─────── ❛ notes ni rai ‧₊˚✧ [ STEM 11 - A ]

Lesson 1 : Dimensions of Philippine Literary History

Literature I. Literary Forms in Philippine Literature ──────

● illumines life and grows on people’s visions, on their
1. Pre – Colonial Literature (Early Times - 1564)
behavior and in optimistic experiences beyond the
personal environment. ● heavily rooted to our ancestors’ heritage, beliefs, and
● means writings having excellence of form or culture, and was marked during the arrival of the
expression. Philippines Archipelago’s first inhabitants with which
● envelopes the major literary genres such as poetry, considered as the forefathers of the Filipino today.
drama, and fiction and entails distinctive use of the ● when Philippines was free from all colonization, it is
language in creative and artistic ways. overflowing with authentic and abundant oral literature.
● reflects the traditions and culture of the society, the ● filled with creative prowess of crafting stories they
origin and life experiences of the author, and even believe exist.
allows us to navigate the truths and realities embedded ● had stories of how one thing came to be — the rich
in the beauty of the language. folktales, myths, and legends.
○ are all products of their daily observation about
i. Philippine Literature
life and their own experiences.
○ filled with diverse work of art and is continuously ○ are tales and lore of the past, some were not
evolving in different times. preserved, but what was left and survived
○ started with chants, hums and songs and passed conformed to our oral literature today.
through different generations and later became a part
of oral and written tradition. ■ Forms of Literature that continue to exist :
○ COLONIZATION — made an influence in the
development of the literary writings of the Filipinos, 1. Proverbs ────────────────────
that’s when oral literature is developed. ○ “Hurubaton” in hiligaynon
○ are simple and traditional sayings that give us nuggets
ii. Oral Literature
of wisdom, in Filipino, these are called salawikain.
○ developed because of colonization ○ delivers significant truths about life in a form of little
○ riddles, proverbs and other forms of poetry, different entertainment
stories like myths, folks and narratives that tell about ○ example : Matibay ang walis, palibhasaý magkabigkis.
real- life practices aids to be their language of life and a (People gain strength by standing together.)
way of promoting their cultural heritage.
2. Riddles ────────────────────
iii. 21st Century Literature
○ are playful statements or questions having an obscure
○ all literary works written and published at the latter part meaning intended to be answered or solved.
of the 21st century (from 2001 onwards). ○ the statement may sound like humorous but it has a
○ are often characterized as gender-sensitive, deeper meaning.
technologically alluding, culturally pluralistic, operates ○ in Filipino, these are called bugtong and paktakon in
on the extreme reality or extreme fiction, and questions hiligaynon.
conventions and supposedly absolute norms. ○ example : Hinila ko ang tadyang, lumapad ang tiyan.
● LITERARY GENRE — a category of literary composition. ANSWER : PAYONG
Genres may be determined by literary technique, tone,
content, or even (as in the case of fiction) length. 3. Folksongs ─────────────────
● LITERARY HISTORY — historical development of
○ are traditional songs of our ancestors that have been
writings in prose or poetry which attempts to provide
passed down from one generation to another.
entertainment, enlightenment, or instruction to the
○ these local songs are considered part of the rich
reader / hearer /observer, as well as the development
culture of the Filipinos.
of the literary techniques used in the communication of
○ it may be in the form of courtship song or harana,
these pieces.
harvest songs, war songs, lullabies and the likes.
iv. History
4. Tales ────────────────────
○ has a very significant role in literature. It does not only
show facts with using beautiful language but it does ○ are creative stories that generally talk about how one
present the ideas and feelings of the people thing came to be; are also called as myths and legends.
○ LITERATURE — presents history and it manifests the ○ speaks of the origin of a particular thing
aspirations and dreams of the people.
○ literature in history shows what they wish and hope for 5. Epics ─────────────────
the nation, or for themselves, whether about ○ are long-narrative poems about the heroic deeds,
nationalism, love, or other aspects going on in life. adventures, and even misfortunes of a hero.
○ literature in history evolves as a certain place had gone ○ the hero in the story is characterized as brave and
through a lot of changes and stood the many tests of courageous and is well-represented with good values.
time.

rai — page 1
2. Spanish - Colonial Literature (1565 - 1898) ● new writers continued to produced literary works that
reflected Filipino beliefs, culture and traditions
● there was a great change on the form of literature
● some Filipino writers imitated American models of
during the Spanish regime.
writing → resulted to the concept of Philippine
● was focused on Christianity and religion.
Literature in English.
● happenings in the environment was set aside and it is
● few of the popular American fictionists were also
now pointed to Catholic faith reflecting the society,
imitated by some beginning Filipino writers.
culture, and tradition.
● friars as church head authorities — have spread the THOMASITES ──────────────────
doctrines of the church trying to relate them to native. — were a group of 600 American teachers who traveled from
● Spanish language — became the literary language the United States to the newly occupied territory of the
during this time. Philippines on the transport ship USS Thomas.
— were American soldiers who came to our country to
■ Kinds of Philippine Literature during the Spanish -
become teachers. they introduced free public instruction for
Colonial Period :
all children of school age.

— a play depicting the life and sufferings

of Jesus Christ. 4. Contemporary Period (1946 - Present)
Cenaculo — a Spanish term which means “cenacle” ● from the Japanese Colonization to present
the place where Jesus Christ celebrated
● an avenue for new literary publications and
the Last Supper with His disciples.
incomparable writers equipped with knowledge and
skills of the present era.
— a narrative poem about the life of
Pasyon Jesus Christ which is usually sung during ● various literary awards have sprouted which motivate
Lenten season. writers to produce more literary pieces and to sustain
the life of Philippine Literature.
— a form of Filipino poetry about a hero, ● Martial Law, EDSA Revolution…
Awit
that is a bit closer to a narrative.
■ Filipino writers during this period :
01. enjoy their freedom to continue to write
— a form of musical comedy that is
Zarzuela usually comic and presents sarcastic look stories, poetry, essays, novels, and others that
at society. have vivid contribution to the society.
02. has become more efficient of his art and skills.
Corrido — a narrative song which is often about 03. far more equipped with the aid of different
oppression, history and other topics workshops and technology that assist him.
about society.

Moro-moro — a blood-and-thunder melodrama

depicting the conflict of Christians and Francisco Baltazar
(Comedia de Muslims. ● a prominent Filipino poet
Capa y Espada) — usually about battles to the death and ● was born on April 2, 1788 in Barrio Panginay, Bigaa,
the proofs of faith. Bulacan as the youngest of the four children of Juan
Baltazar, a blacksmith, and Juana de la Cruz.
Carillo — a play using shadows to project the
● learned to write poetry from José de la Cruz (Huseng
animated figures made from cardboards.
Sisiw), one of the most famous poets of Tondo.
— a drama that reenacts the search of St. ● BALAGTASAN — a popular filipino debate form named
Helena for the Holy Cross. St. after Francisco Balagtas
Tibag — HELENA - mother of Constantine the ● won an award during his schooldays and graduated
Great, who was recognized in her valedictorian in Madrid.
discovery of the Cross and the Tomb of ● recognized by the Pahayagang Kastilyano (Spanish
Jesus Christ in Golgotha. Declaration) and became the front cover for two weeks.

