Physical Science

Physical Science

Quarter 2 – Module 7:
Propagation of Light

CO_Q2_Physical Science SHS

Module 7
Personal Development
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 3: Polarity of Molecules
First Edition, 2020
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Physical Science
Quarter 2 – Module 7:
Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners,
can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions,
directions, exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand
each lesson.
Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-
step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.
Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each

SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you
need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of
the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-
check your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust
that you will be honest in using these.
In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also
provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they
can best help you on your home-based learning.
Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any
part of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and
tests. And read the instructions carefully before performing each task.
If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering
the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.
Thank you.
What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master the Propagation of Light. The scope of this module permits it to be used
in different learning situations. The language used recognizes the varied
vocabulary levels of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard
sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed
to correspond with the textbook you are now using.
This module explains how the energy of light is transferred from one point
to another. The wave and particle models of propagation are explained to have
a clear understanding of this phenomenon.
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. Explain the wave and particle models of light.

2. Describe reflection and refraction in terms of the wave and particle models
of light.
3. Explain the propagation of light using the wave and particle models.
What I Know
Read each item carefully. Choose the letter of the correct answer.
1. Who proposed that light is composed of particles that are traveling

in a straight line?
a. Christiaan Huygens
b. Louis de Broglie
c. Max Planck
d. Sir Isaac Newton
2. Which is a disturbance that travels through a medium and carries energy

from one location to another without transporting matter?
a. crest
b. photon
c. trough
d. wave
1 CO_Q2_Physical Science SHS

Module 7
3. What evidence tells that light is made up of particles traveling in a straight
line?
a. formation of shadows when light hits obstacles
b. inversion of images formed on plane mirrors
c. production of ripples when a penny is dropped to a pond
d. scattering of light rays when they reach a smooth surface
4. Which of the following statements is TRUE of photoelectric effect?

a. Electrons from metals can be dislodged by photons from light.
b. The sun’s light rays travel in waves directly on the electrons of atoms.
c. It proves that light is made up of waves that can remove electrons from
metals.
d. Light energy is composed of several colors with their respective amounts
of energy.
5. Which of the following best describes a photon?

a. Defined as the distance between two successive troughs or crests of a
wave
b. A disturbance that travels from one point to another, accompanied by
energy
c. The relatively small particles of substances that account for their
properties
d. The specific quantity of light that can be absorbed by electrons
to produce photoelectric effect
6. Light waves bounce off when they hit an obstacle, like a mirror.
What phenomenon is shown in this figure?
a. diffraction
b. reflection
c. refraction
d. transmission
7. What forms when light waves bounce off a mirrored surface?

a. image
b. particle
c. photon
d. shadow
8. Which of the following statements is TRUE about refraction?

a. Bending of waves around corners
b. Forming images as light hits an obstacle
c. Bending of light waves as they pass from one medium to another
medium with different refractive indices
d. Travelling of light through a medium such as glass without being
reflected, absorbed, or scattered

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9. The figure below shows the reflection of light rays as they hit a surface,
such as a mirror. What is TRUE about the angle of the reflected ray, r, in
this example?
Incident Reflected
ray ray
a. It is equal to the angle of the incidence ray.

b. It is equal to the sum of the angles of incidence and reflected rays.
c. It is equal to the angle between the incident ray, I, and the plane
of the mirror.
d. It is equal to the angle between the reflected ray, R, and the plane
of the mirror.
10. A student placed a pencil in a glass of water, as in

the figure at the right. Why did the pencil appear to
be broken?
a. Light always travels in a straight line.
b. Light makes the water evaporate into the air.
c. Light reflects the pencil on the water’s surface.
d. Light bends when it passes through changing
medium like air and water.
11. What is the speed of light as it propagates through

space?
8 8 8 8
a.1.0x10 b. 2.0x10 c. 3.0x10 d. 4.0x10
12. How are light waves or electromagnetic (EM) spectrum characterized?

a. The crests and amplitudes of the waves are vibrating.
b. It is composed of light waves with equal amounts of energy.
c. The wavelengths and frequencies are the same for all the waves.
d. It is composed of alternating magnetic and electric fields that oscillate
perpendicular to each other
13. Which is TRUE among the following statements about the properties
of light waves?
a. The frequency is proportional to the energy.
b. The frequency is proportional to the amplitude.
c. The wavelength is proportional to the frequency.
d. The energy of light waves is proportional to the wavelength.

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14. How does absorption of light waves happen?
a. When refracted light rays pass through from less dense to denser
medium
b. When images are formed due to bouncing off of light waves from
smooth surface
c. When the energy of vibration is translated to neighbouring atoms
that results to reemission of light
d. When incident light has the same frequency of vibration as that
of the electrons in the object’s atoms
15. Why do most leaves appear green to our sight?

a. All the colors of white light are absorbed by the leaves.
b. The colors of the light are scattered by the molecules of the green
leaves.
c. Most of the colors of incident white light are reflected from the leaves
except green.
d. The colors of white light are absorbed by the leaves and green waves
are reflected.
Lesson
(Reflection and Refraction) as
1 Explained by the Wave and
Particle Models
What is true of light, is it a wave or a flow of extremely small particles?
This has been the debate of scientists for so long.
Newton concluded in 1700 that light was a group of particles (corpuscular theory)
but at the same time others thought that it was a wave (wave theory).
Light travels in a straight line so Newton believed that it was a flow of particles
coming from a light source. However, it cannot explain wave-like phenomenon
such as diffraction and interference. On the other hand, the wave theory cannot
explain why photons fly out of metal that is exposed to light (known as the
photoelectric effect) which was discovered at the end of the 19th century.
In this manner, the great physicists have continued to debate and demonstrate
the true nature of light over the centuries.
In this lesson, you will learn the different evidences that proved light
can propagate either as a wave or a particle. This lesson will help you understand
how light behaves as a wave and as a particle. A better understanding
of reflection and refraction of light will be gained after going through this module.

