Brighter

Grammar 1
An English Grammar with Exercises
New edition

C E Eekersley
Margaret Macaulay
Revised by D K Swan
Contents
Each lesson is followed by exercises
www.longman.com

Or Longman Group UK Limited 1932, 987 Parts of speech: nouns 5

2
Nouns: singular and plural 10
3
Nouns: irregular plurals 15
4
Proper nouns 19
5
Nouns: possessive 27
6
Adjectives 32
7
Adjectives of quantity 37
First published 1932 8
Demonstrative and interrogative
This edition 1986 adjectives 39
Twenty-bird impression 2005 9
Verbs 43
JDBC 0 - 582 - S389T - 6
10
Sentences and phrases 49
11
The subject of a sentence s5
Set in 10/12 pt Linotron Times 12
The object of a verb 59
Printed in ivlalaysia, GPS 13
Pronouns s6
Illustrated by David Mosty n and Jerry Collin. 14
Gender of nouns and pronouns 68
' 15 Pronouns: singular and plural, persons 71
' 16 Pronouns: subject and object 75
17 Adverbs 81
18 Prepositions. Adverb phrases.
Adjective phrases 86
19 Conjunctions 92
20 Interjections 9#
Lesson One

Parts of speech: nouns

We use words when we speak or write a language. In English

grammar we study the use of English words. We see how we
change the words and how we arrange them to make
sentences that other people understand.
We say that English words are of eight kinds. If we want to
decide which kind a word is, we ask ourselves: ‘What work
does this word do in the sentence?’ The answer tells us which
‘box’ the word comes from. These eight ‘boxes’ are the eight

Let*s look at the wocds from the biggest boz: aouns. What
work does a noun do in a sentence? It is a word that we use to
name a person (mm, woman, John), or people (men, boys,
Indians j, or an animal (horse, dog j, or a thing (house, town),
or an idea peace, size etc.).

5
L,esson One Lesson One
A noun is a word that names anything. Example: Those women are teachers in my school.
Answer: women, teachers

The boy saw his brother.

2 The teacher speaks to his pupils.
3 My sister is a clever girl.
4 That boy is my triend.
5 Thete is a man and a woman jn the picture.
6 Three doctors work in this hospital.
7 The children are staying with their uncle and aunt.
8 The man opened the door for his wife.
9 My father and mother have asked my cousin to come and
stay at our house.
10 The soldiers marched through the town.
11 1 That little girl is my daughter.
12 The sailors were led by an officer.
13 A supermarket sells tea and sugar.
14 The chemist has a shop in that street.

Pick out the nouns that name things in these sentences.

There is a pen on the desk.
The boy kicked the football through the goal.
Put the chalk on the table.
Exercises 4 On the plate there were some apples and oranges.
5 The car went quickly along the road.
A Write down words that name 6 There were some new pencils in the box.
7 You can buy tea and sugat at the shop.
six people (Sample: teacher) g There are three windows in this room.
six animals (Exainple: horse) 9 The bus is coming along the road.
six things (Example: table) 10 The driver stops the bus at the corner.
You have written down eighteen words. What part of i1 The men are putting the boxes on the top of the bus.
speech 12 The passengers are in their seats, and the bus starts.
are your eighteen words? . 13 Open your books and read the words on the first page.
14 There aren't any nuts on that tree.

B Pick out the norms that name people in these sentences. 15 The boy put too many nuts in his mouth.
There are 26 of them.
7
Lesson One LesSOn One

journey time answer peace news noise price winter

1 What is the °miver to this question?
2 In some countries, is a very cold
season. 3 We measure in hours.
4 What's the of those shoes? — Forty dollars.
5 Everybody wants and not war.
6 Please don't make so much . I'm trying to study.
7 Have you heard the ? The war has ended.
8 They arrived at the end of their long

F Pick out all the nouns in this story. There are 15 different
nouns in it.

To cure a headache
D Pick out the nouns that name animal in these A man went into a chemist's shop and said, ‘I want some-
sentences. There are 21 of them. (‘Animals’ here include thing for a very bad headache.’
birds, fish and The chemist took a bottle from a shelf, held it under the
insects.) man's nose and opened it. The smell was so strong that
I The dog is running in the field. tears came into the man's eyes and ran down his cheeks.
2 Look! The cat has caught a ' ! in "
mouse. 3 I saw lions and tigers in
the zoo.
4 The bird is singing in the tree.
5 Try to keep flies and other insects away Itom the
‹f
food. 6 Here is a hen with twelve chickens.
7 We get milk trim COWS.
8 There are horses and donkeys in the ‘What did you do that ior?’ he said angrily, as soon as he
field. 9 The eagle is a very big bird. could get back his breath.
t0 The kittens and the puppies were playing together. ‘But that medicine has cured your headache, hasn't it?’
11 A whale tives in the sea, but it isn't really a said the chemist.
fish. 12 I am going now to feed the ducks and ‘You fool,’ said the man. ‘It's my wife that has the
geese. headache, not me!’
E Here are some nouns that name ident. Use one to 9
complete each sentence. We have completed numbet 1 tor
you.

8
Lesson Two
Lesson Two We know the words boy, girl, dog are nouns. Notice the
little change in a noun when we mean ‘more than one’:

Nouns: singular and plural Singular Plural

boy boys
girl girls
Look at these pictures. dog dogs

Here there is only 1 boy, 1 girl, I dog. What is the difference? Nouns that mean ‘only one’
are singular. Nouns that mean ‘more than one’ are
plural.

With most of the nouns in English we make the plural by

adding s to the singular.

In the next picture you can see more than one boy, more
than one girl, and more than one dog. In fact there are
three boys, four girls, and two dogs.

10
11
Lesson TWo Lesson Two
Exercises D Make two columns, singular and plural.
A FiI1 the space with the plural noun. Singular Plural
Example: One boy. hen chickens
Three Amw'er: Three
boys.
l A horse. Two Now write in the singular column, all the nouns in these
2 One dog. Three sentences that mean ’only one’, and write in the
3 A car. Some plural column the nouns that mean ‘more than one‘.
4 A big tree. Some big We have filled in number 1 for you.
5 One day. 1 The hen has twelve chickens.
Seven 6 A shop, 2 The chemist had a lot of bottles in his
Some shop. 3 The boys are playing in the field.
7 The chemist. All the 4 My books are in my bag.
8 A bottle. Several 5 I have four fingers and one thumb on each
9 An eye. Two hand. 6 There are pictures on the walls of this
10 One nose . A IOt Of room.
7 The birds are singing in the trees.
B Fill the space with the singular form of the noun. 8 The teacher gave us some lessons in grammar.
Example Two boys. One —. 9 There is an apple on this plate.
surer: One boy. 10 How many windows are there in this room?
11 The referee blows his whistle and the players stop.
1 Some houses. A
2 Some ideas. An
3 Nasty smells. A
nasty 4 A lot of fools.
One
5 Ten .nouns. A
6 Ten spaces. One
7 Three animals. An
8 Two names. A
9 Things. A
10 Five teachers. Only one

C How do we generally make English singular nouns into

LessottTwo

12 Open your books and read the sentences on page ten. Lesson Three
13 There are a 1oc of nuts on that tree.
14 The sparrow is a small bird.
15 Cats and dogs sometimes fight.
16 The elephant is a very big animal.
17 The man said his wife had a headache.
Nouns: irregular plurals
18 Tears came into his eyes.

E Complete the following sentences with singill8l’ f1O088 1

The kicked the For the plural ot most nouns we add s to the singular. But
2 Give me your there are some that make their plural differently.
3 I like this 1 Nouns that end in a ‘hissing’ sound (-sh, -ch, -x, -z)
4 My is on the make their plurals by adding -es.
5 The writes on the
6 There is a...........on the Singular Plural Singular Plural
7 The iS playing With the inch fox watch church
inches foxes watches churches
brush box bus boss
brushes boxes buses bosses
8 I have a in my
9 He goes to the every
10 The is a very big

F Complete the following sentences with plural nOUm.

2 Some nouns that end in -o form their plurals by adding -es.
1 The are playing with the
2 How many have you got? Singular Plural
3 Thcre are three on the potato potatoes cargo cargoes
4 are putting------in the van. hero heroes mosquito mosquitoes
S The engine has sis
6 There are and on the plate.
3 Couns that end in •/or -fe generally change the ending to
7 My brother has twelve - yes for the plural.
8 Open your and read the on page ten. •
9 In the zoo 1 saw and 3tubular Plttrol JfHgHfnz Plural
10 The are singing in the . leaf leaves wife wives
• halt halves knife knives
wolf wolves thief thieves

lS
14
Lesson Three
Lesson Three
4 Some nouns that end in -y change the -y into -res for
the plural. (Not nouns that end -ay, -ey, -o y. They add -s: C What do we add for the plural to nouns that end in a
vays, donke ys, bo ys.) ‘missing’ sound? Give an eKample.

Siriguf‹ir Plural Singular Plural D How do some nouns that end in -o make the plural? Give
baby babies army armies an example.
lady ladies city cities
fly flies body bodies E If nouns end in -/or -/e, how do they generally make the
plural?