— a drama that is connected to mourning Florante at Laura Important Details

Duplo or
Karagatan rituals of the Catholics and harvest read the summary of Florante at Laura (module 1) for more info
celebrations
● Florante at Laura is considered an “awit” or a song.
● written in poetic form that has 4 lines per stanza and 12
3. American - Colonial Literature (1899 - 1945) syllables per line.
● when Filipinos enjoyed freedom and independence in ● FLORANTE — from Albania, loves his father
writing literary pieces. ● ALADIN — from Persia, hates his father
● literary genres that prosper during this period were : ● during his stay in Albania, Florante was invited to the
○ poetry, short story, and novel. king's palace. There, he was stunned by the sight of
● public school was created during this period Laura, the daughter of King Linseo, ruler of Albania.
● English language — used as a medium of instruction in ● Florante at Laura has come to be read consequently as
all levels of education in public school. a stirring piece of patriotism—a depiction of the
● English language — made the literary writers decide to sufferings of the Filipino people under the oppressive
use the same language in writing literary pieces and in Spanish colonial regime.
other forms of writing. ● Florante at Laura is an allegory for the state of the
● nationalistic plays with freedom and independence as Philippines under Spanish colonialism.
themes also flourished during this period.

rai — page 2
II. Notes from PPT and Class Discussion ────── Ang Huling Tula Na Isusulat Ko Para Sa’yo
● poetry by JUAN MIGUEL SEVERO
Philippines
● was a huge hit to the social/net junkies and spread out
● is subdivided into seventeen (17) regions : so quickly because of the evident presence of “hugot” s
○ eight (8) in Luzon in the poem and indeed of how excellently the poet
○ three (3) in the Visayas presented his piece.
○ six (6) in Mindanao.
ABNKKBSNPLAKO?!
Hinilawod
● book by ROBERTO “BOB” ONG
● accidentally discovered by Felipe Landa Jocano with ● “Aba, nakakabasa na pala ako?!”
the help of Prof. Magos from CPU. ● a one man’s autobiography, it goes beyond a simple life
● “epic of panay” story, taking a humorous but critical look at one
● an epic poem orally transmitted from early inhabitants country’s education system and calling for substantive
of a place called Sulod in central Panay, Philippines change.
● generally translates to "Tales From The Mouth of The ● can be translated as "Wow, I can actually read now?!
Halawod River".
● SETTING : Halawod (Mount of the River) — is the main DIARY NG PANGET
source of water in panay (for farmers). ● a tetralogy series of romantic comedy novels by a
● halawod → halaud → jalaud → JALAUR (present name Wattpad author.
of the river) — the second longest river on Panay island
in the Philippines
● about the three brothers in search for their wives:
○ Labaw Donggon (shortest story) III. Authors Mentioned ────
○ Humadapnon
○ Dumalapdap
■ GRACIANO LOPEZ - JAENA
Binukot ○ a journalist and orator from Iloilo
○ pen name : Diego Laura
● a well - kept maiden
● a very select group of women existed in indigenous
■ STEVAN JAVELLANA
Philippine society.
○ Esteban Javellana
● these women were daughters of datus or rulers who
○ was a law student (University of the
were kept hidden in special rooms and were not
Philippines) at the outbreak of the war
allowed to be seen by any man.
○ an Ilonggo literary gem
● remained secluded from society but their beauty and
○ author of “Without Seeing the Dawn”
prestige were widespread.
● the well-kept maiden is sold to the highest bidder.
■ FRANK G. RIVERA
Doctrina Christiana ○ textula writer
○ author of “Ang Makata ng Cellphone”
● literally means “The Teachings of Christianity”, and thus
the primary goal of the book was to propagate
Christian teaching across the Philippine archipelago.
● The First Book Printed in the Philippines, Manila, 1593.

FRAY BOTOD — end of lesson 1 —

● work of GRACIANO LOPEZ – JAENA

● a form of propaganda and protestation, this work aimed
to expose these horrendous characteristics of these
abusive priests.
● satirical story of a fat and lecherous priest who “always
had the Virgin and God on his lips no matter how unjust
and underhanded his acts are.”

DARNA
● a comic book superhero created by a Filipino illustrator
and graphic designer in December 2002.
● landed on the 12th spot of top selling Philippine fiction
books for 2005, based on records of National
Bookstore.

Without Seeing the Dawn

● a work of STEVAN JAVELLANA
● also known as The Lost Ones, a bestselling war novel in
the US & Manila.
● tells the grim experiences of Filipinos, in general, and
the Ilonggos, in particular, during the World War II

rai — page 3
──────────── ❛ notes ni rai ‧₊˚✧ [ STEM 11 - A ]
Lesson 2 : Representative Texts and Authors from the Regions

I. Definition of Terms ────────────────── III. 21st Century Filipino Authors ────────────

i. Aesthetic Experience Philippine Literature
○ a discipline concerned with the perception, ● brimming with lavish and unique literary writings that
appreciation, and production of art such as looking at showcase oral tradition and culture of the early
paintings, listening to music or reading poems. Filipinos.
ii. Author ● ORAL LITERATURE — speaks of the experiences and
daily observations of our ancestors in promoting
○ writer of a literary work; one that originates or creates a cultural heritage.
literary work ● reached stability as many 21 st century Filipino writers
iii. Lingua Franca kept on writing stories, plays, poetry, and even
newspaper.
○ a language that is adopted as a common language
between speakers whose native languages are ■ LITERARY WORKS TODAY :
different ○ contemporary reflecting society’s issues.
○ writers are updated in new trends that are
iv. Literary Text relatable to the audience.
○ a piece of writing, such as a book or poem, that has the
● these current trends and societal issues are changing,
purpose of telling a story or entertaining, as in a
so are the universal truths and content of literary
fictional novel. Its primary function as a text is usually
writings in the regional literature.
aesthetic, but it may also contain political messages or
beliefs.
Regional Literature
v. Palanca Awards
● aims to create literary works that use mother tongue or
○ is also known as Don Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards native language that will uplift the national community.
for Literature ● itis more effective if, we, the natives of our regions are
○ a set of literary awards for Filipino writers the ones who will value our language and understand
○ referred to as the country’s highest literary honor in our culture.
terms of prestige ● by reading this, you feel proud because of the power of
the native tongue that intensifies the words and creates
II. Ang Baboy ────────────────── impact to the soul.
Sugot takën nga mangin baboy
kon ang tangkal ko mga bëtkën mo.
Basta damogan mo lang ako
kang imong yëhëm kag harëk IV. 21st Century Authors from Other Regions ────
aga, hapon.
Dali man lang ako patambëkën. 1. Cirilo F. Bautista
Ang pangaku mo man lang
● was a poet, fictionist and essayist from Quezon City,
nga indi ako pagpabay-an
amo ang bitamina nga akën died in pneumonia at 76.
ginatomar. ● poetry and fiction, lectures and creative writing
Kag kon gabii gani, workshops inspired young writers to develop their
ang mga apuhap mo man lang creative talents
sa akën likod kag dëghan → some of his aesthetic contributions in the field of art and
ang makapahoragëk kanakën. letters that made him a National Artist.

