Nelson English Workbook 5 Wendy Wren and Sarah LindsayOXFORD ‘UNIVERSITY PRESS (Great Crendon Steet, Oxford, 2 6D United Kom. (xo Universe Press department the University of Oxord. Iefurthers the Universty’s objective of excellence in research, sclaeship, and eduction by publishing worldwide Oxford 2 reistered trade mck of Oxford University Press in the UK andi certain other counties. ‘Text © Wendy Wren and Sars Lindsay 2018 ‘Themoral ights ef the author have been asserted se published 2018, ‘Al ightsrexerved, No pat of this publfston may be reproduced, stoned in arene System, oF transite in any form o by any means, without the prior persion In vating of Oxford University Pres. oa exprestypermited by lav. byleence oF under terms agreed with the appropiate reprographics rights organization. Enquiies ‘conceiing reprodition outside the scope of the above shouldbe sent tthe Rights Departient, Oxford Univesity Presa he adress above. 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Sits Liteary Caaloguing in Publication Data Dataavilable ISBN: 9780189419904 135791086421 Paper wsetin the peuction ofthis bok i naturl reyclble product made fom ‘wood grown in sustainable forests, The snanufcturing proces conforms the ‘vironmental regulations ofthe country of orn Printed in aby Mutivsta Global Pot, Lat Acknowledgements Ses consultant John Jackman (over and inside Mustrations by Q2A Meta Services nc Payemakeup by Aprara ‘The publisher and amors would ike to thank the folowing for permission to use photographs and other copyright materia: p40, 62,63, 66:SbusterscockUnit 1 Unit 2 Unit 3 Unit 4 Unit 5 Unit 6 Unit 7 Unit 8 Unit 9 Unit 10 Unit 11 Unit 12 Unit 13 Unit 14 Unit 15 Unit 16 Unit 17 The Hare and the Tortoise Swifter, Higher, Stronger Wind Poems When the Wind Blows Walking on the Moon Centaurus 1 Looking at the Sky Holiday Destination The Flight of Icarus Birds’ Wings Changing Times Growing a City Visit Dinosaur World The Old Forest Rainforests in Danger Undersea World Shipwrecked! GlossaryLobe \\)) The Hare and the Tortoise Vocabulary Prefixes that make antonyms The antonyms of some words are made by adding a prefix. helpful unhelpful obey disobey responsible irresponsible formal informal Remember, when you add a prefix to a word, you just add it! Don’t worry if it makes a double letter. are opposites. to help you. 1. the opposite of happy unhappt 2. the opposite of regular 3. the opposite of trust 4 the opposite of fortunate © write as many words as you can that begin with the prefix dis. Ff // beg beros abled ut Direct speech Remember the different ways we punctuate direct speech. “Right then,” said Hare. “I challenge you to a race.” “Well,” said Tortoise, “you have never beaten me.” © Add all missing punctuation marks to each sentence. 1 Are Hare and Tortoise having a race asked Badger How exciting 21 think so said Rabbit and I know who will win 3 Owl is the referee said Badger He will ensureit is a fair raceeornoe? Remember, when a suffix is added to a word ending in e: Always remember there * drop the e if the suffix begins with a vowel oris ay. can be exceptions to the rule! + keep the e if the suffix begins with a consonant. © Ada ing to each of these words. Then write in your own words what happens to words ending in e when the suffix ing is added. 1 drive 2 continue 3 strike 4 receive 5 trace 6 glide 7 choose 8 separate © complete these word sums. 1 hope + ful = 2 scribble + er = 3 close + ure = 4 issue +ed = 5 bride + al = 6 place + ment = 7 create + ion = 8 organise + ed = = 9 spite + ful = 10 write +er = © Now write six of your own word sums using words ending in e and different suffixes. Try them out on a friend. Mark their answers. 1 : 2 2 + = 3 + 2 4 + = 5 + = 6 + aVerb tenses The tense of a verb tells us when something happens in the past, the present or the future. Tense Example * present simple Tchallenge you to a race. * present progressive _| He is winning! past simple Hare looked at Tortoise in surprise. past progressive Hare was limbering up. present perfect Thave beaten every animal. past perfect Rabbit had tried but could not beat him. future He will win. ©) write the tense of the verb in each sentence. 1 Hare is racing Tortoise. 2 Owlhad started the race. 3. Tortoise accepted the challenge. 4 Hare has beaten Badger. © complete the table with past tense verbs. Pastsimple |Past progressive _| Present perfect Past perfect You He They I walked He I She We ran. We It You You tried They Yu [We watched @ Use these past perfect tense verbs in sentences of your own. 1 had reached 2 had stoppedWi ing Describing characters The Hare and the Tortoise is a story about a boastful Hare and a modest Tortoise. Hare challenges Tortoise to a race. He is so sure he will win that during the race he takes a rest. Tortoise carries on walking and wins the race. 1 You are going to write a description of one of the other characters from the story The Hare and the Tortoise. ; owl Badger Rabbit a Which character are you going to describe? Tick one. owl Badger Rabbit b Write words and phrases that describe what your character looks like. - K \ © Write words and phrases to describe what your character's personality is like. You should use your imagination. Here are some ideas to help you: Hare has beaten Badger in other races. Is Badger a good loser or a bad loser? Hare has beaten Rabbit in other races. Is Rabbit a good loser ora bad loser? has been chosen by the other animals to make sure that no one cheats in a race. What sort of character do you think he is?Lobe 2 Swifter, Higher, Stronger Alphabetical order It is easy to find a word in a dictionary because the words are arranged in alphabetical order. Remember, if the words begin with the same letter, you need to look at the second, third or fourth letters in each word. These words are listed in alphabetical order. The letter in bold shows the letter each word is ordered by. school seconds site spent sport stand start © Put these words in alphabetical order. 1 2 television knit temperature knead tennis kneel team know teenager knot Commas in When we write a list in a sentence we use commas. We join the last two things in the list with the conjunctions and, but or or. He won gold medals for the 100 metres, the long jump, the 200 metres and the 4 x 100 metres relay race. © Ada the missing commas and conjunctions. 1 I can’t decide whether to try running swimming Some people are good at playing cricket running very fast playing football. Eric Liddell was British Jessie Owens was American Bolt is Jamaican. The Olympic Games have been held in Paris London Rio 2 3 4 long jump. Usain Berlin.eous, ious, cious and tious word endings Remember these rules when adding ous to words. * If the root word ends in e, we usually drop the e before adding ous. fame famous If the root word ends in ge, we usually keep the e. courage courageous If there is an i sound (as in bit), itis usually spelt with a letter i. various When adding the ious suffix, if the root word ends in ce there is usually a ¢ before the ious. grace gracious If there is a family word that ends in tion then there is usually a t before the ious. ambition ambitious © complete these words, adding either ious, cious or tious. 1 spa 2 nutri 3 cau, 4 prev 5 ser 6 conten. 