Shara Jean A. GALANG.
ARC-2105
RPH reviewer
Primary sources These are firsthand, original sources created at the time of the event or by people
who directly experienced or witnessed it. Examples include letters, diaries, photographs, official
documents, newspapers, and oral histories
Secondary sources often written by historians, provide analysis and interpretation of primary
sources, helping to contextualize historical events.
Content analysis is a research method employed to systematically examine and interpret the
content of historical documents, uncovering patterns and meanings.
External criticism involves assessing the credibility of a source by considering its origin, context, and
external factors that might influence its reliability.
Internal criticism involves evaluating the content of a source to detect inconsistencies, biases, or
other factors that may affect its reliability.
4 Basic Categories of Historical Sources:
•written documents
•oral accounts
•visual materials
•physical artifacts
Historical Research Historian
Historical researchers, or historians, conduct investigations and studies to deepen our understanding
of past events, applying various research methods and critical thinking.
Idealism an approach that deals with a belief that history can be described in terms of ideas.
People’s thought and intent behind their actions.
Artifacts are physical objects from history that provide tangible evidence of past cultures, societies,
and practices.
Physical objects that were created or modified by humans that can provide valuable insights.
Prehistory represents the period before recorded history and is often studied through archaeological
findings and analyses.
Herstory is a term highlighting the history of women and their experiences, offering a different
perspective than traditional “history.”
Oral history is a method of preserving historical knowledge through spoken accounts, capturing
personal narratives and cultural traditions.
Data refers to raw facts, figures, or information that can be in the form of numbers, text, images,
audio, or any other representation. These raw elements have little meaning on their own but can be
processed, organized, and analyzed to derive meaningful insights, make informed decisions, or
support various tasks and processes.
Evidence
•is data used to support historical arguments and hypotheses.
•refers to the information or material that historians use to support their claims, arguments, or
conclusions.
•essential for verifying historical narratives and understanding the context and significance of events.
Historicity
•refers to the authenticity and reliability of historical events or records.
•It is the measure of how accurately an event, document, account, or narrative reflects historical
truth and is situated within a specific historical context
Historicism emphasizes the impact of historical context on events and ideas, considering how they
are shaped by their times.
Theory that social and cultural phenomena are determined by history
Historical relativism
•acknowledges that historical interpretations can be influenced by the perspective and biases of the
historian.
•This approach is a belief that there is no absolute truth and that all viewed and reading are valid
Chronology is the organization of events in chronological order, creating a historical timeline.
Historiography studies how history is written, examining the methodologies, theories, and
perspectives used by historians.
History is the overarching study of the past, encompassing all aspects of human experience and
development.
Customs of the Tagalog
This topic explores the traditional practices and cultural customs of the Tagalog people in the
Philippines.
•CATOLONAN either a guy or a woman. As it was customary on all the islands, people of power held
this noble position, which was well-respected among the natives.
The catalonan plays a significant role in their cultural and spiritual practices, often performing rituals,
offering guidance, and providing healing services to the community.
•MANGAGAUAY or witches, tricked by making people believe they were ill. These priests even
created diseases by means of their charms, which are fatal in proportion to the power and
effectiveness of witchcraft. In this way, if they wanted to kill right away, they might do it.
•MANYISALAT. These priests had the ability to provide such medicines to lovers that they would
reject and hate their own wives, and could even stop them from having sexual relations with them.
The woman would become ill if she were abandoned while being restrained by these techniques.
•MANCOCOLAM who emits fire from himself at once a month or more frequently at night. This fire
was impossible to put out and could only be released in this way when the priest wallowed in the
filth and dust that fell from the dwellings. The resident of the house where the priest was wallowing
in order to release this fire from himself became unwell and died.
•A different type of witch with better effectiveness than the mangagauay is HOCLOBAN. They killed
anybody they wanted without the need of medicine by merely saluting or raising their hand.
However, they used other charms in order to heal people who had been harmed by their charms.
•SILAGAN, whose job it was to Rip out anyone’s liver and devour it, killing them, if they spotted them
dressed in white. These events took place on the island of Catanduanes. Furthermore, let no one
think this is a fantasy; in Caavan, a Spanish notary‘s entire intestines were torn out in this manner
and buried in Calilaya by Father Fray Juan de Merida.
•MAGTATANGAL His target was to expose himself to a large number of people at night while being
head- and entrail-free. In this way, the devil moved around and carried—or claimed to carry—his
head to various locations, returning it to his body the next morning while still being alive.