John Iremil E. Teodoro RECOGNITIONS ────────────────────

○ Palanca Awards Hall of Famer for winning (9) times for
● wrote “Ang Baboy.”
poetry, fiction and essay.
● a multilingual creative writer and a five-time awardee of
○ National Artist for Literature in 2014
the Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards.
● published countless books of fiction & poetry in 2008.
LITERARY WORKS ─────────────────
● his essay collection entitled Pagmumuni-muni at
Pagtatalak ng Sirenang Nagpapanggap na Prinsesa ○ “Sunlight on Broken Stones (2000)”
(Thoughts and Angry Ramblings of a Siren Pretending ○ “Tinik sa Dila: Isang Katipunan Ng Mga Tula (2003)”
to be a Princess) won the Manila Critics Circle National ○ “The Trilogy of Saint Lazarus (2001)
Book Award for Creative Non-Fiction.
● a recipient of “Bugal kang Antique” Award for Culture
and the Arts from the Antique Provincial Government.

rai — page 4
2. Roberto “Bob” Ong V. Notable Authors from Western Visayas ──────
● PHANTOM OF FILIPINO LITERATURE
■ HILIGAYNON
● known for his pseudonym “Bob Ong” from Quezon City
○ the Lingua Franca of Western Visayas
● web developer and contemporary novelist known for
○ is composed of the Provinces of Iloilo, Capiz,
his conversational writing technique which creates a
Antique and Aklan on the Island of Panay;
comical and reflective descriptions of Philippine life
Negros Occidental and Guimaras.
● books with an element of comedy replicates the
manner of Filipino culture and traditions ■ KINARAY-A or HIRAYA
○ is the mother language in Central and Southern
LITERARY WORKS ───────────────── towns of Iloilo, Province of Antique and Capiz.
○ “Stainless Longganisa (2005)”
■ FOLK LITERATURE OF THESE PLACES :
○ “Ang Paboritong Libro ni Hudas (2003)”
○ riddles — paktakon
○ “ABNKKBSNPLAKO (2001)”
○ proverbs — hurubaton
○ “Kapitan Sino (2009)”
○ ritual chants, songs, and poems — binalaybay
○ tales — sugilanon
3. Jason Paul Laxamana
● writer, Indie filmmaker, author, and pride of Pampanga ■ WHEN SPANIARDS CAME :
● wrote his own scripts in his film and used this as a ○ the production of new forms of folk literature
medium of communication to the viewers started and were translated in Spanish text of
prayers and lives of the saints.
JASON PAUL LAXAMANA ────────────────── ○ religious literature flourished
“A good communicator would make people pay
■ WHEN AMERICANS CAME :
attention. For without an audience, a film is just a light ○ golden age of Hiligaynon literature took place.
projected on a screen.” ○ English literature had a great influence in
Hiligaynon writers.
RECOGNITIONS ──────────────────── ■ BIRTH OF NEW WRITERS & WRITINGS IN HILIGAYNON
○ Gawad Urian Award for Best Screenplay nominee for ○ caused by creation of the Presidential
“Babagwa” (2014) Commission for Culture and Arts and new
○ Gawad Urian Award for Best Screenplay and Best management of the Cultural Center of the
Direction nominee for “The Coffin Maker (2015). Philippines during the Cory Revolution of 1986.

4. Gilda Olvidado 1. Leoncio P. Deriada

● a Cebuana movie and television writer and a ● THE FATHER OF CONTEMPORARY WEST VISAYAN
melodrama novelist LITERATURE
● her well-known novels in pocketbooks have been ● an Ilonggo multilingual writer, multi-awarded novelist,
turned into live-action movies by film industries in this playwright, and poet whose works became a Palanca
country, and were also made into a telenovela. Hall of Fame in 2001 after winning 15 prizes, five of
which are first prizes in various categories.
RECOGNITIONS ────────────────────
○ FAMAS Awardee for Best Story for the film (“Saan PUBLISHED WORKS ────────────────
Nagtatago ang Pag-ibig” ○ The Road to Mawab and Other Stories (1984)
○ The Dog Eaters (1986)
LITERARY WORKS ─────────────────
○ The Week of the Whales and Other Stories (1994)
○ “Saan Nagtatago ang Pag-ibig (1987)
○ The “Temptation of Wife (2012)”
2. Alicia Tan Gonzalez
○ “The Half Sisters (2014)”
● a native of Bacolod City, whose specialization and
5. Felipe Landa Jocano expertise is in Creative Writing in Hiligaynon.
● she was a Carlos Palanca Hall of Fame Awardee for
● COUNTRY’S FIRST AND FOREMOST CULTURAL
winning five first places in the Hiligaynon Category for
ANTHROPOLOGIST
Maikling Kwento.
● an Ilonggo educator and an author from Cabatuan
● known for his significant body of work in the field of
PUBLISHED WORKS ────────────────
Philippine cultural anthropology for documenting and
translating the famous Western Visayan folk epic, ○ Istoryahan Ta Ka Uli (2016)
“Hinilawod.” ○ Ilongga: Madamo nga Guya (2014)
○ May Isa ka Kuring nga Hari kag Iban pa nga (2010)
PUBLISHED WORKS ──────────────── ○ Sa Taguangkan sang Duta kag Iban pa nga Sugilanon
(2009)
○ Slum as a Way of Life
○ Folk Medicine in a Philippine Municipality
○ Growing Up in a Philippine Barrio\