5 A few nouns don't follow any of these rules. Here are the F Change the nouns in the following sentences from singular
commonest of them. to plural. Notice that plural nouns do not have n or as.
Singular Plural Singular Plural Example: The farmer had a dog.
man men tooth teeth Answer: The farmers had dogs.
woman women goose geese 1 The boy had a knife.
child children mouse mice 2 The child came into the
foot feet sheep sheep room. 3 The man looked on the
ox oxen deer deer shelf. 4 The lady gave a key to
the girl. 5 The cat caught the
mouse.
6 The leaf fell from the tree.
Exercises 7 The man and woman went to the cinema
8 The child saw a sheep i» the field.
A Write the plural forms of these nouns. 9 The nurse carried a baby.
I box, hero, potato, church, brush, for, inch. 10 The boss had a new car.
2 half, knife, leaf, baby, loaf, lady, donkey, fly, wolf, day, 11 The soldier got into a bus.
thief, army. 12 The donkey ran down the street.
3 woman, child, tooth, man, deer, goose, sheep, foot. 13 A bird sang on the branch of a tree.
14 The foot of the deer crushed the flower.
B Write the singular forms of these nouns. 15 The thief didn't see the policeman.
1 brushes, heroes, boxes, potatoes, churches, foxes, inches.
2 halves, wolves, leaves, armies, babies, flies, loaves, wives, .
ladies, thieves, knives, days.
3 sheep, feet, mice, men, deer, geese, children, women.

16

17
Lesson Three

G Change the nouns in the following sentences from plural Lesson Four
to singular. Notice a or an with a singular noun when the
plural does not have the.
Mample: Soldiers stood outside the houses.
Answer: A soldier stood outside the house.
Proper nouns
1 The nurses worked in hospitals.
2 The cats caught the mice. In Lesson 1 we had the words bo y, girl, dog, cat. These
3 The boys had knives. words are nouns because they name people or animals. That
4 The countries did not have armies. is quite true; but most people (and some animals) have
5 The leaves fell from the trees. more than one name. The word boy means young male
person — any young male person. Most boys also have
their own names.
Let's look at a family. Mr and Mrs Brown (Henry and Susan)
have three sons.
Henry Brown — Susan Brown

Jeremy Richard Mark

6 The children rode on donkeys.

7 The men Nled the glasses.
8 The boys had watches.
9 The policemen found the thieves.
10 We saw geese and foxes.
11 The oxen ate the grass.
12 The women told the children stories.
l3 The thieves stole watches and
radios. 14 The babies laughed at the
children.
15 Wolves killed the sheep.
- Jeremy Brown is a boy. Richard Brown is a boy. Mark
H Look again at the short story on page 9 and put all Brown is a boy. They are three boys. The English word that
the singular nouns in one column and ali the plural names them is boy. It is a common noun. You can use
nouns in another column. the
18 19
Lesson Four Lesson Four
English common noun boy for any young male person in the
world.
The words Jeremy and Richard and Mark are nouns because
they name people. But they are not common nouns: you can't
use them to name any young male person. They are the
special names of Mr and Mrs Brown's sons. In grammar we
call these special names proper nouns.
Mr and Mrs Green (John William and Elizabeth) have four
daughters.
John William Green — Elizabeth Green

Grace Karen Pauline Anne

When we talk about the daughters, the word daughters is a Look at this map of England and Wales. On it there are
common nouo. When we call them girls, the word girls is a seven towns (or cities), four rivers, two ranges of hills and
(plural) common noun. Their own names are noons too . three islands, The word iow'n is common to all towns (that is,
— proper nouns. We spell these proper nouns with a it can be used of all of them). The word river is common to all
capital letter: G, K, P, and A — Grace, Karen, Pauline rivers, the word island is common to all islands.
and Anne.
Lesson Four Lesson Four

Norris that are the special names of people or places or things

are called proper nouns.
All proper nouns begin with a capital letter. The names of
days of the week (Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, etc.) and
months of the year (January, February, etc.) are all proper
nouns, and so should begin with capitalletiers.
\sle •

I eids
Exercises
A Write down:
1 ten common nouns that are the names of things that you
can see in your classroom (Example. blackboard).
Non ich
2 ten for things used in games.
3 ten for things you can see in the town.
4 ten for things you can see in the country.
5 ten for things you can see in your home.

B Write down:
1 ten proper noons that are the names of persons.
2 ten that are the names of places or things.

C Pick out the proper nouns in the following:

Example: Rome and Venice are cities in Italy.
Ans»'er: Rome, Venice, Italy (not cities — it is a common

I John came to our house on Friday.

2 Mary has a birthday in October.
Now, here is the same map with the special names of these 3 The Nile is a big river.
towns or cities, islands, rivers, etc. These names are proper 4 Margaret has gone to Turkey.
nouns in grammar. • 5 London is the capital of England.
Nouns that are the names for all people or things or places 6 The Queen Elizabeth sails from Southampton to New
of the same kind are called common nouns. York.

22 23
Lesson Four
Lesson Four
7 Kingston is in Jamaica.
a small town called greenfields. They went by train. lt was
8 The° White House is in Washington.
an electric train with eight carriages.
9 The Red Sea is to the east of
Egypt. ‘Here's a non-smoking carria8e,’ mr brown said. ‘There
are four seats over there.’ He opened the carriage door,
10 Our plane stopped at Bahrain Airport on its way to
and they got in.
Singapore. The train was a fast one. It didn't stop at knightsiown,
sandfield, pursley or didcombe. But it stopped at starwood
D Write out the following sentences with capital letters for new town. Some people got off there, and a porter put
proper nouns and the beginning of sentences. some bags of letters and parcels into ihe van. An old lady
I harry lives in london. got into the carriage. She had a bag with her name and
2 lima is a very fine city. address on it: mrs m. smith, northwood street, croydon,
3 my brother's name is george. surrey. Ten minutes later they came into waterloo station
4 we flew to america on an air india plane. and very soon they were out in the busy streets.
5 the sudan lies to the south of egypt.
6 william shakespeare was one of england's greatest poets.
7 the nile is a longer river than the thames.
8 paris is the capital of france.
9 my birthday is on thursday, the 15th of may.
10 is delhi in pakistan or in india?

E Here is a short story. It has in it common nouns and proper

nouns, but we have printed the proper nouns with a small
letter. Draw a table and write the common nouns in one
column, and the proper nouns (with capital letters) in
another column. We have done the first sentence for you.
Common nouns Proper nouns
sons Tuesday, Henry ‘Come on, boys, we'll take a bus now.’ They found a big
Brown, Jeremy, red bus marked london bridge. ‘That's the bus we want,’
Richard, Mark, London ‘ said mr brown and the boys hurried up the stairs and on
to the top of the bus. As they went along, mr brown
pointed out places and things for them to see. ‘This is
A visit to London westminster
- bridge and there are the houses of parliament. We are
Last tuesday Henry brown took his sons jeremy, richard and
crossing london's n ve r now, the thames, and just over there
mark to london. .They live about fifty miles from london in
is westminster abbey.’
24
Lesson Four

‘What's that monument on the bank of the river?’ asked

richard. Lesson Five
‘That's cleopatra's needle. It came from egypt.’
‘And what's that building in the distance with the golden
cross on top?’
‘That is st paul's cathedral,’ said mr brown. ‘It was built
Nouns: possessive
by the great architect sir christopher wren.’ It is possible to say, ‘This is the book of the boy’, or ‘The
‘I want to see the tower of london,’ said jeremy. dog of Mrs Smith was called Micky’, or ‘John is wearing the
‘We'll see that after lunch,’ said his father. shirt of a man’. But English people don't usually say that.
‘Where are we going for lunch?’ asked mark. ‘1 didn't eat They say:
much breakfast, I was too excited.’ This is the boy's book.
‘We'll have lunch at a place I know in fleet street. Here it Mrs Smith's dog was called Micky.
is, the cheshire cheese. We must get off the bus here.’ John is wearing a man’s shirt.
This form is called the possessive, because it is used to
show possession. It shows that something belongs to the
person who is named by the noun — that the boy
possesses the book, that Mrs Smith possesses the dog, that
John's shirt is usually worn by a man.
The possessive form of singular nouns is made by putting an
apostrophe s (’s} after the noun that stands for the possessor.
For we write Mary's cat.
Fordwe write Jack's
house. Formwe write the
girl's foot.

26

27
Lesson Five Lesson Five
To make the possessive form of plural nouns there are two
easy rules to remember: The possessive
1 If the plural ends in s we just add an apostrophe. Singular noun Plural now Plurol nouns not
= the bo ys’ house. endin$ in s ending in s
= the girl’ hats. These nouns take These nouns These nouns take
take only s
lion uncle babies soldiers men
dog bird sons girls women
child John uncles boys children
brother sister friends
soldier son fathers cats
Mr Brown dogs
birds ladies

2 If the plural does not end in s we add ’s. There are only a We use the possessive (’s or i’) form of nouns that name
few nouns whose plurals don't end in s. For example: people and most animals. It is not generally used for nouns
that name things.
Plural Possessi ve So we say: the teacher's lesson; the mother's dress; the dog's
men men's foot; the lion's tail. But we say: the colour of the book (not
women women's ) ; the roof o/the house (note
children children's

Examples: Their children's school is in the next village.