7 cur, 8 vi 9 obv. © write three of the words from Activity A in your own sentences. 1 2 3 if fa word @ complete these tables with your own words. iting, check the words Words ending in: inadictenary: eous ious Words ending in: cious tiousVerbs with prefixes Letters added to the front of a word are called a prefix. out (prefix) + run (verb) = to outrun (to run faster than) dis (prefix) + obey (verb) = to disobey (to not obey) mis (prefix) + behave (verb) = to misbehave (to behave badly) over (prefix) + cook (verb) = to overcook (to cook too much) © Underline the verb with a prefix in each sentence. 1 I think my friend misunderstood the rules. 2 We disagreed about who was the greatest runner. 3 He overestimated how well the team would do. © choose a prefix from the box that can be used with both verbs in each question. Write the new verbs. dis mis_—_over 1a trust b place 2a fill b pay 3 a appear b like @ choose three of the new verbs you formed in Activity B. Use them in sentences of your own. 1Biographical sketches 1 Use this plan to help you find and organise facts about an athlete of your choice. a Which athlete have you chosen? b Make notes. Find out: Notes What country does the athlete come from? When were they born? What sport do they do? Which Olympic Games have they competed in? What medals have they won? Any other interesting information. information, write a biographical sketch about your chosen athlete.Lobe % J) Wind Poems Vocabulary Using hyphens Hyphens (- ) are sometimes used to make compound words. Most of these are adjectives. For example: fast-moving Hyphens are also sometimes used to join a prefix to a root word, especially if the prefix ends in a vowel and the root word begins with one. For example: co-operate © 00k carefully at these hyphenated words. Sort the words into the correct columns in the table. co-own well-known re-enter non-stop time-saving re-emerge sport-mad quick-thinking ‘Compound words Prefixed words Apostrophes of contraction Remember that will not has the irregular contraction won't. Remember, apostrophes (’) are used in contractions in place of a letter or letters that have been left out. He's asked us to stay inside. he’s = he has The storm's very bad. storm's = storm is © write the underlined words as contractions. 1 Icould not use my umbrella. 2 Ithas blown that tree down. 3 We will not be able to go out. 4. They are telling people to be careful.ull and ul word endings It is important to notice the sound ull and ul words make. Most ul and ully words are linked to the suffixes ful and fully. pull useful usefully ©) Add ut or ul to the gaps to make a word. Use a dictionary to check you have spelt the words correctly. 1 fi 2 thoughtf__ 3 jouf. y 4 us 5 caref___ 6 p. 7 wonderf____ a8 fieoy 9 gracef___y 10 g___ 11 plentif___ 12 d___ © complete the word sums. 1 beauty + ful = 2 mercy + ful = 3 help + fu 5 care + ful 6 wonder + ful = 7 plenty + ful © write each of these words in a sentence. 1 skillful 4 fancy + ful = 8 shame + ful = 2 plentiful 3 truthful 4 thankfulPevectelit lg Noun and verb agreement When we use a singular noun or singular pronoun, we must use a singular verb. The wind blows. When we use a plural noun or plural pronoun, we must use a plural verb. The windows rattle. We use is/was with singular nouns and singular pronouns. We use are/were with plural nouns and plural pronouns. © Underline the noun or pronoun and the verb in Remember, a pronoun each sentence. Pi stands in place ofa noun. Write S for singular or P for plural. = singular OR plural? 1 The wind blows loudly. 2 Itis very strong. 3. The branches move. 4 Leaves blow about. © Underline the correct verb to finish each sentence, 1 Tlike/likes the wind. 2. The windows rattle/rattles. 3 The wind whisper/whispers. 4 The wind rush/rushes around. © Use each of these nouns ina sentence followed by is or are. 1 eyes 2 trees 3 roadPersonification When writers give human/animal qualities to non-living things, it is called personification. The wind is angry. The wind stamps his feet. The wind is a wolf that sniffs at doors. Here are some verbs we usually use with humans. beam chatter race whisper dance roar smile glide 1 Use verbs from the box or verbs of your own to finish each line of the poem below. Line 1: What noises could you hear a river making? I heard the river and . Line 2: What could you see flames doing? I saw the flames and . Line 3: What could you feel the sun doing? elt the sun and . Line 4: What noises could you hear the sea making? | heard the sea and 2 2. Can you add two new lines to the poem, using your own verbs? I saw the stars and : | heard the trees and .Leia 4 When the Wind Blows Over-used words: nice Remember, nice is a very over-used word and you can usually find a better word to use instea © complete these sentences. filling each gap with a more interesting word than nice. 1. The gentle wind provided a relief from the high temperatures. 2 Meena wore a dress to her brother's wedding. 3 The farmer was grateful for the weather, 4 The fireworks made everyone feel excited. 5 The small istand was a perfect place for a holiday. © write a sentence of your own using the word nice. Then rewrite the sentence replacing the word nice with a better word. ‘Commas for extra information Sometimes we want to put extra information in a sentence. When the extra information can be taken away and the sentence still makes sense, we can use commas. Sir Francis Beaufort, a naval officer, collected information about the wind. © Rewrite each sentence, adding the extra information in { Remember to use a suitable place. commas before 1 Sentence: The wind uprooted the old tree. Extra information: blowing at Force 10 and after the extra information. 2 Sentence: The Beaufort Scale is still used today. Extra information: giving information about the windSilent letters Silent letters often have another particular letter next to them. knock —_ an n often follows a silent k write an r often follows a silent w climb — an moften comes before a silent b castle ans often comes before a silent t © opy these words. Circle the silent letter and underline the letter that often comes either before or after it. 1 knees 2 listen 3 lamb 4 wrong 5 fasten 6 numbness 7 knead 8 wrinkled © write each of these words correctly. They each have a missing silent letter. 