8. “his narrow escape” means …

A. to save his father C. because he was in danger A. he had nearly died in the freezing water
B. for fun D. to race someone B. he escaped through a small hole in the ice
C. crossing the lake at its widest point
2. Phillip fell through the ice …of the lake. D. blacking out
A. at the edge C. in the middle
B. in any part D. on the other side 9. That in “ a silly thing like that” means …
A. blacking out
3. He didn’t seem to realize there was any danger. B. racing his shadow
This means … C. escaping
A. he didn’t think bout danger before starting D. skating when the sun began to melt the ice
skating
B. he didn’t care about any danger
C. he was frightened because it was dangerous
D. it wasn’t really dangerous

The generic structure of the above text:

a. Orientation:
b. Complication:
c. Resolution:
Complete the paragraph by choosing the best answer
In a good cartoon, the artist can tell in a few lines as much as the writer can tell in half of dozen
paragraphs. The cartoon not only tells a story ……..1) persuades the reader to his way of thinking. He has
great ………2) on public opinion. Controversial issues in politics or a meeting at the United Nations may
keep the cartoonist well ………3) with current materials. A clever cartoonist may cause ……..4) because he
often uses humor in his drawings. If he is sketching a famous person, he takes a prominent feature and
exaggerates it. Cartoonist, for example, likes to lengthen an already long nose and to widen an already broad
grin. This ………5) of a person’s characteristics is called caricature. The artist uses such exaggeration to put
his message across.

1. A. however B. but also C. furthermore D. afterwards E. as well as

2. A. influence B. ideas C. thought D. interference E. suggestion
3. A. supplied B. supply C. to supply D. supplying E. supplies
4. A. accusation B. mockery C. quarrel D. argument E. laughter
5. A. construction B. drawings C. expression D. exaggeration E. change
English Learning Program 11
Empowering Human
Check Your Comprehension!
A German taxi-driver, Franz Bussman, recently
found a brother who was thought to have been killed really Franz’s long-lost brother. When the brothers
twenty years before. While on walking tour with his were re-united, Hans explained how it was that he
wife, he stopped to talk to a workman. After they had was still alive. After having been wounded towards
gone on, Mrs Bussman commented on the workman’s the end of the war, he had been sent to hospital and
close resemblance to her husband and even suggested was separated from his unit. The hospital had been
that he might be his brother. Franz poured scorn on bombed Hans had made his way back into Western
the idea, pointing out that his brother had been killed Germany on foot. Meanwhile, his unit was lost and
in action during the war. Though Mrs Bussman was all records of him had been destroyed. Hans returned
fully acquainted with this story, she thought there to his family home, but the house had been bombed
was a chance in a million that she might be right. A and no one in the neighborhood knew what had
few days later, she sent a boy to the workman to ask become of the inhabitants. Assuming that his family
him if his name was Hans Bussman. Needless to say, had been killed during an air raid, Hans settled down
the man’s name was Hans Bussman and he was in a village fifty miles away where he had remained
ever since.

1. The text is about …

A. a war D. coincidence 4. The phrase “a chance in a million” is similar to …
B. reunion E. a workman A. probability C. capability E. denial
C. conspiration B. opportunity D. certainty

2. The statements below are TRUE, except … 5. The word “recently” is closely related with …
[Link] Bussman was struck by the workman’s face A. lately [Link] E. excuse
[Link] had tried to find out his family after the B. previously [Link]
war
[Link] denied Hans as his brother. [Link] words below is similar to acquainted
[Link] war had destroyed all records about Hanz EXCEPT…
E. Hanz believed that Frans died during the war A. familiar C. known E. recognize
B. informed D. bored
3. Hanz settled down in a village fifty miles away
from the place where his family had lived because 7. The word “wounded” is closely related with….
Hans …. A. wrecked C. lost E. torn
A. wanted to be near home. B. injured D. missed
B. hoped he would find his brother
C. believed that no one in his family was still alive 8. The word inhabitants is the synonym of …
D. didn’t want to be reminded of the tragedy A. workmen C. residents E. neighbours
E. was sure his brother was still alive B. people D. spouses

The generic structure of the above text:

a. Orientation:
b. (Evaluation)
c. Complication:
d. Resolution:
e. Re-orientation (optional):

English Learning Program 12

Empowering Human
UNIT 5: DEFINING THINGS / PERSONS
(RELATIVE / ADJECTIVE CLAUSE)

Adjective Clause : is a dependent clause that modifies a noun. It describes, identifies, or gives further
information about a noun (An Adjective Clause is also called a Relative clause)

1. Using Subject Pronoun (menggunakan subject pronoun/ kata ganti) : WHO (person) , WHICH (non-
person), THAT (person or non person)
Examples: a. I met a woman I met a woman WHO was a manager
She was a manager THAT
b. The factory is exploded the factory WHICH can not operate anymore is exploded
It can not operate anymore THAT

2. Using Object Pronoun: WHOM (person), WHICH (non-person), THAT (person or non-person)
Examples:
a. There is a new student in my class There is a new student (in my class) WHOM I saw this morning
I saw her this morning THAT
b. She passed by a cemetery She passed by a cemetery WHICH looked scary
It looked so scary THAT

3. Using Object of Preposition: PREPOSITION + WHOM (person) , PREPOSITION + WHICH (non person)
Examples: a. She is the woman She is the woman TO WHOM I spoke just now
I spoke to her just now
b. She teaches on a topic. She teaches on a topic ABOUT WHICH I know very little
I know very little about it
NOTE: Kinds of preposition: about, to, with … (tergantung kata kerja / VERB yang digunakan)

4. Using possessive pronoun(kata ganti MILIK ): WHOSE (person or non-person) , OF WHICH (non person)
Examples: a. I come from a village I come from a village WHOSE history is interesting
Its history is interesting OF WHICH
b. The man is my father The man WHOSE opinions I respect is my father
I respect his opinion.

5. Using Place : WHERE or PREPOSITION + WHICH

Examples: The building is old. The building WHERE we live is old
We live in that building (there) IN WHICH

[Link] Time: WHEN or PREPOSITION + WHICH

Examples: We’ll never forget the year We’ll never forget the year WHEN Bali was bombed
BALI was bombed in that year (then) IN WHICH

7. Using Quantity (jumlah ) : Most of WHOM (person) , MOST OF WHICH (non-person).

Note: MOST OF can be replaced (dapat diganti dengan ) some of, all of, few of, much of …
Examples: a. In my class there are 36 students In my class there are 36 students MOST OF WHOM
Some of them are from Rejoso are from Rejoso

b. He gave several reasons He gave several reasons SOME OF WHICH were valid
Some of them were valid

8. Using NOUN + OF WHICH to modify a “thing” in formal written English.

Examples: We have an antique table We have an antique table THE TOP OF WHICH has
The top of the table has jade inlay jade inlay

[Link] Adjective Clause: (menghilangkan Adective clause: WHO, WHICH, THAT (lihat no:1 dan 2 di
atas)
NOTE: Adjective clause marker : WHO, WHICH , THAT pada no:1 diatas dapat dihilangkan apabila:
1. WHOM, WHICH, THAT + Subject + Predicate
2. WHOM, WHICH, THAT + BE (is, am, are, was, were, have/has/had been)
Examples: I met a woman (WHOM) I like very much
I met a woman ( WHO was) wearing a red dress
The lions (WHICH was) hunted by many hunters are almost extinct
I have a snake (WHICH ) my family is afraid of

English Learning Program 13

Empowering Human
EXERCISES ON ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

1. “Which building is very old?” “ The one …”

A. in which he lives C. in where he lives E. in which he lives in
B. which he lives D. where he lives in

2. This is the boy …

A. whom I get the letter C. from whom I get the letter E. whom I get the letter from him
B. I get the letter from him D. I get the letter from

3. She in the only one of my friends … always sends me a post card

A. whom C. who E. of whom
B. whose D. which

4. The victim of the flood … we have collected the money and clothes are now housed in barracks outside the
town.
A. which C. whose E. whom
B. of which D. for whom

5. This is Mr Flash …
A. which I told you C. I told you E. about which I told you
B. whom I told you about D. that I told you

6. The lady … this letter is addressed has moved to another city.

A. who B. to which C. to whom D. whom E. which

7. This is the best picture of my mother … I have ever taken

A. whom B. of which C. where D. which E. whom

8. We sometimes miss the neighbourhood … we grew up.

A. in which B. in where C. which D. that is E. that

9.“What is a pediatrician?” “Oh, it’s a doctor …specialization is treating children.”

A. whom B. which D. who D. that E. whose

10. Participants of the state university entrance test, … are high-school graduates from Java, are competing
for a limited number of seats.
A. which most of them C. most of whom E. a lot of them
B. a great number D. the majority

Text Completion:
“Charge it!” How many times have you heard somebody say that? There’s no doubt that those … … 1) the
banks give the credit cards enjoy many benefit They can make a purchase without … …2) to carry any cash.
Credit cards make travel easier and can serve as identification. They also establish credit card for the holder.
However, credit card can have many ……. 3). The convenience of the card makes it easy to lose track of how
much money … …4). Interest rates on an unpaid balance are high. For card holders … … 5) take a long time
to pay their bills, the cost of buying an item on credit can be more than the original purchase price.
1. A. to which C. who E. to whom
B. for whom D. whom

2. A. have C. had E. to have

B. having D. is having

3 A. advantages C. drawbacks E. compensation

B. profits D. reward

4. A. was spent C. is spent E. will have been spent

B. had been spent D. has been spent

5. A. who C. which E. at which

B. whom D. for whom
English Learning Program 14
Empowering Human
Check Your Comprehension!
Text 1
I was walking along the street the other day when I 4. The purse was returned to the owner because….
happened to notice a small brown leather purse lying A. the sergeant had found her address
in the pavement. I picked it up and opened it to see if B. the uncle had seen it
I could find out the owner’s name. There was nothing C. the aunt had helped her
inside except some small change and a rather old D. the finder had recognized her
photograph.- a picture of a woman and a young girl E. of the sergeant’s announcement
about twelve years old, who looked like the sergeant
in charge. Before I left, the sergeant made a note of 5. The writer did not recognize her at once because…
my name and address in case the owner of the purse A. the woman looked more beautiful
wanted to write and thank me. B. of change in appearance
That evening I went to have a dinner with an C. it was in the dinner’s table
uncle and aunt. They had also invited another person, D. the uncle prevent him from it
a young woman, so that there should be four people E. they had never met before uncle’s marriage
at the table. The young woman’s face was familiar,
but I could not remember where I had seen it. I was Answer the questions below!
quite sure that we had never met before. In the course 1. Mention any persons who involved in the
of conversation, however the young woman happened story!
to remark that she had lost her purse that afternoon. E. Mention any places you find in the story!
I at once remember where I had seen her F. What did the writer get in the purse?
face. She was the young girl in the photograph,
although she was now much older. Of course show Find the words in the text which have similar
was very surprised when I was able to describe her meaning with the underlined words below!
purse to her. Then I explained that I had recognized
her face from the photograph I had found in the 1. She fetches the newspaper which lies on the
purse. My uncle insisted on going round to police front desk and then reads in a big rush.
station immediately to claim the purse. 2. Due to a hard bang on his head he cannot
recall everything he did.
1. “back” in : I put the photograph back, means … 3. The house was so quiet as usual, but
A. on the pavement D. to the woman suddenly I heard a loud harsh scream from
B. to the police station E. on the picture inside the backest chamber.
C. in the purse 4. He was very astonished knowing that his
wife got a fatal accident.
2. The person had lost the article most probably for…
A. one afternoon D. one evening The generic structure of the text …
B. more than four hours E. an instant
C. three days i. Orientation:
ii. Evaluation:
3. The sergeant asked for the writer’s name and
address … iii. Complication:
A. to send him reward
iv. Resolution:
B. to thank him
C. to notice him next v. Re-orientation (optional):
D. to give it to the owner of the purse
E. to register the lost

Text 2
Once a week my Aunt would announce.” I am going to have my Bath today.”
Now most people find it fairly simple to have a bath. You probably remember how it goes. You enter the
bathroom, you put the plug in, turn on the hot water, get into the bath, wash, sing, get out, dry yourself and
exit. My Aunt’s approach was more epic, like one of those long Einstein films where people seem to be
climbing up the same flight of stairs forever.
My Aunt would first slowly collect her clean linen, so as to have it all ready for changing into after Her
Bath. This involved sorting out her linen, become interested in the memories it aroused and have to postpone
The Bath until the next day. But if all went well, she would have a bite of lunch and start Phase Two around
two o’clock.
Phase Two was Washing Out the Bath. She would wash the bath very thoroughly, rinse it with running
cold water, rewash it and then carefully feel the whole surface with her fingers. If there were the slightest
blemish, she would clean the whole bath out again. This took about an hour. Then she would fill the bath.
By this time she was feeling a bit hungry and exhausted. So she would put on the kettle for a cup of tea.
Several cups of tea and several cream crackers (her favourite food) later, she would go back to the bathroom.
And find the water stone cold.

English Learning Program 15

Empowering Human
1. According to the writer, most people …
A. read film magazine in the bath D. make bathtime a special occasion
B. sing when they are in the bath E. have a bath once a week
C. have tea when taking a bath

2. The writer’s aunt …

A. never got used to bathing regularly D. always treated bathtime as an event
B. hated climbing the stairs to the bathroom E. thought bathing as regular activity
C. would never take longer than anyone else in the bath

3. How did she use to spend most of the morning?

A. reading old letters C. sorting out the linen E. rinsing the bathroom
B. preparing lunch D. getting the bath water hot

4. Why might the writer’s Aunt put off bathing until the next day? Because she might …
A. get fascinated by an old letter C. start ironing the linen E. sometimes get tired
B. sometimes have lunch D. pass by the Phase Two

5. She would never fill the bath until she had …

A. cleaned it at least four times C. had a cup of tea E. polished it inside and out
B. felt exhausted D. made sure it was perfectly clean

6. She would have tea and biscuits …

A. before cleaning the bath C. if the water got cold E. while she was rinsing out the bath
B. after filling the bath D. during her lunchtime

More Exercise on Adjective Phrase

1. Two of my friends … in the school fight last weekend have been arrested by the police.
A. were involved C. involving E. involved
B. be involved D. involve
2. The young men … by this institute are all university graduates.
A. employ C. to employ E. be employer
B. employed D. employing
3. Sometimes life must be unpleasant for people … near airports.
A. live C. be living E. are living
B. be living D. they live
4. The window pane … by Edi has not been repaired yet.
A. broke C. breaking E. be broken
B. broken D. was broken
5. A few days after the interview, I received a letter … me a job.
A. he offered C. being offered E. offering
B. offered D. it was offering
6. We promise to send you all photos … by Arief yesterday.
A. take C. took E. taken
B. taking D. be taken
7. One of the persons presenting a paper at the seminar yesterday was Mr Nasution. This means One of the
person … a paper at the seminar was Mr Nasution.
A. who is presenting C. who presented E. who would present
B. he was presenting D. he that presented

ERROR CORRECTION
1. The computer advertise in the newspaper was much more expensive than I thought.
A. advertise C. much E. thought
B. was D. than
2. The teacher had Jenny rewrites her composition without any of her friends’ help.
A. had C. composition E. help
B. rewrites D. her friends’
3. When I arrived at the stadium, I was disappointed because the tickets had sold.
A. arrived C. was E. had sold
B. at D. disappointed
4. When he entered the class, he couldn’t breathe as though he was run after by an unseen ghost.
A. entered B. breathe C. was run D. by E. unseen

English Learning Program 16

Empowering Human
UNIT 6: CONDITIONAL “IF” SENTENCES
Conditional sentences is used to express something/activity which is untrue/opposite according to the fact
(Present or Past), or possibility in the future.