rai — page 5
3. Melchor F. Cichon ■ Which of the works of Roberto Ong has a movie
adaptation?
● a creative writer and a librarian from Aklan
○ ABNKKBSNPLAKO (Aba, Nakakabasa na pala
● received different awards in literature like the “Gawad
ako?!)
Pambansang Alagad ni Balagtas Award” in 2001.
● is also known as the “Father of Aklanon Literature. ■ The following statements are true about the author,
Cirilo F. Bautista EXCEPT _____________.
PUBLISHED WORKS ──────────────── ○ He is a native of Quezon City, and died of
○ Ham-at Madoeom Ro Gabii (1999) pulmonary disease at the age of 86.
○ Philippine Oddities, Love Can Find a Way and Other ■ Who is the multilingual writer from Antique who
Proverbs on Love (2005) pioneered the Philippine gay literature?
○ John Iremil E. Teodoro
4. Peter Solis Nery
■ Who is a melodrama writer known for novels in
● a multi-award-winning Filipino poet, fictionist, and pocketbooks that have been turned into movie and
playwright from Dumangas, Iloilo. television series?
● his poetry and short stories made him the Hall of Fame ○ Gilda Olvidado
awardee of Palanca Awards in 2012.
● screenplays have also won the Philippine Centennial ■ Which of the following statements is true about regional
Literary Prize, 2001 Cinemanila International Film literature?
Festival and other national film competitions. ○ II, III, and IV.
○ II — makes us more effective being a native of
PUBLISHED WORKS ──────────────── our own regions who value language and
understand our culture.
○ Love in the Time of Bakunawa (2012)
○ III — having the power of using the native
○ Cory, Full of Grace (2012)
tongue that intensifies the words and creates
impact to the soul.
5. John Iremil E. Teodoro ○ IV — regional literature is a stage for learning
● a multilingual writer, university professor and freelance that will awaken the Filipino culture by
journalist from Antique who pioneered the Philippine integrating regional literary pieces in Literature
gay literature. subjects in school.
● he is a multi-awarded poet and playwright author of
Kiniray-a literary works, and a five-time awardee of the
Palanca Awards
— end of lesson 2 ; goodluck !! —
PUBLISHED WORKS ────────────────
○ “Kung ang Tula ay Pwedeng Pambili ng Lalaki:
Mga Tula (2006)
○ “Hasang: Mga Kwento ng Pag-Ibig (2016)”

VI. ASSESS WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED ──────

■ What is the Hiligaynon term for riddles?
○ paktakon
■ Who is known as the “Father of Contemporary West
Visayan literature”?
○ Leoncio P. Deriada
■ A Palanca Awardee must have _____________.
○ distinct contributions of their works to
nation-building, and impact of original works or
styles on succeeding generations
■ Among these writers, who is tagged as “the country’s
first and foremost cultural anthropologist” from
Cabatuan, Iloilo?
○ Felipe Landa Jocano
■ Who among the writers is a multi-award-winning poet,
fictionist, & playwright from Dumangas, Iloilo
○ Peter Solis Nery

rai — page 6
─────────── ❛ notes ni rai ‧₊˚✧ [ STEM 11 - A ]
Lesson 3 : Differentiating 21st Cent Lit Genres from Early Lit Periods