1 rap 2 crum 3 det 4 reckage 5 nown 6 plumer 7 whisle 8 lisen 9 not 10. ristwatch 11 thum 12 neel @ Write as many silent letter words as you can into a sentence.Pevectelit lg Noun round-up There are different types of nouns. ohne Nouns are + Acommon noun begins with a small letter. naming sailor words. A proper noun begins with a capital letter. Abstract Francis Beaufort nouns are A collective noun is the name of a group of things. the names a fleet of ships of things A compound noun is made up of two words. you cannot weather-vane Foe An abstract noun is the name of a quality, a feeling, an idea, . or time. kindness © write each noun from the box under The first one is done for yo! the correct heading. Attantie crew haircut information Beaufort beauty flock weather-vane _ fleet bedroom Pacific bunch downpour honesty fear Philippines happiness newspaper Francis pack Proper noun Collectivenoun | Compoundnoun | Abstractnoun Atlantic » ~s © Use two abstract nouns from Activity A in sentences of your own. 1 2ahs y Reports 1 You are going to write a factual report on the weather. Look at each picture below. They show the effects of the wind at different times on one day, the I7" May. tam. 3p.m. 7pm. b Look at the following information from the Beaufort Scale and decide the force of the wind in each picture. Force |Type of wind | What you can see Speed 0 [calm smoke rises straight up below 1 kph 4 |moderate breeze [dust and paper blown around [20-29 kph small branches move 6 [strong breeze __| large branches move 40-49 kph umbrellas are difficult to use 10 | storm trees are uprooted 84-102 kph Using the information from the pictures and the chart, make notes about the wind on 17% May. date; date: tim tim strength of the win strength of the wind: speed of the wind: speed of the wind: effects of the wind: effects of the wind: date: date: time: time: strength of the wind: strength of the wind: speed of the wind: speed of the wind: effects of the wind: effects of the wind: 2. Use your notes to help you write your report in your exercise book. The report should contain four paragraphs, one for each picture.Lobe 5 Walking on the Moon Synonyms Remember, synonyms are words or phrases that have similar meanings. However, there are usually slight differences in meaning between synonyms. We can often rank a set of synonyms in order, from ‘least’ to ‘most’ based on the ‘strength’ of the word meaning. © with a tine, join all the synonyms that relate to the words on the left. 1 fy quiet, remote, distant, isolated, solitary 2 lonely aid, save, support, assist, rescue 3 help soar, flutter, glide, shoot, zoom © Look at these pairs of synonyms. Which would you rank ‘least’ out of: 1 quiet isolated 2 assist rescue 3. flutter L] soar Dashes for extra information Sometimes we want to put extra information in a sentence. When the extra information can be taken away and the sentence still makes sense, we can use dashes. In 1969, three astronauts - Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin and Michael Collins ~ were launched into space on the Apollo I! spacecraft. © Rewrite each sentence, adding the extra information in a suitable place. 1 Sentence: The first human walked on the Moon in 1969. Extra information: Neil Armstrong 2 Sentence: Many people heard Aldrin’s voice. Extra information: 600 millioncial and tial word endings Words with cial and tial can be tricky to spell. Two rules worth remembering are: * cial usually comes after a vowel letter * tial usually comes after a consonant letter © ada the correct cial o tial ending to each of these words. 1 spe 2 benefi, 3 poten. 4 cru. 5 essen. 6 offi, 7 residen, 8 confiden. 9 superfi © These words are exceptions to the rules. Write each of these words into your own sentences. 1 initial Remember to look up any words you don’t know the meanings of in a dictionary. 2. financial 3 commercial @ Find and copy the six cial and tial words in the word search. x}t}e}rfulc}ifa)st]f cfj]ifo}i}t}>ifaltyi ify|s|s]#t]ifn]x]pl]a alnly|ftlafa}b]ple|t tf iftlofwitfa}atrlyPelectelit lg Modal verbs. This group of helper verbs is very useful. These are called modal verbs. may might could cans must would ~— should He can fly (is able to) He may fly. (has permission to) He might fly. (it is possible) He must fly. (has to) He could fly. (is able to) He would fly. (if it is possible) He should fly. (ought to) © complete each sentence with might or must. 1 He have to fly manually if the computer breaks down. 2 He put on his moonsuit before he leaves the spacecraft. 3. The astronaut wait in the space shuttle for the others to come back. © complete each sentence with could, should or would. 11 finish my homework before I go out. 21 finish my homework quickly if I just got on with it! 31 finish my homework if I could find the book I need. @ Use these modal verbs in sentences of your own. 1 can find 2 might arrive 3 should writeFirst person reports When you write a report about something that has happened to you, you should: write in the first person use the first paragraph to say what you are going to write about present the events in the order in which they happened use a formal style use words and phrases to show the passing of time. 1 Imagine you are an astronaut who has walked on the Moon. You are going to write a report about the things that happened. a Your first paragraph Include your name, who you were with, the date, the name of your spacecraft and what you were doing. b Your second paragraph Include the journey to the Moon's surface in the spacecraft, where you landed and the time. ¢ Your third paragraph Include when you left the spacecraft, what you were wearing and what you did. d_ Your fourth paragraph Explain what you did when you were on the Moon's surface. e Your fifth paragraph Explain how you got back into the spacecraft.ae Niue 6 Centaurus 1 Vocabulary Synonyms for said Remember, synonyms are words or phrases that have similar meanings. When we write direct speech, it can be very boring to use said all of the time. There are lots of other words you could use. © choose the best synonym from the box to replace said in each sentence. explained yelled enquired + whispered 1 “You must be quiet,” she said. 2. “Look out!” he said. 3. “This is how you do it,” the teacher said. 4 “Where are you going?” she said. © Write four more words you could use to replace the word said. G===D> Tniiginy batern came well g Commas to avoid ambiguity mean two very different things. Using commas wrong} ing them out altogether, can mal very difficult for a reader to know exactly what you mean ©) Explain the different meaning of each pair of sentences. 1 a Slow, spaceships are approaching. b Slow spaceships are approaching. 2 a Hari likes space, travel and football. b Hari likes space travel and football.able, ible, ably, ibly word endings Remember, when the suffixes able (or ably) and ible (or ibly) are added to a root word ending in a single e, the e is usually dropped. value + able = valuable Another clue to help you decide when to use able or ible is if the antonym of the word has a prefix. Usually if the prefix is un, itis an able word. unbelievable Usually if the prefix is in, il or ir, it is an ible word. For example: invisible © write the correct able or ible ending to complete the words. 1. prob. 2 unrecognis, 3 lov, 4 unwork. 5 valu. 6 us. 7 incred 8 horr. 9 depend 10 ed, 11 miser. 12 irrespons, © write two more able words. Write two more ible words. @ Now use two of the words you made in Activity B in sentences of your own.Pevectelit lg Interesting adjectives We always need to read through what we write to see if we can improve it. It is easy to use boring adjectives. It was nice on board the spaceship. Using a synonym instead of a boring adjective makes our writing @ more interesting. It was familiar/secure/comfortable/safe on board the spaceship. © Underline the interesting adjective in each sentence. 1 The huge spaceship left Earth. 2. The angry crew wanted to turn back. a fo 3. They listened to the ancient message. © ©opy and complete each sentence with a more interesting adjective than the adjective in bold. 1 The planet looked small. 2 It could be a bad place. 