This store sells both men’s and +omen’i clothes. Exercises
A Write down the possessive form of the following. Then
use it in a sentence.
Example: the teeth oi the dog
Answer: the dog's teeth. I-te looked at the dog's teeth.
’ 1 the hat of the man 7 the face of the baby
2 the leg of the boy 8 the laughter of the man
3 the home of the girl 9 the shop of the chemist
_ 4 the stick of John 10 the friend of my brother
S the wing ot the bird 11 the coat of Mr Huang
6 the voice of the child 12 the tail of the cat
28
29
Lesson Five
Lesson Five
B Write down the possessive torm of the following. Then use
it in a sentence. E Write out these sentences. Use the possessive form of the
noun in brackets.
Example: the teeth of the dogs
Example: My (brother) cat is in the garden.
A›tswer: the dogs' teeth. The dogs' teeth were sharp.
Answer: My brother's cat is in the garden.
I the homes of the boys 7 the cries of the children
2 the legs of the horses 8 the shouts of the 1 The man went to the (chemist) shop.
boys 3 the laughter of the girls 9 the 2 The name of Mrs (Smith) dog was Micky.
songs of the women 4 the wings of the birds 10 the 3 Have you seen (Wayne) new bicycle.
friends of the ladies 5 the voices of the pupils11 the 4 We heard the (men) shouts in the distance.
barks of the dogs 5 My (sister) friend is coming to tea.
6 Let us join in the (children) games.
6 the shouts of the men 12 the friend of my brothers
7 That is a (woman) bicycle.
8 That building is the (Women) Institute.
C Make the following plural. 9 Ellen is carrying a (lady) handbag.
Mample: the cat's eye 10 Mary sings in the (ladies) choir.
Arewer: the cats' eyes
I the boy's house F Write down the possessive form of all the words in the
6 the woman's
2 the girl's friend table on page 29 (lion, babies, men, etc.). Put each word in
3 the dog's bark song 7 the child's
game 8 the baby's a sentence.
4 the man's shout
smile Example: birds
5 the lady's song
9 the bird's wing Answer: birds'. Look at all those birds' nests.
10 the donkey's tail

D Make the following singular.

Mample: the kings' palaces
As wer: the king's palace
I the birds’ wings 6 the dogs’ barks
2 the children's games 7 the girls’ friend
3 the babies’ smiles 8 the ladies’ songs
4 tbe men's shouts 9 the donkeys’ tails •
5 the boys' house 10 the women's songs

30 31
Lesson Six

The words man, book, box, egg, rabbit are nouns. The words
fat, thin, old, new, heav y, light, good, bad, white, black all
tell us something about the meaning of these nouns. They tell
us what kind of man, what kind of book, what kind of egg,
Adjectives etc. They are adjectives.
You will notice that in English the adjective usually goes
If 1 say to you, before the noun.
A man came into the room a red Rower
the noun man doesn't make a clear picture iii your mind. a big dog
a long journey
If I say, In later lessons you will see some exceptions.
A thin man came into the room
I limit the meaning of the noun man: you don't see in your Adjectives of the kind we have looked at in Lesson 6 (the
mind a fat man or even a man of ordinary shape, only a thin words that tell us 'what find’) are adjectives of quality.
man.

The word thin is an adjective. It tells us what kind of man we

mean by our noun man.
We use an adjective with a noun to limit the meanin8 of the
OLD
noun. The adjective qualifies the noun.
Here are some more examples: STk0N§

a thin Inan a /at man

an old book a new book
a heavy box a fight
box
a good egg a bad egg ’

’' a u''hite rabbit a block rabbit ’

32
Lesson Six
Lesson Six
Exercises
6 In my country we have weather in summer and
A Put suitable adjectives before each of the following nouns. weather in winter.
7 Have you seen a cow? We have lost it.
Example: car 8 Mr Brown is not a man.
Answer: a red car
1 house 4 book 7 lion 10 headache D Read this short story. Then make 2 columns with the
2 day 5 boy 8 train 11 flower headings adjectives and nouns. In the first column write
3 dinner 6 tree 9 river 12 dog down each adjective you find in the story. In the second
column write the noun that the adjective goes with. We
B Pick out the adjectives in the following sentences. have printed the adjectives and nouns from the first
sentence for you as an example.
Example: Look at that old black car.
Answer: old, black Adjectives Nouns
poor big wide woodcutter piece
1 They live in a big red house. liver
2 Lloyd is a clever boy.
3 This plant has small yellow flowers.
4 Mr Chung is a kind man.
5 The camel is a very useful animal.
6 In New York they have warm weather in summer and
cold weather in winter.
7 Mary has a new green jumper.
8 Lions are strong, fierce animals.
9 Cairo is a large, busy city.
10 These small apples have a sweet taste.
C Complete these sentences with adjectives from the
box. We have filled in number 1 for you.
nasty cold new big sweet The woodcutter an6 the fairy
black favourite hot interesting
small A poor woodcutter was cutting a big piece of wood near a
1 The man bought a ttew car.
2 The teacher gave us an lesson. wide river. Suddenly his old axe slipped from his hand and
3 Henry has broken his knife. fell into the deep water. He was a sad man because he had
4 An elephant is a animal, a mouse is a one. - lost his only axe. But suddenly a lovely, bright fairy ap-
5 Do you like apples? peared.
'What's the matter?’ she asked the unhappy woodcutter.
34 35
Lesson Six

‘I have lost my old axe,’ he said. ‘It fell into the deep
water.’ Lesson Seven
The fairy showed him a gold axe and said, ‘Is this
yours?’ ‘No,’ said the woodcutter.
The fairy then showed him a silver axe and said again in
her clear voice, ‘Is this yours?’
Adjectives of quantity
‘No,’ answered the woodcutter.
Then she showed him a common, iron axe with an old, There are several other kinds of adjectives besides adjectives
wooden handle. of quality. There are, for example, adjectives that tell you
‘Yes, that's mine,’ said the happy woodcutter. “how much’ ot ‘how many’.
‘I know,’ said the kind fairy. ‘I only wanted a true I have two eyes.
answer. You are an honest man, so I can give you the gold There are iweny books on the desk.
axe and the silver axe as well. as the old iron axe.’ These are called adjectives of quantity.
Here is a little song with some adjectives of quantity in it.
Ten green bottles
There were ten green bottles standing on the wall,
Ten green bottles standing on the wall,
And if one green bottle should accidentally fall,
There'd be nine green bottles standing on the wall.

- After this verse you continue:

There were nine green bottles standing on the wall,
Nine green bottles standing on the wall,
And if one green bottle should accidentally fall,
There'd be eight green bottles standing on the wall.
Then, ‘There were ei8ht . ..’ and so on, until you come to:

36 37
L.esson Seven

‘There was one green bottle . . .’ and the last line will be
‘There'd be no green bottles standing on the wall.’ And the Lesson Eight
word to here is also an adjective of quantity.
Much and many are also adjectives of quantity. They tell us
the quantity but not so definitely as the numbers one, two, Demonstrative and interrogative
three etc.
adjectives
Much is used with singular nouns; many with plural nouns
and we almost always use them with not or n'i.
I don't have msny friends in Cairo. There are also adjectives that ‘point out’ people, things, etc.
We didn't have mccl rain this morning.
There are riot many apples on that
tree. I didn‘t eat mccli breakfast this
morning.
Adjectives a}' quantity show ‘how much* or ‘how many’.

Exercise
Complete the sentences with an adjective of quantity in ‘I like this car.’ ‘I don't like ttiai car.’
each of the blank spaces.
1 There were bottles on the wall. This and these are generally used tor things that are near.
2 In the last verse of the song there were bottles on the That and those are generally used for things that are further
wall. away. This and that go with singular nouns. These and those
3 There are not pictures in that book. go with plural nouns.
4 I have eyes and nose. This car is old. (singular)
5 We hadn't time to do our work. That car is old. (singular)
6 Ali didn't spend money on his holiday. These cars are new. (plural)
7 There are days in a week. Those cars are new. (plural)
8 You haven't done very work. This, thot, these, those are demonstrative adjectives.
9 There are not watches that keep perfect time. There is one other kind of adjective that we must rfieniion.
Interrogative adjectives are used with nouns to ask questions.
What book are you reading now?
What price are eggs today?
Which boy can answer this question?

38 39
Lesson £ig/if
Lesson Eight

5 Have you read book I am reading?

6 Do you like shoes I am wearing?
7 Will you give me pen for silver pencil?
8 girls on the back seat are not working as hard as
girls on the tront seat.
9 I bought apples from shop in the High Street.
10 exercises we are doing on page are more
difficult than exercises we did on page seven.

B Make the folio 8 phrases plural.

Which house do you live in? Jf/ioie house is that?
W;tose cat is this? Example: that picture
Answer: those pictures

DTM0N5TRAT14f 1 this doot

QUANTITY 2 that house
3 that big boy
4 this red apple
5 this new bicycle
6 that open window
7 that clever girl
8 that large fierce
animal 9 this clean new
book
10 that small yellow orange
Exercises
C Make the following phrases singular.
A Complete the sentences with a demonstrative adjective in 1 those boys
each blank space. 2 these boys
Example.- girl over there is beautiful. 3 those blue flowers
As ver: That girl over there is beautiful. 4 those black hens
" 5 these big dogs
1 I like flower. 6 these stupid boys
2 I like 7 those large fierce animals
flowers. 8 those dirty old books
3 stars are in the east. 9 these fine new bicycles
4 star is called the North Star. 10 these bright red flowers

41
Lesson £ight

D Complete the sentences with an interrogative adjective in

each blank space. Lesson Nine
Example: hand am I holding it in?
Answer: Which hand am I holding it in?
1 bicycle is that?
Verbs
2 questions have you answered? ,
3 time is it now? Verbs are very important words.
4 lesson do you like best?
5 colour were the bottles on the wall?