Module 7
What’s In
Views on the emergence of colors of light

This simple activity will help you recall what you understood about the views
of Rene Descartes and Sir Isaac Newton on the emergence of colors of light.
Notes to the Teacher

1. This module will help the students remember the views
of Rene Descartes and Sir Isaac Newton on the emergence
of colors of light through prisms.
2. Allow the students to answer each part thoroughly, either
individually or in pairs.
3. Let the students check the answers to each part. Have a
short discussion of the concepts involved after checking.
4. The students will then move to the next part of the
module. They will have the feedback and discussion after
every part.
5. Inputs can be given in addition to the discussion in this
module.
6. Kindly entertain questions for further discussions.
Directions: Part A. Look for the different words associated with the views
on the emergence of colors of light in the Word Search puzzle. You can find them
by running through the words horizontally, vertically, diagonally, going to the
right, going to the left, downward, and upward. Write a straight line across each
word. Copy the organizer in your answer sheet and use it to categorize the words
found in the grids under Descartes and Newton.
Descartes Newton
Note: A photocopy of the puzzle will be given to each student.

Module 7
Emergence of Colors of Light
Part B. Read the article on the emergence of colors of light, as viewed by Rene
Descartes and Sir Isaac Newton. Answer the questions and write your answers
on your answer sheet.
Rene Descartes was the first who studied and explained the concept
of refraction. He used a spherical glass filled with water and sunlight to produce a
rainbow. He explained that refraction brought about the formation of
rainbows. He then used a prism to observe the emergence of colors of light.
He also explained the emergence of colors of light through the concept of

the plenum, the invisible substance that permeated the universe. He visualized
that the plenum was made of tiny rotating balls with the same speed.
Light travelled through this plenum. As the plenum reached the edge of
a prism, the balls changed their rotational speeds resulting in the emergence
of colors.
Sir Isaac Newton also studied the emergence of colors of light through
a prism. He stated that the difference in refraction was due to the differences
in the mass of the colors of light.
Particles of matter also exert equal force to the particles of light. The colors
of light with different mass and inertia will be deflected at varying degrees.
When they passed through an interface of matter, light particles with great mass
and inertia are deflected less when acted upon by the same force of matter.
Questions to answer:
1. Which of the following describes how Rene Descartes viewed the nature of light?
a. Light is a wave.
b. Light is composed of nothing.
c. Light is composed of particles.
d. Light is composed of corpuscles.

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2. Which of the following describes how Sir Isaac Newton viewed the nature
of light?
a. Light is a wave.
b. Light is indivisible
c. Light is composed of particles.
d. Light is composed of white particles.
3. What material did Descartes use as a model of a raindrop to study

the occurrence of a rainbow?
a. prism
b. vacuum
c. water-filled glass cube
d. water-filled glass sphere
4. Which of the following describes the very fine substance that Descartes believed
where light travels on?
a. The very fine substance is composed of tiny balls.
b. The very fine substance is composed of tiny particles.
c. The very fine substance is composed of tiny bits of paper.
d. The very fine substance is composed of tiny specks of dusts.
5. Which of the following describes the force that the particles of a matter exert
to the particles of light?
a. The forces that the particles of a matter exert to the particles of
light are of equal amounts.
b. The forces that the particles of a matter exert to the particles of
light are of varying amounts.
c. The forces that the particles of a matter exert to the particles of
light are of different amounts.
d. The forces that the particles of a matter exert to the particles of
light have no significant amount.
6. Which of the following describes how the colors of light emerge through prism
according to Descartes?
I. The light colors emerge upon passing a prism due to the difference
II. The difference in the inertia of the colors causes the difference of
deflection of each which leads to their emergence upon passing a
prism.
III. The light colors emerge when light particles change the speed of
rotation of the tiny balls that compose the very fine substance where
light travels on.
IV. Upon passing through the slit on the edge of a prism, the tiny
balls on the slit start to rotate, and this rotation causes a change in
the speed of rotation of the neighboring balls, and this change
produces color.
a. I and II c. III and IV

b. II and III d. I and IV

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7. Which of the following describes how colors of light emerge through the prism
according to Newton?
I. Upon passing through the slit on the edge of a prism, the tiny balls
on the slit start to rotate, and this rotation causes a change in the
speed of rotation of the neighboring balls and this change produces
color.
II. The light colors emerge when light particles change the speed of
rotation of the tiny balls that compose the very fine substance where
light travels on.
III. The light colors emerge upon passing a prism due to the difference
IV. The difference in the inertia of the colors causes the difference of
deflection of each which leads to their emergence upon passing a
prism.
a. I and II b. II and III c. III and IV d. II and IV
8. According to Newton, which of the following statements is true?

a. Red deflected the most because it has the most mass.
b. Red deflected the most because it has the least mass.
c. Violet deflected the most because it has the most mass.
d. Violet deflected the most because it has the least mass.
9. Which of the following is true about the mass and inertia of the colors of light?
a. The mass of a color of light does not affect its inertia.
b. The greater the mass of a color of light, the lesser is its inertia.
c. The lesser the mass of a color of light, the greater is its inertia.
d. The greater the mass of a color of light, the greater is its inertia.
10. Arrange the following colors of light according to increasing amount

of deflection when light passes through a prism.
I. blue II. green III. orange IV. Yellow
A. I, II, III, IV
B. IV, II, III, I
C. III, IV, II, I
D. I, IV, III, I
What’s New
Activity 1: Dual Property of Light (A Wave and a Particle)

Analyze the pictures about an experiment showing a beam of monochromatic
(single color) light being focused on a screen with two slits. Describe what
happens to light rays in Fig. A and Fig. B. Complete the table with your
observations.