TYPE & FUNCTION FACT CONDITIONAL

[Link] about the FUTURE (type I)

Function: to show a plan or - I plan to buy a house when I - I will buy a house if I have
possibility in the future have money money

Pattern: - It’s possible I go around the - I will go around the world if I am

WILL + V-1/be +IF V-1/ is,am, world when I am rich rich
are

[Link] about untrue PRESENT

(Type II) - I am not happy because I get a - I would be happy if I didn’t get a
bad mark. bad mark.
Function: to show contrast with
Present reality/ FACT. -She doesn’t come because he -She would come if he did not
forbids it. forbid her.

Pattern: Main Clause / IF-Clause

- IS/AM/ARE (-/ +) Would be / If – WERE (+/-)
- V-1 WouldN’T+V-1 / If – did not V-1
- don’t/ doesn’t+ V-1 Would+ V-1 / If – V-2

[Link] about untrue PAST(TYPE III)

Function: to show contrast to - I was not happy because I got a - I would have been happy if I had
PAST reality/ FACT. bad mark. not gotten a bad mark.

- She didn’t come because he -She would have come if he had

forbid it. not forbidden it.

Pattern: Main Clause / IF clause

WAS/WERE (-/+) would have been / If had been
(+/-)

V-2 Wouldn’t ve V-3 / If Had not V-3

didn’t V-1 would have V-3 / If had V-3

Note:
1. IF can be replaced by UNLESS, OTHERWISE, PROVIDED THAT, IF ONLY in some cases
For instance:
- If the woman were not pregnant, she would move more quickly.
Unless the woman were pregnant, she would not move more quickly.

- If I didn’t feel tired, I would go to the meeting.

- I feel very tired; Otherwise, I would go to the meeting

- If they had finished the assignment on time, the lecturer would not have been angry.
Provided that they had finished the assignment on time, the lecturer would not have been angry.
If only they had finished the assignment on time, the lecturer would not have been angry.

2. IF can be omitted when there are auxiliaries such as : had, were.

For instance:
- If she had known before, she wouldn’t have come
had she known before, she wouldn’t have come

English Learning Program 17

Empowering Human
3. Implicit Conditional
For instance:
I would have gone with you, but I had to study
(implied condition: I would have gone with you if I hadn’t had to study

4. Joint Conditional
For instance:
I didn’t have breakfast this morning, so I am hungry now. (Fact)
If I had had breakfast this morning, I would not be hungry now.

EXERCISES ON CONDITIONAL SENTENCES:

1. Correct the verbs in brackets
a. If I (have) enough money, I will go with you.
b. If I (have) enough money, I would go with you
c. If I (have) enough money, I would have gone with you.
d. Fred failed the test because he didn’t study. If he (study) , he (pass) it.

2. Change into Conditional sentences

a. The forest is destroyed. Many protected animals are almost extinct.
b. The bank was liquidated because the government didn’t want to take any further risks.
c. The front door was broken so we had to fix it.
d. that woman worked hard for the family. She looked older than her age.
e. More people settle in urban areas because there are no jobs available in villages.

3. Change into “TRUE / FACT” sentences

a. Were the human resources capable, our country would be more developed
b. Unless she worked hard, she would not pass the entrance test.
c. If I don’t wash my clothes tonight, I won’t have any clean clothes to wear tomorrow.
d. If she hadn’t had a ticket, she would not have been allowed to get into the theatre.
e. had more practical and safer energy been found, the nuclear power plant would not have been built.

Choose the best answer

1. “Can we see the people we chat with in the internet?” “We could if we had a webcam.”
We can conclude that they … a webcam.
A. don’t have B. had C. have D. didn’t have E. would have

2. “Had I known you were expecting a call, I wouldn’t have used the phone so long.” The underlined word
means …
A. I would like to talk on the phone D. I kept talking on the phone
B. I was about to use the phone E. I stopped talking on the phone
C. I was waiting to use the phone

3. Had he mentioned why he didn’t come to my party, I wouldn’t have been upset . This sentence means …
A. he came to my party therefore he was not upset
B. he came to my party otherwise I would have been upset
C. Since he came to my party, I was very upset
D. Although he came to my party, I was very upset
E. I was upset because he didn’t explain why he didn’t come to my party

4. If my parents were alive, I would not have to work for my tuition fee. This means …
A. I must work although my parents are still alive
B. As my parents were alive, I did not have to earn money
C. I don’t have to work because my parents support me
D. There is nobody to support me except my parents
E. I have to earn money to pay my tuition fee because my parents have died

5. If you had listened to me, you would have been able to date her. This means …
A. You listened to me and you were able to date her
B. You listened to me but you were not able to date her
C. You didn’t listen to me but you were able to date her
D. You were able to date here because you listened to me
E. You were not able to date her because you didn’t listen to me

English Learning Program 18

Empowering Human
6. If he … more confident during the interview, he might have got the job.
A. were B. would be C. could have been D. had been E. was being
7. “If I had known you needed a camera for your project, I could have lent you mine.
“Oh, ….”
A. thanks a lot for the camera
B. thanks, it’s an excellent camera
C. I’ll return it soon
D. I didn’t know you had a camera
E. I’ll borrow it from you then
8. If the company had appreciated Tony’s success in increasing its market share, he would not think of
leaving the company. From the above sentence we conclude that …
A. Tony has left the company
B. Tony has been promoted
C. Tony will always stay in the same company
D. Tony is successful in his career
E. Tony is hunting for another job
9. Had Sari been able to speak English fluently, the Dean would undoubtedly have chosen her to attend the
International Student Conference in England. From the above sentence we may conclude that …
A. Sari attended various English course before she entered the university
B. Sari didn’t go to England for the International Student Conference
C. Sari was very happy that she got a chance to visit England
D. Sari regretted so much that she’d never taken any English Course
E. Sari refused to go to conference as she couldn’t speak English fluently

10. I deposited all my idle money in the bank, if not, I … it on things I did not really need. (2001 C)
A. will append C. am going to spend E. could spent
B. can spend D. would have spent

11. If I hadn’t booked in advance, I would have had difficulties in getting good accommodation at a
reasonably price. This sentence means …
A. it was difficult to get a room although I had reservation
B. I was lucky to get a good room without reservation
C. I found a room in advance but it wasn’t comfortable
D. I got a good room and I didn’t have to pay much
E. The room was good but rather expensive

12. Had the company been fair in giving bonuses, the employees would not have gone on strike.
From the above statement we know that …
A. the employees are still going in strike
B. the company has lost may employees
C. the company has given the employees fair bonuses
D. the employees were quite dissatisfied
E. the employees were not given bonuses at allowance
13. “If I had known you were in Bandung, I would have shown you some interesting places.”
“……..”
A. thank you for showing me around Bandung
B. that’s a good idea. I haven’t had time to go around Bandung
C. thank you, I will really enjoy it
D. yes, it was such an interesting trip
E. I’m sorry I didn’t have time to write you before I left Bandung
14. The man hit by a car yesterday would have died if the doctors had not immediately operated on him.
This sentence means …
A. the man will be immediately operated on
B. the man died after the operation
C. the man is still alive
D. the doctors did not operate him
E. it’s too late to save the man
[Link] my parents had enough money, I would have studied at this academy.
From this sentence we know that the speaker …
A. failed the entrance test C. had not been given a scholarship
B. had applied for a scholarship D. was not a student of the academy
C. was a student of the academy

English Learning Program 19

Empowering Human
Almost half of the earth’s population lies in tropical forest environment, which cover an estimated
2000 million hectares, mostly in the sloping world. The management of these forests is a matter of great…..1)
for the countries in which they are…. 2) For not only do they provide timber for lumber and paper but also
will their unique diversity of plants life serve as a renewable source of food, medicines and fuel…. 3) They
are wisely harvested. Forest also helps to regulate the quality and flow of water, an…. 4) factor in
development. They are the home of farmers and hunters and yield many… 5) which are used both by the local
people and needed by city dwellers.

1. A. attraction B. intention C. initiative D. importance E. reaction

2. A. situated B. found C. had D. discovered E. placed
3. A. as B. for C. if D. otherwise E. or
4. A. enormous B. whole C. entire D. huge E. essential
5. A. producers B. productive C. productively D. produced E. products

Check Your Understanding 3. The word “supported” in line 8 could be best

replaced by …
During the nineteenth century, women in the A. disregarded C. contested
United States organized and participated in a large B. acknowledged D. promoted
number of reform movements, including movements
to recognize the prison system, improve education, 4. According to the passage, why did women
ban the sale of alcohol, and, mostly importantly, to become active in politics?
free the slaves. Some women saw similarities in the A. to improve the conditions of life that
social status of women and slaves. Women like existed at the time
Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucy Stone were B. to support Elizabeth Stanton for president
feminists and abolitionists who supported the rights C. to be elected in public office
of both women and blacks. A number of male D. to amend Declaration of Independence
abolitionists, including William Lloyd Garrison and
Wendell Phillips, also supported the rights of women 5. The word “primarily” in line 14 is closest in
to speak and participate equally with men in meaning to …
antislavery activities. Probably more than any other A. above all C. finally
movement, abolitionists offered women a previously B. somewhat D. always
denied entry into politics. They became involved
primarily in order to better their living conditions 6. What occurred shortly after the Civil War?
and the conditions of others. A. The Wyoming Territory was admitted to
When the Civil War ended in 1865, the the Union
Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments on both B. A women’s suffrage bill was introduced in
Constitution adopted in 1868 and 1870 granted Congress
citizenship and suffrage to blacks but not to C. The Eastern states resisted the end of the
women. Discouraged but resolved, feminists war
influenced more and more women to demand the D. Black people were granted the right to vote
right to vote. In 1869 the Wyoming Territory had 7. The word “suffrage” in p.2 is synonym to …
yielded to demands by feminists, but eastern states A. pain C. freedom from bondage
resisted more stubbornly than before. A woman’s B. citizenship D. the right to vote
suffrage bill had been presented to every Congress
since 1878 but it continually failed to pass until 8. What does the Nineteenth Amendment
1920, when the nineteenth Amendment granted guarantee?
women the right to vote. A. voting rights for Blacks
B. citizenship for blacks
[Link] what topics is the passage primarily C. voting rights for women
concerned? D. citizenship for women
A. the Wyoming Territory
B. Abolitionists 9. The word “it” in 9 p.2 refers to …
th th
C. The 14 and15 Amendments A. bill C. congress
D. The women’s suffrage B. Nineteenth Amendment D. vote

2. The word “ban” in line 4 nearly means/ synonym 10. When were women allowed to vote through-out
to …. the United States?
A. encourage C. prohibit A. After 1866 C. After 1878
B. publish D. limit B. After 1870 D. After 1920

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Empowering Human
UNIT 7: CAUSATIVE HAVE/ NEED DOING
Causative have means asking somebody else to do the work for us!
The pattern is: Subject + HAVE (LET, MAKE, GET) + Object (passive) + Verb-3 (+ by Object active)
OR
: Subject + HAVE (LET, MAKE) + Object (active) + Verb-1 + Object (passive)

Note:
Ask/ force/ order/ want + get + Object + to inf

EXERCISE ON CAUSATIVE:
Match a “causative have” sentence in A with its equivalent in B and C

A B C
1. I have my milk delivered. a. Somebody delivered my V. I will asks someone to deliver my
2. I’m having my milk milk. milk.
delivered. b. Somebody delivers my milk W. I asked someone to deliver my
3. I have had my milk c. Somebody will deliver my milk.
X. I have asked someone to deliver
delivered. milk.
my milk
4. I had my milk delivered. d. Somebody has delivered my Y. I am asking someone to deliver
5. I will have my milk milk. my milk.
delivered. e. Somebody is delivering my Z. I asks someone to deliver my
milk. milk

CHOOSE THE BEST ANSWER:

1. ”I have tried to fix my motorcycle, but it’s still not running well.”
“Why don’t you have a mechanic ….,, it?
A. check C. checking E. to check
B. is checking D. checked
2. ”After I finished my article, I had it edited.”This means that ……
A. I had edited my article D. I was asked to edit my article
B. I had to edited my article myself E. somebody edited my article
C. my article would be edited
3. ”I can’t read this letter. I don’t understand French at all.” “I don’t either, but let’s …”
A. translate it B. have it translated E. to translate it
B. have translated it E. have to translate it
4. I don’t have much time to do all my work, so I always …….
A. have helped somebody C. have to help somebody E. to have me help somebody
B. have helped somebody D. have somebody help me
5. ”Is your car new?” “No, I ……… at my brother’s garage.”
A. had only painted it C. had to paint it only E. had been asked to paint it
B. only has it painted D. only it had painted
6. ”We need to replace the glass in the picture.” “We can go to the shop and ……… now.”
A. it’s being done B. have it done C. have done it D. it’s done E. done
7. Mr Udin: I didn’t attend the meeting last night. Is there any new information?
Mr Ali: Yes, the village-head … together to build a bridge.
A. had villagers work C. had to work for villagers E. had villagers ask to work together
B. villagers had worked D. villagers have worked
8. The manager always has his letters typed by his secretary. This sentence means the manager…
A. always types letters for his secretary D. is always asked by his secretary to type letters
B. has asked his secretary to type his letters E. always types letters together with his secretary
C. always asks his secretary to type his letters.

@ The cat is too thin! It/the cat needs feeding properly OR It needs to be fed properly.
Your hair is long, boy! It/your hair needs cutting OR It needs to be cut.

This MEANS that: - Somebody will feed the cat (NOT your cat itself!)
- Somebody will cut your hair (NOT your hair itself!)