E Pick out the adjectives in the following and say what

kind of adjective each one is.
Example: Whole car is that red Peugeot?
Answer: Whose — interrogative adjective
that — demonstrative adjective
red - adjective of quality
There were four apples and two oranges on the plate.
2
This book is a good one.
3
A clever boy can soon do these exercises.
4
There are not many students in the class today.
5 I saw four birds in the tall tree.
6 We haven't much time to do this long exercise.
7 I wish my mother would buy me that big, new bicycle.
8 Which bicycle do you want?
9 What price is that bicycle?
10 Those four boys are brothers.
11 Nine green bottles were standing on this old wall. We use verbs to say what people end things do. Verbs express
i2 When that song finished, there were no green botfles on an action.
the wall. - The woodcutter sat on the bank. (What did he do? j
13 Whose pencil is on the desk* She showed him z gold axe. (What did she do?)
14 What time are you going to the football match? ‘That's mine,’ mid the woodcutter. (What did he do*)
15 I think this new watch is a good one. _ The girls go to school every day. (What do they do?)
The man opened the box.
The bird sings at my window every morning.
The boys ate all the pudding.
42
43
Lesson Nine
I eJzon Nine
Sometimes we use two words for a *erb. 12 We learn
The poor woodcutter iv‹zs cutting a piece of wood. (What
grammar. 13 They
w‹ts be doing*)
speak English.
I have lost m axe. (What has he done?)
14 I received a letter this morning.
I will give you the gold axe and the silver axe. (What will
- 15 Wayne wrote the letter.
she dot)
16 He put the letter in a letter-box.
Some verbs don't express an action. They just say people or 17 Richard climbed a free.
things are something. The chief of these is the verb 6e (arm, , 18 George shut the door.
is, are, was, were). These verbs often have an adjective after 19 I saw the teacher.
them. 20 The pupils opened their books.
The woodcutter was (verb) very sad (adjective).
The fairy asked the woodcutter why he »'es (verb) B Pick out the two-w'ord verbs in these sentences.
unhapp y (adjective). Example: Is he writing a letter?
The fairy said, ‘You are (verb) honest (adjective).’ A mwer: Is . . . writing
1 The boy is writing.
2 The girls are running.
3 The teacher is giving us a lesson.
Exercises 4 The teacher will give us a
lesson. 5 The teacher has given us a
A Pick out the verbs expressing an action in the following
lesson. 6 The boy will run a race
sentences.
tomorrow. 7 The camel is carrying
Example: The train stopped at a station. a big load.
Am»'er: stopped 8 The train has
gone. 9 The sun is
1 The boy ran out of the
house. 2 The girls danced. shining. 10 I will
write a letter.
3 The teacher gave us a lesson.
4 Birds sing. 11 I will write it in English.
12 I have written the letter.
5 The man smokes a pipe.
13 They are speaking English.
6 Fish swim in the sea.
14 They will speak English.
7 The camel carries a load.
15 They have spoken English.
8 The train started again.
9 A car came to our door. 16 Richard is climbing a
10 The sun shines. tree.
- 17 George has shut the door.
11 t wrote a letter.
18 I have seen the teacher.
19 I will see the teacher.
_ 20 The pupils have opened their books.
21 What is he doing?
22 What time will they arrive?
Lesson Nine
Lesson Nine
C Pick out the parts of the verb be in these sentences.
F Make questions and give the answers for the pictures
Remember that this verb says what people or things are (or below. Underline all the verbs in your answers. We have
were). done number 1 for you as an example.
Example: The man was very old. ’ Question: What is the boy doing?
Answer: was Answer.’ He is chopping wood.
1 Jeremy is tired. 6 I am tired. ,
2 Mary is very happy. 7 Karen was unhappy.
3 Those men are cold. 8 The boys were
hungry. 4 My cat is very pretty. 9 The teacher
is kind.
5 Those flowers are red. 10 The woodcutter was honest.

D Complete these sentences with parts of the verb be.

1 The woodcutter very unhappy.
2 The fairy said, 'You honest.’
3 I glad that you are
here. 4 My sister very
clever.
5 The flowers pretty. 10
E Complete these sentences with verbs from the box. Use
each verb once only.

goes gave wrote jumps opened

painted bought cooks go washed
G Put a word from the box into the blank spaces to
1 The boy the door. make two-word verbs.
2 The dog over the gate every morning.
was am are has were have is
3 Tom a good dinner every evening.
4 The woman the dirty clothes. I The woodcutter cutting a piece of wood.
5 The aeroplane .. from Hong Kong to London. 2 I doing my work.
6 I these apples at the shop. 3 The woodcutter lost his are.
7 We to school every day. 4 The dog jumped over the gate.
8 The chemist the man a bottle of 5 Tom's father cooking a good dinner.
medicine. 9 The teacher the words on the 6 The woman washed the dirty
blackboard. 10 I a picture on the paper. clothes. 7 I done my work.

46 47
Lesson Nine

8 The fairy said, ‘I giving you the gold axe and Lesson Ten
the silver axe.’
9 We drawing pictures on the paper.
10 The boys playing in the playground.
Sentences and phrases
H Pick out the nouns, the adjectives and the verbs in the
following story. Write them in 3 columns like this:
Sentences
Nouns Adjectives Verbs
gentleman old was walking When we want to express our thoughts we use a group of
SUgg t words. A group of words that makes complete sense is a
sentence.
We have filled in the words for the first sentence.

Poor old gentleman!

An old gentleman was walking slowly along a street. He
saw a little boy who was trying to teach a door-bell. The
door-bell was too high. The kind old man stopped and said, 1 Tommy has a bicycle. (statement)
‘I'll ring the bell for you.’ He rang the bell, and it made a
loud noise io the house.

2 Where are you going? (question)

3 Open the door. (command)

The little boy looked up at him and said, ‘Now we'll run
away. Come on!’ The first sentence tells us something; it tells us that Tommy
And the naughty boy ran round the corner. The old has a bicycle. It makes a statement.
gentleman was stik at the door when a big man came and The second sentence doesn't tell us anything; ii est
opened it. something; it asks where someone is going. It is a question.
‘Yes?’ said the angry man. ‘What do you want?’ The answer to this question will be a statement.
48 49
Lesson Ten
Lesson Ten
The third sentence is neither a statement nor a question. It
doesn't give us some information (like a statement), and it that you add must be a verb. Let us make the phrases in our
doesn't ask for information (like a question). It orders example into sentences by adding something (including a
someone to do something. It is a command. verb) to them.
John w'eni into the house.
So, you see, a sentence can do one of three things. 1 left home at nine o'clock.
1 Make a statement to tell us something. George #oughi the book for eighty pence.
2 Ask a question.
3 Give a command.
Some statements can be turned into questions and some Exercises
questions can be turned into statements, by changing the
order of the words. Here are some examples: A Make two columns with the headings sentences and
phrases. Then put each group of words below under the right
Statement Queshori heading. For a sentence you need a capital letter and a tull
That is Mary's bicycle. Is that Mary's bicycle? stop (or '?’ or ‘!’). We have done the first two for you.
John can speak French. Can John speak French? Sentences Phrases
You have had your lesson. Have you had your lesson? 1 We saw the boy. 2 at the chemist's
The boy will do the work. Will the boy do the
work?

And here are some examples of commands: 1 we saw the 10 come here
Look at this sentence. boy 2 at the 11 from my father
Be quiet! chemist's 3 in 12 sit down
Please come here. the garden 13 through the window
Comehere, please. 4 open the door 14 where are my books
Jane, answer the question. 5 across the t5 did you see Margaret
Answer the question, tone. garden 6 at our 16 on Tuesday morning
school 17 please don't say that
7 an honest
man 8 near the
school 9 on my
desk
Phrases
B Add words to turn these phrases into sentences.
You may have a group of words that makes sense but not Example: beside the river
complete sense, for example: inio the house; at nine o’clock; Answer: Let's walk beside the river. (Or any other addition
for eight:y pence. that contains a *erb)
Groups of words like these are phrases. A sentence has a 50
verb in it; a phrase hasn't. You can turn a phrase into a 1 a few years ago 2 every
summer 3 in the garden
sentence by adding other words to it, but one of the words
4 after six o’cIoCk 5 on page sixteen 6 by
Friday night
51
Lesson Ten
Lesson Ten
7 with a hammer 12 along the High Street
8 into the sea 13 with you and me After a few weeks, the agent came to the Duke. [ ]
9 near the railway station 14 with Jeremy and ‘I've bought the farm for you,’ ( ] he said.
Richard 10 through the window 15 on the ‘How much did you pay tor it?’ ( ] the Duke asked.
blackboard ‘I got it for £30,000,’ [ ] the agent said. ‘The real value
of Farmer Jackson's land is £40,000. [ ] Wasn't it a bar-
11 in his pocket
gain?’ ( ]
C Here is a little story. Copy the sentences that have ‘Is the land really worth £40,000? [ ] Then tell me this.
brackets [ ] after them, and in the brackets write S (lot [ ] How did you get it for £30,000?’ ( ]
statement) or O (for question) or C (for command). We have ‘Farmer Jackson is in trouble,’ ( ] the agent answered.
filled in the first pair of brackets tor you. ‘He needs the money at once. [ ] He had to sell his farm
cheaply.’[ ]
‘Go bact to Farmer Jackson at once,’ [ ] said the Duke.
‘Give him the £10,000. [ ] It he needs the money, we
must give him the real value of his land. [ ] I don't want
BBR a bargain that comes from another man's trouble.’ ( ]

D Turn these questions into statements.

Example: Was Jackson the owner of the farm?
Answer: Jackson was the owner of the farm.
1 Was Jackson's farm next to the Duke's land?
2 Were there fields on Farmer Jackson's land?
3 Was the price of the farm f30,000?
4 Was the real value of the farm
f40,000? 5 Was f30,000 a bargain?
6 Was Farmer Jackson in trouble?
7 Was the Duke sorry for Farmer Jackson?