3 It might be cold. 4 It might be hot. 5 It might be nice. @ Use these interesting adjectives in sentences of your own. Use a dictionary tohelp you 1 strange 2 wonderfulWriting Play scripts 1 You are going to write the next scene of the play Centaurus 1. The play is set aboard a spaceship that is on its way to a distant planet. The previous scene ended like this: [The captain places the CD in the machine. The crew leans forward to listen.] Voice from CD: To the crew of Centaurus 1, I have an important message ... a Write brief notes on what you think the message could be about. b Read the information in this table, which shows how each member of the crew reacts to the message. Character What he/she thinks Captain Fermi insists they continue on their mission doesn’t give reasons expects to be obeyed Grant angry doesn't think what they have heard makes any difference wants to turn back Peter Bibikov calm and reasonable tries to see the advantages and disadvantages of going on or turning back Don frightened doesn’t want to go beyond the point of no return Michelle doesn’t think there is anyone left on Earth to go back to Margaret uncertain and confused wants to take a vote on what to do c Use the information in the table to write the next scene in your exercise book. Remember to: * decide where the characters are, and write a short scene description. + set out your play script with the characters names on the left and the dialogue on the right. * use stage directions to show the actors: © how to behave © how to say their lines.LeNiey ¥/) Looking at the Sky Figures of speech An idiom is a short phrase that usually means something quite different from what you might expect. A simile is when something is described as or like something else. A metaphor is when something is described as if it is something else. © Use a word from the word box to complete each of these idioms. cover blue boat shoulders 1 anold head on young 2. can't judge a book by its 3. missed the 4 out of the © write a simite. @ Write a metaphor. Possessive nouns Possessive nouns tell you who owns something. Singular possessive nouns the Sun's centre Plural possessive nouns that end ins the stars’ light Plural possessive nouns that do notend ins the people's glasses © Underline the owner in each phrase. Write if the owner is singular or P if the owner is plural. 1 our solar system's galaxy 2 the stars’ energy 3. the Sun's light 4 the planets’ moons © write a sentence of your own using a plural possessive noun.ir and ire words It is important to notice the distinctive sounds ir and ire words make. The Sun is like a huge ball of fire. A solar eclipse is an amazing sight but the first thing to remember is not to look straight at it. ©) Use each of these ir words in your own sentences. 1 circle 2. birthday 3. dirt 4 thirsty @© List three more ir words. Find seven ire words in the word search and write a definition for each one. h|t]ifrle t t m e r a/q]r]t]w blw]f]i]r e[t}p]rfe g}kla]le]s ifn]}s|p ple|r]s|p You can use a dictionary to help you. BpPevectelit lg Forming verbs from nouns and adjectives Some verbs are formed from nouns and adjectives by adding suffixes. ate en ify ise Noun [Adjective |Verb education _ [educate sharp sharpen strength _|strengthen simple simpli beauty beautify equal equalise energy energise pure purify © Undertine the verb in each sentence. Remember, some verbs are more than one word. 1 Iwas captivated by the solar eclipse. 2. The sky lightens at sunrise. 3. Tam energised when the sun shines! 4 Can you simplify the information for me? © Do the word sums to make verbs. Use each verb in a sentence of your own. Check the spelling of the verb in a dictionary. iy 1 solid + fy = Sentence: 2 television + ise = Sentence: 3 strength + en = Sentence: @ Use these verbs in sentences of your own. Use a dictionary to help you a understand their meaning. 1 simplify 2 widenExplanations 1 a Look carefully at the diagram. Earth @ vc0n oon rst around Earth b Choose the correct words from the box to complete the short explanation below. You will need to use some words more that once. Moon straight Sun Earth = shadow Ina lunar eclipse, the , the and the are allina line. The is between the and the The is in of the 2 Choose one of the following: eg eee é Kn « how a seed grows into a flower « how rain clouds are formed Plan an explanation by adding notes and a diagram.Leia 8 Holiday Destination Using a thesaurus @) Read these sentences carefully. Use a thesaurus to find a synonym for each of the words in bold. 1 Sri Lanka is a beautiful istand in the Indian Ocean. 2 Its wildlife is spectacular. 3. The Bambarakanda Falls is the highest waterfall in Sri Lanka. © Now use a thesaurus to find antonyms of the words in bold in Activity A. 1 2 3 Indirect speech Indirect speech is when we write about what someone has said. We don’t use the exact words. We don't use speech marks. Some visitors to the island say itis one of the most beautiful places on Earth. @ change these sentences into indirect speech. The first one is done 1. “Have you been to Sri Lanka?” she asked. for yo She asked if | had been to Sri Lanka 2 “I went to Sri Lanka last year,” I told her. 3 “Did you like the island?” she asked. 4 “I thought it was beautiful,” he said. 5 “Lagree,” she said.fer words + suffixes There are a few words that end in fer. For example: refer defer transfer When you add a suffix that begins with a vowel to a fer word, you need to double the r at the end of the word, if the fer is stressed. refer + ing = referring refer + ence = reference ©) Using the suffixes in the word box, add as many suffixes as you can to each of these root words. Check in a dictionary that you have spelt each new word correctly and that you understand what each . word means. ence ing ed al © Write three of the new words you have made in Activity A in sentences of your own. 1foetuluclg Relative pronouns Relative pronouns are special because they do two jobs. 1 They take the place of nouns. 2 They act like conjunctions, and they are related to the noun that comes before them in a sentence. Here are some common relative pronouns: who which that Who is used for people. There are many kilometres of golden sands. People just want to relax. There are many kilometres of golden sands for people who just want to relax. Which and that are used for animals and things. This is a travel brochure. It gives information about Sri Lanka. This is a travel brochure which/that gives information about Sri Lanka. ©) Underline the relative pronoun in each sentence. 1 Twould like a holiday that is exciting. 2 That is the man who flies the seaplane. 3 I want to visit the beach that has the best surfing. © copy and join each pair of sentences with who, which or that. 1 This is my friend. He has visited Sri Lanka. 2 We went on a train. It took us from Colombo to Jaffna. 