The PATTERN is: Subject (passive) + NEED + V-Ing OR Subject (passive) + NEED + To be V-3

English Learning Program 21

Empowering Human
Check Your Understanding!
“You will meet a man in the theatre foyer,” K. explained.” He will have left before the play
ends and will be waiting for you. He’ll be wearing a dark suit and carrying a theatre programme
upside down, although I doubt if you could miss him. There shouldn’t be many people waiting in the
foyer at that time of night. Whatever he asks you to do, whatever instructions you’re given, co-
operate. Understood?”
I shrugged, but gave a curt” Yes, Sir.” While thinking that this was all too melodramatic to be true. I
knew of course that we were planning to have discussion with “the other side” and that we intended to buy
back one of our own men, but all this seemed a bit ridiculous. I had been told at the training school that I
would be likely to get some simple but rather strange assignments to begin with. They had been right.
The curtain had hardly come down on the last act of the play when I was out of my seat and walking from
the dark of the theatre into the bright lights of the foyer. He was there. But the moment I saw him, I had the
feeling that something unpleasant was about to happen. He seemed to be staring at a pot on the floor, and
looked as if he was just about to pick something up when there was a single gunshot and he was thrown
against the wall. The warning signs had obviously got to me before I realized consciously what was going to
happen, because I had broken out in a cold sweat on seeing the expression on his face. The moment the shot
rang out, I automatically fell back on my training and threw myself to the ground.
When no more shots followed, I looked up and was just in time to see two masked men dragging my
“contact” out of the front door of the theatre. I did not know whether he was dead or badly injured, but I
intended to find out. I got up slowly and carefully and made for the door.

1. The man that the writer had to meet …

A. would be waiting outside the theatre D. would not have been inside the theatre
B. would be holding a theatre programmed E. would expect some instruction
C. knew nothing about where it was to wait

2. The writer thought that …

A. he would have to act C. the job was very strange E. the man intended to kill him
B. it was a very complicated job D. his training would be ridiculous

3. The man was shot …

A. as he was coming out into the foyer D. before the play finished
B. while he was standing in the foyer E. after he had picked something up
C. when the writer got closer to him

4. The writer threw himself to the ground …

A. as soon as he heard the shot C. when he started to sweat E. the moment he saw the man
B. after he got a shot D. when the man gave him a warning

5. The two masked men …

A. carried the dead man out of the theatre D. attacked the writer on their way out
B. wanted to know who the injured man was E. did not seem to worry about the writer
C. stared at the writer closely

6. It is implied from the text that …

A. it was the writer’s first task D. the “contact” had been died
B. there was more than one gunshot E. E. the writer was hurt at his back
C. the writer intended to revenge to the two masked men

VOCABULARY
How many of you readers …1) to wear spectacles and are not wearing them? Our eyes are a precious …2).
With them we can …3) and enjoy beautiful … 4) and things. If we are …5) we are able to see our loved ones
and friends and get so much happiness from seeing them.

1. A. need / B. require/ C. necessitate/ D. oblige

2. A. present / B. gift/ C. offering/ D. donation
3. A. view / B. notice/ C. observe/ D. see
4. A. views / B. displays/ C. visions / D. scenes
5. A. sightless / B. sited/ C. sighted/ D. cited

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Empowering Human
UNIT 8: MODAL AUXILLIARIES
A. The basic principles:

1. Modals in English are :

can, could, had better, may, might, must, ought to, shall, should, will, would.

2. Modals are used to express the speaker’s attitudes or moods (necessary, advisable, permissible,
possible/probable, ability)

3. Each modal has more than one meaning or use (ex: I can swim (capability) – Can I swim?
(permission) )

4. To express:
a) ABILITY / POSSIBILITY / SUGGESTION: can, could, be able to
b) PLAN: will, be going to
c) ADVISABILITY: ought to = should = had better
d) EXPECTATIONS: be supposed to, be to
e) NECESSITY / CERTAINTY: must = have to = have got to
f) POSSIBILITY/PROBABILITY: may, might

5. In interrogative form (?) modals are used to make POLITE REQUESTS in FORMAL or INFORMAL
situation. Examples:
-May / could / can I use your dictionary (please)? -would/could/will/can you pass the salt (please) ?

PRESENT: PAST

Where is John? He may/could be at the library Where was John? He might/could be at library
I should study tonight (means: I’ll do it) I should have studied last night (means:but I did not)
Mary is not in class today. She must be sick. Mary was absent. She had to be sick.

B. MODALS IN PERFECT

GENERAL PATTERN:
Modals + HAVE + Verb-3 (verbal sentences)
Modals + HAVE + Been + adj/ Adv/ Noun/V-ing (Non verbal or Progressive)

GENERAL FUNCTION: To comment towards PAST activity

MODALS FUNCTION EXAMPLES

1. Must 1. To express 1. He looked pale yesterday. He must have
conclusion/certainty been sick.
2. The class was still dirty. We should
2. Should 2. To express suggestions; have cleaned it well.
necessity 3. He was absent yesterday. He might
have been sick.
3. Might/ may 3. To express possibility 4. He was rich. But he didn’t want to buy
anything. He could have bought
4. Could/ can 4. To express ability/ possibility something.

Note:

- Would + have + V-3 digunakan dalam kalimat Conditionals untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang berlawanan
dengan keadaan di masa lampau/ PAST time.
- Will + have + V-3 digunakan untuk menunjukkan suatu kegiatan (fakta) yang berlangsung sejak dulu
(past) hingga kelak (future).

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Empowering Human
EXERCISES ON MODALS
Choose the best answer.
1. I ran through the red light and I got fined by the traffic policeman.” “Oh, you … more careful.”
A. must have been C. could be E. might have been
B. may be D. should have been
2. ”Does Anto know that Myrna had an accident yesterday?”
“I don’t think so. We … him as soon as we were informed.
A. may have told C. should have told E. had to tell
B. must have told D. had better tell
3. “I wonder where my reading glasses are. Have you seen them?” “No, I haven’t. You…. Left them in
the office.”
A. should have C. should be having E. must be being
B. could have D. ought to have

4. ”I called him several times yesterday but there was no answer..” “He … out of town.”
A. should have been C. would rather so E. might have been
B. had better be D. would have been

5. “I can’t find my hand phone in my bag.” “Well, you ….it In the car. Let’s take a look.”
A. may have to leave C. had to leave E. should have left
B. may have left D. must leave

6. ”Paula fell asleep in class this morning.” “She … late last night.”
A. may stay up C. must have stayed up E. would stay up
B. should have stayed up D. ought to stay up

7. “I’ve heard that Alex was fired $100 for littering when he was in Singapore.”
“Really? He … that there is law against littering in public places.”
A. might have known C. could have known E. ought not have known
B. should not have known D. must not have known
8. Rina: Can you help me operate this computer? Rano: Rina, I think you … how to operate the computer
before you bought it
A. must learn C. should learn E. have learnt
B. would have learnt D. should have learnt

9. The government is making new regulations on logging. Many people think that it’s already too late because
many forests have been destroyed. From the situation above we know that the government … new
regulations long before.
A. must have made C. could have made E. might have made
B. would have made D. should have made

10. A: Did Tika play the piano well at the concert last night?
B: She made me disappointed really. She should have practiced more seriously.
The underlined words mean …
A. he has to practice more seriously next time D. she didn’t practice seriously before
B. she has practiced seriously before E. she doesn’t practice more seriously
C. she practiced more seriously before

Check Your Comprehension!

The threat to our health from environmental poisons, and specifically heavy metals, is increasing
everyday. Lead, mercury. Cadmium, arsenic, and copper poisoning are becoming epidemic. Lead and
mercury come mostly from polluted air plus industrial and medical uses, such as lead containing paint and
mercury –containing amalgam dental filling. Contaminated fish are also a common source of mercury
poisoning. Copper enters our bodies usually from copper water pipes, commonly used in plumbing.
Heavy metal poisoning is difficult to treat. Chelation treatment is the only known medical treatment
that is effective in detoxifying the body of heavy metal. Now, the Japanese study conducted by Dr. Ikezoe and
Kitahara, shows that Kyolic, a raw garlic extract developed in Japan, is effective in protecting the body from
the toxic effects of heavy metal poisoning.
Dr Kitahara and his co-workers, Ikezoe and Yamada, conducted controlled studies on animals
(rabbits) and humans. The method of study was: observation of release of potassium and haemoglobin by
heavy metals from erythrocytes, and destruction of erythrocytes membrane. The conclusion of the study was
that garlic preparation prevented the poisoning effect arising from heavy metals and protected the erythrocyte
membrane from destruction.

English Learning Program 24

Empowering Human
In another study, conducted in Russia, a drug made from garlic extract was given to workers in
industrial plants who were suffering from chronic lead poisoning. The daily doses of garlic improved the
symptoms of chronic lead poisoning and lowered the high porphyrin levels in the urine. The preparation also
normalized the elevated blood pressure in the majority of workers. Russian researchers believe that the
efficacy of the garlic preparation is due to the garlic’s high content of sulphur compounds.

1. The passage tells us about which of the following?

A. the problem of heavy metals in everyday life D. the increasing number of heavy metals
B. heavy metals poisoning and garlic E. environmental poisons
C. the threat of heavy metals to our health
2. It can be inferred that motorbike riders without masks may inhale..
A. copper C. lead E. amalgam
B. cadmium D. arsenic
3. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A. chelation treatment is not the only possible method to protect our body from heavy metals poisoning
B. the only thing we can do to protect our body from metal poisoning is by way of chelation treatment.
C. Chelation treatment is the only possible medical treatment to detoxify the body of heavy metals.
D. We can do nothing to protect our body from heavy metal poisoning.
E. Kyolic is the only possible treatment to detoxify our body from heavy metal poisoning
4. The word “contaminated” can be best replaced by …
A. Poisoned C. rotten E. unhealthy
B. Polluted D. dead
5. Which of the following TRUE according to the passage?
A. Dr Ikezoe and Kitahara developed a raw garlic extract
B. Dr Ikezoe and Kitahara was probably not the persons who developed Kyolic.
C. It was Dr Kitahara and his co-workers who developed Kyolic
D. Chelation treatment was developed by Ikezoe and Kitahara
E. Both Chelation treatment and Kyolic originated from Japan.
6. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A. the erythrocyte membrane is important to protect us from heavy metal poisoning
B. heavy metal poisoning may harm the erythrocyte membrane
C. the damage of erythrocyte membrane is harmful to human beings
D. the erythrocyte membrane is immune to heavy metals
E. the erythrocyte membrane is indestructible
7. Who reported the use of garlic to help workers in industrial plants suffering from chronic lead poisoning?
A. The Japanese Government D. The Russian Goevernment
B. Dr Ikezoe and Kitahara E. Russian Researchers
C. Dr Kitahara, Ikezoe, and Yamada]
8. According to the passage, the use of garlic …
A. may increase blood pressure D. may decrease high blood pressure
B. maintain normal blood pressure E. regulates blood pressure
C. is good to elevate blood pressure
9. The word “efficacy” in line is closest meaning to which of the following?
A. Effectiveness C. consumption E. strength
B. Use D. result
10. What makes Russian researchers recommend the use of garlic is that it …
A. is expensive D. is suitable for eating
B. is available everywhere E. has a lot of function
C. contains certain chemical compounds

VOCABULARY
The money lent to the costumer comes from the… … 1) who invest in the bank and from profit made by
private businesses and individuals. They are demanded deposits and time deposits. Depositors get … …2)
from the use of their money in the banks and the interest is … …3) by government.
1. A owners B. managers C. cashiers D. Stockholders E. creditors
2. A. Profit B. interest C budget D. check E. Capital
3. A. paid B. drawn C. kept D. regulated E. taken

English Learning Program 25

Empowering Human
UNIT 9: SUBJUNCTIVE “WISH”
WISH is used when the speaker wants reality to be different, to be exactly the opposite (ungkapan “wish”
digunakan apabila kita menginginkan KENYATAAN yang BERBEDA). Verb-forms similar to those in
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES (IF- ) are used.

VERB FORM IN VERB FORM

“TRUE” SENTENCE FOLLOWING WISH

1. A wish a. she will leave me I wish (that) he would not leave me

about b. he can not help tonight I wish he could help me tonight
the future c. They are going to stay I wish they were not going to stay

Conclusion: WILL WOULD NOT

CAN / MAY COULD / MIGHT NOT
IS/AM/ARE WERE

2. A wish a. It is hot now I wish it were not hot / it were cool now
about b. I am not happy today I wish I were happy today
the present c. I don’t speak English well I wish I spoke English well
d. She works hard for the family I wish she didn’t work for the family

Conclusion: IS / AM / ARE WERE NOT

VERB-1 DIDN’T VERB-1
DON’T / DOESN’T VERB-1 VERB-2

3. A wish a. it didn’t rain last night I wish/wished(that)it had rained last night
about b. He worked so hard I wish he had not worked so hard
the past c. he was not at home I wish he had been at home
d. They were coming late I wish they had not been coming late
e. She could not help me I wish she could have helped me

Conclusion: WAS / WERE HAD NOT BEEN

VERB-2 HAD NOT VERB-3
DIDN’T VERB-1 HAD VERB-3
COULD verb-1 COULD NOT HAVE VERB-3

EXERCISES ON WISH:
1. Correct the verbs in brackets
a. Our neighborhood is dirty. We wish our neighborhood (be) clean
b. It was hot last night. We wish it (be, not) hot last night.
c. He doesn’t leave any message. I wish he (leave) some message.
d. They came late again. I wish they (come, not) late again.

2. Change into “WISH”

a. The environment is destroyed. I wish our environment …
b. I have no company at home. I wish I …

3. Change into “TRUE / FACT” sentences

a. I wish the economic condition didn’t get worse, but the fact the economic condition …
c. I wish some one was here to accompany me, but the fact is ….

4. You look tired. Why don’t you take a rest? “I wish …; I still have to finish this report.”
A. I would be able B. I can C. I will be able D. I could E. I had been able
5. Tita, are you going to see the dentist this afternoon?” “I wish I didn’t have to”
We may conclude that … to the dentist.
A. she doesn’t have to go C. She is not going this afternoon E. she has gone
B. she has to go D. she is willing to go
6. I wish I knew that Jane is ill.. From the sentence we know that the speaker …
A. regrets that Jane is ill C. has been told that Jane is ill E. has visited Jane in the hospital
B. has known that Jane is ill D. doesn’t know that Jane is ill.
English Learning Program 26
Empowering Human
Check Your Understanding
Honest citizens can derive little comfort too, from the knowledge that IRS (International Revenue Service)
has issued a special ruling to reduce the tax that criminals owe on money they steal! Internal Revenue Bulletin
No.1966-42, 1966 states: ”Emberzzlement (menggelapkan) funds will be taken into account if a taxpayer
chooses the benefits of the income-averaging provisions”. So if a crook or thief get away with, say, $
100,000, it will be okay for him to pay taxes on only $20,000 of stolen money a year over a five-year period.
This article “Tyranny in IRS” by John Baron, included subheadings indicating that there was much
proof for the writer’s charges, that IRS had unchallenged power, and that none dared to challenge IRS, that is
operated on a double standard, and that IRS should not be allowed to go on as it was, uncontrolled. The text
above appeared under the heading “ A Double Standard, in the Reader’s Digest, August 1967.