The duke and tire farmer E Turn the following statements into questions.
The Duke of Wellington was very rich. [S] He had a lot Example: The farm is worth £40,000.
of land in a beautiful part of England. [ ] Next to the Ans ver: Is the farm worth 140,000?
Duke's land there was a farm. [ ] The Duke wanted to 1 The real value of the farm was £40,000.
buy the farm and add its fields to his land. ( ] 2 Farmer Jackson was in trouble.
‘Go and see Farmet Jackson,’ ( ] he said to his agent. 3 The fields were round the farm.
‘Try to buy his farm for me.’ [ ]
53
52
Lesson Ten

4 The farm was next to the Duke's land.

Lesson Eleven
5 The Duke will give the farmer
f40,000. 6 That was a fair price for the
farm.
7 Farmer Jackson was very glad. The subject of a sentence
F Make commands using these words. Use them in any
order, and add more words if you need them. Here are seven sentences:
Example: Farm, for me, buy. A B
Ansver: Buy the farm for me. The Duke ofwanted
Wellington
to buy the farm. can do these exercises. lost his axe.
belongs to me.Ilaughed.
1 Door, John, open.
The poor woodcutter
2 Mary, book, to me, quickly, bring.
3 At home, exercise, do, carefully. Thisran
book Thethe
down boy
street. is unhappy.
4 Tomorrow, homework, here, bring. A little boy in a blue
5 Talking, stop, now, and, work, begin. shirt and shorts The workman
6 On page 25, all the questions, do.
7 Your name, top of paper, write.
8 For me, at post office, posi, letters.
9 Your exercise book, to school, bring, tomorrow.
10 Richard, ball, kick, into the goal.
You will notice that each sentence is divided into two parts
G Write out 3 statements, 3 questions and 3 commands of
by a line and the parts are marked A and B.
your own. Don't copy them from this lesson.

The subject
Part A (The Duke of Wellington, I, The poor woodcutier,
This book, The bo y, A little bo y in a blue shin «Ltd shorts,
The workman) contains the person or thing we are talking
about in the sentence. We call this the subject of the
sentence.
The word or group of words that we speak about in a
sentence is called the subject. The subject is the ‘doer’ of
the action.

55
54
Lesson Eleven
Lesson Eleven
You want to practise finding the subject of the sentence.
Why? Because the subject is the word or group of words There is an easy way to find out the subject of a sentence.
that: First pick out the verb and ask, ‘Who?’ or ‘What?’

1 changes place when we make a question: Who?/What? —• verb = subject

The girl is clever. Is the girl clever* Look at these examples:
subject subject This book belongs to me.
What —+ belongs? = This book (subject)
2 decides the form of the verb in some cases:
A little boy ran down the street.
Is the gir/ clever? Are the girls clever?
Who —• ran? = A little boy (subject)
subject subject

Exercises
A Pick out the subject of each of the following sentences:
Birds fly. (Ask: What?)
2 Fish swim. (Ask: What?)
3 The pupil reads a book. (Ask: Who?)
4 The eat caught a mouse. (Ask: What?)
5 Henry opened the door. (Ask: Who?)
The predicate 6 Margaret Lee goes to school.
7 A man went into the chemist's shop.
Part B ‹wanted fo bu y the farm, can do these exercises, lost 8 The chemist opened the bottle.
his axe, belongs to me, fAug/ied, ran down the street, is 9 The medicine has cured your headache.
urihapp y) is what we say about the subject. We call that 10 A poor wopdcutter was cutting wood.
part of the sentence the predicate. The predicate can be one 11 His axe fell into the water.
word, or it can be several words. 12 The fairy showed him a silver axe.
13 I can give you the gold axe and the silver axe.
The predicate of a sentence is the word or group of words
14 An old gentleman was walking along the street.
that tells us something about the subject.
15 The naughty boy ran round the cornei.
There is generally a noun or a pronoun (Lesson 13) in the 16 The man was very angry.
subject (Dvke of Wellington, I, woodcuner, book, boy, 17 The real value of Farmer Jackson's land is
workman). f40,000. 18 The girl is going to the shops.
19 The moon gives less lighi than the sun.
There is always a verb in the predicate (+anird, can do, 20 The Duke's agent took 1.10,000 and gave it to Farmer
lost, belongs, laughed, ran, is). Jackson.
56
57
Lesson Eleven

B Add predicates to these subjects.

Lesson Twelve
1 The fairy
2 The woodcutter
3 He .. ..
4 My friend in London The object of a verb
S The horses . .
6 The driver of the train .
7 The chemist If I said to you,
8 Flowers ... . ‘The dog killed.
9 A big red-faced man He killed yesterday,’ or ‘This shopkeeper sells’,
10 The blackboard .

C Give subjects to these predicates.

1...........is in the garden.
2........... has lost his
knife.
3 sing.
you would be puzzled. You would say, ‘Go on. Finish the
4............opened the door.
sentence. Tell us what the shopkeeper sells. Tell us what the
5 wanted to buy a farm.
dog killed. Those verbs sell and kill don't make sense by
6 went into the shop.
themselves. You must put something after them to make
7 ... . sat at the back of the class. sense.’
8 is making the mowers grow.
9 . will teed the hens. So I say,
10 went slowly out of the station. ‘This shopkeeper ‘The dog killed a rat.
11............answered all the questions. sells bicycles.’ He killed it yesterday.’
12............sells butter, sugar and tea.
13 visits Trinidad three times a year.
14............laid an egg
15............have lost all their leaves.

‘Oh yes,’ you say at once, ‘that makes sense.’

The word bic ycles is the object of the verb sell.
The words a rat and ii are the objects of the verb kill.

58 59
Lesson Twelve
Lesson Twelve
The object of a verb is a noun or pronoun which tells us the
person or thing that the action of the verb happened to. The rat. The dog is the ‘doer’ of the action; the rat is the ‘receiver’
object is the *receiver’ of the action. of the action. Both sentences have objects: the verbs bite and
kill are transitive verbs.
We found the subject of the sentence by saying the question
word who? (or what?) before the verb (Lesson 11). We can Verbs that take objects are called transitive verbs.
find the object by saying the question word what? (or
who(m)? after the verb.
Intransitive Verbs
Who?/What? —+ verb = subject
verb —• what? = object But there are some verbs that don't have objects, because
To find the subject and object of this sentence: sometimes the action doesn't ‘go over’ from one person or
The shopkeeper sells bicycles. thing to another petson or thing. Consider these sentences
Who —+ sells? - The shopkeeper (subject) for example:
sells —• what? = bicycles (object) The dog growled.
Here are some more examples: The rat died.
The rat bit the dog. The action of gro sling starts and ends with the dog. It
What —+ bit? = The rat (subject) doesn't ‘go over’ to anything else. The action of dying begins
bit —• what? = the dog (object) and ends with the rat.
The dog killed the rat. If you say, growled what?, died what?, you can't get a
What —+ killed? = The dog (subJect) sensible answer. These verbs don't have an object. They are
killed —• what? = the rat (object) intransitive verbs.
Yerbs tbat don't take objects are called intransitive yerbs.

Transitive Verbs INTRANSITIYVEfiO$

OBJKD
Verbs that have an object (some verbs don't) are transitive
verbs. ‘Transitive’ comes from a Latin word that means
‘going over’. The action of killing ‘goes over’ from the dog to
the rat. The action of selling ‘goes over’ from the shopkeeper
to the bicycles.
In the sentence The rat bit the dog, the action of biting goes
from the rat to the dog. The rat is the ‘doer’ of the action; the
dog is the ‘receiver’ of the action. In the sentence The dog
killed the rat, the action of killing goes from the dog to the

61
Lemon Twelve Lesson Twelve
Exercises 1 The ipedicine cured my headache.
2 The woodcutter lost his old axe.
A Pick out the objects in these sentences.
3 The old gentleman saw a little boy.
1 Cows eat grass. 4 The boy couldri’t read his book.
2
Richard cut his finger. 5 Henry wrote a letter.
3
The teacher taught his class. 6 That man has written a book.
4 John read a book. 7 The girls sang son8s.
8 Henry has bought a football.
5 Margaret sang a song. 9 The woodcutter was cutting a piece of wood.
6 The pupils read their books. 10 The Duke of Wellington wanted a farm.
7 The policeman caught the thief. 11 The agent paid £30,000.
8 Mr Brown bought a cat. 12 The Duke sent 1.10,000.
9 The train lett the station. 13 The farmer didn't have money.
10 A supermarket sells tea. 14 The farmer grows potatoes and corn.
We play football. 15 Henry ate an apple and an orange.
12
George ate an apple. 16 The teacher marked all our exercises.
13
My mother cooked the dinner. 17 At the farm I saw some cows, sheep and horses.
14 My sister opened the door. 18 The cows, sheep and horses ate a lot of grass.
15 The men have finished their work. 19 The poor woodcutter saw a beautiful fairy.
16 Eric Lee has scored a goal. 20 In her hand she held a gold axe.
17 Henry is writing a letter.
l8 Who rang the bell? C Pick out the verbs in the following sentences. Put the
19
Have you seen my new bicycle? (The verb is have seen.) transitive verbs in one column and the intransitive verbs
20
Can you open this box? in another column. We have done the first two verbs for
you.
B Pick out the subjects and the objects of the verbs in
the following sentences. Remember the plan: Transit veIntransitive
Who?/What? —• verb = subject hurtcried
verb —• what? = object
Draw three columns and write the subject, verb and object of
each sentence in the correct column. We have filled in the 1 The little boy hurt his foot.
first sentence for you. 2 He cried bitterly.
3 The sun is shining.
Sub ject Verb Ob ject 4 The boys saw the football match.
The medicine cured my headache 5 Richard slept until nine o'clock.
6 Cotton grows in Egypt.
7 The children fed the animals.
62
63
Lesson Twelve Lesson Twelve
8 The train started. subject of each verb in column 1. Write the object (if there
9 Birds fly. is one) in column 3. And in column 4 put T if the verb is
10 Geotge is working hard.
transitive, or I if it is intransitive. We have titled in the
11 We live in Bridgetown.
columns for the tirst verb for you.
12 The water is boiling.
13 Clouds are passing across the sky.
14 The boys like their lessons. The complement
15 The butcher sells meat.
16 The farmer's wife went to the dairy. , ‘That man is’ isn't a complete sentence. It needs something
17 Wood burns easily. to make it complete . Perhaps: ‘That man is a detective.’
18 The children are sitting still at their desks. We say that defective is not an object of is. The man
19 Please give me those flowers. doesn't do anything to the detective. He is the detective:
20 I will go to Hong Kong next week. men = detective. We give a special name to words or phrases
which complete a sentence after verbs like be, seem,
D Read this short become. They are complements.

story. The joke E Complete these sentences by adding a complement.