Module 7
Figure A Figure B
Table 1
Data Table on the Dual Property of Light
Observation Figure A Figure B

1. How light beams pass
through the slits
2. Kind of images
formed
3. Behavior of light
beams
Conclusion: What can be concluded about the nature of light as described in the
two figures?
Activity 2: Complete Me!

Refer to the figures to explain how reflection and refraction are explained by
the wave and particle models of light. Fill up with the appropriate word/s to give
meaning to the paragraphs that follow. Choose from among the words inside the
box to complete each sentence.
refraction force spread changes

bend bounce off slower wavefront
interface reversed particles smooth
Figure 1
Figure 2

Module 7
Reflection and refraction are phenomena that are well-explained by the behaviors
of light. When a source emits light, its dual property can be observed in different
circumstances.
Light, as waves, 1) __________ in all directions when emitted. Upon impacting

a smooth, specular surface, such as a mirror, these waves 2) __________ or reflect
according to the arrival angles. The waves turn back to front as they reflect
producing a 3) __________ image.
On the otherhand, light can also arrive at the mirror surface as a stream of 4)
____________. Since these are very tiny, a huge number are involved
in a propagating light beam. Upon arriving a 5) __________ surface, the particles
bounce off in different points so their order in the beam is reversed resulting
in a reversed image.
A beam of light undergoes 6) __________ when it travels between two media

with different refractive indices.
Light, as waves, 7) __________ direction upon passing from first medium to second
medium. A small portion of each angled 8) ___________ should impact the second
medium before the rest of the front reaches the 9) ___________. This part will travel
along the second medium while the rest of the waves is still travelling in the first
medium. Movement will be 10) __________ through the second medium due
to higher refractive index. Since the wavefronts are travelling at different speeds,
light will 11) ___________ into the second medium, thus, changing the angle
of propagation.
Refracting particles of light should also change direction upon passing between two
media. It is suggested in this theory that a special 12) _________ directed
perpendicular to the interface acts to change the speed of the particles as they
enter the second medium, resulting in bending of light particles.
Activity 3: Match Much!

Directions: Describe what happens to the beam of light in each of the instances.
Match each illustration in Column A with the corresponding description
on Column B. Write the letters on your answer sheet.
Column A Column B
1.
A. When light is incident on surfaces,

it can be reflected, absorbed, or
transmitted.
2.
B. Light rays that fall on opaque objects

are absorbed by the substances and
appear black.

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3. C. Sunlight bumps into a mixture
of particles in the atmosphere.
Scattering of the component
wavelengths depends on the size
of the particles. This gives rise
to the colors that we see in the sky.
4. D. Light waves are incident on a leaf.

All the colors of white light (ROY-G-BIV
except green) are absorbed
by the surface. As such, green
is reflected to our eyes. This is the
reason why this leaf appears green.
5.
E. The colors of light incident on a

transparent material will pass through
the object completely.
6. F. Light consists of two waves

oscillating perpendicular to one
another. One of the waves is a magnetic
field while the other one is an electric
field. It propagates through space at a
speed of 299,792,458 meters per
8
second (3.0 x 10 ).
7.
G. When the colors of light incident on

a surface are reflected the object
appears white.
8.
H. Light rays that fall on smooth

surfaces bounce off or reflect with equal
angles of incidence and reflection.
9. I. White light, the visible part of the

electromagnetic spectrum consists of
colors, namely red, orange, yellow,
green, blue, indigo, and violet. This has
an acronym ROY-G-BIV. When it
passes through a prism, they are
dispersed or split into its component
colors with different wavelengths.

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10.
J. The electromagnetic (EM) spectrum
is composed of light waves with
different wavelengths and frequencies.
The wave components of the EM carry
varying amounts of energy.
What is It
This section gives a brief and thorough explanation about the wave and particle
models of light, how reflection and refraction are explained using the two models,
the laws of reflection and refraction, drawing ray diagrams of reflection on mirrors,
and describing images formed by plane, concave, and convex mirrors.
Dual Property of Light (A Wave and a Particle)

Light can behave both as a wave and as a particle. As particles, they travel
in straight lines, thus, producing shadows when they hit an obstruction.
It is also the reason why light bounces off or reflects off of mirrors.
Refraction is also brought about by light particles when they traverse through
media or materials of different refractive indices. It is thought that opposing forces
pull the particles of light from and into the medium resulting in changes of their
direction. The photo-electric effect is also an evidence that light behaves
as particles. When light with enough energy falls or hits a metal, electrons
are dislodged or knocked off from it to produce a positive (+) metal surface.
The amount of light energy (known as photon) contains a fixed amount of energy
or quantum that depends on the frequency of the light.
Light also acts as a wave. It has the ability to diffract or bend around an object.
Diffraction involves a change in direction of waves when they pass from an opening
or around obstacles along their path. Refraction happens when light waves change
direction as they travel through materials of different refractive indices, say water
and air. Light waves also undergo interference, the phenomenon that occurs when
two waves meet while traveling along the same medium.
Reflection and Refraction

Reflection and refraction are phenomena that are well-explained by the behaviors
of light. When a source emits light, its dual property can be observed in different
circumstances.
Light, as waves, spread in all directions when emitted. Upon impacting a smooth,
specular surface, such as a mirror, these waves bounce off or reflect according
to the arrival angles. The waves turn back to front as they reflect producing a
reversed image.