1. The writer’s intention is to show that …

A. IRS gives criminal benefits not given to honest citizens
B. IRS gives criminals the same benefits to honest citizens
C. Criminals don’t have to pay income tax on their ill - gotten money
D. Reader’s Digest is one way to make him famous
E. Income tax must not be paid by all types of citizen

2. The writer’s attitude towards the IRS appear to be one of ..

A. Indifference/don’t care D. approval
B. resigned tolerance E. embarrassment
C. righteous indignation/anger

3. The writer appears to be stating…

A. fact C. both fact and opinion E. none
B. opinion D. neither fact nor opinion

4. What do you think about this writing mostly? It is …

A. subjective C. both objective and subjective E. none
B. objective D. neither objective nor subjective

5. For what kind of audience is this article written?

A. people oppressed by IRS C. IRS people E. Tax experts
B. Common people D. Criminals or thieves
The generic structure of a Commentary Text :
1. Title
2. General Statement
3. Stepped explanation

Text 2
Torajan believe that their ancestor originated from a marriage from the heaven and the sea, creating their
offspring together with the unique culture of Aluk Todolo.
That is the folklore version; more contemporary anthropological research reveals that ancestors of
Torajan came from Indochina and belong to (1) … proto Malays, like the Batak of North Sumatra and the
Dayak of Kalimantan, (2)… migrated to the land many years ago.
The number of Torajans adhering the Aluk Todolo tradition, (3) …., continues to decrease and is now
estimated at only 5 percent of the 4999. 999 population. Although most Torajans (4) … Christianity, many
Torajans Christians still perform traditional rituals, especially (5) … for death and marriage.
Major parts of Aluk Todolo are based on the belief (6) … is about upholding its principles, especially
ancestor worship, in accordance with the time-honoured adat (customs).
For Torajans, the world is the place to see goodness, (7) … people fulfil all obligations and
responsibilities to the community, to live (8) … until death and the transition to the spirit world.
The final purpose of life (9) … for death, so that when one dies the customary ceremonies reflect the
(10)… efforts during the ephemeral world. (extracted from The Jakarta Post, 30 Nov 2004)

1. A. in B. with C. to D. from E. into

2. A. who B. which C. whose D. that E. whom

3. A. however B. furthermore C. in fact D. in addition E. accordingly

4. A. converted with C. are converted to E. have converted to

B. have to convert D. have been converted

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Empowering Human
5. A. that B. those C. theirs D. these E. them

6. A. that life B. of life C. of life that D. that this life E. life

7. A. which B. when C. for which D. in that E. where

8. A. content B. contending C. contentedly D. contented E. to content

9. A. is prepared to C. is to prepare E. is to be preparing

B. prepares to be D. is prepared to be

10. A. deceased B. deceased’s C. deceases D. deceasing E.. decease

Vocabulary
Different language learners have different purposes for learning a new language. Some people learn a
language … 6) learn about culture of the people who speak that language. They may be interested in the
history and … 7) these people. for example, or they may want to study the literature. Other language learners
want to travel to other countries. They need to know the languages of those countries … 8) they can talk to
people they meet.
Many people learn languages for … 9) reasons. These people want to learn more about their fields by
studying in other countries or …10) books and journals in different languages. They often need other
languages in their work.

6. A. so that B. in order to C. therefore D. in order that E. although

7. A. communication B. relatives C. origin D. customs E. number
8. A. when B. so that C. in order D. while E. because
9. A. profess B. profession C. professional D. professionally E. professionally
10. A. read B reads C reading D. to read E. be reading

ERROR CORRECTION

1 It is believed that by 2010 immunotherapy have succeeded in curing a number of serious illness.
A. it is believed C. have succeeded E. illness
B. that D. in curing

2 In the ionosphere, gases have been partly ionize by high frequency radiation from the sun and other sources.
A. in the ionosphere D. high frequency radiation
B. have been ionise E. sources
C. by

3 Papyrus was used for to make not only paper but also sails, baskets, and clothing
A. was used C. not only E. clothing
B. for to make D. but also

4 If the cerebellum of a pigeon was destroyed, the bird would not be able to fly
A. a pigeon C. the bird E. to fly
B. was destroyed D. would not be able

5 Doctors agree that hard work has people suffered from fatigue.
A. doctors C. has E. fatigue
B. hard work D. suffered

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Empowering Human
UNIT 10: ACTIVE & PASSIVE PARTICIPLE as ADVERBIAL PHRASE

A. Active Participle (V-ing: aktif)

When/while my mother was cooking, she was listening to a piece of advertisement in the radio. At the
When/while cooking, my mother was listening to a piece of advertisement in the radio. same
Cooking, my mother was listening to a piece of advertisement in the radio. time

Because she is sick, she can’t attend the meeting. To show CAUSE AND EFFECT
Being sick, She can’t attend the meeting. Or to show REASON

After she has finished her homework, she puts off the light. The two activities are one after another.
After having finished her homework, she puts off the light. (kejadian yang pertama selesai, disusul
Having finished her homework, she puts off the light. kegiatan yang kedua)

B. Past Participle (Verb-3: Pasif)

When/while the deer was shot, ir was grassing in the meadow The two activities
When/while being shot, the deer was grassing in the meadow are during at the
Being shot, the deer was grassing in the meadow same time
Shot, the deer was grassing in the meadow

Because she is bitten by the dog, she can’t walk well now. To show CAUSE AND EFFECT
Being bitten by the dog, She can’t walk well now. Or to show REASON
Bitten by the dog, She can’t walk well now.

After the burglar has been caught, he was brought to court. The two activities are one after another.
After having been caught, he was brought to court. (kejadian yang pertama selesai, disusul
Having been caught, he was brought to court. kegiatan yang kedua)

CONCLUSION/ KESIMPULAN:
Active participle (V-ing) and Past Participle (Verb-3) are always used (selalu digunakan):
1. if the main clause and sub clause have the same subject (mempunyai subject yang sama).
2. to show : time (when/while ; after) and reason (because/since/as)
3. in front of the sentence followed by COMMA (terletak pada awal kalimat dan lalu diikuti
oleh KOMA).

EXERCISES ON : ACTIVE& PASSIVE PARTICIPLE

(as Adverb, Adjective and Noun/ Gerund)
1. My parents are very happy about … the first 5. Ruined by the earthquake, …
prize in the essay contest. A. the village was left uninhabited
A. my winning D. me winning B. the inhabitants left the village
B. I am winning E. I win C. there were no inhabitants in the village
C. that I win D. no inhabitants were found in the village
2. …. By mountains, the city has a cool climate. E. finding no inhabitants in the village
A. be surrounded D. surrounding 6.… a car safely, it is essential to have good brakes
B. it was surrounded E. surrounded A. driving C. to be driven
B. to drive D. that he drove E. we drive
C. having surrounded 7.“Having been defeated three times in a row, the boxer
3. Annoyed by the five-hour delay in the plane’s decided to give up fighting” means…
departure, Budi wrote an angry letter to the A. he decided to give up fighting although he was
airline. defeated three times in arrow
B. he decided to give up fighting after he had been
The underlined words means: … by the long delay defeated three times in a row
A. after he was annoyed C. as he had decide to give up fighting, he was
B. because he was annoyed defeated three times in a row.
C. whereas he was annoyed D. He decided to give up fighting, so he was defeated
D. though he was annoyed three times in a row
E. When he decided to give up fighting, he was defeated
E. that he was annoyed three times in a row.
4. “Have you told your problems to the 8. The problems of most developing countries is
supervisor?” that the rapidly … population is not supported
“No, he was too busy … to me yesterday.” by a strong economy.
A. talk D. talking A. grows D. grow
B. to talk E. for talking B. to grow E. growing
C. he didn’t talk C. grown
English Learning Program 29
Empowering Human
9. Having given the prescription to the patient, … 19. Having sent his letter of application, …
A. the medicine was taken regularly by the A. the company was expected to send a quick
patient reply
B. the doctor told the patient to take the B. Bimo expected to get a quick reply
medicine regularly C. A quick reply was expected from the company
C. the patient take the medicine regularly D. They expect the company to send a quick
D. the medicine had to be taken regularly by reply
the patient E. It was expected that the company would
E. the patient was told to take the medicine send a quick reply
regularly 20. Constructed from 3000 to 15000 BC, ....
10. Little children are usually afraid of … by their A. the pyramids were monumental tombs of
mother Egyptian pharaohs
A. left C. being left B. many tourists come from all over the world
B. been left D. to leave to see the pyramids
C. leaving C. the Egyptian pharaohs were buried in the
11. … a few million rupiahs, he went on a tour to pyramids
Europe . D. it was the monumental tombs of Egyptian
A. saved C. he has saved pharaohs
B. after he saves D. have saved E. the Egyptian buried their pharaohs in the
C. having saved monumental pyramids
12. His car, … from the back, crashed into a very [Link] switched off the lights, …
deep ravine A. it was the door he locked
A. hit C. to be hit B. the door was locked
B. to be hitting D. to hit C. this locked the door
C. hitting D. the door was locked behind him
[Link] have considered … down the factory E. he locked the door
because of continuous losses 22. Ornamented with beautiful traditional Balinese
A. to close C. they close carving, …….
B. closing D. in closing A. many foreign tourists are curious to visit the
C. closed house
14. …at two prestigious universities, Amanda has a B. The antiquity of the house is admired by
hard time deciding which one to choose (SPMB many tourists
’98 A) C. Tourists guides often bring their guests to
A. accepting D. accepted visit the house
B. she was accepting E. she was accepted D. The owner of the house allow tourists to visit
C. to be accepted and admire its beauty
15. Noticing I had dropped my purse, … E. The house of a local resident becomes an
A. the bus conductor called after me object tourism.
B. I was called after by the bus conductor 23. Hoping to get a better income, ….
C. It was the bus conductor who called after me A. an offer to work in Medan was accepted by
D. There was the bus conductor calling after me Odie
E. The bus conductor was called after me B. Odie was offered a job in Medan
[Link] earning enough to support her children after C. A new post in Medan was accepted by Odie
her husband’s death, … D. Odie accepted an offer to work in Medan
A. the woman decided to work in Saudi Arabia E. A company offered Odie a job in Medan
B. a better-paid job is definitely required 24. …, she was able to achieve what she had
C. her children need to be trained to work dreamed of.
[Link] training is required to improve her skills A. Carefully did she plan her future
E. her children should be put into an orphanage B. she planned her future carefully
17. In her letter my friend said that she was C. Her future was planned with care
looking forward…from me again D. Her future was carefully planned
A. to hearing D. hearing E. Having planned her future carefully
B. to being heard E. to hear
C. having heard
18. The original …manuscript of the play is on
display in the museum
A. written by hand D. hand written
B. hand writing E. writing hand
C. that is hand-written

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Empowering Human
Check Your Understanding
Text 1
Being a career woman, inevitably, gives independency to women. A businesswoman, for example,
will not depend on others since she is the only one who has to make a decision related with her business. A
businesswoman is also forced to work efficiently, to be able to handle many activities simultaneously, to have
knowledge and to be productive.
Many researches conducted in some countries, including Indonesia, conclude that people who are
involved in business, including women are those who are independent because they are trained to make an
immediate decision. Furthermore, woman’s independencies in having their own earns brings good effect
toward their bargaining power. Compared to those who do not get their own earns, women getting their own
earns will solve the problems more easily if something happens in their marital relationship.

1. The main idea of the first paragraph is ……

a. Woman can do business independently
b. Woman gets her independency by maintaining her career
c. Career woman must work independently
d. Career woman is one who make a decision in the business

2. To be a businesswoman, one should………..

b. Be forced to work independently c. Consider her own decision
c. Get her own earn d. Have knowledge and be productive

3. Career woman could be independent because ……………..

b. She is trained to make an immediate decision
c. She has sufficient knowledge on business
d. She maintains her bargaining power
e. She can solve marital problem easily

4. According to the research, what short of person could be independent?

b. One who likes business c. One who is involved in business
c. One who always improves his/he knowledge d. One who are productive

5. Which of the statements below is true according to the passage?

a. Getting her own earn can improve woman’s bargaining power
b. Woman can not trust in anyone in making a decision
c. Only businesswomen who can be independent women
d. Research on independency is conducted for woman

Text 2
Charles Ferguson, the head of the credit department of the Bay Federal Bank, is speaking with Lisa Edwards.
Ms. Edwards wants to borrow money.