Sir William Thompson was very deaf, but he always pre- Example: The teacher's mother seems
tended that he could hear everything. One evening he Amwer: The teacher's mother seems old.
inrided several friends to dinner. While they »'ere sitting at
the table, one of the friends told a funny story. Everyone 1 Anne Carter is
laughed. William laughed very loudly too. Then he said, 2 She was , but now she is
‘That was a very funny joke, but I know a funnier one. 3 Today is , and tomorrow will be
Would you like to hear it?’ They all said they would, so 4 That old lady feeds the birds. She seems
William began his story. When it ended, everyone laughed 5 Mary was , but she has become
louder than before. William smiled happily. But he didn’t 6 Is your brother , or is he ?
know the reason for their laughter. He had told the same

Ten of the verbs in that story are printed in italics. Draw

four columns like this in your exercise book.
1. Subject 2. Verb3. Objeci 4. Kind oy Verb
he invited several friendsT

Write in column 2 each of the verbs in italics. Write the

65
Lesson Thirteen

Lesson Thirteen John Brown said that be was hungry. Mary Brown said
that she was hungry, too. When their mother heard that
they were hungry, she gave #tem a piece of cake each. The
Pronouns y thanked her for ii and the y ate it. Then John said, '(IJ
Thank yo«. Fm not hungry now,’ and Mary said, ‘(5 Thank
you. km not hungry now.’ Their mother said, ‘Did you
enjoy it?’ And they said together, ’We enjoyed it very
much.*
That sounds better, doesn't it? We have used pronouns,
words that we use instead ot the nouns. The pronouns in
THE ME that story are the words /, you, he, she, we, the y, them, her,
him, it.
Words that Stand instead of nouns 1re called pronouns.

Look at this story:

Exercise
John Brown said that loan Brown was hungry. Mary Brown
said that Mory Brown was hungry, too. When their mother Pick out the pronouns in the following.
heard that John and Mary were hungry, t/teir mother gave
John and Mary a piece of cake each. John and 3f«ry 1 John is a boy. He is at home.
thanked their mother for the piece of coke and lohn and 2 Mary is a girl. She is in the class.
ñ fory ate the piece of cake. Then John said, 'John thanks his 3 They are brother and sister.
mother. John isn't hungry now,' and Mary said, 'Story 4 We know them very well.
thanks her mother. Mary isn't hungry now.' Their mother 5 They stayed with us last year.
said, 'Did John and Mary enjoy the cake*' and John arid 6 John is a clever boy. 1 like him.
ñ Jary said together, 'John and Mary enjoyed the coke very 7 Mary is our friend. She is twelve years old. We like
much.' her. 8 They have a bicycle. It is yellow.
9 They have asked me to visit them next year.
It sounds funny, doesn't it? I'm sure you can see why. It's 10 They live in Kingston. It is a big city.
because we keep repeating the nouns John and ñ f«ry and 11 Do you like these flowers? They are out of the garden.
mother and piece of cake. Now let's try again, and this time, 12 I read that book. It is very interesting.
instead of always using these nouns, we will use other words 13 Show me how to do this exercise.
that stand for them. We'll mark all the words that we use 14 Don't you know how to do it?
instead of the nouns. 15 I don't understand how to do it.
66 67
Lesson Fourteen
Lesson Fourteen
Sometimes the pronouns used for animals are neutral
gender.
Where is the cat? fr is on the mat.
Gender of nouns and pronouns Where is the dog? Jf iS In the garden.
The pronouns i, me, you, we, in can be either masculine
In the story about John and Mary, when we used pronouns or feminine. The pronouns fhey and them may be masculine
instead of nouns, we sometimes used he, him and at other or feminine or neutral.
times she, her. Of course you know when to use âe, /tim The boys have just come home. Ask them if f/iey want their
and when to use she, her. The pronouns he and him are dinner. (masculine)
used when they stand for nouns like can or boy,- that is, for The girls have been to the cinema. Ask them if they
males. The pronouns she, her are used when they stand for enjoyed the picture. (feminine)
nouns like woman or girl; that is, for females. The apple-trees are covered with blossom. They will have
plenty of apples on fhem in the autumn. (neutral)
In grammar we say that the forms he and @e (or him and her)
show a difference of gender.
WO¥d$ that stand for males are masculine gender. So the Exercises
nouns man, bo y, son, king, prince, etc. , and the pronouns
he and /tim are masculine gender. A Answer these questions.
Words that stand for females are feminine gender. The nouns 1 What is the gender of nouns or pronouns that stand for
woman, girl, daughter, queen, princess, etc. , and the male persons?
pronouns site and her are feminine gender. 2 What is the gender of nouns or pronouns that stand for
Words that stand for things are neutral gender. (Neutral female persons?
means neither masculine nor feminine.) So the nouns book, S What is the gender of nouns o‹ pronouns that stand for
house, river, iree, city, eiC. , and the pronoun it are neutral things or animals?
gender.
B
1 Write down four nouns in the masculine gender and four
in the feminine gender.
2 Write down two pronouns in the feminine gender and two
in the masculine gender.
3 Write down ten nouns or pronouns in the neutral
gender. 4 Which two pronouns can be masculine,
feminine and
neutral?
5 Which pronoun is only neutral gender?
68
69
Lesson Fourteen

C Give the feminine of the following nouns and pronouns.

Example: grandfather (masculine) Lesson Fifteen
A rwer: grandmother (feminine)

1
2
he
hiM
6
7
husband
father
11
12 policeman 16 nephew Pronouns:
3
4
boy
king
8
9
son
brother
13
14
actor
lion
17
18
uncle
duke
singular and plural, persons
5 prince 10 man 15 gentleman 19 hero
Mf 20 tiger You have just seen how useful the pronouns are. The
D Give the masculine of the following nouns and pronouns pronouns you have looked at in Lessons 13 and 14 are used
instead ot nouns that mean persons or animals or things. We
ther 6 woman ii actress 16 lioness call them personal pronouns.
2 she 7 girl 12 lady 17 princess
3 queen 8 sister 13 niece 18 mother Singular and plural
4 wife 9 heroine 14 duchess 19 tigress
5' daughter 10 policewoman 15 aunt 20 Ms The pronouns I, me, he, she , him, her ate used for only one
person. So they are singular.
The pronouns we, us, rhey, totem are used for more than one
person. They are plural.
You is both singular and plural.
You are a good boy (one boy, singular).
Yoti are good boys (more than one boy, plural).
We call it a personal pronoun too, but we use it to mean an
animal or a thing. The plural of it i$ ihey or them.

PLURAL w FAR

70
Lesson Fifteen
Lesson Fifteen
Persons It was a fine day yesterday.
Hi’s a long way from here to London.
You have met the word persons, of course, meaning people.
But in grammar, person (first person, second person, third
person) has another meaning.
The 1st person is the person
The 2nd person b the person
Exercises
speaking. spoken to.
A Pick out the pronouns in these sentences. Write singular
or plural after each of them.
Example: The y are big horses.
Answer: They - plural.
1 He is playing football.
2 She is watching him .
3 They don't see the teacher.
4 He sees them.
5 You are all working hard.
6 You trre the boy lsaw playing football.
7 We have a lesson every day.
The 3rd person is fhe persoa 8 Tell us what you told her.
spoken about. 9 It is hot today.
10 If you don't understand this lesson, ask me about it.
Richard is looking through
the window. The teacher is B What do we mean by (a) the 1st person, (b) the
pointing at him. The y are 2nd person, (c) the 3rd person?
pupils; she teaches them.
Richard's mother thinks he is C Pick out the pronouns in these sentences. Say what
in the classroom - but she is person each one is.
wrong.
Example: I love her.
A swer: I — 1st person; her — 3rd person.
Impersonal subject I You must do the work.
2 He is not working very hard.
There is also another use for ii, as the impersonal subject in 3 We come to the class every day, and the teacher teaches
such sentences as, us.
Jt is raining. 4 They can do it, if they try.