Two Divisions of Literature II. ELEMENTS OF POETRY ────────────

● LITERATURE — mirrors human existence. It exudes the 1. IMAGERY ────────────────
realities and truths of life encrypted in every letter and
● one of the essential elements of poetry that give the
symbol of the texts.
reader the totality of the poem.
Ma’am Shane, 2022 ────────────────── ● the writer shows what the poem is all about and not
“Literature is like marriage, a union of interweaving just merely tells the words.
connection between the mind and the heart, ● powerful imageries in the poem are used to make it
imagination and reality, the past and the present.” appealing to the senses of the reader.
● is in the form of words, images, and symbols.
● reading a literary text — offers an experience to dwell
in its very essence and to build the mind and character EXAMPLE :
of the person connected to the universal truths. “Sugot taken nga mangin baboy, kon ang tangkal ko
● good literature — elevates the spirit by bringing out mga betken mo.” — Ang Baboy, John Iremil E. Teodoro.
moral values in any genre of a literary composition that
conforms to the manner, forms and styles. 2. RHYTHM ────────────────
● literature is divided into : ● refers to the sound pattern and the arrangement of
○ PROSE and POETRY. rhyming words that make up the poem.
→ they differ in form, structure and style, but ● rhythm is easier if it is a song.
both deliver themes relatable to life ● in poetry, rhythm is based on syllables.
experiences.
EXAMPLE :
PROSE (fiction or Mahal na ang delata
POETRY Mahal pa’ng abre-lata
creative nonfiction)
Minamahal kong sinta,
Nagmahal ka na rin ba?
FORM written in paragraph form written in stanzas or
verse form
3. SOUND ────────────────
expressed in ordinary form expressed in metrical, ● refers to how the poem sounds like when read.
(common language) or rhythmical, figurative
language and ● is divided into 2 : euphony and cacophony
LANGUAGE straightforward manner
imaginative tone EUPHONY CACOPHONY
→ formal and applies
grammar rules → informal and applies
poetic license
→ poems that sounded soft → poems that sounded
and melodious. brittle and stiff.
appeal to the reader’s awaken the reader’s → set by / with the presence → hard and cracking sounds
APPEAL intellect and makes the emotion / more on
readers think emotions of letters that are soft when that are very noisy.
spoken. (f, h, l, m, n, etc.) → r, d, b, z, g (most letters
to convince, reflect, to stir the imagination
→ gives calmness and peace that are combined with r).
AIM instruct, inform and and set an idea of how
educate the learner life should be EXAMPLE : The lovely lilies EXAMPLE : He grunted and
shade me as I stroll through in a gruff voice said, “Give
The Rose is red. the soft and dewy flower me that trash and I’ll throw it
The rose is red. [R → capital beds. out!”.
EXAMPLE [straight to the point, the (emphasis) Rose could
rose is literally red] be a proper noun / a
name of a person] 4. DENSITY ────────────────
● what distinguishes poetry from prose.
Prose has more themes (novels, stories, series).
→ Themes in Prose can be used in Poetry. However, ● this is the ability to say little and mean much through
THEMES
Prose is longer than Poetry; therefore, Prose have the use of metaphors and nonconformity with
more themes. traditional grammar styles.
● incorporating sounds and rhythm also allows density.
I. POETRY ● how much is said in how little of space.
● CONCRETE POEMS — symbols who have stories
● the oldest form of literature. behind them.
● a literary work written in verse and stanzas. ● period (.) — stop, end, finished, could mean death.
● our ancestors even recited lines of verse having ● ellipsis (...) — continuation, not yet the end, another
aesthetic qualities. part of the story, “life goes on, do not lose hope.”
● contains rhythm, sound pattern, and meter. ● example :
● words are played with rhythm to show creativity and ○ The Emperors New Sonnet by Jose Garcia Villa
style (uses 5 senses — imagery). (inspired from “the emperor’s new clothes).
rai — page 7
○ The Mouse’s Tale 1. First, there is a lament, where the speaker expresses
○ E.E. CUMMINGS I carry your heart with me (I grief and sorrow.
carry it in) 2. then praise and admiration of the idealized dead
● Jose Garcia Villa — attended the University of the 3. and finally consolation and solace.
Philippines, but he was suspended in 1929 after ○ EXAMPLE :
publishing a series of erotic poems, titled “Man-Song.
1. W. H. Auden’s classic "In 2. “Isang Elehiya” Ni Buenvinido A.
5. LINE ──────────────── Memory of W. B. Yeats," Ramos — An excerpt.
written for the Irish
● a very important part of poetry. master, which includes Ngayong hatinggabi’y nais kong awitin
● an element that makes it unique to prose. these stanzas: Ang ayaw marinig ng aking Diwata;
● line in poetry is like sentence in prose; however, we are With the farming of a Awit na kaiba may bagong pagtingin.
not obliged to put a period since poetry does not adapt verse Make a vineyard of May dugo ng buhay may tamis ng luha
the curse, Sing of human Awit na hinabi ng buwang may silim.
to strict grammar rules.
unsuccess (isinumpang awit ng mga Bathala)
● most poems are written in lines In a rapture of distress;
● stanza — a group of lines that separate ideas in a Anila, ang awit ay ang kagandahan
In the deserts of the heart Na nakaayubo sa ating paligid
poem; they act like paragraphs. Let the healing fountain Mabituing langit, bagwis ng amihan
start, Maingay na lunsod, at payapang bukid
In the prison of his days ( di iyan ang awit na ngayon ay alay..
III. TYPES OF POETRY ──────────── Teach the free man how iya’y dati na’t mga lumang himig)
to praise.
1. LYRIC POETRY
● expresses powerful emotion and feelings through iv. Song
musical verse. ○ an expression of a poet's personal emotions, meant to
● is a kind of poem that uses rhyme, meter or literary be sung.
devices to create a song-like quality. ○ lyrics in a song contain verses (lines that make up a
● examples are : Ode, Sonnet, Elegy, and a Song. song; sung poem) and a chorus (a repeating verse in a
song (refrain).
i. Ode
○ formal, often ceremonious lyric poem that addresses 2. NARRATIVE POETRY
and often celebrates a person, place, thing, or idea. ● narrates a detailed story about life and events that
○ its stanza forms vary might be true or imaginary.
○ The Greek or Pindaric (Pindar, ca. 552–442 B.C.E.) ● is quite long and descriptive written in metered verse.
ode — was a public poem, usually set to music, that ● does not need rhythmic schemes.
celebrated athletic victories ● examples are : Epic, Ballad and Metric Tale
○ other examples : “Ode To My Pearl Of The Orient Seas
(Philippines)” by Jett Franco. i. Epic
ii. Sonnet ○ long narrative poem recounting heroic deeds
○ example : Hinilawod
○ a fourteen-line (14) poem written in iambic
pentameter, employing one of several rhyme schemes, ii. Ballad
and adhering to a tightly structured thematic ○ popular narrative song passed down orally.
organization. ○ in the English tradition, it usually follows a form of
○ IAMBIC PENTAMETER — a line of verse with five rhymed (abcb) quatrains alternating four-stress and
metrical feet, each consisting of one short (or three-stress lines.
unstressed) syllable followed by one long (or stressed)
syllable. ○ EXAMPLE :
○ example : “First, A Poem Must Be Magical” by Jose 1. “The Ballad of The Rose 2. “Annabel Lee” by Edgar Allan
Garcia Villa. Trilogy Poem” by Rey Poe
Benipayo
It was many and many a year
1. First, a poem must be 8. And it must kneel like a rose. I will never forget that summer ago,
magical, 9. It must be able to hear that summer I fall in love for In a kingdom by the sea,
2. Then musical as a seagull. 10. The luminance of dove and the first time That a maiden there lived whom
3. It must be a brightness deer. it happened after my college you may know
moving graduation By the name of Annabel Lee;
11. It must be able to hide
4. And hold secret a bird’s i decided to take a vacation in And this maiden she lived with no
flowering 12. What it seeks, like a bride. a mountain other thought
5. It must be slender as a bell, 13. And over all I would like to to my aunt’s house where i was Than to love and be loved by
6. And it must hold fire as well. hover born. me.
7. It must have the wisdom of 14. God, smiling from the poem’s
bows cover
iii. Metric Tale
iii. Elegy ○ a type of poem which follows a narrative format;
featuring characters, a plot, setting and a theme.
○ a form of poetry in which the poet or speaker ○ conveys practical, apparent and straightforward
expresses grief, sadness, or loss. storylines of either real or fictional event.
○ the elements of a traditional elegy mirror three (3) ○ topics vary from romance, the quest for adventure,
stages of loss. love, and various phases of life.
○ examples : Aliguyon
rai — page 8
3. DRAMATIC POETRY ■ TALES — are stories that generally talked about how
one thing came to be.
● is known as dramatic verse.
○ example : “Ang Pagtilaw sa Kabuhi ni Boy”, and
● this literary art is written in blank verse that tells a story
“Si Bulan, Si Adlaw, kag Si Estrelya.”
and connects the readers through emotions.
● suggests a story, but there is more emphasis on ■ EPICS — are long-narrative poems about the heroic
character rather than on the narrative. deeds, adventures, and even misfortunes of a hero.
● examples : soliloquy, monologues, closed drama ○ example : Hinilawod
(tragedy, comedy, melodrama or farce), & rhyme verse.
i. Soliloquy VI. GENRES OF 21st CENTURY LITERATURE ─────
○ a lengthy speech given to oneself when alone. ● Twenty-first century poetry — often takes shape in
fragmented sentences :
ii. Monologue ○ with a heavy use of enjambment
○ a lengthy speech in the presence of co-performers. ○ without strict forms of punctuation,
grammatical or syntactical rules
iii. Closed Drama ○ rarely any distinct rhyme scheme.
● the free verse form that much of twenty-first century
→ COMEDY — when it was a romantic story with a poetry takes upon either :
happy ending, it was not romance.
○ a dissociated take on the ideals presented
→ OPERA — If it’s more on musical performance.
→ MUSICAL DRAMA — If it’s more drama with musical ○ or a direct first person, almost letter like
performances. approach to writing poetry, using pronouns to
→ MELODRAMA — if it’s serious. directly make the reader feel as if they are
→ TRAGEDY — if it has a sad ending. either the receiving audience or the
→ FARCE — if it’s exaggerated humor and silly jokes. writer/speaker themselves.
A. Hyperpoetry
IV. PROSE ○ is another 21st Century literary genre that is also called
● is any written or spoken language that is naturally used as cyber poetry.
without metrical or rhythmic structure unlike the ○ cannot serve its purpose without the use of computer.
traditional poetry. ○ type of digital poetry that uses links using hypertext.
● applies the ordinary form of the language that is easily ○ this poem is found online which directs the reader to
understood by the readers. the texts in response to the links that the reader
● prose is written in paragraph form; most of this type is chooses.
informative and entertaining in nature. B. Textula
○ is a coined term of the English word “TEXT” and Filipino
V. GENRES OF THE EARLY PERIOD ──────────── word “TULA.”
○ it is initially started by Frank Rivera.
Early Literary Genres
○ is a new trend where a one or two-stanza poem is
● literature during the earlier period or traditional written in a text message format.
literature per se was governed by almost similar styles ○ this mobile phone poetry has a rhythmic scheme of
such as being educational and mythological. aabb, abab, abba.
● it was primarily oral as it was spoken, recited and sung
and it revolves around typical themes of fantasy and C. Spoken Word
positivism. ○ is a type of poetry that is geared to be performed
● publication of any literature was something of a tedious onstage for an audience rather than merely exist in
work as there were no printing machines, computer or print somewhere for others to read.
even internet. ○ its characteristic of being created to be performed for
● Early literature — written manually in scrolls and lots of an audience makes it a subset of the art of poetry.
papers and the reproduction of such is strenuous.
→ GENRES OF THE EARLY PERIOD : VII. TYPES OF FICTION ───────────────────
■ FOLKSONGS — they are traditional songs of our FICTION
ancestors that have been passed down from one
● a creative literary work of an author that is imaginary.
generation to another.
● the events, people, or places are pure products of the
○ example : Dandansoy, Ili-Ili Tulog Anay
writer’s mind
■ PROVERBS — are simple and traditional sayings that
→ TYPES OF FICTION
give us nuggets of wisdom.
○ example : Ang indi magbalikid sa ginhalinan, ■ CHICK LIT — refers to a literary piece written by
indi maka-abot sa padulungan. women authors, about women, and intended for women
to read. It tackles about issues regarding women.
■ RIDDLES — playful statements or questions having an
obscure meaning intended to be answered or solved. ■ FLASH FICTION — is a fictional literary work that is
○ example : Isa ka hari, may panapton nga brief in form. Typically, flash fiction is written under
nanari-sari. 1500 words.