Mr. F. : Please sit down, Ms. Edwards. What can I do for you?
Ms. E. : Thank you. I would like to apply for a loan to buy some new living room furniture.
Mr. F. : Do you have a saving account or a checking account at our bank?
Ms. E. : No, I don’t. Why do you ask?
Mr. F. : Well, if you have a saving account with us, we can use your saving as collateral. Passbook
loans are usually easier to get.
Ms. E. : Is there another kind of loan that I’m eligible for?
Mr. F. : Depending on the information we get from your file at the credit bureau, we decide to
approve or reject your application.
Ms. E. : I don’t understand what you mean by my file. What sort of information are you looking for?
Mr. F. : The bank uses a reporting agency that gives data about prospective borrowers. The computers
at the agency store data about a person’s background, his history of borrowing and repayment
and his employment record.
Ms. E. : I didn’t realize that lenders were able to get such personal information about prospective
borrowers.
Mr. F. : You see, a lender has to make sure his borrowers meet certain basic qualifications.
Ms. E. : What are some of the things that you look for?
Mr. F. : We investigate the applicant’s character. We find out things such as his employment record.
We also want to know how long he has lived at his present address.
Ms. E. : I’m sure you also want to know about the applicant’s earnings and the number of his
dependents.
Mr. F. : Very definitely. We look into the applicant’s capacity to repay very thoroughly.
English Learning Program 31
Empowering Human
Ms. E. : I can tell you now that I earn a very good salary as public relations person in a large firm and
I have several charge accounts in my name. My husband and I have bought things on time
before and have made loan agreements, as you will see in the file.
Mr. F. : Well, you’re obviously a creditworthy woman. We would probably approve your application
and would not require that your husband co-sign the loan.
Ms. E. : I’m very glad to hear that. In these times of high inflation, we have some problems with cash
flow. That’s why I’m applying for a loan.
(taken from English for Banking and Finance)

1. Ms Edward goes to the bank to…………

a. apply for a job c. apply for a loan
b. buy some new furniture d. get another loan

2. In order to get loan, she needs to have……except

a. saving account c. checking account
b. file from the credit bureau d. loan application form

3. The bank uses reporting agency to …………….

a. see the loan applicant’s saving account
b. get information about prospective borrowers
c. determine the amount of money the applicant can borrow
d. know how long the applicant has lived at his present address

4. Mr Ferguson considers Ms Edward creditworthy woman because………….

a. she works in a large firm
b. she earns a very good salary
c. she has good record stated in the file.
d. her husband and she have made loan agreements

5. Mr Ferguson says that the Bank would likely……..Ms Edward application

a. agree with c. carry on
b. give d. pay

ERROR CORRECTION

1. Most goods in stores are kept under certain condition such

A B C D
as the degree of temperature.
E
2. In order to we stay healthy, we are suggested to eat
A B C D
nutricious food.
E
3. This is the book from whom I take my reference for my
A B C D E
paper.
4. She would be more understanding if we had told her before
A B C D E
5. The committee was responsibility to organize the activity
A B C D

English Learning Program 32

Empowering Human
UNIT 11: GERUND & TO INFINITIVE
GERUND is a NOUN. It functions as SUBJECT or OBJECT of a sentence
GERUND may be Active or Passive

Active : V – ing OR Having V-3

Passive : Being + V – 3 OR
Having Been + V-3
Examples:
- as Subject:
Eating makes me fat.
- as Object:
I love eating (obj. of Predication)
I am fond of eating ([Link] preposition)
My hobby is eating (obj. Complement)
he talks about my eating (Obj. possessif)

Verb + Gerund Verb + Infinitive

Admit mention The other verbs which are not mentioned
Advise mind yet, such as:
Anticipate miss Ask
Avoid postpone Agree
Appreciate prefer Allow
Complete practice Decide
Consider quit Encourage
Delay recall Expect
Deny recollect Force
Discuss recommend Hope
Dislike regret Need
Enjoy remember Permit
Finish resent Remind
Forget resist Tell
Can’t help risk warn
Keep stop etc, …
Suggest
tolerate
understand
VERB + GERUND/INFINITIVE
Begin forget remember
Can’t bear hate regret
Can’t bear like stop
Continue love try

Notes:
Gerund is also used:
- after GO (means: recreation):
Ex: Let’s go shopping

- Certain expression of:

Place: he sat there reading a novel
Time/Money:He spends his time reading
Fun/Difficulties:
We have fun reading a novel
We have difficulty doing the task

- After NEED (means: passive):

The house needs cleaning OR The house needs to be cleaned.

- Preposition TO :
Object to; accustomed to; object to
Is/am/are/was/were/been used to; Looking forwad to

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Empowering Human
@ To infinitive is also used:
- to express purpose:
He came here (in order) to study English. He came here for studying English.

He went to the store to buy some bread

He went to the store for some bread
Noun object
Exception: scissors are used for cutting.

- after some adjectives:

happy; glad; sorry; ready; proud; etc…
examples:
I’m sorry to hear that bad news
He’s ready to go now, etc…

- after TOO and ENOUGH:

The milk is too hot for the kid to drink (the kid can’t drink the milk)
The athlete is strong enough to lift the dumbbell. He can lift it.

Exercises on Gerund or to infinitive:

1. The chair is broken I need (fix) it.
2. The chair is broken. It needs (fix)
3. It’s exciting (travel) to faraway places.
4. I can’t help (wonder) why he is angry with me
5. I hope (award) a scholarship next semester
6. She took a deep breath (relax) herself before she gives her speech.
7. Keep (talk). I’m listening to you.
8. I hate (laugh) at by other people.
9. Please forgive for (be, not) here to help you yesterday.
10. (help) the disadvantaged children learn how to read was a rewarding experience.

B. Choose the best answer

1. Mrs. Dharmawan required the children … off their muddy shoes before they came into the room. (’02)
A. Taking B. to take C. took D. Take E. to be taking
2. “I need to do some exercise to stay fit.”
“Have you considered …for an hour a day?”
A. Walking B. to walk C. walk D. Walked E. to be walking
3. Tati declined the offer of … to Singapore as a representative of out company.
A. being transferred C. to be transferred E. Is transferred
B. be transferred D. transferred
4. “Why don’t you ask Mr Abidin for a donation?”
“Well, you know that he is not generous. So it’s no use … him.”
A. to ask B. ask C. asking D. you ask E. to be asking
5. When I received my salary last month, I avoided to the mall; otherwise I would have spent all my money.
A. Going B. to have gone C. I go D. to go E. having gone
5.”Do you really want to buy this old crumbling house?”
“Yes. We know the house needs … but we love the surroundings.”
A. to repair B. repairing C. repaired D. be repaired E.. to be repairing
7. All new students at this university are required … an English proficiency test.
A. Taking B. take C. to take D. will take E. having to take
8. “Do you thank Andi for the dictionary he bought for you?”
“Yes, I did. I really appreciate … it for me.”
A. to buy B. buying it C his buying D. buys E. to have bought
9. “You seem to be waiting for something these days.”
“ That’s true; I’m waiting… for an interview.”
A. Called B. be called C. calling D. to call E. to be called
10. The acids, salts, and vitamins that fruits furnish are very helpful … a balanced and healthful diet.
A. to keep B. keeping C. they keep D. kept E. for keeping
11. “Do you think I can wear my new necklace?”
“I wouldn’t advise … jewelLery in a difficult time like this.”
A. Wear B. you wear C. to wear D. wearing E. to be wearing
12. “What do you need my calculator for?”
“ … this math problem.”
A. in solving B. solved C. I solve D. my solving E. to solve
English Learning Program 34
Empowering Human
UNIT 12:NOUN CLAUSES
The subject or the object of a sentence may be a NOUN, a long NOUN PHRASE or a NOUN CLAUSE.
The Pattern of NOUN CLAUSE IS:

“WH” Question Words Subj Pred NOTICE (perhatikan)!

1. How Why 2. That (kenyataan bahwa) a. Where does she go?
What (apa) Which I don’t know Where she goes
When Whose 3. Whether / If (apakah) b. Whose book is this?
Where Who I don’t know whose book this is.
Whom c. What did he write?
Do you see what he wrote?
Examples: 1. As SUBJECT d. Who is that woman?
I wonder who that woman is.
Subject Verb/ Predicate Object/ Complement
COMPARE (bandingkan)!
It is Amazing
e. What is happening?
His story is Amazing
Tell me what is happening?
What he tells is Amazing
f. Who makes this cake?
I wonder who makes this cake.
2. As OBJECT
Catatan:
Subject Verb/ Predicate Object/ Complement - posisi noun clause tidak berubah bila
I like It kata tanya: Who dan What
I like His story berfungsi sebagai subject dan diikuti
I like What he tells dengan Verb/predicate (seperti
dalam contoh e dan f). sedangkan
3. Followed by To Infinitive
pada kalimat c dan d, berubah karena
Subject Verb/ Predicate sudah ada subject: he (pada kalimat
Object/ Complement
c) dan that woman (kalimat d)
I Don’t know What I should do
What to do Which of the following sentences are
He told me Where I could find her
CORRECT and INCORRECT. .
Where to find her
1. She will win is almost certain
2. That an earthquake of magnitude
Check Your Understanding! eight on the Richter Scale occurs
once every five or ten years.
For many years scientist believed that the most intelligent 3. What does a patient tell a doctor it is
animals after man were chimpanzees. Now, however, there is confidential.
evidence that dolphins may be even more intelligent than these 4. We looked back to see where are we
big apes. and how far are we from camp.
Although a dolphin lives in the sea, it is not a fish. It is a 5. My mother told me what it the
mammal. It is similar in many ways, therefore, to human being. purpose of our visit.
Scientists have discovered that dolphins have a simple language.
They are able to talk to another. It may be possible for man to learn how to talk to dolphins. But this will not be
easy because dolphins cannot hear the kind of sounds man can make. If man wants to talk to dolphins, therefore,
he will have to invent a third language that both he and the dolphins can understand.
Dolphins are also very friendly toward man. They often follow ships. There are many stories of dolphins
guiding ships through difficult and dangerous waters.

1. This passage is mainly about….

a. Animals b. animals’ intelligence c. animals’ language d dolphins e. scientists
2. Why will it be difficult for man to talk to dolphins?
a. Because they are deaf d. Because they live in the sea
b. Because they do not have a language e. Because they cannot hear man’s sound
c. Because they are more intelligent than chimpanzees
3. Which sentences about dolphins is not true?
a. Dolphins live in the sea c. Dolphins are not fish e. Dolphins are mammals
b. Dolphins are cleverer than apes d. Dolphins are as intelligence as man
4. The word discovered line 1 paragraph 3 might be best replaced by….
a. proved b. doubted c. found d. invented e .admit
[Link] word that line 9 paragraph 3 refers to …..
a. Animal language c. dolphins e. man
b. third language d. chimpanzees
English Learning Program 35
Empowering Human
Exercise on Noun Clause
CHOOSE THE BEST ANSWER
1. Do all citizens know … ?
A. what are their rights B. what rights they are E. their rights, what are they
B. what their rights are D. about what their rights are
2. As the road to Puncak had become slippery, I told the bus driver...
A. do not speed C. let us not to speed E. not to speed
B. he does not speed D. not speeding
3. The secretary asked me … with Mr. Slamet.
A. did I have an appointment C. when is my appointment E. how was my appointment
B. that I had an appointment D. whether I had an appointment
4. Iwan wanted to know….
A. from whom did Ari hear the news? D. The news Ari heard from whom
B. Who did Ari hear the news from? E. From whom Ari heard the news.
C. Ari heard the news from whom?
5. ……. is not yet known.
A. Can he be involved in the trade of narcotics D. He is involved in the trade of narcotics
B. Whether he is involved in the trade of narcotics E. Why he is involved in the trade of narcotics
C. When he is involved in the trade of narcotics
6. Since the tourist had a map, he knew …
A. where was the bus terminal D. whether the bus terminal was there
B. where the bus terminal was E. the bus terminal was where
C. was the bus terminal there
7. Land and houses are often the largest single investment that most ….
A. will make families ever D. families make ever will
B. families will ever make E. ever families will make
C. will make ever families
8. Custom s influence … and how they prepare and serve the food.
A. people eat that C. that people eat E. people eat it
B. people eating what D. what people eat
9. …. Christine Hakim a good actress is that she can play the roles of different characters so well.
A. that makes C. this is made E. what makes
B. in order to make D. whether making
10. Doctors agree … patients should try to reduce taking medicine for slight headache.
A. Whether C. that E. what
B. Which D. how
11. “I hear your son is going hiking again.”
“Oh yes. I just don’t understand … so much.”
A. why he likes it C. why does he like it E. he likes it
B. does he like it D. that he likes it
12. My parents advised my sister … too much money on clothes.
A. do not spend C. not spending E. not to spend
A. not spend D. did not spend
13. … is a long holiday after passing your exam.
A. You need C. What you need [Link] you need
B. Whether you need D. It is needed
14. “What do reporters usually ask the authorities nowadays?”
“…. Indonesia will soon be able to overcome its economic problem very soon.”
A. Whether B. where C. that D. In case E. Why
15. “What does the announcement say?”
“…. Get their money back.”
A. Depositors of the liquidated bank D. Will the depositors of the liquidated bank
B. About Depositors of the liquidated bank who will E. That Depositors of the liquidated bank will
C. Which of the Depositors of the liquidated bank will
16. Different interpretations on the same event by various newspaper … readers confused and angry.
A. to make B. make C. makes D. they make E. it makes
19. … is a beautiful island rich in culture has been confirmed by tourists from around the world.
A. Bali B. If Bali C. How Bali D. Whether Bali E. That Bali
20. “what is the most worrying effect of the economic crisis?”
“ … children are deprived of nutritious food necessary for physical and intellectual development.”
A. Why B. What C. When D. That E. which
21. “Can you turn on this electric stove?” “I’m sorry. I don’t know … .”
A. Operating it B. how to operate it C. he way operating it D. it is operated what E. is operated

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UNIT 12: CONCORD:
SINGULAR – PLURAL
Uncountable Nouns:
- Abstraction: beauty, sadness,… - Fluids: milk, water, …
- Natural Phenomena: weather,… - Solid: bread, ice, butter, …
- Gases: steam, air, smoke, … - Particles/grain: rice, chalks, …
- Languages: Chinese,Spanish,… - Recreation: tennis, chess, …
Whole group made up of similar things: clothing, garbage, …