3 Here is a photo. We took it at sunset. © write sentences about these things using who, which or that. 1 the seaplane 2 visitors 3. a dolphinWriting Writing to inform and persuade 1 You are going to create a brochure about a place you would like to visit or have visited. Research information about the place. * What place have you chosen for you brochure? * Where is it? + What places of interest have you found for people to see. Choose three or four. * What words and phrases will you use instead of nice? Use a thesaurus to help yo * What activities can people do when they visit? Make a list. + What words and phrases could you use to persuade people to do these things? * Are there any other details you would like to include, such as the food and the weather? * Brochures usually include photographs. What photographs do you want to include?LeNtey 9) The Flight of Icarus Homophones Remember, homophones are words that sound the same, but are spelt differently and have a different meaning, For example: Daedalus could see Icarus falling towards the sea. © write o definition for each of these homophones. 1 led lead 2 brake break 3. stationary stationery Punctuation Split direct speech When we use direct speech, sometimes we split the spoken words so we have to be very careful about the punctuation. twosentences: “Icarus, my son, come back!” pleaded Daedalus. “The sun will melt the wa: ‘one sentence: “If you fly too low,” he said, “the spray from the waves will make your wings wet and heavy.” ©) Add the speech marks and other missing punctuation. You cannot go home said the King You must stay here and invent things for me We have to escape said Daedalus I have to think of a plan I have collected lots of feathers said Icarus and put them in your workshop First I must make a wooden frame explained Daedalus and then melt the wax Don't fly too low said his father Don’t fly too high 1 2 3 4 5 eé&ow words The ow letter pattern can make different sounds. It is worth remembering that most words ending in ow have the long © sound, as in go. © what am 1? Use a word from the box. elbow shadow —_yellow rainbow narrow _ pillow window burrow T'm a colour. You can rest your head on this. You see me when the sun shines. Iam the opposite to wide. I'm home to a family of rabbits. You can see through me. T'm a part of your arm. (A I'm multi-coloured and appear in the sky. TN Remember, a syllable is a part of a word ert oaron + @ Sort these words into the correct column of the table. Check each syllable has a vowel sound. that can be sounded by itself. Each syllable has its own vowel sound. grow narrow following = rainbow ~— window shallow tomorrow — arrow own mower borrowing —_ hollow Words with one Words with two Words with three syllable syllables syllables @ Add one more ow word to each column of the table in Activity B.foeuluclg Sequencing adverbs Adverbs that tell us the order in which things are done are very useful for writing stories. Writing would be very repetitive if we only used and then. Our teacher read us a story about Daedalus and Icarus and then we wrote a play about it and then we acted it out. There are more interesting words and phrases to show the sequence of events. These are called sequence adverbs. In the afternoon, our teacher read us a story about Daedalus and Icarus. Afterwards, we had to write a play and actit out. @ Underline the sequence adverbs in these sentences. 1 Finally, Daedalus came up with a plan to escape from the tower. Firstly, he sent Icarus to collect birds’ feathers. 2 3 Meanwhile, he made a wooden frame in the shape of a bird's wing. fi ( 4 Afterwards, he melted some wax. ) 5 Next, Daedalus gave Icarus some advice. © Rewrite this sentence replacing and then with more interesting words and phrases. She went to the park and then she saw her friends and then they played on the swings and then they went home, | YOu can make this into more than ‘one sentence. You can put sequence adverbs at the beginning of sentences. @ write three things you do before school each day, and put each one into a sentence. Use interesting words and phrases to show the order in which you do them. 1ies Ey) Characters’ thoughts and feelings Daedalus and his son Icarus are being held captive by the King of Crete. Daedalus has made some wings so he and his son can escape from the island. 1 Imagine you are Icarus and it is the night before you are going to escape by flying out of the tower. Think about how you are feeling. a Are you feeling excited? Why? b Are you feeling frightened? Why? © Are you thinking about what life will be like when you escape? What will you do? d_ Are you thinking about what might go wrong? What could go wrong? What are your last thoughts before you go to sleep?Birds’ Wings Antonyms Remember, antonyms are words that mean the opposite. For example: fast slow == maximum = minimum broad narrow Some words do not have an antonym. bird glide © write three words in each box. Words with antonyms Words without antonyms © choose two of the words with antonyms from Activity A. Write the words and their antonym into two sentences. 1 2 Brackets for extra information Sometimes we want to put extra information in a sentence. When the extra information can be taken away and the sentence still makes sense, we can use brackets. An albatross (a type of seabird) has very long wings. © Rewrite each sentence, adding the extra information in a suitable place. 1. Sentence: This is the book I borrowed from the library. Extra information: a bird encyclopedia 2. Sentence: Sparrows can twist and turn quickly. Extra information: and other birds with short wingsough words ©) copy the ough words from the box that rhyme with the word at the top of each column. bough enough brought sought = cough_—oplough rough bought though trough dough thought puff off toe now caught Each of these words has a homophone with the ough letter pattern. Write the Remember, homophones are words that have the same sound but have ough word. it 4 «a different meaning and spelling. 1 bow 2 sort 3. threw 4 doe @ Choose three homophone pairs from Activity B, You can use a dictionary and write a sentence using each pair. to help yo! é2 1foeuluclg Possessive pronouns and possessive adjectives Possessive adjectives describe nouns. This is my garden. These are possessive adjectives. my your his her its our _ their Possessive pronouns stand in place of a possessive adjective + a noun. This garden is mine. (mine = my garden) These are possessive pronouns. mine yours his hers ours theirs ©) Underline the possessive pronoun in each sentence. 1. This book about kingfishers is mine. 2. The jacket with birds on is hers. 3 Are those bird books ours? 4 This drawing is better than mine. © Use a possessive pronoun instead of the underlined words in each sentence. 1. This tree belongs to us. This tree is ours. done for you 2 That camera belongs to him. 3 Those bird books belong to them. 4 Those photographs belong to her. @ Use each pair of possessive adjectives in a sentence of your own. 1 his her 2 our theirWri ig Bibliography 1 Choose an animal to research. Here are some suggestions. tiger bee kangaroo tortoise a What animal have you chosen to write about? b Make notes on what you already know. © Do your research and make notes on new information. 2. Make a bibliography. ‘Author Book title or name of websiteAON 1m Changing Times Adverbs They usually tell us how, when or where actions happen. © complete each sentence by adding an adverb made from the word in brackets. 1 She read the map (careful). 2 She found the bus stop (easy) 3 The traffic moved _____(slow). 