rai — page 9
■ SPECULATIVE FICTION — is a literary fiction VIII. TYPES OF CREATIVE NONFICTION ────────
encompassing genre with futuristic, supernatural and
imaginative themes. CREATIVE NONFICTION
● a form of literary writing that dictates facts, accuracy,
■ NOVEL — refers to imaginative stories published as a
and truthfulness that remains compelling.
book. It is relatively long narrative written in prose.
● follows the same style in writing fictional stories and
■ SHORT STORY — a work of fiction that is shorter than poems but differs in content as creative nonfiction
a novel, and usually deals with only few characters. speaks of factual details.
○ the elements of a short story are setting,
→ TYPES OF CREATIVE NONFICTION
characters, plot, conflict, climax, denouement,
point of view, mood, theme and symbols. ■ BIOGRAPHY — a life story of a person written by
someone else.
ELEMENTS OF A SHORT STORY
■ AUTOBIOGRAPHY — an account of the author’s own
Setting → when and where the story takes place. life written by himself.
■ NEWS — substantial and significant information about
→ persons, animals, or things that compose recent happenings.
Characters
the story.
■ ANECDOTE — an interesting and amusing detailed
→ the sequence of events in the story. write-up about a real life incident that took place.
Plot → exposition, conflict, rising action, climax, ■ ESSAY — a brief form of writing that interprets a
falling action, resolution. specific topic or subject matter.

→ any complications or issues that build up → OTHER TYPES OF CREATIVE NONFICTION

the story. ■ DIGI-FICTION — a combination of three platforms:
→ Internal Conflict – struggle within a online website, movie/video, and book.
Conflict
character’s mind or heart. ○ is not a digital version of any printed literature.
→ External Conflict – struggle between two ○ is established digitally that once removed
characters or between a character and online, its whole beauty and essence
nature. disappear.

→ the highest dramatic tension or major ■ BLOG — first created by Justin Hall in 1994, the
Climax
turning point in the story. Links.net. Weblog or blog is an informative webpage
presenting random topics.
Denouement → the final outcome of the main dramatic ○ it is likely an online journal of a writer.
/ Resolution complication in a literary work. ○ is a platform for writers to share inputs
regarding a certain subject.
→ voice of the story as to how it was told. ○ follows a reverse chronological order where the
Point of → 1st Person POV – using “I” or “we”. latest post comes first on the website.
View → 2nd Person POV – using “you” and “your” ■ MANGA — a term used for all published comic books
→ 3rd Person POV – using “he,” “she,” or “it” originated from Japan.
○ conforms to artistic and storytelling style of
→ the atmosphere and tone of the story writing and strictly follows the traditional way
Mood → TONE — the feeling or the atmosphere that of Japan in reading.
the author has set in his story. ○ Japanese Manga — differs from the typical
books because it is read from right to left.
→ pertains to the main idea and the universal
Theme truth in the story. ■ GRAPHIC NOVEL — a narrative work made up of
→ drives both plot and story from beneath comic content; a complete story presented as a book.
the surface. ○ the story is delivered using combination of
texts and images.
→ refers to the imageries used in the story ■ ILLUSTRATED NOVEL — a literary genre that is
Symbols
that signify something. composed of almost 50% illustrations and images.
○ to fully understand the whole picture of the
● Figurative Language found in Poetry : story, the reader must interpret the images.
○ “He's so tall and handsome as hell” – Wildest ○ some examples of Illustrated Novels may not
Dreams, Taylor Swift have words at all.
○ “You call me up again just to break me like a
promise / So casually cruel in the name of
being honest” – All Too Well (Red), Taylor Swift ● LITERATURE — like language is dynamic and changing.
Thus, we cannot really determine which literary writing
is traditional or modern. However, each has its own
unique feature that defines one from the other.

rai — page 10
3. Of Great Walls, Leaning Towers, and Sinking Flyovers
● Differentiating the Early literature and the 21st Century
● written by : Engr. Bernie Cangrejo
Literature.

EARLY LITERATURE 21st CENTURY LITERATURE

traditional modern

predominantly oral, free verse, no set rhyme

educational, and mythical. scheme or format

difficult to publish and easier to publish and

reproduce reproduce

spoken written or audio-visual

conventional point-of-view unconventional point-of-view

4. Ay, Kalisud
● written by : Jovita Fuentes
● it was said that the former president, Manuel Roxas,
1. Pangga, makadto kita sa yato was her inspiration in composing "Ahay Kalisud!," which
● written by : Dr. Erwin S. Sustento laments about being abandoned by a lover for someone
‘ else. Just like how her lover, Manuel Roxas, abandoned
Ang maputi nga balas Magaabot ang adlaw her for Trinidad.
Kag matugnaw nga hangin Paga-ambahon ini sang apa nga ● Jovita wept all her life until that tragic day when Roxas
Amo ang nagaganyat sa akon nga kataw sa Yato died of a heart attack. She never married.
magkadto sa Yato.
Bisan isa lang kita ka gabi-i
Napinsaran ko nga hagaron ka Mahimo kita episodyo Ay, Kalisud
Apang indi kita magdala sang Kaangay sang epiko
kamera Nga napun-an sang romansa Ay ay! Kalisud, kalisud sang binayaan
Indi ako luyag mabilanggo Kag pagpanglakaton. Adlao gabi firmita itao gui natangisan
Sang mga lente sini. Ay ay! Inday nga walay sing kapalaran
Bal-an mo kun sin-o ang bida? Walay guid walay guid
Ang tanan nga makita Pangga, ikaw kag ako Sarang ko kalipayan
Gusto ko naka-album lang ini Sa ginharian sang Yato.
Sa aton memorya Himos na Pangga, Ay cielo azul iabao! diin ka na
Agud kita lang may kapasidad Makadto kita sa Yato. Baluiguita bangi ang nabilango sang gugma
Nga bag-uhon ang kayuyum nga Mayad pa ang mamatay kun halus mamatay
makita. Agud di ako maka dumdum
Nga ako walay kalipay.