1. Uncountable Nouns and Gerund are always singular, except when preceded by expression of quantity.
Ex: sugar is sweet two kilos of sugar are Rp. 10.000
Swimming is healthy
2. With an expression of quantity:
Singular: each, every, the number, a little, much, a great deal
Plural: a couple of, a number of, both, several, a few, a lot of, plenty of, many, most, all
Note: meskipun quantity nya mempunyai makna plural, tetapi bila diikuti uncountable noun, tetap
singular.
Ex: There is a lot of sugar There are a lot of students
3. Noun + preposition + … Noun + Adj. Clause
Noun + to inf + … Fraction/pecahan +Noun
The noun takes singular or plural predicates depends on the noun itself and not affected by the preposition/to
inf/ [Link]/fraction
Ex: The books in my desk are about English
The task to be done by the students is about English.
The students who study in my school are nice.
Forty percent of the world oxygen is produced in Amazon valley.
Forty percent of the students come/comes from poor families.
Exercises on Concord
Choose the best answer
1. About ten of the Earth’s land area or nearly 5.8 million square miles … by glacial ice.
A. are covered C. to be covered E. is covered
B. has covered D. had covered
2. The instability of the economic and political condition … the majority of the Indonesian people to live in
poverty.
A. Causes C. it causes E. to cause
B. have caused D. causing
3. The news on the local radio stations as well as in the newspapers … that the riots have spread to other place
in the city.
A. to be confirmed C. confirm E. confirms
B. is confirmed D. are confirmed
4. “The hotel is suffering a great loss.”
“Yes, only ten percent of their rooms …”
A. being occupied C. is occupied E. are occupied
B. occupied D. they are occupied
5. The office building, as well as several houses, … completely damaged by the bomb explosion.
A. Was C. it was E. to be
B. they were D. were
6. The burden of economic problems … the majority of Indonesia people.
A. have been frustrated C. has frustrated E. deeply frustrate
B. are frustrated D. it is deeply frustrating
7. To face the globalization era in 2020, improvement in all sectors of the economy …
A. highly necessitated C. are necessarily high E. is highly necessitated
B. are highly necessitated D. the necessity is very high
8. “What has made these tourist resorts so unattractive now?”
“The poor maintenance of … facilities.”
A. It B. its C.. theirs D. Their E.. they
9. “Have you been informed about the exact number of victims of the airplane crash?”
A. they are faxed C. the victims fax E. we fax it
B. has faxed D. it has been faxed
10. “what makes you so sad about the current reform movement in Indonesia?”
“. … bad effect on Indonesia’s economy.”
A. It B. its C.. one’s D. People’s E. their
English Learning Program 37
Empowering Human
Miscellaneous Exercises
1. A number of students … complaining about the test.
A. Is B. be C. been D. Are E. being
[Link] is a drug … from the seeds and leaves of a plant with the same name and is used as a cardiac
stimulant.
A. Prepares C. is prepared E. which prepared
B. which prepares D. which is prepared
3. Having read the document carefully, …
A. the manager signed it D. the document is signed by the manager
B. it was signed by the manager E. the manager’s signature was affixed
C. the document that is signed by the manager
4. A: I think we’re going to be here for a while
B: But we … in line for almost an hour!
A. are standing C. stand C. have been standing D. have stood E. were standing
5. Do you think … by the time we return to this country next year?
A. they will get married D. they will have got married E. will they get married
B. will they have got married E. will they get married
6. Had he handed in the application letter earlier, he … to join the interview test last week.
A. would be allowed C. would have been allowed E. will have been allowed
B. was being allowed D. was allowed
7. When Tomoko, a Japanese student, was asked … of the museum, she quickly replied that it had taught her
a great deal about the history of Kraton Jogja.
A. what did she think C. if she was thinking E. about thinking
B. what she did think D. what she thought
8. Between the Rockies and the Pacific lie plateaus and mountains … the driest parts of the United States are
situated.
A. Which B. where C. whose D. That E. of which
9. The woman with the red umbrella … to see you since 8 o’clock this morning. Can you see her now?
A. is B. was C. has been D. are E. have been
10. The problems of most developing countries is that the rapidly … population is not supported by a strong
economy.
A. grows B. grow [Link] grow D. growing E. grown
11. His car, … from the back, crashed into a very deep ravine
A. hit B. to be hit C. to be hitting D. to hit E. hitting
12. Andra with Rhea …. to watch the movie tonight
A. is going to B. are going to C. went D. have gone E. has gone
13. A … river is not safe for swimming.
A. polluting B. polluted C. pollutes D. is polluted E. to pollute
14. A symbol of royal prosperity in the past, the old castle, … firmly on the island shore, is frequently visited
by foreign tourists.
A. stand B. standing C. are standing D. stood E. to stand
7. The importance of the laser lies un the great variety of its uses and the great number of benefits …in the
field of medicine.
A. is expected B. expected C. it expected D. expecting E. to expect
8. “Whose car is that?
“You mean the one … in front of the bookstore?”
A. parking B. it parks C. to park D. to be parked E. parked
9. The office building, as well as several houses, …completely damaged by the bomb explosion.
A. was B. they were C. to be D. it was E. were
10. The manager was frustrated when he learnt of the … results of the training course.
A. disappointment C. disappoint C. disappointed D. disappointingly E. disappointing

ERROR CORRECTION: Find the word which is not suitable in each sentence.
1. My parents made me to promise to write them once a week.
2. I don’t mind to have a roommate.
3. Most students want return home as soon as possible.
4. When I went shopping last Saturday, I saw a man to drive his car onto the sidewalk.
5. I asked my roommate to let me to use his shoe polish.
6. To learn about another country it is very interesting.
7. I don’t enjoy to play card games.

English Learning Program 38

Empowering Human
8. I heard a car door to open and closing.
9. I had my friend to lend me his car.
10. I tried very hard to don’t make any mistakes.
11. You should visit my country. It is too beautiful.
12. The music director tapped his baton for beginning the rehearsal.
13. Some people prefer save there money to spend it.
14. The task of find a person who could help us wasn’t difficult.
15. All of us needed to went to the cashier’s window.
16. I am looking forward to go to swim i9n the ocean.
17. When your planting a garden, it’s important to be known about soils.
18. My mother always make me to be slow down if she think I am driving to fast.
19. One of our fights ended up with me having to sent to the hospital for getting stitches.

Check Your Understanding !

The view that woman are better parents than men has shown itself to be true throughout history. This
is not to say that men are not of importance in child- rearing; indeed, they are most necessary if children are
appropriate fully the roles of both sexes. But women have proven themselves superior parents as a result of
their conditioning, their less aggressive nature and their generally better communication skills.
From the time they are little girls, females learn about nurturing. First with dolls and later perhaps
with younger brothers and sisters , girl are given the role of carer . girl s are given the role of carer. Girls see
their mothers in the same roles and so it is natural that they identify this as a female activity. Boys, in contrast,
learn competitive roles far removed from what it means to nurture. While boys may dream of adventures, girls
conditioning means they tend to see the future in terms of raising families.
Girls also appear to be less aggressive than boys. In adulthood, it is men , not women, who prove to
be the aggressors in crime and in war. Obviously, in raising children, a more patient, gentle manner is
preferable to amore aggressive one. Although there certainly exist gentle men and aggressive women ,by and
large , female are less likely to resort to violence in attempting to solve problems.
Finally, women tend to be better communicators than men. This is showing intelligence tests, where
females, on average, do better in verbal communication than males. Of course, communication is of utmost
importance in rearing children, as children tend to learn from and adopt the communication styles of their
parents.
Thus, while it is all very well to suggest a greater role men in children. Let us not forget that women
are generally better suited to the parenting role (SPMB 2004)
1. The main information of the text is about …
A. the importance of men and women in child rearing
B. the reluctance of men to play the role of parents
C. the reason why women are better parents than men
D. the superior role of women in a family
E. the different attitudes of men and women as parents
2. As parents, women in general play more important role than men because they are ….
A. not aggressive at all C. good communicators E. superior human beings
B. experienced in raising children D. capable of solving problems
3. Most women are good mothers because …
A. have brothers and sisters with whom they play
B. had to learn about nurturing when they were children
C. have never dreamed of adventures like boys
D. are not learn about competitive roles
E. have known the role of career since childhood
4. The following are the general characteristics of men, EXCEPT …
A. aggressive C. Adventures E. Impatient
B. Irresponsible D. Have known the role of carer since childhood
5. According to the text which of the following statements is TRUE about parents in general?
A. children love their mothers more than they love their fathers
B. all fathers tend to be aggressive and violent towards their chidden
C. mothers play a greater role in the education of their children
D. even gentle fathers are unable to communicate with children
E. there is no communication between fathers and their children
English Learning Program 39
Empowering Human
TEXT 2
Tomatoes are full of nutrients and are an especially good source of antioxidant. In fact, one serving of tomato
will give you 40% of your recommended daily allowance of vitamin C. Diets and rich in fruit and vegetables
are associated with lower risks of many diseases and a diet which includes high intake of tomatoes has been
shown to protect against prostate cancer. Tomatoes are by far the richest source of lycopene, a powerful
antioxidant, which gives the tomato its red colour. No other food contains this high level of antioxidant.
Lycopene is highest in process ed tomato foods., such as tomato puree, because they are concentrated.

[Link] topic of the above paragraph is …

A. the way to prevent getting various disease D. the functions of antioxidant vitamins
B. the content of lycopene in tomatoes E. the recommended diets for healthy people
C. the benefit of including tomatoes in our diets
7. From the text we may conclude that ..
A. only tomatoes are the source of a powerful antioxidant called lycopene
B. lots of tomatoes in the diet can prevent prostrate cancer
C. foods rich in vitamin C can cure may disease
D. the best source of antioxidant s is vegetables
E. processed fruits are much better than fresh fruits

TEXT 3
While fats have lately acquired a bad image , one should not forget how essential they are. First provide the
body’s means of storing energy, a far more efficient energy source than either carbohydrate or proteins. They
act as insulation against cold or cushioning for the internal organs, and as lubricants. Without fats, energy
would have no way to utilize fat-soluble vitamins. Furthermore, some fats contain fatty acids that contain
necessary growth factors and help with the digestion of other foods.

8. The topic of paragraph is …

A. the negative things about fats D. the energy stored in fats
B. the utilization of fat-soluble vitamins E. the functions of fats in our body
C. the content of fats in general
9. The following are the functions of fat, EXCEPT …
A. increasing people’s energy D. enabling utilization of fat soluble vitamins
B. reducing the possibility of catching a cold E. helping people with the digestion of food
C. producing fatty acids used as lubricants

TEXT 4
We all have certain qualities which according to our environment, develop in a positive or negative manner.
…10), selfishness may emerge as unselfishness, kindness and become cruelty and ask of consideration for
others, and a …11) constructive person may, though frustration, become …12) and so on. The existing
characteristics with which we were born can , therefore, through …13) and good or bad training, become
something superficially different, and so apparently contradict the astrologer’s … 14) of the character. Yet the
true character will be buried deep under these traits.

10. A. besides B. otherwise C. thus D. despite E. moreover

11. A. natural B. naturalist C. naturalistic D. naturally E. naturalize
12. A. destruction B. destructive C. destructible D. destructively E. destructiveness
13. A. area B. region C. district D. environment E. neighbourhood
14. A. description B. connection C. introduction D. subscription E. implementations

15. “Have you checked where most of the seminar come from?”
“Oh yes, two-thirds of them … from various parts of Java.”
A. are coming B. comes C. they come D. to come E. come
16. Being members of a team in a debate contest, you are all supposed … emotional responses to the opposite
team.”
A. don’t give C. you are not giving E. not giving
B. that you don’t give D. not to give
17. “Why don’t you want Amir to be the team leader?”
“Well, I don’t like … people around.”
A. his ordering C. why he orders E. he is ordering
B. he orders D. with his ordering
English Learning Program 40
Empowering Human
18. Although there is a vacancy for an experienced receptionist at the Ratna Hotel, I am not
interested in applying for it because the pay is not so good’ moreover …
A. the working condition is quite good D. it gives incentives to motivate workers
B. there is no promise for advancement E. there are no job opening at all
C. the pay includes various allowance
19. “I am tired of watching that movie, there is too much violence.”
“I agree.’ … the channel?”
A. I should change C. Would we rather change E. I must change
B. Shall I change D. Had I better change
20. “Do you often go to restaurants?”
“No, it … quite a long time since I went to a restaurant with my friends.”
A. has been B. would be C. is being D. was E. had been
21. If Angga had chosen to play football instead of going to Puncak with his friends on their
motorbikes, he would not have got that terrible accident.
From the above sentence we may conclude that now Angga is …
A. enjoying the holiday C. hospitalized E. very tired
B. still at the football match D. in puncak
22. “Anti’s wedding dress is really beautiful.”
“I heard that she had hr sister design it.”
This implies that Anti’s sister …
A. is going to get married D. has a beautiful e\wedding dress
B. is a very good designer E. has a beautiful sister
C. is having the wedding dress designed
23. “Last night a thief broke into my brother’s house.”
“Really? What …from the house?”
A. he took B. it was taken C. was being taken D. was taking E. was taken
24. these tourists, … are Japanese, were among the crowd participating in the “dangdut”dance.
A. there are many C. many of them E. whose many
B. many of whom D. they who
25. “I heard that the thieves managed to take your electronics.”
“Well, not only the electronics …”
A. as well as my precious jewellery D. but they took my precious jewellery
B. and also my precious jewellery E. but also my precious jewellery
C. and they took my precious jewellery

UJIAN SARINGAN MASUK STAN TAHUN 2001

Petunjuk Umum
1. Jawaban benar bernilai 4 (empat); jawaban salah bernila –1 (minus 1); tidak menjawab bernilai 0 (nol)

SOAL BAHASA INGGRIS

PART ONE: READING COMPREHENSION
Passage I
Throughout history people have been the victims of pickpockets Today, pick pocketing is the one of
the most rapidly increasing crimes. Pickpockets are increasing in a number and developing better methods to
practice their skill. Approximately one million Americans lose money to pickpockets, every year, and no one
is really safe from a skilled pickpocket. His victims, or ‘’marks’’ as they are called, can be rich or poor, young
or old.
During the 18TH century, pickpockets were hanged in England. Large crowds of people would gather
to watch the hanging, which was supposed to be a warning to other pickpockets. However, in tame the
practice was discontinued the reason; while people were attentively watching the hanging of a pickpocket,
other pickpockets skillfully stole the money of the spectators;
Police official say that the most efficient pickpockets come from South America. Many of these
expert pickpockets are trained in special School’’. A pickpocket graduates from J, B, S when he is able to
steal a wallet from a dressed dummy [mannequin] that the bells inside the pockets!
Even the most well-dressed, respectable person may be a pickpocket. Some of the favourite places of
the pickpockets are banks, airports, racetracks, supermarkets, elevators, and train and bus station. Oftentimes
a pickpocket will work with another pickpocket as his partner. Another kind of pickpocket works outside or
inside bars and specializes in stealing from person who have had to much alcohol to drink. The pickpocket
that specializes in stealing from women is called a ‘’purse snatcher’’
To avoid being the victims of a pickpocket, it is important to be very cautious and alert when in the midst of a
large gatherings of people.
English Learning Program 41
Empowering Human
31. The best title for the passage would be:
A. Pickpockets are well dressed C. Jingle Bell School
B. Pickpockets D. The hanging of pickpockets
32. The hanging of pickpockets were not continued because ---
A. they were large crowds of people C. it was against humanity
B. the police were not at the hanging D. it was no effective to stop pick pocketing
33. Pick pocketing is a … crime.
A. an old C. a modern
B. a temporary D. a contemporary
34. The passage mentions that pickpockets steal in/from the following, except:
A. crowded places C. Drunkard
B. the shops D. women
35. South American pickpockets are the most efficient one because …
A. they are well trained C. they are handsome
B. they are well dressed D. they are respectable

Passage 2
Siberia (called Sibir in Russian) lies in Northern Asia. It is roughly divided into three areas: the central
Siberian uplands (with high plateaus that extend from Lena to the Yenisey rivers), the west Siberian lowlands
(with forest and grasslands that stretch from Yenissey river to the Ural Mountains), and the east Siberian
highlands (containing Mount Klyuchevskaya, Siberia’s highest point).
While most Siberians now are White Russians, some descendants of the original Mongolian settlers remain
in the area. The Mongolians have long been noted for raising livestock, including goats and reindeer.