Module 7
On the otherhand, light can also arrive at the mirror surface as a stream
of particles. Since these are very tiny, a huge number are involved in a propagating
light beam. Upon arriving a smooth surface, the particles bounce off in different
points so their order in the beam is reversed resulting in a reversed image.
A beam of light undergoes refraction when it travels between two media
with different refractive indices.
Light, as waves, changes direction upon passing from first medium to second
medium. A small portion of each angled wavefront should impact the second
medium before the rest of the front reaches the interface. This part will travel along
the second medium while the rest of the waves is still travelling in the first
medium. Movement will be slower through the second medium due to higher
refractive index. Since the wavefronts are travelling at different speeds, light will
bend into the second medium, thus, changing the angle of propagation.
Refracting particles of light should also change direction upon passing between two
media. It is suggested in this theory that a special force directed perpendicular
to the interface acts to change the speed of the particles as they enter the second
medium, resulting to bending of light particles.
Reflection produces different types of images depending on what kind of surface

light strikes on. Usually, the study on images is carried out using mirrors as the
reflecting surface. Mirrors can be planar, concave, or convex.
Plane mirrors consist of perfectly flat surface with no distortions and reflect 100%
of the light that strikes them back at a predictable angle. Concave and convex
mirrors have reflective surfaces that curve inward and outward, respectively.
Concave mirrors are known as converging mirrors because light is focused

at a point as it strikes and reflects back from the reflecting surface.
Convex mirrors are diverging mirrors because as light strikes and bounces back
it spreads over a required region.
Plane mirrors produce images that are same size as the object, laterally inverted
(left becomes right and right becomes left), upright, virtual, and as far behind
the mirror as the object is in front. Virtual images are formed due to imaginary
intersection of light rays and cannot be formed on the screen.
Concave and convex mirrors are parts of spherical mirrors with reflecting
surfaces going inward and outward, respectively.
Convex mirrors always produce images that are located behind the mirror,
virtual, upright, and reduced in size.

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As the object distance from the mirror is
decreased, the image distance is also
decreased and the image size is increased.
Concave mirrors produce images that depend

on the location of the object. At several
locations different characteristics of images
can be observed. The images formed can be
located somewhere between the center of
curvature (C) and the focal point (F), at C,
beyond C, and somewhere on the opposite
side of the mirror. At times, no images are
formed by the mirror. Images can be inverted
or upright, smaller, bigger, or the same size
as the object, and real or virtual.
Light is an electromagnetic radiation that travels through space as vibrating or
oscillating waves. It is composed of alternating electric and magnetic fields that
oscillate perpendicular to each other to the direction of propagation. It travels at a
8
speed of 3.0x10 through a vacuum.
The electromagnetic spectrum (EM) is composed of waves with varying

frequencies, thus, carrying different amounts of energy. The figure below shows
the EM spectrum and the corresponding wavelengths of each wave.
Figure 3
Electromagnetic Spectrum (EM)
The wavelength is inversely proportional to the amount of energy or frequency

it carries. Longer wavelengths have lower frequencies than those with shorter
wavelengths. The frequency is directly proportional to the amount of energy
carried by a particular wave.

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Part of this EM is the visible light (known as white light) which is seen by our
naked eye. Light wave travels at a speed of 3.0x108 through a vacuum.
The speed of light varies when it passes and refracts through different media.
The index of refraction of a material can be determined by the ratio , where c is
the speed of light in a vacuum while v is the speed of light in a particular
medium. When light passes through a material with a higher index of refraction,
its speed is slower. There are more matter that scatters light in this material
making light moves slower. Water scatters more light than air, so light energy
moves slower in water than in air.
Once propagated, the colors of white light vibrate at different frequencies and can
be dispersed when they strike water droplets suspended in the air or through
a prism. White light is then split into the colors ROY-G-BIV (red, orange, yellow,
green, blue, indigo, and violet).
Figure 4
Wavelengths of the Visible Spectrum (White Light)
The speed of each colour of white light depends on the wavelength of each wave.
The waves with longer wavelengths such as red, orange, and yellow propagate
faster than blue, indigo, and violet which have shorter wavelengths. Due to their
speed, refraction and dispersion are affected when they enter into a prism
or droplet of water in the air. Red is refracted the least and blue is refracted
the most. This is the reason why red is always seen on top of a rainbow while
blue is always at the bottom.
When light is incident on a surface, it can be reflected, absorbed, or transmitted.

Module 7
Figure 5
Properties of Light
Light rays that fall on smooth surfaces bounce off with equal angles of incidence
and reflection, producing images that our eyes can perceive. Absorption of light
depends on the frequency of the electrons of atoms present in the objects.
If the frequency of a light wave is the same as the frequency of the electrons in the
object, light energy will be set in vibrating motion and eventually be absorbed.
During vibration, the electrons interact with neighboring atoms converting
the vibrational energy into heat (thermal) energy, never again to be released as light
energy. This happens during photosynthesis where light energy is absorbed
by the leaves and converted into heat energy.
Selective absorption of light by a certain material happens because the frequency

of the light wave matches the frequency at which electrons in the atoms of that
material vibrate.
Reflection and transmission happen when the frequencies of the light waves do not
match the natural frequencies of vibration of objects. Upon light incidence,
the electrons of the atoms vibrate for a short period of time with small amplitudes
of vibration. Light energy is then reemitted as a light wave.
If the object is transparent, then the vibration of the electrons is passed on to

neighboring atoms through the material and reemitted on the opposite side of the
object. The light frequencies are then said to be transmitted through the object.
Light rays are selectively absorbed by materials and the reflected rays reach our
eyes as the color of the object. The object appears black when all the colors of the
visible light are absorbed. On the other hand, white is seen when all the colors
of light are reflected.
Light waves also experience scattering when they bump mixtures of particles along
the path of propagation. The component wavelengths of light vary in sizes. The size
of the particles suspended in the air also varies. If the size of atmospheric particles
are small, only light with smaller wavelengths are scattered while light with longer
wavelengths are scattered by bigger particles in the air.
Since the particulates are small, then blue light is scattered more than red
or orange due to its shorter wavelength. This is the reason why the sky is blue
during daytime.