→ related to the oil spill in panay

→ maputi nga balas — purity, peace, calmness ● Jovita Fuentes and Manuel Roxas were childhood
sweethearts. However, Manuel chose to marry Trinidad
2. Ang Bayong kag ang Banga de Leon. Rumors were that it was politically
advantageous for him.
● written by : Flavio Zaragoza Cano
5. Dead Stars
Sugiran ta kamo, kag akon Sa amo man ngati-on, may isa ka
isaysay binata, ● written by : Paz Marquez Benitez
Isa ka natabu sa isa ka Siya man ang masag-ub sa pang-pang ● the short story that gave birth to modern Philippine
lin-ay sang suba, writing in English.
Matahum sing guya, sing Iya nga nakit-an sang iya paglantaw
lawas matibsul, Ma-anyag nga lin-ay sang gugma gin
The story of the short story Dead Stars revolves around a man,
Bukad sang kabugaw, pukaw.
Alfred Salazar, and his affairs. Alfred Salazar believes in true
daw bukol sang doldol…
love and optimism to discover ecstasy in its stir. Esperanza is
Dayon pinatindog bayong nga kawayan
the first woman he falls in love with. Alfredo’s love for her soon
Kung magka-agahon, Agud nga si Inday iya mabuligan…
fades away when he meets Julia Salas. Julia, now, becomes a
nagasipit sang banga, Apang sa hinali ang bayong napukan.
new object of his desire.
Kay siya ang masag-ub Nabuka ang banga kay among
sing tubig sa suba… natup-an.
Banga niya mabilog, kag ● It emphasizes how people fall into temptation and
diutay sing baba, Gani, mga nene, inyo gid amligan abandon years of commitment to their significant
Matapuk sing buli kag dali Nga’ng inyo banga dili mapukanan.
mabuka Agud sa gihapon kamo may others for pleasure and lust for another person that
masag-uban sang tubig nga sarang they have just met.
ma-imnan (http://potatosplitter.blog.fc2.com/blog-entry-9.html)

→ a girl and a boy losing their virginity. — end of lesson 3 —

→ bayong – boy’s private part (read more about the stories and poems mentioned above)
→ banga – girl’s private part
rai — page 11
─── ❛ notes ni rai ‧₊˚✧ [ STEM 11 - A ]
Lesson 4 : Context, Text’s Meaning, and its Types

Vaughan’s deep and soothing voice that temporarily gave me solace

I. CONTEXT as I drove off.
● the idea in which the writer and reader connect on an
“Embrace me, my sweet embraceable you
issue presented in the text. Embrace me, you irreplaceable you…”
● context may present the author’s background, his
beliefs, his language styles or techniques, experiences For a moment, I contemplated as I listened to the song. How many
people could there be in the world, missing warm embraces from
and observations. their loved ones because of this pandemic?
● determines whether the reader understands the idea of
the author or not. 11: 27 PM
● describing or comparing a thing using a figurative Osmeña St, Villa Arevalo District, Iloilo City
language; using context clues when a difficult word is I suddenly couldn’t feel my arms and legs. My heart skipped a few
used in a sentence or sharing experiences like the great beats for seconds when a stout lady in her 50’s raised her right hand
to stop me from about 10 meters away. Community Quarantine
Graciano Lopez Jaena of Iloilo : Checkpoint, the sign said. I slowly pulled over to the side of the road,
○ when he wrote “Fray Botod” that talks about opened the window and waited for her to approach the car. As she
Filipino experiences during the Spanish regime walked towards me, her strides were in rhythm with the slow beat of
and awakened Filipinos nationalism under the Sarah Vaughan song.
tyranny of friars. “Don’t be a naughty baby Come to mama, come to mama do…”

Jack Lasenby ────────────────── Despite her intimidating looks, she turned to me and gave me her
most gracious smile before asking me a few memorized questions. I
“It is not you who reads the book, the book reads you.” took out and showed her all the necessary documents so I could pass
through. As I drove off, she hummed along with the tune playing in
my car. Her off-pitch voice and Sarah’s voluptuous vibratos shook
II. THREE TYPES OF CONTEXT ──────── away the numbness I felt.

1. Biographical Context or “Authorial Context” 11:38 PM

Locsin Street, Cor San Jose St, Molo, Iloilo City
● when reading a literary text, it is important to learn
about the author’s background. I reached the building block at last. I parked at the space in front
of the building that used to be crowded with cars. There was barely
● sometimes, the storylines of the text are based from anybody around the parking lot. Only the security guards on duty,
the writer’s experiences. some stray dogs, and most likely, a bunch of coronavirus lingering,
● biographical context — is about understanding waiting for their vulnerable prey. I waited until the end of the song
author’s background. before I turned the engine off.
● studying the author’s values, education, achievements “Till April in Paris
and his motivations in writing gives us the glimpse of Whom can I run to?
how the author was shaped by his experience and What have you done to my heart?”
belief system.
I contemplated again as soon as the song faded out. What have
→ EXAMPLE : you done to the world COVID-19? I whispered a little prayer before
hopping up the stairs to start my shift for the night.
Alexander Blanco San Pedro is a blogger from Sibalom, Antique and a
Training Manager at Inspiro, Relia Inc. specializing in employee training 11:40PM
development programs and assessment of training and development
needs of the organization. He is an occasional Resource Speaker in ● The author or the blogger is part of the young
schools and other organizations to talk about topics on English professionals in the society who talked about his
proficiency, leadership skills, customer service and more. He also holds experience while travelling for work at night. He shared
the position of Chief City Organizer of PechaKucha Night Iloilo, an
his experiences by documenting it. He narrates the
organization that holds speaking events since 2018. His article Sixteen
Minutes: My COVID-19 Travelogue has been chosen by National Book struggles, anxieties and conflict he observes during this
Development Board (NBDB) – Philippines in their first edition of pandemic. He contemplates what life has been on his
Bookwatch Special Online Edition. NBDB is a government agency under train of thoughts.
the Department of Education's administrative supervision, responsible
for the growth and support of the Philippine book publishing industry ● Using biographical context, the following questions may
help you enrich your reading comprehension :
SIXTEEN MINUTES: My COVID-19 Travelogue
By Alexander Blanco San Pedro ○ What is the article all about?
11:24 PM ○ Who is the author of the text, and how did he
Guanco Street, Villa Arevalo District, Iloilo City spend his 16 minutes of travel?
The silence was deafening. With caution, I held the handle of the car ○ What can be inferred about the author’s job?
door to open it. The soft squeaking sound from the hinge bothered
me as if it had awakened the sleeping coronavirus that surrounded ○ What were the thoughts and feelings of the
me. I hurriedly entered the car, sat down and sprayed a hefty amount author while traveling for work?
of sanitizer on my hands. I barely heard the door close as my senses ○ how did the present situation affect the
were overpowered by the thought that my invisible enemy might have author’s actions?
already entered my car. I turned the engine on and suddenly a jazzy
tone from a piano started playing. Apple Music. Then followed Sarah