36. The best title for this paragraph may be …

A. the people of Siberia C. Siberia Agriculture
B. Russians in Siberia D. An introduction to Siberia
37. The passage most likely would be found in which of the following?
A. a Russian history book C. an encyclopaedia
B. a travel brochure D. a sociology textbook
38. According to the passage, which of the following is true of Mount Klyuchevskaya?
A. It is the highest mountain in Russia
B. It is the central Siberian highlands
C. It has the highest elevation of any places in Siberia
D. All of the above
39. Which of the following is a mountain range that may be found in Siberia?
A. Klyuchevskaya C. Lena
B. Yenesey D. Ural

PART TWO: VOCABULARY AND IDIOM

40. He … to get some cards for his birthday, but none arrived.
A. Promised B. expected C. assumed D. supposed
41. …, please. I’ll see if Mr. Karim is in.
A. hang up B. hold on C. ring off D. ring up
42. What … did you get for English composition?
A. Figure B. mark C. number D. sign
43. I am afraid I haven’t got time to … the matter.
A. go into B. look for C. turn into D. clean out
44. All medicine should be kept out of … of children.
A. Hand B. touch C. Contact D. reach
45. After listening to his mother’s … words, the baby stopped crying.
A. Comfort B. comforting [Link] D. comfortable
46. I think George was rather … when he said those to hurt Sally’s feeling.
A. Miserly B. cruel C. greedy D. envious
47. The thieves escapes from the police through the service exit.
A. got away B. got over C. got up D. got to
48. He has an adequate opportunity to change his mind. The opposite of the underlined word is …
A. abundant B. enough C. redundant D. insufficient
49. They were hesitant to move because they could not get a good price for their old house.
A. Incessant B. negligent C. reluctant D. disturbed
50. He was frustrated by his … to obtain a driving licence.
A. Disabled B. unable C. inability D. enable
[Link] wishes he … to Ikranegara’s play on the 39th of November last year.
A. had gone B. went C. has gone D. were going
English Learning Program 42
Empowering Human
52. The customer had the shoes …before six o’clock in the evening.
A. Delivers B. deliver C. delivered D. delivering
53. The government will make the businessman … his loan.
A. Pays B. pay C. would pay D. to pay
54. Sumbawa is not quite fertile, … it is very good for breeding cattle.
A. Since B. as C. yet D. for
55. Ima advised … the second-hand car.
A. her friend to not purchase C. her friend not to purchase
B. her friend does not purchase D. her friend will not purchase
56. Only after food has been dried and canned …
A. that it should be stored for later consumption
B. should be stored for later consumption
C. should it be stored for later consumption
D. it should be stored for later consumption
57. The living room was … that I had to move to another room to continue my reading.
A. much noisy B. too noisy C. so noisy D. very noisy
58. In many ways, riding a bicycle is similar to …
A. the driving of motorcycle C. when you drive a motorcycle
B. driving a motor bike D. when driving a motorbike
59. Dinna didn’t like our new roommate, and …
A. I don’t either B. Neither I did C. neither did I D. I didn’t also
60. Fast food restaurant have become popular because many working people want …
A. to eat quickly and cheaply C. eating quickly and cheaply
B. eat quickly and cheaply D. the eat quickly and cheaply

UJIAN SARINGAN MASUK STAN TAHUN 2002

(Soal no 151 – 157 mengacu pada bacaan berikut)

PREPARED FOR THE WORST
Just outside Yokohama stadium, several hundred policemen stare down. “Quite down” booms a voice, in
English, Spanish and Japanese, over the Loudspeaker. “Disperse immediately ‘‘ Some 50 screaming
“hooligans” faces painted and armed with burning wooden sticks, throw chairs back at the front line.
Firecrackers explode all around. An electric billboard flickers the same warning. The rioters grow only more
frightening. Suddenly water cannons appear and within minutes the last persistent “thug” is knocked on the
ground. Another Japanese dress rehearsal for world Cup 2002 has ended in success and without casualties.
As Asia opens its arms to the world’s best teams and nearly 1 million of their supporters, it is keeping
another set of arms firmly braced to combat hooliganism. Fearing a repeat of Marseilles 1998, where nearly
50 were arrested and 30 injured in clashes between England and Tunisian supporters, Japan and South Korea
have taken every precaution. But while South Korea has decades of experience in quelling aggressive
demonstrations including rampant pro0democracy rallies in the 1980s-Japan has virtually had to learn from
scratch. To add its troubles, Japan was unlucky winner chosen to host England, the team most infamous for its
hooligans.
So far, the crash course has gone well. Since 1998 Japanese officials have toured Europe and South
America, consulting top football authorities to learn how to fight against the game’s main malady and to train
in the art of “spotting” locating potential troublemakers in a crowd of football supporters. And the best in the
world are lending a hand; about 199 of the world’s top spotters from 4 different countries are expected to
attend World Cup 2002 to assist local authorities.
(Beith & Takayama, Newsweek, June 3rd , 2002)

151. The crash mentioned in Paragraph 1 …

A. is an actual event in Yokohama
B. in an outrageous moment ever happened in Japan
C. is a rehearsal prepared for World Cup 2002
D. was unsuccessful precaution for World Cup 2002
152. Japan … to host England
A. has deliberately chosen C. was unfortunately given a chance
B. is practically experienced D. is the winner of all
153. Japan and South Korea have to take every precaution because …
A. they want to educate the public
B. they don’t want to repeat the tragedy four years ago
C. they want to warn all hooligans
D. they are not confident enough to be the host of World Cup 2002
154. How many casualties in clashes between England and Tunisia supporters in 1998?
A. 50 B. 80 C. 30 D. none of the above
English Learning Program 43
Empowering Human
155. Spotting means …
A. to be a good host or World Cup 2002
B. to arrest football troublemakers hat could potentially become hooligans
C. to combat hooligans during a football match
D. to locate potential troublemakers in a crowd of football supporters
156. Which term is the text refers to hooligan’s very bad reputation?
A. Thug B. infamous C. Rampant D. malady
157. If everything in the text is true, then the police officers should be careful to confiscate things upon entry
to a football match, except …
A. Knives B. T-shirts C. Bottles D. Long umbrellas

Soal no. 158 - 161 mengacu pada bacaan berikut.

Canteen Assistant Wanted

A reliable hard working person, preferably with cooking experience, is required to assist in the canteen of our
modern expanding history. Hours will be 8.30 am 0 2 pm, Monday – Friday. We offer $5820 p.a plus
commission $20 per week and good working condition . Ring or write to:
Mr. Sasmita.
W&e stan Ltd.
Bintaro Raya Sektor 7
Jakarta,Tel. 7361655

158. A canteen assistant will get net salary about … per month.
A. $565 B. $505 C. $585 D. $485
159. From the advertising we know that …
A. no experience is OK to apply
B. only cook is required
C. only experienced applicant in cooking is required
D. only diploma graduate should apply
160. According to the advertising …
A. you must send your application to the factory in formal writing
B. you have to come and hand over your application
C. you can make appointment for interview by phone
D. fax your application immediately
161. We can conclude that …
A. take this job and you will work like a dog
B. you have no time to take any courses because you are very busy
C. Saturday & Sunday will be hard days for working
D. You can still play football every afternoon with your friends

PART TWO: STRUCTURE AND USAGE

Pilihlah jawaban yang paling tepat untuk mengisi titik-titik

162. Efi was shocked as though …

A. she was a ghost C. she has seen a ghost
B. she had seen a ghost D. she was seeing a ghost
163. I would rather they … their obligation right now.
A. Pays C. pay
B. has been paying paid D. paid
164. Linda is considering … to the Deep Purple’s concert.
A. not going C. not to go
B. not go D. not goes
165. If Jack’s wife won’t agree to sign the papers …
A. neither won’t he C. he won’t neither
B. neither he will D. neither will he
166. Could you please tell me …
A. where is the STAN secretariat?
B. Where the STAN secretariat?
C. Where the STAN secretariat is?
D. Where did the STAN secretariat?
167. The Titanic … four days when a huge iceberg was suddenly spotted.
A. Sailed C. was sailing
B. has sailed D. had been sailing

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Empowering Human
168. You want to tell your repeated action in the past, you say: When I was a child, …?
A. I would visit my grandparents every weekend
B. I could visit my grandparents every weekend
C. I might visit my grandparents every weekend
D. I should visit my grandparents every weekend
169. Mrs. Effie … if she had been delayed.
A. would call C. will call
B. would have called D. will be calling
170. A company will not … if its employees are unhappy.
A. Prosper C. prosperity
B. Prosperous D. prospering
171. According to him, watching a football game is as interesting as …
A. the playing of basketball C. when he plays basketball
B. playing basketball D. when playing basketball
172. I didn’t hear … because there as too much noise where I was sitting.
A. what said C. what did he say
B. what he said D. what was he saying
173. The assignment for Friday is to write … about World Cup 2002.
A. a five-hundred-word composition C. a five-hundred-words composition
B. a five-hundreds-words composition D. a five-hundreds-word composition
174. She said that she would rather not … it right now.
A. Discussing C. discuss
B. to discuss D. discussion
175. Let’s go to the stadium,…?
A. will we C. are we
B. don’t we D. shall we
176. It was very … of you to send me information promptly.
A. Consideration C. considerate
B. Considerable D. considering
177. He put his trophy … the window.
A. near to C. next
B. near D. next to
178. I am going to the technical meeting , and …
A. so does Indra C. so is Indra
B. so goes Indra D. Indra is so
179. After seeing the movie Jurrasic Park,…
A. the book was read by many people C. the book made many people want to read
B. many people want to read the book D. the reading of the book interested many people.
180. Almost everyone fails … on the first try.
A. in passing the driver’s test
B. to pass the driver’s test
C. to have pass the driver’s test
D. pass the driver’s test
181. … is necessary for the development of strong bones and teeth.
A. it is calcium C. calcium
B. that calcium D. although calcium

Part Three: Vocabulary and Idiom

182. I don’t mind where we go. Let’s just …about Senayan Park for a while.
A. Travel C. voyage
B. wander D. wonder
183. The dollar exchange rate isn’t too … just now. Let’s change our money next week.
A. Faithful C. favourite
B. favour D. favourable
184. If you try long enough , you are … to succeed.
A. Bone C. bound
B. bind D. band
185. Tina wouldn’t give Joshua his toy back so he took it from her by …
A. hard C. strong
B. power D. force
186. The smell of the breakfast cooking … him to get up.
A. Enhanced C. enervated
B. enticed D. emulated

English Learning Program 45

Empowering Human
187. He tried to … the river by swimming.
A. go about C. go over
B. go through D. go after
188. Amin Rais is obviously a man of …
A. metal C. meddle
B. mete D. mettle
189. Please don’t ask me about …, I am truly faithful to our president.
A. Honesty C. loyalty
B. trustworthiness D. sympathy
190. The football game will start soon and the stadium is … with people.
A. Teeming C. timing
B. teaming D. taming
191. Sukarno’s ideas written in the Indonesian movement book have … the progress of the Indonesian
democracy.
A. Stimulated C. discouraged
B. encourages D. encountered
192. The company decided to get … one of its branches.
A. over with C. through with
B. rid of D. out of
193. A police officer has the … to give you a ticket for a traffic violation.
A. Authority C. privilege
B. generosity D. requirement
194. I was surprised because I didn’t … such a warm welcome from her family.
A. Realize C. anticipate
B. concentrate D. exercise
195. Ah! I found our tickets. Here …
A. we are C. are they
B. they are D. these are
196. Many people consider Egypt’s pyramids very remarkable and puzzling ancient monuments.
A. Unusual C. ordinary
B. arable D. beautiful
197. The main program of the ruling party is to eradicate poverty and illiteracy.
A. Enhance C. expose
B. advise D. vanish
198. The police officers arrested Tommy successfully by tracing his phone number.
A. Detained C. mingled
B. banged D. bring
199. Seroja Veterans are Veterans who have fought for independence and preserved the sovereignty of the
Republic of Indonesia in East Timor (Timor Leste).
A. Developed C. guarded
B. filled D. claimed
200. The BNN is conducting far-reaching research to determine the psychological effects of using drugs.
A. Extensive C. refined
B. prevalent D. tentative

UJIAN SARINGAN MASUK STAN TAHUN 2003

no. 151 s.d. 155 mengacu kepada bacaan berikut.

As with so much of this disease, scientists still don’t know much why SARS seems to spread at
varying rate in different areas, but this might be the result of the influence of so – called superspereaders,
infected individuals who appear to be much more contagious than the average SARS patient. Almost 100
SARS cases in Singapore can be traced to a 26 – year old flight attendant who imported the disease from
Hong Kong. In this city, the two major outbreaks – in the Prince of Wales Hospital and the Amoy Gardens
housing estate – were almost certainly triggered by a pair of superspreaders. “We don’t know how SARS
spread,” says Dr. Balaji Sadavisan, Minister of State at Singapore’s Ministry of Health,” but we have drawn
the conclusion that some people don’t seem to spread it to a lot.” Worried health officials know that each of
Asia’s super cities is single superspreaders away from another outbreak.
That means identifying potential superspreaders is vital to halting SARS – except that scientists do
not know what makes superspreaders super. “That the $64.000 question,” says Dr. Osman David Mansoor,a
WHO scientist. “It’s probably a spectrum of biological variation.” That means genetic aberrations within
patients – which could help explain why some SARS sufferers barely show symptoms while others become
mortally ill – or within the viruses themselves. Even though doctors are now almost certain that , the novel
corona virus first discovered by the university of Hong Kong (UHK) is the primary cause of SARS, the total
number of isolated corona viruses in patient is quite still low. “So it’s difficult to compare in terms of
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genomic arrangement whether those with a high transmissibility actually have some changes in genetic
material,” says Dr. K.Y. Yuen, a microbiologist at HKU.
(Bran Walsh. What Makes Superspreaders? Hong kong, 2003.)

151. According to the text superspreader is …

A. a corona virus C. a SARS patient
B. an infected person D. a biological variation
152. The rate of SARS spreading in different areas is …
A. constant C. stable
B. versatile D. various
153. According to the text, what is essential in stopping the SARS?
A. identifying potential superspreaders
B. explaining a spectrum of biological variation
C. explaining what makes a superspreaders super
D. isolating patients
154. Aberration means …
A. mental lapse C. genetic deviation
B. personal health D. normal development
155. The word “those” refers to …
A. superspreaders C. patients
B. microbiologist D. doctors

Soal no. 156 s.d. 160 mengacu kepada bacaan berikut.