•OSUANG which translates to “sorcerer,“ is what they call him; they claim to have seen him fly and
that he killed men before eating their flesh. These weren‘t known to Tagalogs; they were one of the
Visayas islands.
•MANGAGAYOMA They created charms out of wood, stones, and plants for lovers that would fill the
heart with love. They tricked people in this way, albeit occasionally they succeeded in their goals
thanks to the devil's interference.
•SONAT It was his duty to assist a person in dying, at which point he foretold the salvation or
condemnation of the soul. SONAT is the equivalent of “preacher.” because this position was Highly
regarded, it was illegal for anybody other than those of high status to perform its duties.
•PANGATAHOJAN was a soothsayer who made future predictions. This Office served all of the Islands
generally.
•BOYOGUIN which means "cotquean,” refers to a guy whose nature leans more toward that of a
woman.
EMILIO JACINTO
▪︎2nd writer of kartilya ng katipunan Heneral ng pilipinas noong rebulosyon
▪︎One of the highest official of katipunan
▪︎Naghirang kay Andres Bonifacio bilang SUPREMO
▪︎being a close advisor to Andres Bonifacio.
ANDRES BONIFACIO
▪︎Original writer of kartilya ng katipunan
▪︎Supremo
Declaration of Philippine Independence: The declaration marked the country’s independence from
Spanish rule on June 12, 1898, signifying a pivotal moment in Philippine history.
The key figures in this declaration were General Emilio Aguinaldo, who became the first President of
the Philippines, and other leaders of the Philippine Revolution against Spanish colonialism. The
declaration was a significant moment in the country’s history, marking the end of over three
centuries of Spanish rule.
Speech The ability to articulately express thoughts and feelings through sound or speaking.
Speech before the joint session of the United States Congress(1986) By Corazon Aquino
Corazon C. Aquino was the first woman to become President of the Philippines, and her speech
before the United States Congress in 1986 marked an important moment in the history of the
Philippines, especially in the context of the People Power Revolution that led to her presidency and
the restoration of democracy in the country.
“Ladies and gentlemen, I stand before you as a symbol of the determination of the Filipino people to
recover their democratic institutions and to restore their faith in the integrity of their government.
Our efforts and sacrifice have not only succeeded in giving back to the Filipino people their freedom.
It has also reaffirmed the indestructibility of democratic values, the invincibility of democratic spirit,
and the superiority of democratic government.”
First Mass Site – 2 Places, 1 Name, Date
March 06, 1521- Ladrones Island was discovered
March 16, 1521 - Magellan sighted the highest peak on Samar called zamal
March 17,1521 - they land on inhabited island.
March 18, 1521- 9 men from limasawa came towards Magellan’s crew.
March 25, 1521 - departure from humunu island.
March 28, 1521 - they witnessed a fire from the island.
March 31,1521 -Sunday and feast of easter and the first ever Christian mass in the Philippines.
CAVITY MUTINY
Two major events happened in 1872:
First was the 1872 Cavite Mutiny
Second was the martyrdom of the three martyr priests in the persons of Fathers Mariano Gomes,
Jose Burgos and Jacinto Zamora (GOMBURZA).
On January 20, 1872 a mutiny rise in Cavite where 200 Filipino soldiers and labourers rise against the
Spanish colonial forces inside the Cavite arsenal led by Sergeant Fernando La Madrid believing that it
would elevate to a national revolution. The government crackdown on the awakening nationalist
movement after the rebellion collapse.
2 FACES OF CAVITE MUTINY
A. Spanish Version: Planned Conspiracy
JOSE MONTERO Y VIDAL (1851-1936)
-his account of the Mutiny was criticized as woefully biased.
-A Spanish historian
A prolific Spanish Historian, who interpreted that the Mutiny was an attempt to remove and
overthrow the Spanish colonizers in the Philippines
GOV. GEN. RAFAEL IZQUIERDO
-He was the Governor-General that replaced the liberal Carlos María de la Torre.
-He was famous for his use of “Iron Fist” type of government.
-He was the Governor-General during the 1872 Cavite mutiny which led to execution of 41 of the
mutineers. Including the GOMBURZA martyrs
GOMBURZA
The three priests Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora, also known as GOMBURZA, were
charged with involvement in the 1872 Cavite insurrection against the Spanish government.
B. Filipino Version: A Response to Injustice
These topics collectively provide a comprehensive overview of key concepts and historical events in
the Philippines, essential for understanding the nation’s history and culture.