Module 7
At sunrise and sunset, the sun is low at the horizon. Light travels through more
molecules in the air. The dense atmosphere scatters more blue or violet light out
of our line of sight. The rest of the colours travel and reach our eyes as yellow,
orange, and red.
What’s More
Activity 1.1 Refraction and Its Application

Refraction of light is governed by Snell’s Law; where, it states that the ratio of the
angle of incidence to the angle of refraction of a wave as it travels through
a boundary between two media is a constant known as the refractive index, n.
The index of refraction is given by the formula, n= , where v is the speed of light
in the material, c is the speed of light in vacuum, and n is the index of refraction.
Snell's law, the law of refraction, is stated in equation form as

n1sin θ1 = n2sinθ2 or ; where, n1 represents the index of refraction
in medium 1, and θ1 represents the angle the light makes with the normal
in medium 1 and n2 represents the index of refraction in medium 2,
and θ2 represents the angle the light makes with the normal in medium 2.
Sample Problems:
1. Light travels through a liquid at
2.5 x 108 . What is the refractive

index of the liquid?
c = 3.0 x 108
n=
n=
= 1.2
2. A ray of light travels from air and passes through a certain glass with 1.50 index
of refraction. What is its angle of incidence if the angle of refraction is 15 0?
Given: nair = 1.00 nglass = 1.50
θ1 =? θ2 = 150
n1sin θ1 = n2sinθ2

Module 7
( )
=
( 9)
= = 0.389
sin-1 0.389 = 22.90
Solve the following problems completely on your answer sheet.
A. Apply Snell’s Law to solve the angle of refraction, given the following diagrams
and values. Draw the refracted ray, using broken lines with arrow ( ) in each
of the examples. Use the protractor to measure the angles of refraction in each
case.
1. 2.
Θi = 450 θi = 600
B. Calculate the speed of light in zircon, a material used in jewelry to imitate

8
diamond. (c = 3.0 x 10 , nZircon= 1.923)
C. The speed of light in an unknown medium is 1.76 × 10 8 m/s. Calculate

8
the refractive index of the medium. (c = 3.0 x 10 )
What I Have Learned
Directions: Choose three questions to answer from the following. Write the
answers on your answer sheets.
1. Explain how light behaves as a wave and as a particle.

2. How are reflection and refraction explained by the wave and particle
models of light?
3. State the laws of reflection and refraction.
4. What is the speed of light in a vacuum?
5. Draw the electromagnetic (EM) spectrum and label its parts.
6. How do objects appear when all of the colors of light are absorbed?
Reflected? Selectively absorbed?
7. Why do clouds look white?

Module 7
What I Can Do
Getting out of entrapment

Knowledge of concepts is not enough for a learning experience to be meaningful.
We should also understand how the concepts we learned on the propagation
of light can be applied to real-life situations to get the most out of what we learned.
Let us look at this simple situation that will help us realize the advantage of fully
understanding propagation of light.
Situation:
Suppose you are with a group of researchers out in a forested area.
Suddenly the rain poured and there was zero visibility in the place. You want
to help your companions out in the woods to find the right path to the lodging area.
One thing that came to your mind is to flash waves of light so that they could see
where you are. What color of light are you going to use and why?
Assessment
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet
of paper.
1. In what ways can light’s behavior be described?

I. Linear motion III. Projectile motion
II. Waves IV. Particles
a. I and III b. II and III c. II and IV d. I and II
2. What are knocked off when light photons strike metal surfaces?
a. Electrons
b. Neutrons
c. Positrons
d. Protons

Module 7
3. Light is shown in the figure as a particle (photon). What do light particles not
able to exhibit as they move along obstacles or slits?
a. Diffraction c. Photoelectric effect

b. Doppler effect d. Refraction
4. How does refraction happen when light rays travel in a straight line from
air until it encounters another medium like water?
a. The speed of light will be slower as it enters water, making the angle
of refraction (θr) smaller than the angle of incidence (θ i).
b. The angle of refraction (θr) will be bigger than the angle of incidence
(θi) because light will travel faster as it enters water.
c. Light rays will refract at a smaller angle because light rays will travel
faster in water.
d. Light rays will refract at a bigger angle because light rays will travel
slower in water.
o
5. What is the angle of reflection made by a light ray that is incident at 10
on the mirror, as shown in the figure below?
a. 100
b. 800
c. 900
d. 1100
6. A light ray passes from water into air. The angle that the light makes with the
normal in air is 440. The indices of refraction for both water and
air are given in the diagram. What angle does the light ray make with the
normal as it approaches the boundary from the water?
a. 29.7o
b. 30.0o
c. 31.5o
d. 58.5o