Through much of the early history of science it was assumed that all the planets are inhabited. For example in
the eighteenth century, Johan Elert Bode of Germany drew attention to the systematic spacing of planets –
what is known as Bode’s Law- and proposed that there are also systematic differences among the people
living in these various bodies. Bode’s law says that spacing between the planet’s orbit tend to double with
each step outward from the sun. Thus the interval between the orbits of the earth and the Mars, the next planet
out from the sun, is roughly twice that between Earth and Venus, whose orbit lies inside that of the Earth.
Likewise, the –planets are composed of lighter material as one moves outward from the sun, and
Bode said this progression applied as well to the spirits of their inhabitants. The philosopher Immanuel Kant
elaborated on this idea. Because Mercury is to near to the sun hence, so hot, he said,” its residents are in
primitive moral state, whereas the inhabitants of Jupiter are in superior state of advancement

156. Bode thought that the planet …

A. contained life C. had no life
B. were without people D. were populated with spirit
157. The major idea of these paragraphs is …
A. the distance between the Earth and Mars
B. the spiritual life of the people on the planets
C. the systematic relationship of the planets
D. the relationship of the planets to the Earth
158. The results of work done by scientists are often called
A. orbits C. proposals
B. intervals D. laws
159. In these paragraphs, elaborates means …
A. decorate C. move
B. expand D. work
160. According to Kant, why are Jupiter’s inhabitants spiritually advanced?
A. the planet is hot C. the planet is cold
B. the planet is superior D. the planet is moral

Soal no. 161 s.d. 175 mengacu kepada bacaan berikut.

161. Jim said that he wouldn’t mind … for an hour.

A. to wait for her C. waiting for her
B. wait for her D. for waiting her
162. He’s already read the letter, …?
A. hasn’t he C. doesn’t he
B. isn’t he D. has not he
163. I’d rather you …anything about it for the time being.
A. Do C. don’t
B. didn’t do D. didn’t
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164. The light is out in her room; she …
A. must go to bed C. must gone to bed
B. must have gone to bed D. must be gone to bed
165. Please write out the answers to the questions at the end of
A. fourth page C. page four
B. four page D. page the four
166. He has been sitting in the library every night … the four months.
A. Since C. before
B. Until D. for

167. I am worried about the test, and …

A. also is he C. he is so
B. so is he D. so he does
168. Of the two cars my father bought …
A. the most expensive C. the least expensive
B. the least expensive D. the one most expensive
169. I should … because his grades are poor.
A. force my second son study C. insist on my second son studying
B. make my second son study D. tell my second son study
170. Pranadjaja contributed a great deal to Indonesian music by
A. singing, teaching and lecturing C. singing, as a teacher and lecturing
B. singing, a teacher and lecturing D. singing, teaching, and as a teacher
171. Not until a monkey is several years old … to exhibit signs of independence from its mother.
A. it begins C. and begins
B. does it begin D. beginning
172. She went to the office by taxi, but she … by bus.
A. might have gone C. could have gone
B. should have gone D. ought to have gone
173. Consult … for question about SARS.
A. the two index C. index numbering two
B. second index D. index two
174. I am now … tea without sugar.
A. accustomed to drink C. accustomed to drinking
B. have the custom to drink D. accustoming to drink
175. I found the mathematic problem to be … .
A. exceedingly difficult C. rather difficult
B. real difficult D. very much difficult

Untuk soal no. 176 s.d. 10, Pilihlah kata atau frase yang menyebabkan kalimat tersebut salah.

176. The article is interesting, informative and it is easy to read.

A. Is C. it is
B. Interesting D. to read
177. The people which cheated on the examination had to leave the room.
A. the people C. had to
B. which D. leave
178. He is so slow as he never gets to class on time.
A. Is C. as
B. So D. on
179. The result of the third experiment are even better as the results on the second one.
A. Results C. better
B. Third D. as
180. Don’t forget to register this week so you can vote in the election.
A. to register C. so
B. this week D. can

PART THREE: VOCABULARY

181. Adan didn’t hear the telephone because he was completely … in his reading.
A. Object C. abated
B. Absorbed D. abrupt
182. Tornadoes left several town in a state of …
A. Chasm C. chaos
B. Chaste D. chore

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183. Pictures of the moon show vast … of crates and rock.
A. Expand C. expound
B. Expanses D. extant
184. In general, your test was very good; you only made a few … mistakes.
A. Trivial C. touchy
B. Thrifty D. tilted
185. The situation was so uncontrollable that I can not…
A. put in C. put it off
B. put up with D. put it up
186. I am very thirsty, I would …. A cup of tea.
A. Wish C. like
B. Desire D. fancy
187. She could not make up her … whether to continue or not.
A. Mind C. head
B. Heart D. soul
188. Rami was badly scratched by the cat’s …
A. Fingers C. toes
B. Claws D. nails
189. The soldier was in a hurry and put on his jacket …
A. upside down C. outside in
B. inside down D. sideways on
190. I was blamed for starting the quarrel, but the … was the boy sat next to me.
A. Scapegoat C. felon
B. Culprit D. criminal

Untul soal no 191 – 195, pilihlah jawaban yang tepat untuk mengganti kata yang dicetak dengan huruf besar.

191. The earth is usually represented by a SPHERE.

A. Globe C. cylinder
B. Cube D. ball
192. The criminal INSINUATED that he has been badly treated by the police.
A. denied positively C. argued convincingly
B. suggested indirectly D. stated flatly
193. Those who live by the sword will PERISH by the sword.
A. Breath C. survive
B. Live D. die
194. The police COMELED the prisoner to do exactly as he wished.
A. Forced C. beseeched
B. Allowed D. hired
195. Your mood seems very MEDITATIVE today.
A. Desperate C. stern
B. Thoughtful D. serious

Untul soal no 196 s.d. 200, pilihlah jawaban yang merupakan antonym untuk kata yang digarisbawahi.

196. Preservatives are added to bread to keep it from getting stale

A. old C. scant
B. fresh D. rotten
197. His uncouth manners made everyone at the table uncomfortable.
A. eccentric C. frigid
B. patient D. agreeable
198. I was reluctant to accept the invitation because I was not sure I could find a babysitter.
A. hesitant C. agree
B. willing D. determined
[Link] he has had no formal education, he is a shrewd businessman.
A. stupid C. amateur
B. tyro D. thrifty
200. We moved to Lembang because we loathed the hot weather in Jakarta.
A. heeded C. lifted
B. hated D. loved

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UJIAN SARINGAN MASUK STAN TAHUN 2004
Question no. 146 – 150: Choose the best answer based on the following reading.

Meetings can waste a lot of your time. But you can make your meeting run more smoothly by following a few
simple rules. First, have an agenda. This will help keep you focussed on what is important. Next, decide who
needs to be involved. More people means less efficient discussion. Finally keep the discussion moving. Thank
every speaker as he or she finishes and move on the next speaker. This encourages people to make their
remarks brief.
The problem with meetings is that no one likes, wants, and needs them. Yet, everyone have them.
Meeting are the corporate world’s response to primitive socializing behaviours. People feel more comfortable
in making decisions in groups. They can then share blame if a decision turns out to be the wrong decision.
Sharing credit for a correct decision is not often found in groups. Then individuals tend to remind people of
how persuasive they were in the meeting when the “ right “ decision was made.

146. What is the one way to run a meeting well?

A. watch how your manager runs meetings C. minimize the number of participants
B. Let everyone speak D. Let the group make the decision
147. What is the purpose of a meeting agenda?
A. to allow free discussion C. to keep the speakers organized
B. to send to others in advanced D. to keep focused on important items
148. How should you receive other people’s comments at a meeting?
A. criticize them in public C. give them time as much as they want
B. thank them and move on D. try to keep others from talking
149. The author feels that the meetings …
A. give people the opportunity to socialize C. are an effective tool
B. are cost efficient D. are well-attended
150. In conclusion the author sees …
A. meetings should be held more frequently C. no one should receive credit for their work
B. real work is left to the professional D. all meetings should be in the morning

Question no. 151 0 155: choose the best answer based on the following reading

A little more than a hundred years ago, a scientist in Medford, Massachusetts was trying to help local
industry. Instead of helping local industry, however, he caused a problem with the local environment.
The scientist thought that it would be a good idea to try to develop the silk-making industry in
Medford. He knew that the silk industry in Asia was successful because of the silkworm, a caterpillar that ate
only mulberry leaves. Mulberry trees didn’t grow in Medford, so the scientist decided to work on developing
a type of silk-making worm that would ate the type of tree leaves in Medford.
His plan was to create a worm that was across between the silkworm and another type of imported
worm that would eat the type of leaves around Medford. Unfortunately, his plan did not turn out as he wanted.
He was not able to come up with a silk-producing worm. However, the worms that he imported did like to eat
the leaves of the around Medford

151. The situation in this passage took place approximately …

A. a decade ago C. two decades ago
B. a century ago D. two centuries ago
152. the word “major” in paragraph 1 could be best replaced by
A. military C. huge
B. solvable D. minuscule
153. It can be inferred from the passage that the silk making industry …
A. never got started in Medford C. produced lower quality silk
B. is still being developed D. became quite successful
154. The expression “ a cross between” in paragraph 3 could be best replaced by …
A. an enemy of C. a combination of
B. a predecessor of D. an invention of
155. finally, the scientist considered … a new type of worm.
A. to create C. created
B. creates D. creating

PART TWO: STRUCTURE AND USAGE

156. The view from your house is … from mine.

A. Better C. the better
B. better than D. the best
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157. … of human resources is interviewing applicants
A. director B.. a director [Link] director D. directors
158. Honey is the only form of naturally occurring sugar that … to be refined.
A. does not B. not having C. does not have D. has not
159. Most of books … for accounting today are supplemented with CD ROMS
A. using B. in use C. use of D. are used
160. … remarkable achievement in music, Indra Lesmana is appointed to be the judge for the Indonesian Idol
2004.
A. His B. it was his C. by his D. for his
161. The art of singing is … humanity .
A. as old B. as old as C. old as D. so old
162. A cloud is a dense mass of … water vapour or ice particles.
A. Or B. both C. Whether D. either
163. When … the conference?
A. the director attended C. did the director attended
B. the director will attend D. the director’s attendance
164. … replaced the Franklin half dollar in 1964.
A. the Kennedy half dollar C. the half dollar featured Kennedy
B. on the Kennedy half dollar D. the Kennedy half dollar that
165. If I … you, I’d just go for desert
A. was B. were C. am D. had been

Question no. 166 – 179: Choose the one underlined that cannot be accepted in standard written English.

166. A good models must posses not only nice personality but also a wide variety of skill
A B C D

167. Tropical forests can be find in Southeast Asia countries.

A B C D

168. I am absolutely sure you are capable of pass the

A B C
examination.
D
169. Some of the most disastrous hurricanes occur inside the late summer.
A B C D

170. The research for the book Roots taking Alex Haley twelve years
A B C D
PART THREE: VOCABULARY AND IDIOMS
Question no 171 – 175: Choose one word or phrase which would be best keep the meaning of the original
sentence if it were substituted for the underlined word.

171. Mr Bambang is a co-worker of Mr. Budi.

A. am advocate B. a rival C. disciple D. a colleague
172. Strive for excellence.
A. cooperate with others C. make efforts
B. be patient D. pay well
173. Architects must consider whether their design are likely to be very wet in sudden downpours.
A. Vulnerable B. secured C. Drenched D. exposed
174. The speed of light is used to measure the vast spaces between stars and planets.
A. Empty B. interstellar C. Huge D. infinite
175. Athletes learn to conceal their disappointment when they lose.
A. Disguise B. ignore C. Accept D. regret

Question no. 176 – 180: Choose the opposite meaning of the underlined word.

176. Jono’s university education even gave him a drawback because he’s getting smarter in deceiving his
society for his own benefit.
A. Advantage B. progress C. Opportunity D. benefit
177. It was such an outstanding effort of hers to won that prestigious scholarship.
A. Negative B. noticeable C. Insignificant D. useless
178. You must show your zeal for work, it will please your employer.
A. Powerless B. apathy C. Enthusiasm D. anger
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179. Feeling the suffering of the refugees, the soldiers treated them compassionately during the Iraqi war.
A. Badly B. slowly C. Rudely D. mercilessly
180. A hostile crowd marched their way to town crying out their demand for national reform.
A. Polite B. quiet C. Friendly D. calm

UM UGM 2003
READ THE PARAGRAPH BELOW & FIND THE APPROPRIATE WORDS TO FILL IN THE BLANKS

A popular method of treating exposure to vary cold weather and frostbite is to slowly rewarm the fingers or
toes or to rub them with snow. The best treatment, ---61---, is not slow rewarming but ---62-----rewarming.
Putting the fingers or toes in a warm bath , ---63--- a heating pad, or using a hot water bottle are all good ways
to ---64--- frostbite. Hot drinks to warm the body from within are helpful. One must be careful about burning
the skin, however, ---65--- the affected parts are ---666--- . The temperature of any heat applied should not be
greater than 43 degree Celsius.

61. A. because B. however C. although D. while E. since

62.A. gradual B. steady C rapid D. long E extensive
63. A. applicant B apply C applying D. application E applied
64. A. help B. treat C. endure D. survive E. conquer
65. A. while B. due to C. but D. in order that [Link]
66. A. anaesthetized C. anesthetist E. anesthesia
B. anesthetic D. anaesthetizing
51. “Look at all those broken street lamps.”
“They ….. a long time ago.”
A. should repair C. ought to repair E. must have been repaired
B. should have been repaired D. must be repaired
52.. “Vina had just finished her big dinner when Jody came in, bringing her favourite durian.” We may
conclude that :
A. Vina had durians for her dinner D. Vina and Jody had dinner together
B. Vina must nor have finished her dinner E. Vina would have dinner after eating durians.
C. Vina would most unlikely have durians for dinner
53. This is the room … Churchill was born.
A. That C. in which E. of which
B. which D. whose
54. Windy has stayed with us since his father …
A. sends abroad by his company D. sent abroad by his company
B. was sent abroad by his company E. is sent abroad by his company
C. to be sent abroad by his company.
55. I am looking forward to … you next week.
A. Seeing C. will see E. be seen
B. See D. be seeing
56. The motion picture originated when a series of still photographs were spliced and viewed in rapid
succession … the illusion of movement and continuity.
A. for creation C. to create E. created
B. in the creation of D. to be created by
57. “We need to replace the glass in the picture.”
“ We can go to the shop and … now.”
A. it’s being done C. have done it E. do it
B. have it done D. it’s done
58. “Having seen the movie before, I did not find it as exciting as it had been.” The above sentence means: …
A. the movie is interesting
B. she has watched the film at least twice
C. because the movie was not exciting , she did not watch it again
D. she watched the movie and she did not like it
E. she likes watching movies
59. …… but he is also trustworthy.
A. Ali is not only dependable C. Ali is only not dependable
B. Not only Ali is dependable D. Is Ali not only dependable
C. Not only is Ali dependable
60. The way he talks and smokes … me of his father.
A. Remind C. it reminds E. reminds
B. reminding D. they remind

===000===
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