4 The bus driver (helpful) pointed the way. 5 She thought she would (probable) visit the museum tomorrow. © write two of your own sentences using adverbs to give more information about the verbs. 1 2 Apostrophe round-up An apostrophe of contraction shows where a letter or letters have been missed out. We're visiting the city. (We are) An apostrophe of possession shows that someone or something owns something The city’s streets are busy. (the streets belonging to the city) © ada the missing apostrophes. 1 theyre 2 the trains engine 3 the towns roads 4 shouldnt 5 the peoples houses 6 youve 7 the horses tails 8 Iveant, ent, ance, ence word endings Many adjectives end with ent or ant. different distant These words can be made into abstract nouns by changing ent endings to ence, and ant endings to ance. difference descent impatience impatient: distance ignorance tolerant ignorant convenient impertinent impertinence elegance arrogant elegant 7 © complete the puzzle by filling in all the words from the word box. No word is used twice. efficient tolerance conveniencePevectelit lg Plural round-up Singular nouns are made plural in different ways. Noun Singular/Plurat For most nouns, add an s building/buildings For nouns ending in s, ch, sh and x, add es bus/buses For nouns ending in f and fe, change the f or fe to vand add es For nouns ending in consonant + y, take off the yand add ies For nouns ending in vowel + y, just add s boy/boys life/lives family/families For some nouns ending in 0, add es potato/potatoes For musical nouns ending in 0, add s cello/cellos For nouns ending in 00, add s kangaroo/kangaroos Some nouns are different in the plural form foot/feet Some nouns are always in the plural form clothes @ Make each noun plural. 1 chimney 2 baby 3. brush 4 leaf © choose two plural nouns from Activity A to use in sentences of your own. 1 2 @ Complete the label for each picture with a word that is always plural.ahs Sy Using contrast 1 You are going to write a poem with two verses. The first verse should be about a park during the day. The second verse should be about the park at night. a Complete this word web, adding words you could use to describe the park during the day. hot park during the day b Complete this word web, adding words you could use to describe the park during the night. i / | f\ deserted park at night 7 © Think of some words you could use to show that you enjoy being in a busy, crowded park during the day. excited d_ Think of some words you could use to show that you do not enjoy being in a busy, crowded park during the day. noisy e Think of some words you could use to show that you enjoy being in an empty park at night. calm f Think of some words you could use to show that you do not enjoy being in an empty park at night. bored 2 Use your words to write your poem in your exercise book.Growing a City Adverbs Adverbs tell us more about verbs. They usually tell us how, when or where actions happen. Remember, adverbs can tell us how words are spoken. They add detail and interest to your writing. “Let me help you,” she scid kindly. @) Write three adverbs that can be used with each of these verbs. 1 called 2 ran 3 wrote © ise the verb and an adverb from Activity A in sentences of your own. 1 2 3 Commas, dashes and brackets for extra information Sometimes we want to put extra information in a sentence. When the extra information can be taken away and the sentence still makes sense, we can use commas, dashes or brackets. The world’s largest man-made harbour (at Jebel Ali) was created. @ Rewrite each sentence, adding the extra information in a suitable place. 14 Sentence: Dubai began with 800 members of the Bani Yas tribe. Extra information: in 1833 2 Sentence: By 1930, the city had grown enormously. Extra information: population 20,000 3. Sentence: The leader at the time ordered that the creek should be dredged. Extra information: Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoumie and ei words Remember the rule: i comes before e (when the sound is ee) except after ¢ or when the sound is not ee For example: relieve receive leisure ©) Write four ie and four ei words. © Now make your own word search. Put the words from Activity Ain your word search first, then add other letters to fill the gaps. Ask a friend to try your word search, remember to cover the words at the top of this page!Pelectelit lg Relative pronouns A pronoun takes the place of a noun. The creek silted up. Itsilted up. These pronouns are called relative pronouns. who which that Relative pronouns are related to the noun that comes before them in a sentence. Dubai is a city that developed very quickly. who is used for people which/that are used for animals and things © Undertine the relative pronoun in each sentence. 1 Iwould like to visit a city that is near the desert. 2 This is the man who works in the market. 3 I would like to visit the hotel which is the tallest in the world. © copy and join each pair of sentences with who, which or that. 1 John is my friend. He has visited Dubai. 2 I went to Jebel Ali. It has a man-made harbour. 3. This is the book. It has interesting photographs of Dubai. © write sentences about these things using who, which or that. 1 a market 2 a sporting eventFlow diagram - key dates and events 1 Read the summary of the growth of Dubai, the capital of the United Arab Emirates. | In 1833, 800 members of the Bani Yas tribe settled at the mouth of a creek on the coast of the Arabian Gulf. By the early 20 century, Dubai was a successful port with a large and busy market. By 1930 the population was 20,000. However, in the 1950s, the creek began silting up. Ships could not easily get into the harbour and trade was threatened. The leader at the time, Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum, ordered that the creek should be dredged. This was a success, and made Dubai the major trading port in the area. Dubai continued to expand rapidly, and this was helped by the discovery of oil in 1966. By the 1980s and 1990s, Dubai's aim was to become a major tourist centre. In 2010, the |. Burj Khalifa, the tallest man-made structure on Earth, was completed. 2. Find the events that happened on these dates and complete the flow chart by writing brief notes in each box. 1833 Early 20" century 800 members of the Bani Yas Dubai was a successful port. tribe settled at the mouth of a | creek in the Arabian Gulf. 1930 1950s I 1980s and 1990s 1966 2010Visit Dinosaur World Vocabulary Abbrevi jons and acronyms We often use shortened forms of words. There are called abbreviations. phone = telephone Some groups of words can be shortened by using just the first letter or few letters of each of the main words. This is called an acronym. UN is an acronym for United Nations. © witha line, match each abbreviation with its word. approximately Dr February petrol kilogram adv mathematics kilo petroleum approx. doctor Feb adverb maths The first one is 4) © write three acronyms and the words they represent, \_done for you. ca 1 UN 2 = United Nations 3 = Commas between adjectives When we use two or more adjectives together, we may need to use a comma. Featuring the biggest, scariest dinosaur ride in the world! Remember to add a.comma. C: ©) add two adjectives to complete each sentence. 1 It was the ride I have ever been on! 2 The advertisement was interesting. 