Module 7
Use your understanding of selective absorption of light waves to answer #s 7- 8 and
15.
7. A sheet of paper is illuminated with white light (ROYGBIV) as shown in
the figure. It is capable of absorbing ROYBIV. What color does the paper
reflect and what is the color of the paper?
Illuminated
with ROYGBIV
a. green, blue
b. green, green
c. green, red
Paper capable d. green, yellow
of absorbing
ROYBIV
8. What colour/s of pigment are seen when it is capable of absorbing
ROGBIV light waves?
R
O a. green
PIGMENT
Y b. reddish-green
G c. yellow
B d. yellow-orange
I
V
9. Light waves that are absorbed are transformed into heat energy. This is
no longer reemitted as light energy. In which of the following processes is
sunlight absorbed and transformed into heat energy?
a. metabolism c. respiration
b. photosynthesis d. transpiration
10. What phenomenon happens when the frequency of incident light

does not match the vibrational frequency of the electrons in the atoms of a
transparent material, such that light energy is reemitted on the opposite
side of the same material?
a. absorption c. refraction
b. dispersion d. transmission
11. Rainbow is a natural phenomenon that occurs when there is sunlight

and drizzles of rain. What interaction happens to produce such scenery?
a. Drizzles of water trap heat energy from light and convert it to
rainbow.
b. The colours of sunlight are split by molecules of water and change it
to heat energy.
c. Water droplets serve as the transparent material where light energy
passes through.
d. Light waves pass through droplets of water which disperse light into
the colours of the rainbow.

Module 7
12. Light waves bump mixtures of particles in the air upon their
propagation. Which among the following statements is TRUE when this
happens?
a. Small particles in the air scatter blue waves most so we see the sky
as blue.
b. Big particulates in the air scatter blue waves most so we see the sky
as white and blue.
c. Light waves with longer wavelengths are scattered the most, so we
see the sky as blue.
d. Red waves are scattered more by small particles in the air, so we see
red colour during sunset.
13. White light is separated into its component colours when directed to a
prism because the different colours bend
a. towards the normal line at different angles.
b. away from the normal line at different angles.
c. away from the normal at the same speed as each other.
d. towards the normal line at the same speed as each other.
14. Why is red colour always seen on top while blue is at the bottom
of a rainbow?
a. Red has a long wavelength so it moves faster and is refracted the
least by water droplets in the air.
b. Blue has a long wavelength so it moves faster and is refracted the
most by water droplets in the air.
c. Blue has a short wavelength so it moves faster and is refracted the
most by droplets of water in the atmosphere.
d. Red has a short wavelength so it moves faster and is refracted the
least by droplets of water in the atmosphere.
15. What colour/s of pigment are seen when it is capable of absorbing R

light waves?
PIGMENT
a. blue
R
R b. bluish-yellow
G c. greenish-blue
B d. orange

Module 7
Additional Activities
This part will test whether you fully understand the propagation of light as
explained by the wave and particle models. This will also gauge how much
knowledge you gained about the reflection and refraction of light. You can answer
this by recalling the concepts discussed and skills acquired earlier in this module.
Directions: Everyone will choose between numbers 1 or 2 to answer, while all will
answer number 3. Write the answers on your answer sheets.
1. Use Snell’s law to solve for the angle of incidence of light rays in the given
situation.
2. The refractive index of medium A is 1.2, while that of medium B is 1.36.

Through which medium does light travel faster and at what speed does it travel?
3. The appearance of a transparent object is dependent upon what color(s) of light

is/are incident upon the object and what color(s) of light is/are transmitted
through the object. Express your understanding of transmission of color(s) of light
upon transparent objects. What color of the paper will appear to an observer?
A.
B.