73
Lesson Fifteen

5 I asked him to come and see me.

6 She asked me to bring the book to her. Lesson Sixteen
7 You can sit next to them.
8 She doesn't like me and I don't like her.
9 We don't like them and they don't like us.
Pronouns: subject and object
10 You don't like him and he doesn't like you.
fn Lessons 11 and 12 we talked about subjects and objects:
Sub ject Verb Ob ject
The boy kicked the football
The cat caught a mouse
In English (but not in all languages), nouns always have the
same form whether they are the subject or the object.
Subject herb Object
The boy hit the dog
The dog bit the boy
As you see, the nouns bo y and dog can be subjective or
objective without any change of form. As subject or as
object they are by and d—o—g. But pronouns are
different. With most of them there is one form for the
subject and another form for the object. i is subjective;
me is objective. ffe is subjective; /tfm is objective, and so
on. For example:

Sub ject Verb Ob ject

7 know the boy
The boy knows me
he knows the teacher
The teacher knows him
She knows the teacher
The teacher knows her
We know the teacher
The teacher knows w
They know the teacher
The teacher knows them
74
75
Lesson Sixteen Lesson Sixteen
You and it are the same wbetber they are tbe subject or the Exercises
object.
A Pick out the pronouns in these sentences. Write subject or object aftet each.
Subject Verb Obfect
Example: They took us in their car.
You hit it
Answer: They — subject; us — object
It bit you
OBJEGT 1 I taught him at school.
2 He helped us with this exercise.
3 She will see them tomorrow.
4 You broke that window; I saw you.
5 It will cost a lot of money to mend it.
6 I asked her to come and see me.
7 We couldn't do the exercise until the teacher told us how
to do it.
S They played us at football, and we beat them.
9 He scored a goal, and we all cheered him.
10 She did the exercise well. When I had marked it, I praised
her.

This table will help you to remember what you have learned
B Divide these sentences into subject, verb, object like this:
about pronouns.
Sub jeciive O*iective Subject Verb Object
I taught ou
I me
]st Person
we us
Singular and then underline each pronoun on your paper. We have
2nd Person yOu
Plural answered the first one in the example.
ivlasculine he 1 I taught you. 6 He thanked them.
3rd person Singular Feminine the her 2 He saw me. 7 She hit the ball.
3 She knows us. 8 He threw it.
Neutral it
4 We know her. 9 lt broke a
they them window. 5 They praised him.10 They blamed him.

76 77
Lesson Sixteen
L.esson Sixteen
C Change the pronouns in these sentences from singular to
plural. In some cases you will have to change the verb 13 Tom and Mary saw Mrs Robinson. Tom arid Mary spoke
too. to Mrs Robinson.
l4 Mrs Robinson saw Tom and Mary. Mrs Robinson spoke
Example: He likes me. to Tom and Mary.
Answer: They like us. 15 Mr Sangster met Carl and Linda. Mr Sangster shook
1 1 come to school every day. hands with Carl and Linda.
2 He is hungry. 16 Linda and Carl met Mr Sangster. Linda and Carl
3 She can sing very well. shook hands with Mr Sangster.
4 The teacher gives me an English lesson. 17 Linda and Carl said to Mr Sangster, ‘Is Mr Sangster
5 The teacher asked him a question. pleased to see Linda arid Carl?’
6 I asked her to sing ‘Ten Green Bottles’. 18 ‘My name is Henry. What is your name?’
7 He told me a story. ‘My name is George, and George is very pleased to meet
8 You are working hard. Henry.’
9 I am English; what is 19 My name is Grace. What is your name?’
he? 10 He doesn't see me. ‘My name is Margaret, and ñfargaret is very pleased to
meet Grace.’
D Write out these sentences, but with pronouns instead 20 ‘My name is Linda. What are your names?’ ‘Our names
ot the words printed in italics. You will need to change the are Jane and Elizabeth, and lane arid Elizabeth are very
verb too in 17, 18, 19 and 20 pleased to meet Linda. Is Linda pleased to meet Jane
and
1 John is a boy. Elizabeth?’
2 Margaret is a girl.
3 John ord Margaret met the teacher.
E Here is another story. Write it out again , but use pronouns
4 /ifrs Smith, fhe ieocAer, gave /ohn a lesson.
instead of nouns where pronouns are better.
5 Margaret is a nice girl. My wife and I like Margaret.
6 Here is my bicycle. My bic ycle is black.
Isaac Newton's egg
7 Mr Jones, the teacher, said, ‘Give the teacher your
book.’ 8 The teacher said to John and Margaret, ‘Have Three hundred years ago, Isaac Newton was a great man
lohri arid of science. No man was a greater thinker, but Newton was
Margaret done this exercise?* very absent-minded about small matters when Newton was
9 The lesson is easy. Mrs Smith, the teacher, explained the thinking about a problem. One morning Newton got up
lesson. very early because Newton was working on a very difficult
10 Mr Jones, the teacher, spoke to John and Margaret. problem. Newton was thinking about the problem so
The teacher asked John and Morgoret to come and see deeply that Newton would not leave the problem to go to
the teacher. break- fast. But Mary, his housekeeper, thought Newton
11 Tom saw Mary. Tom spoke to Mary. needed food, so the housekeeper took a pan of water and
12 Mary saw Tom. Nlary spoke to Tom. an egg to his study. The housekeeper wanted to boil the egg
and stay
78
79
Lesson Sixteen
with Newton until Newton ate the egg. Lesson Seventeen
But Newton wanted Io be alone, and Newton said,
‘Mary can leave the egg wiih Newton, and Newton will
boil the egg.’ The housekeeper put the egg on the table
beside Newton's watch, and the housekeeper said, ‘Isaac Adverbs
must boil the egg for four minutes and then the egg will
be ready.’
We saw in Lesson 6 that adjectives are used with nouns.
Other words go with verbs. The words that we use with verbs
are called adverbs.
Some adverbs tell how an action is done. For example:
The old gentleman walked (verb) slowly (adverb) along
the street.
The little boy ran (verb) quickly (adverb).
The woodcutter sai (verb) sadly (adverb) by the side of the
river.
These adverbs are called adverbs of manner.
Then the housekeeper left the room. But the house-
keeper was afraid that Newton might forget to boil the egg.
So the housekeeper returned about an hour later. The
housekeeper found Newton standing by the fireplace.
Newton had put the watch in the saucepan, and Newton
was boiling the watch. Newton was holding the egg in his
band. But Newton was still thinking about his problem.

Adverbs are often formed by adding -fy to an adjective.

The boy is a quick (adjective) runner.
The boy runs quickly (adxerb).
The old gentleman was a slo w (adjective) walker.
The old gentleman walked slowly (adverb).
The little boy's behaviour was bad (adjective).
The little boy behaved 6ndfy (adverb).

8O 81
Lesson Seventeen Lesson Seventeen
Note that when the adjective ends in -J, the adverb changes
the -J to •i Exercises
The bird sang a merry (adjective) song.
A Find the adverbs in these sentences.
The bird sang merrily (adverb). Example: You'll do this exercise carefully, won't you?
But there are some adverbs that are not formed like this. Answer: carefully
Here are some examples: 1 The birds sang sweetly.
John is a hard (adjective) worker. 2 The man spoke sloWly.
John works Word (adverb). 3 The children played happily.
This is a fasi (adjective) train. 4 The boy wrote his exercise badly.
It goes very /nsr (adverb). S The woodcutter looked sadly at the river.
The little girl's behaviour was good (adjective). 6 When he saw his axe, he smiled happily.
The little girl behaved well (adverb). 7 Every soldier fought bravely.
Adverbs usually follow the verb they go with; adjectives 8 You must work hard if you want to do this exercise
usually come before the noun they go with. correctly. (2 adverbs)
9 Richard ate his breakfast fast and then ran quickly to
A few adverbs tell us when (not how) an action was done. school. (2 adverbs)
The woodcutter lost his axe yesterday. (When did he lose 10 The school team played well and won their game easily.
it?) (2 adverbs)
We must come to school tomorrow. (When must we come Come here.
to school?) 12 Why did you go there?
These adverbs are called adverbs of time. 13 I did the work yesterday.
A few adverbs tell us where an action happened. 14 You didn't do it well; you must do it carefully now. (3
I sat down there. (Where did I sit down?) adverbs) ‘The car is here!’ (2 adverbs)
These adverbs are called adverbs of place. 15 The girl shouted suddenly,
16 The teacher spoke clearly, and we understood her easily.
(2 adverbs)
17 George worked hard and did the exercise well today. (3
adverbs)
18 The child opened the door of the cage and the bird Bew
out.
19 He didn't know the bird would fly away.
20 You came here late today; /Ou must come early
tomorrow. (5 adverbs)
We use an adverb with a verb to tell how, when or where an
action happens. We say the adverb modifies the verb.
83
82
Lesson Seventeen
Lesson Seventeen
B Use adverbs from the list in the box to fill the blank Mr King got up quickly, and he and Ian ran as fast as
spaces. Say whether your adverb shows the manner, or time, they could to the kitchen.
or place of the action. We have completed number 1 for you. ‘Look there ,’ shouted lan, and he pointed to the flames.
well quickly carefully brightly tomorrow tonight He had carelessly left a towel near the stove and it was
hard loudly here fast today slowly carelessly b.urning fiercely.
Mr King saw a big pan of boiling water on the top of the
1 The boy wrote Quickly (manner). stove. 'You silly boy,’ he said. 'Why didn't you throw that
2 You are working too on the burning towel? That would have put it out quickly.'
3 I will do the work ‘Oh no,' said the boy, slowly. 'That water would be
4 Open the door useless; it's hot water.’
5 Come . I want to speak to you.
6 I saw Jane and I shall see her again
7 Carmen drove the car along the wide road but Draw four columns like this:
in the crowded streets. 1 2 3 4
8 It was a beautiful day, the sun was shining , the Norris Verbs Adjectives Adverbs
birds were singing and the
children were playing in the field. Mr King was writing big busily (M)
9 Mary is a good singer; 1 didn't know she sang so room (his)
10 Learning English is hard work, but I want to learn it and
so 1 will work Into the first column put all the nouns in the story. Put
all the verbs into the second column. Into the third one put
C Read this story. all the adjectives. And put all the adverbs into the fourth
one. If the adverb tells Stow the action was done, put ‘M’
I''ire! fire! (for manner) after it. If it tells when, put “T’ (for time). If it
Mr King was writing busily in his big room. His son Ian tells where, put ‘P’ tloi place) . We have done the first
rushed excitedly into the room and shouted loudly, ‘Fire, sentence for you.
fire! The kitchen is on fire!’