3 We won't go to the theme park on a day 4 The child enjoyed the ride,ei and ie words Remember the rule: i comes before e (when the sound is ee) except after ¢ or when the sound is not ee For example: relieve leisure © aad ie or ei to make a word. Tv n 2h ght 3 ghty 4 sh. Id 5 br. f 6 retr, ve 7 rec pt Bn ther 9 bel__f 10 n gh 11 shr__k 12 misch___f © circle the words in the box in which the ie or ei sounds like ee. Underline those you have circled that have an ei. their shield freight field deceit believe receive rein achieve leisure wield chief vein eight receipt @ Answer these questions. 1 What do you notice about the words you have underlined? 2 What do you notice about the words you haven't underlined or circled?Pevectelit lg Expanded noun phrases A noun phrase can include: a definite article the Internet indefinite article a ride/an advertisement a demonstrative adjective: singular this park that web page plural those tickets _these pictures adjectives the biggest, scariest dinosaur how many/how much some people/a lot of posters © Underline the noun phrases in each sentence. a 1 This sunny day is perfect for a visit to the ‘one noun phrase in a theme park. sentence. Look carefully! 2. The big, fierce dinosaur stared down at us. 3. Lots of unhappy people sheltered from the rain. © Make each of these verb family names into an ing adjective. Then use the adjectives as part of a noun phrase. Adda noun {| The st one to make a noun phrase. done for you verb family name adjective noun phrase 1 to excite exciting an exciting ride 2 to interest 3 to tire @ Ada two words to each of these nouns to make noun phrases. Use each noun phrase in a sentence. 1 highway Sentence: 2 television Sentence: 3 magazine Sentence: 4 children Sentence:alte ig Advertisements: a poster 1 You are going to design your own poster. a Whats your poster advertising? Tick one. ge water park sports/hobby magazine healthy fruit drink SPoRT 5 nC ing b Whois your advertisement aimed at? Tick one. Do you want children to see it and persuade their parents to take them/buy the product? Do you want parents to see it and think it is an interesting place or product for their children? ¢ How will you make your advertisement eye-catching? colours title illustration d_ What information will the poster give? . price opening times where to buy location oO 2 Write some persuasive words and phrases you could use on your poster.UNIT 14 The Old Forest Root words, prefixes and suffixes Remember, a root word is a basic word to which prefixes and suffixes can be added to make other words from the same word family. Root word: comfort comfort uncomfortable discomfort comfortable comforting comforted comfortably © complete the gaps in this table. Root word + Prefix + Suffix tidy tidiest agree irregular happy understanding Direct speech round-up Direct speech is when we write the actual words someone has spoken. The spoken words go inside the speech marks. Pippin asked, “Where is the path?” “Ican see the path!” cried Merry. “We will soon be out of the forest.” © add any missing speech marks and other punctuation to each sentence. 1 Merry asked Can you hear that dripping noise 2 I can hear it said Pippin and feel it as well 3 Travelling through the forest is dangerous said Frodo We have to stick togetherey word endings Words that end in ey can be tricky to spell. Usually, when we add s to most words ending in y we change the y to aniand add es. However, if the word ends in a single vowel + y we simply add s. chimney + s = chimneys ©) Find six words ending with ey in the word search and write them on the lines below. a} ji] rjulkfw| x h}olcjkfely|v oftlwizly|]p|a nfp}h{xfalm]t elag]}tfd]da]o]t yJmiviylp]|nfe p/mfofn|klely t}s}ifuldaly]o © write three more words ending with ey. Use each word in a sentence. 1 3 @ Circle the word with the different letter pattern. Write each word you have circled in its plural form. 1 alley 2 jockey 3. monkey valley donkey honey journey turkey chimney trolley chutney moneyfoeuluclg Auxiliary verbs Sometimes verbs are made up of more than one word. The verbs to be and to have are often used with other verbs to make different tenses. We call these verbs auxiliary verbs. Verb to be: The ground is rising steadily. The ground was rising steadily. They are entering the Old Forest. They were entering the Old Forest. Verb to have: They have entered the Old Forest. It has not taken you long to lose us. It had not taken you long to lose us. ©) choose the correct auxiliary verb from the box to complete each sentence. am are is 1 The forest growing darker, 2 1 wondering. 3. They worried. 4 Mery speaking. oe Underline the verb in each sentence. Change the verb from the present tense to the past tense. past tense 1 We are reading about the old forest. 2 They are taking the wrong path. 3. That tree is leaning dangerously. @ Add an auxiliary verb to each of these verbs. Use the new verbs in sentences of your own. 1 dripping 2 plodding 3 felties Ey) Characters Frodo, Pippin and Merry have been trying to find their way out of a dark forest. 4 You are going to write the next part of the story. What do you think the characters do, say and feel when they find their way out of the forest? a Merry In the forest Merry seemed fairly cheerful and whistled with relief when he saw the path. Do you think Merry was more or less worried than the others? When they find their way out, what do you think Merry: * does? © thinks? * feels? b Pippin In the forest Pippin ‘could not bear it any longer’ and ‘let out a shout’. Do you think Pippin was more or less worried than the others? When they find their way out, what do you think Pippin: * does? © thinks? * feels? c¢ Frodo In the forest Frodo began to wonder if it were possible to find a way through. Do you think he was more or less worried than the others? When they find their way out, what do you think Frodo: * does? * thinks? * feels? d_ Use your notes to write the next part of the story in your exercise book. ows > XY) NIN LNA NieRainforests in Danger Vocabulary Using a dictionary The words in a dictionary are in alphabetical order but, to make it easier to find a word, there are guide words at the top of each page. These tell you the first word and the last word that appear on that page. For example, if the guide words on a page are jovial and keep, the first word on the page is ‘jovial’ and the last word on the page is ‘keep’. The word ‘jug’ would be on this page. © Here are the guide words from three different pages in a dictionary: Page 128: lost lunch Page 124: lung mail Page l77: racket ~— rare Write the number of the page on which each of the following words would appear: 1 machine 2 luxury 3 railway 4 rapid 5 loud 6 loyal 7 ramp 8 luggage 9 range Punctuating sentences Allsentences begin with a capital letter. A statement ends with a full stop. Rainforests are important. A question ends with a question mark. How can we protect the rainforests? An exclamation ends with an exclamation mark. The rainforests are at risk! © write your own statement about rainforests. © write your own question about rainforests. @ Write your own exclamation about rainforests.ar and are words © Ada a word from the word box to complete each sentence. Each word can only be used once. scarf cards share (4 spare scared stars ep 1 The car had a puncture so we used the B. wheel. 