Module 7
Module 7
CO_Q2_Physical Science SHS 24
Part A. Word Search on the Emergence of Colors of Light (Rene Descartes’ and Sir Isaac
Newton’s Views)
What's More Assessment
What I Know
1. C
A. Snell’s Law 2. A
1. D o o
2. D 1) 32.14 2) 34.75 3. A
3. A Speed of Light 4. A
4. A B. 1.56 x 108 m/s 5. B
5. D 6. C
C. 1.70
6. B 7. B
7. A 8. C
8. C 9. B
9. A 10. D
10. D 11. D
11. C 12. A
12. D 13. A
13. A 14. D
14. D 15. C
15. D
What’s In (Part A and Part B)
Answer Key
Module 7
Activity 2: Complete Me!
1. spread 7. changes
2. bounce off 8. wavefront
3. reversed 9. interface
4. particles 10. slower
5. smooth 11. bend
6. refraction 12. Force
Activity 3: Match Much!
1. F 6. D
2. J 7. B
3. I 8. H
4. A 9. E
5. G 10.C
Activity 1: Dual Property of Light (A Wave and a Particle)
Observation Figure A Figure B
1. How light beams Light beams pass Light beams diffract or
pass through the slits straight through the spread out into
slits separate waves which
combine later into
single wave
2. Kind of images Two staight distinct Diffracted light waves
formed lines similar to the with interference (2
pattern of the slits waves that superpose to
form a resultant wave)
3. Behavior of light Particle Wave
beams
Conclusion: Light can behave both as a wave and a particle. Light as particles
travel in a straight line forming a line pattern of the slits in Fig. A while if it travels
as waves, they diffract as soon as they pass through the slits where waves will
meet crest to crest or crest to trough forming interference. Light as waves exhibit
interference, where the crest can meet a crest or a trough can meet a crest to
produce constructive or destructive interference.
Part A:
Emergence of Colors of Light (Rene Descartes’ and Sir Isaac Newton’s Views)
Scientists
Rene Descartes Sir Isaac Newton
Rotational
deflection
speed
refraction particles
prism prism
plenum mass
rainbow inertia
tiny balls force
interface
Part B.
1. A 4. A 7. C 10. C
2. C 5. A 8. C
3. D 6. C 9. D
Module 7
5. The Electromagnetic (EM) Spectrum
What Have I Learned
𝑐
B. n = , where n = index of refraction of the material
𝑣
c = speed of light
v = velocity of light in a certain medium
𝑐
Solution: v =
𝑛
𝑥 8 𝑚/𝑠
=
9
= 1.56 x 08 𝑚/𝑠
𝑐
C. n =
𝑣
𝑥 8 𝑚/𝑠
=
76 𝑥 8 𝑚/𝑠
= 1.70
Speed of Light and Refractive Index
1.. 2.
Θi= 450 Θi= 600
( θ) ( θ)
sin θr= 𝑛r = 0.532 sin θr= 𝑛r = 0.570
0
θr= 32.14 θr= 34.750
A. Snell’s Law
Activity 1.1 Problem Solving
What’s More
Module 7
𝑐
1. ni(sinθi) = nr(sinθr) 2. v =
𝑛
o 𝑥 8 𝑚/𝑠
sin θi = (1.52) (sin 25 ) va =
= (1.52) (0.423) = 2.5 x 108 m/s
𝑥 8 𝑚/𝑠
sin-1θi = 0.643 vb =
6
= 2.2 x 108 m/s
Light will travel faster at
medium A at a speed of
2.5 x 108 m/s.
3. A. reddish-blue
B. greenish-blue
Additional Activities
1. Light behaves as a wave when it diffracts as it moves along obstacles or barriers, producing
interference when crest meets crest or trough meets crest. On the other hand, light travels in
a straight line as a particle and produces shadows as it hits a boundary or obstacle.
2. Huge number of light particles are needed to propagate a beam of light. As the particles
travel and hit the mirror, they bounce off in different points so the order of the beam is
reversed resulting to reversed image. As waves, they spread in all directions when emitted and
bounce off upon striking a smooth surface according to the angle of incidence.
Refraction of light waves happen when they traverse along two media with different
refractive indices. Movement of light waves can be slower or faster depending on the media
they travel along. As particles, it is theorized that a special force pulls the particles of light in
both sides of the medium resulting to the change of direction these particles are heading.
3. Laws of Reflection:
a. The incident ray or incoming light, the reflected ray or reflected light, and the
normal are all in the same plane.
b. The incident ray and the refected ray are on the opposite sides of the normal.
c. The angle of incidence is always equal to the angle of reflection, that is, θi=θr.
Laws of Refraction:
a. The incident ray, reflected ray, refracted ray, and the normal, to the interface
of any two given medium all lie in the same plane.
b. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence and sine of the angle
of refraction is constant.
4. The speed of light in a vacuum is 3.0 x 108 m/s.
5. Please refer to the answer box below.
6. Objects appear black when all the colors of light are absorbed while they are white
when all the colors are reflected.
When some of the colours of white light are selectively absorbed, the light that is
reflected reaches our eyes resulting to the colour of the material.
7. The H2O droplets in the clouds scatter sunlight equally. Droplets are larger than
the wavelengths of the colors of light so there’s equal scattering. Eventually they will
interact, combine, and generate white light resulting to clouds that are white.
References
“1.1 The Propagation of Light - University Physics Volume 3.” OpenStax. Accessed
June 27, 2020. https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-
3/pages/1-1-the-propagation-of-light.
“7. Drawing Ray Diagrams for Convex Mirrors.” Good Science, July 22, 2019.
https://www.goodscience.com.au/year-9-physics/reflection-and-mirrors/7-
drawing-ray-diagrams-for-convex-mirrors/.
Admin. “Refractive Index - Definition, Formula, Examples & FAQs.” BYJUS.

BYJU'S, March 23, 2020. https://byjus.com/physics/refractive-index/.
“The Basic Nature of Light.” Photon terrace. Accessed June 27, 2020.
https://photonterrace.net/en/photon/behavior/.
“The Basic Nature of Light.” Photon terrace. Accessed June 27, 2020.
https://photonterrace.net/en/photon/behavior/.
Clintberg, Bryan. Lesson 58: Young's Double Slit Experiment. Accessed June 27,
2020.
http://www.studyphysics.ca/newnotes/20/unit04_light/chp1719_light/less
on58.htm.
D, Dave. “Science Focus Topic 7 Notes: The Wave Model of Light.” Edquest Science
Resources. Accessed June 27, 2020.
http://www.edquest.ca/component/content/article/190.
Foundation, CK-12. “12 Foundation.” CK. Accessed June 27, 2020.

https://www.ck12.org/student/.
Google Search. Google. Accessed June 27, 2020.

https://www.google.com/search?q=why+is+red+light+used+as+a+universal+
danger+signal.
Light Absorbtion, Reflection, and Transmission. Accessed June 27, 2020.

https://www.mwit.ac.th/~physicslab/applet_04/physics_classroom/Class/l
ight/u12l2c.html.
“Light: Particle or a Wave?” The Physics of Color and Light - Light: Particle or a
Wave? | Olympus Life Science. Accessed June 27, 2020.
https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/en/microscope-
resource/primer/lightandcolor/particleorwave/.
Mini Physics. “Drawing Ray Diagrams for Plane Mirrors.” Mini Physics, December
25, 2015. https://www.miniphysics.com/drawing-ray-diagrams.html.
Nield, David. “Physics Explained: Here's Why The Speed of Light Is The Speed of
Light.” ScienceAlert. Accessed June 27, 2020.
https://www.sciencealert.com/why-is-the-speed-of-light-the-speed-of-light.