84
85
Lesson Eighteen

Lesson Eighteen
Preposition Noun or pronoun
in your pocket
over the wall
Prepositions. Adverb phrases. through the window
Adjective phrases tO
round the
his
house
into the garden
towards the door
ON
These phrases often do the work of an adverb: they tell how,
” . when or where an action was done. We call them adverb

The soldiers fought bravely (adverb of manner).

The soldiers fought with great bravery (adverb phrase).
He came yesterday (adverb ot time).
He came or/our o'clock (adverb phrase).
She sat there (adverb of place).
Let's open the next box and see what comes out. Here they She sat in the corner (adverb phrase).
come: to, with, on, in. The y include some of the shortest
words in the language, but sometimes they are the most At other times they do the work of an adjective: they limit
difficult to use. the meaning of a noun. These phrases are called
adjective phrases. Here are some examples:
A diary (adjective) boy opened the door.
A boy with a diri:y y«ce (adjective phrase) opened' the
door. I like a corner (adjective) seat in the train.
I like a seat iii the corner (adjective phrase).
Here are some more examples of adjective phrases:
The children of the village go to this school.
The picture on the wall shows Westminster Abbey.
The view through the open window is very pretty.
The boy »'i#i me is Richard.
You will generally hear or see them used with a noun or
pronoun to make a phrase (a group of words Without a verb). Sometimes the same group of words may be an adverb
For example: at my house; in your school; with you. Here phrase or an adjective phrase. It all depends on the work it is
are some more examples: doing. Look at these phrases:

86
Lesson £igfifeen
Lesson Eighteen
The view through the open windo w is very pretty. Exercises
This is an adjective phrase because it qualifies, or limits the
meaning of, the noun view. A Here is another short story. The prepositions in it are
The bird Rew through the open windo w. printed in italics. Say which noun or pronoun each governs.
An adverb phrase because it modifies, or limits the meaning We have done the first sentence of the story as an example.
of, the verb flew. It tells where it flew.
Preposihon Noun or pronoun
The class in.this room is learning English. in in London poverty
An adjective phrase. It qualifies the noun class.
We learn English in this room.
An adverb phrase. It modifies the verb learn.
The bell at eleven o'clock tells us that the lesson is finished. A life for a life
Adjective phrase. It qualifies the noun tell.
Richard Savage was once living in London iii great
They ring the bell ct eleven o’clock to tell as that the lesson
is finished. poverty. To earn a little money he had wfitten the story of
his life, but not many copies o/ the book had been sold in
Adverb phrase. It modifies the verb ring.
the shops. Savage was still very poor. Because he couldn't
There is just one more thing to notice. After a preposition, buy enough food, he became very ill. But acer a time,
the pronoun in the phrase is always the object pronoun. oi*'ing to the skill of the doctor, he got well again. Aker a
He came with them. week or two the doctor sent a bill to Savage /or his visits,
He will sit between you and me. but poor Savage hadn't any money and couldn't pay it. The
This letter was written by him. doctor waited for another month and sent the bill again.
He bought the house from us. But still no money came. Aker several weeks he sent it to
him again, asking /or his money. In the end he came io
Savage's house and asked him for payment. He said to
Savage, ‘You know you owe your life to me and I expected
some gratitude from you.’
‘I agree,’ said Savage, ‘that I owe my life to you. To
prove to you that I am not ungrateful /or your work I will
give my life to you.’ lVi#i these words he handed to him
two volumes with the words ‘The Life of Richard Savage’
on the cover.

B Put prepositions in the blank spaces.

We say that the preposition govern the noun or pronoun it 1 Savage lived London . great poverty.
goes with. 2 He wrote the story his like.
88 89
Lesson Eighteen
Lesson Eighfeen
3 He was still need money, and he couldn't pay
enough food. Examples: The teacher (of the class) explained the lesson.
4 _ a time, as a result his lack food, he The boys stood trhined oo
became ill.
5 He got better, thanks the doctor who looked The driver of the car went fast.
him. She drove down the main road.
6 The doctor sent a bill Savage his visits. 3 My mother cut the cake with a
7 He waited several weeks and then sent the bill knife. 4 The cake was made by my
him again. brother.
8 the end, he came the house and asked 5 It had been baked in a big oven.
his mone y. 6 It was a cake with pink icing.
9 I expected gratitude you, as you owe your life 7 The boy at the next desk borrowed my pencil.
me. 8 The son of the king is called the Crown Prince.
10 I am not ungrateful you what you did, so 1 9 The cat jumped through the window.
will give my life you. 10 The lesson finishes at four o'clock.
11 Tears came the man's eyes and ran his cheeks. 11 She spoke with a French accent.
12 A woodcutter was cutting a piece wood his 12 We played football after the lesson.
axe a wide river. 13 The sailor with the wooden leg told us a story.
13 The axe flew his hand and fell the deep water. 14 The girl with the long hair is Grace
14 The boy rushed the room and shouted Brown. 15 She lives in our street.
an excited voice, ‘The house 16 Grace sang a song at the concert.
is fire!’ 17 The men in that country work very hard.
15 There was a big pot water the top the 18 The cottage in the woods is very pretty.
stove. 19 The sound of the bell was heard all over the house.
(2 phrases)
20 Atter a week or two the doctor sent the bill for his visits.
c (2 phrases)
a Gopy out these sentences and underline all the
D Use these words as prepmitions in sentences.
prepositions.
b Put brackets, (), round each adjective phrase and show by Example: under
an arro ' the noun it qualifies. Amwer: The cat is under the table.
c Draw two lines under this noun.
1 on 6 from 11 behind 16 aiong
d Round each adverb phrase draw a box, ,
2 to 7 after 12 through 17 over
and show by an atrow the verb it modifies. 3 by 8 for 13 into 18 about
e Draw three lines under this verb. 4 of 9 with 14 down 19 between
5 in 10 at 15 near 20 before

91
Lesson Nineieen
Lesson Nineteen artd joins two phrases

Conjunctions
There are now only two more boxes, conjunctions and
interjections.

but joins two sentences

Conjunctions are words that join together words, phrases or The woodcutter looked at the gold axe, but he refused to
sentences. They are like the links that join railway wagons tak* it.
together. Here are some examples. Will you have the gold axe, or will you have the silver axe?
and joins two words
Here is a long 'train' joined by conjunctions. It isn't a very
good sentence because it has too many conjunctions in it,
but it will show you what conjunctions can do.
The woodcutter looked at and he looked at the
the gold axe silver axe

and he looked at the bu t he chose the

ad iron axe iron axe

because he was an the fairy gave

SO
honest man him all the axes.
93
Lesson Twenty

Lesson Twenty Mample: We were afraid of them. We ran away.

Answer:’ We were afraid of them, so we ran away.
1 Grace played the piano. Mary sang a song.
Interjections 2 Jeremy knocked at the door. His friend opened it.
3 I have a pencil. I have a pen.
4 Tom has a new bicycle. He can't ride it.
5 You must work hard. You won't learn grammar.
6 John walked. Mary came by car.
7 Richard kicked the ball hard. He didn't score.
8 Finish youé exercise. You won't be allowed to play
lNTERJECfi0NS \ju\RPAH' football.
9 Mark came to see us. He didn't stay long.
10 We can't play football. We have lost the
ball. i1 I lost my book. Richard found it.
i2 The'fire happened. Ian had left a towel near the stove.
13 The doctor sent a bill to Savage. He hadn't any money.
He couldn't pay it. (2 conjunctions)
14 Savage had written a book. Not many copies had been
sold. Savage was living in poverty. (2 conjunctions)
15 The boy shook his head. He said, 'That water would be
useless. It is hot water.’ (2 conjunctions)
There are not many words in this box. They are words (or
t6 Newton was a great man. He was very absent-minded.
sometimes phrases, or just noises) thai we use to express a 17 Newton was busy. He told the housekeeper to leave the
sudden feeling, for example, surprise, pleasure, pain, etc.
egg. He told her to go away. (2 conjunctions)
Here are some: Hello! Hurrah! Oh! Ah! Good heo yens! 18 She thought he would forget the egg. She returned an
hon' pretry! Ouch! Ugh! WowI hour later. She found Newton standing by the
fireplace. (2 conjunctions)
Note that they usually have an exclamation mark (!) after 19 Newton was very absent-minded. The housekeeper took
them.
an egg to him. She thought he needed food. (2
conjunctions)
Exercises
A Join these sentences with the conjunctions arid, bui, B Here are six interjections or exclamations and six
because, so or or. You will sometimes find it better to leave sentences. Write one ot the sentences after the interjection
out one or two words. thei is most suitable. Use each interjection and each

94 9S
Lesson Twenty

sentence once only. For example, 8 follows 1, so you write:

1 Hurrah! We've won the motch.
Hurrah! I haven't enough money to buy a car like that.
Oh! We've won the match. 9 That hurt me.
Hello! I didn't expect to meet you here.
Ah! This is the book I wanted. 12 You have been to Italy.
How interesting!
Ouch!