2 Cleo offered to her sweets. 3 Jah gave out his business . 4 The were twinkling in the sky. 5 The children were of the thunder. 6 The matched Tamika’s new top. © Add ar or are to complete each of these words. 1 spo 2 st____ting 3 ch__t 4 yd 5 ¢ ful 6 bew___ 7p__k 8 L__ge 9d_k 10 sh__ep 11 sm___tly 12 om 13 gl_ 14 sc__f 15 prep___ed @ write three sentences. Choose two ar or are words to go in each one. 1foeuluclg Relative clauses To make sentences more interesting, we can use relative clauses. A relative clause: * begins with a relative pronoun: who, which or that * tells us more about the noun or pronoun in the main clause. For example: These people, who cleared areas of the forest, built houses and grew crops. Main clause: These people built houses and grew crops. Relative clause: _ who cleared areas of the forest These people moved from cities which had become overcrowded. Main clause: These people moved from cities Relative clause: _ which had become overcrowded Who is used for people. Which and that are used for animals and things. ©) Underline the relative clause in each sentence. 1 We should protect rainforests which help the planet. 2. We should stop doing things that harm the planet. 3. We should persuade people who clear areas of rainforest to stop. © complete each sentence by adding a relative clause. 1 Do you have a book ? 2 There are some scientists ; 3. Is this the magazine 2 @ write about your friend. Write two sentences and use at least two relative clauses.Wri Ey) Writing for an audience 1 You are going to plan and make a leaflet to persuade young people that the rainforests must be protected. a What is the title of your leaflet? Think of a few ideas. Choose the best one. b Find three ways in which rainforests are being destroyed and who is destroying them. Make notes. Make a list of the pictures you will need. ¢_ Find three reasons why rainforests should be protected. Make notes. Make a list of the pictures you will need. 2. Use your notes to create your leaflet.UNIT 16 Undersea World Onomatopoeia the word we use to describe words that sound similar to what they are desc: ©) Underline the onomatopoeic word in each of these sentences. 1 The birds twittered in the tree. a2 2 There was a loud bump as the book dropped to the floor. ‘ 3. The drip of the leaky tap began to irritate Mum. 4. The lion’s roar could be heard close by. 5 There was a huge splash as Tuhil jumped in the pool. © write two of your own sentences, each with an onomatopoeic word. 1 2 Babe teeleCo at Commas after adverb clauses To make sentences more interesting, we can use adverb clauses. An adverb clause works just like an adverb. It tells us more about the verb. If an adverb clause comes at the beginning of a sentence, we put a comma after the adverb clause before the rest of the sentence. Because corals build their homes on old skeletons, huge reefs are formed. © complete these sentences with adverb clauses. 1 we went snorkelling. 2 I was very careful. 3 you must not touch them. 4 they tore the boats. 5 we went with a guide.ost and oll words Many words with a single o have a short vowel sound, as in got. Words with the letter pattern oll and many words with the letter pattern ost have a long vowel sound. Perhaps one the most amazing sea landscapes is the coral reef. You would never know they are there as the waves roll over them. © complete each sentence with a different word from the box. stroll post almost_— roll 1 My grandmother enjoys a in the park. 21 won, but was overtaken just before the finish line. 3 Mylittle brother wanted to the ball down the hill. 4 will you this letter for me? © write each of these words in a sentence. 1 scroll 2 post 3 almost @ Exch word below has a missing oll, oal or ole letter pattem. Use the clues to help you complete each word. Check your answers in The letter patterns oll, oal and ole often make the same sound. a dictionary. 1 agentle walk str 2. often has a flag at the top p. 3 alarge group of fish sh. 4 ayoung horse f 5 players try to score this in football 4 6 space left after something is taken outfoeuluclg Homonyms Homonyms can be words that are different parts of speech but: * they sound the same * they are spelled the same For example: These plants are called algae. _ plants = noun He plants rice every year. plants = verb © write which part of speech each bold word is. 1 a Thearda talk about the coral reefs at school. b My teacher told us to talk quietly. 2 a Iworked hard on my project. b One type of coral is very hard. 3. a Ihada rest after snorkelling. b Will you rest for a while? © Which homonym can complete both sentences in each question? 1 a_Iplayed in the b He did not the car very well. 2 a She put the on her finger. b heard the school bell 3 a Igotapartin the . b We football after school. © write sentences to show the two meanings for each word. 1 headWriting Making notes 1 You are going to write a short report about what coral reefs are like. Read the information below and underline information you will use in your report. 2 You are going to write an explanation of how coral reefs are formed. Read the information below and use a different colour to underline the information you will use in your explanation. Coral Reefs The oceans of the world are full of the most incredible creatures. Plants, rocks and corals form weird and wonderful landscapes. Perhaps some of the most amazing landscapes are coral reefs. The Great Barrier Reef The Great Barrier Reef is a chain of 3,000 individual coral reefs off the coast of Queensland in northeastern Australia. It stretches for 2,300 kilometres. The word ‘reef’ comes from an old word rif, meaning an undersea danger to ships. Sailors, sailing over the coral reef to get to shore, were very aware that the sharp corals could tear the bottom of their boats. In time, the word rif changed to ‘reef’. Corals and plants called algae, are some of the world’s most incredible living things. These miniscule creatures build reefs which can survive even the huge waves caused by tropical storms and tsunamis. Corals combine their strength with beauty in their colourful branching shapes. What are corals? Corals are composed of tiny animals called polyps. They belong to the same family as jellyfish. The polyps live in a limestone skeleton. Each polyp has a ring of tentacles around its mouth to catch food. There are two basic types of coral - hard corals, and soft corals. Hard corals produce a limestone skeleton which forms the reef. Soft corals look much the same but they do not have a solid limestone skeleton. How are reefs formed? Coral reefs form when coral and algae find the right living conditions to thrive - warm, clear water and light. They are made from limestone, formed from skeletons of millions of tiny sea animals and plants. Each new generation fastens itself to the remains of the previous generations’ skeletons. The skeleton of the coral is both an anchor when the polyp is waving about in the water, and a hiding place into which it can retreat when threatened. Because corals live in huge colonies, young corals build their homes on old skeletons and, in this way, huge reefs of limestone are formed.