Module 7
“Particle and Wave Reflection.” Particle and Wave Reflection - Java Tutorial |
Olympus Life Science. Accessed June 27, 2020. https://www.olympus-
lifescience.com/en/microscope-
resource/primer/java/particleorwave/reflection/.
“The Physics Classroom Website.” The Physics Classroom. Accessed June 27, 2020.
https://www.physicsclassroom.com/mmedia/optics/ifpm.cfm.
“Physics Tutorial: Image Characteristics for Convex Mirrors.” The Physics

Classroom. Accessed June 27, 2020.
https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/refln/Lesson-4/Image-
Characteristics-for-Convex-Mirrors.
“Physics Tutorial: Light Absorption, Reflection, and Transmission.” The Physics

Classroom. Accessed June 20, 2020.
https://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/light/u12l2c.cfm.
“Physics Tutorial: Ray Diagrams for Plane Mirrors.” The Physics Classroom.
Accessed June 27, 2020.
https://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/refln/U13L2c.cfm.
“Physics Tutorial: The Law of Reflection.” The Physics Classroom. Accessed June
27, 2020. https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/refln/Lesson-1/The-
Law-of-Reflection.
Law-of-Reflection.
Law-of-Reflection.
“Physics Tutorial: The Line of Sight.” The Physics Classroom. Accessed June 27,
2020. https://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/refln/U13L1b.cfm.
“Physics Tutorial: The Role of Light to Sight.” The Physics Classroom. Accessed
June 27, 2020. https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/refln/Lesson-
1/The-Role-of-Light-to-Sight.
“Physics Tutorial: Wavelike Behaviors of Light.” The Physics Classroom. Accessed

June 27, 2020. https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/light/Lesson-
1/Wavelike-Behaviors-of-Light.
“Physics Tutorial: Why Is an Image Formed?” The Physics Classroom. Accessed

June 27, 2020.
https://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/refln/u13l2a.cfm.
“Refraction: Laws of Refraction, Snell's Law, Videos and Solved Questions.” Toppr,
December 2, 2019. https://www.toppr.com/guides/physics/ray-optics-and-
optical-instruments/refraction/.

Module 7
“Refraction: Laws of Refraction, Snell's Law, Videos and Solved Questions.” Toppr,
December 2, 2019. https://www.toppr.com/guides/physics/ray-optics-and-
optical-instruments/refraction/
Toppr. “Give Scientific Reason : Danger Signals Toppr.com.” Toppr Ask, October 23,
2019. https://www.toppr.com/ask/question/give-scientific-reason-danger-
signals-are-red-in-color/.
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http://physicssimplifiedforyou.blogspot.com/2014/12/mirror.html.
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https://www.aplustopper.com/scattering-of-light/.
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https://www.aplustopper.com/scattering-of-light/.
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astr.gsu.edu/hbase/mod1.html.
“Why Are Clouds White?” Met Office. Accessed June 27, 2020.
https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/learn-about/weather/types-of-
weather/clouds/why-are-clouds-white.
“12 Foundation.” CK. Accessed June 27, 2020.

https://flexbooks.ck12.org/cbook/ck-12-physics-flexbook-
2.0/section/14.5/primary/lesson/images-in-a-concave-mirror-phys.
https://www.facebook.com/notes/physical-science/82-the-emergence-of-
light-newton-and-descartes/3239968929352643/

Module 7
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:
Department of Education - Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR)
Ground Floor, Bonifacio Bldg., DepEd Complex

Meralco Avenue, Pasig City, Philippines 1600
Telefax: (632) 8634-1072; 8634-1054; 8631-4985
Email Address: [email protected] * [email protected]

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CO_Q2_Physical Science SHS

Published by the Department of Education

Development Team of the Module

Printed in the Philippines by ________________________

Department of Education – Region 4A CALABARZON

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Explain the wave and particle models of light.

1. Who proposed that light is composed of particles that are traveling

2. Which is a disturbance that travels through a medium and carries energy

1 CO_Q2_Physical Science SHS

4. Which of the following statements is TRUE of photoelectric effect?

5. Which of the following best describes a photon?

7. What forms when light waves bounce off a mirrored surface?

8. Which of the following statements is TRUE about refraction?

2 CO_Q2_Physical Science SHS

a. It is equal to the angle of the incidence ray.

10. A student placed a pencil in a glass of water, as in

11. What is the speed of light as it propagates through

12. How are light waves or electromagnetic (EM) spectrum characterized?

3 CO_Q2_Physical Science SHS

15. Why do most leaves appear green to our sight?

4 CO_Q2_Physical Science SHS

Views on the emergence of colors of light

Notes to the Teacher

Note: A photocopy of the puzzle will be given to each student.

5 CO_Q2_Physical Science SHS

He also explained the emergence of colors of light through the concept of

6 CO_Q2_Physical Science SHS

3. What material did Descartes use as a model of a raindrop to study

a. I and II c. III and IV

7 CO_Q2_Physical Science SHS

8. According to Newton, which of the following statements is true?

10. Arrange the following colors of light according to increasing amount

Activity 1: Dual Property of Light (A Wave and a Particle)

8 CO_Q2_Physical Science SHS

Observation Figure A Figure B

Activity 2: Complete Me!

refraction force spread changes

9 CO_Q2_Physical Science SHS

Light, as waves, 1) __________ in all directions when emitted. Upon impacting

A beam of light undergoes 6) __________ when it travels between two media

Activity 3: Match Much!

A. When light is incident on surfaces,

B. Light rays that fall on opaque objects

10 CO_Q2_Physical Science SHS

4. D. Light waves are incident on a leaf.

E. The colors of light incident on a

6. F. Light consists of two waves

G. When the colors of light incident on

H. Light rays that fall on smooth

9. I. White light, the visible part of the

11 CO_Q2_Physical Science SHS

Dual Property of Light (A Wave and a Particle)

Reflection and Refraction

12 CO_Q2_Physical Science SHS

Reflection produces different types of images depending on what kind of surface

Concave mirrors are known as converging mirrors because light is focused