rai — page 12
2. Linguistic Context Community. She is an Ilonggo contemporary writer, blogger and poet.
She published her book, “and the sea was saltier”, alongside with 14
● refers to the context within the discourse, that is, the Panayanon writers in 2015 at Kasingkasing Press.
relationship between words, phrases, sentences and
even paragraphs. → WORK : LAKAT: A Walk to School, a Pilgrimage to Dreams
● sometimes, linguistic context matters from the author’s
language style based on his social standing, ● in the selection, the writer empathizes on how the
educational status, or psychological state of mind. children struggled to live their dreams but despite the
hindrances, setbacks and dangers, the children
→ EXAMPLE : continued to work hard for their dreams.
● reading a text that features cultures, customs, values,
Angel Merle Magahum is from Molo, Iloilo. He is an Ilonggo writer, and traditions of one’s society can enhance the
novelist, composer, lyricist and poet. He is the Ilonggo’s first writer. He reader’s deeper understanding through associating
won his first prize in literary contest during the Rizal’s Day celebration in
1907. He is famous for composing the song “Iloilo Ang Banwa Ko” and
themselves with the characters or situations in the text.
“Bilong-Bilong”.
● Using socio-cultural context, the following questions
Iloilo ang Banwa Ko may help you enrich your reading comprehension :
by : Angel Merle Magahum ○ What is the blog all about?
Indi ko ikaw bulagan ○ What happened on 10th of October 2010?
Iloilo ang banwa ko guinahingadlan Banwa kong nahamut-an ○ Describe the difficulties undergone by children
Matam-is nga pulong ang amon Ikaw ang guintunaan sang in going to school.
guinmat-an kalipayan
○ What language/s did the author use in the
Indi ko ikaw bulagan
Banwa kong nahamut-an Ilonggo ako nga tunay literary piece?
Ikaw ang guintunaan sang kalipayan Nga nagapuyo sa higad sang ○ From the line, “I asked them what keeps them
baybay walking that far. Their answers were the same:
Ilonggo ako nga tunay Manami magkiay-kiay
HOPE.” What Filipino characteristics are shown
Nga nagapuyo sa higad sang Sa tagipusuon
baybay Bug-os ang kalipay in the answer of the children to the author?
Manami magkiay-kiay ○ What are your realizations in life after reading
Sa tagipusuon Ilonggo ako nga tunay the blog?
Bug-os ang kalipay Nga nagapuyo sa higad sang
○ What do you think is the purpose of the author
baybay
Iloilo ang banwa ko guinahingadlan Manami magkiay-kiay in posting/creating this blog?
Matam-is nga pulong ang amon Sa tagipusuon
guinmat-an Bug-os ang kalipay.

III. SUMMARY ────────────────────────

● Using linguistics context, the following questions may
help you enrich your reading comprehension : ● THE READER — has the ability to analyze text and
plays a key factor to understand, interpret and
○ Based on the song, describe the place where appreciate what is read.
the author lives. ● Being self-aware and critically interpreting the
○ What is the mood of the story? How was this context — helps you to become a better reader.
achieved by the author? ● it is helpful for readers to understand the author’s
○ What Ilonggo traits are being highlighted by purpose about cultural, social and political ideas and
the song? what transpired in the society in the period the text was
○ What words in the song support the authors written.
feeling of pride about his hometown? ● Author — the writer of a literary work; one who creates
something .
3. Socio - Cultural Context ● Context Clues – hints that may appear within sentence
that help define difficult words.
● idea of a text that refers to how the culture and society
● Literary text — a piece of writing, such as a book or
affect the literary work.
poem, that has the purpose of telling a story or
● involves analyzing how the writer leads his reader’s
entertaining, as in a fictional novel. Its primary function
awareness to social, physical, political & cultural issues.
as a text is usually aesthetic, but it may also contain
● helps the reader’s understanding of culture and society
political messages or beliefs.
● BLOG — is a short-term for web log. It is a personal
● Figurative language — also known as “figure of
account of a writer, an open book of memories,
speech.” A phrase or word having different meanings
experiences, reflections, insights and glimpse that the
than its literal meaning. It either conveys meaning by
writer wanted to share.
identifying or comparing the words.
○ blog, audience can openly interact, react and
● Theme — conveys truths and values according to
leave a comment.
author’s purpose and perspective on the human
● internet played a big role in the society. It became a
experience.
medium for writers to voice out social, political and
● Travelogue — a piece of writing about travel
environment issue.

→ EXAMPLE :
Kristine Buenevista lives in Barotac Viejo, Iloilo. She is a concept artist
— end of lesson 4 ; goodluck —
at Artivism and co-founder of Iloilo based social enterprise Alima

rai — page 13
─────── ❛ notes ni rai ‧₊˚✧ [ STEM 11 - A ]
Lesson 5 : Multimedia and ICT Skills || The Whisper (W5)

I. WOMEN FROM ILOILO II. THE WHISPER

● Magdalena Jalandoni — an active advocate and by : Melchor F. Cichon
spokesperson for the Women’s Suffrage Movement.
⤻ keeps on writing despite her mother’s protestations. Aboy-aboy, batya and patadyong,
⤻ a Filipino feminist writer who is one of the most prolific Listen to my heartbeats.
Filipino writers in the Hiligaynon language. The chain I have with you
⤻ her works are said to have left permanent and Is a cross to my Calvary.
significant milestones in Philippine Literature.
My parents told me
● Teresa Magbanua — a schoolteacher, military leader, To just wipe away my biting tears
and the first woman fighter in Panay. And put ice on my swollen lips,
⤻ the “Visayan Joan of Arc” A gift from my husband’s quick fists.
⤻ one of the only few women to join the Panay-based
Visayan arm of the Katipunan. I have become his tail,
My parents say,
● Rabiya Mateo — believes that women “are as capable After I have pressed my thumb
as men” amidst President Duterte’s statement that On our marriage contract.
women are unfit for the presidency.
⤻ a model and beauty pageant titleholder who was Aboy-aboy, batya and patadyong,
crowned Miss Universe Philippines 2020. It’s not a sin, isn’t it
To put off my chain from you
● Josette Biyo — recipient of the 2002 Intel Excellence in And march in the streets
Teaching Award. With closed fists?
⤻ an educator and former executive director of the
Philippine Science High School System. → MELCHOR F. CICHON
⤻ has received international recognition for her ○ from Region 6 — Western Visayas
contributions to science and education. ○ the Head of College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences
Library, UP Visayas.
● Miriam Defensor-Santiago — was awarded the ○ born in Sta. Cruz, Lezo, Aklan and educated in the
Laureate of the Asian Nobel Prize, known as Ramon University of the Philippines where he obtained his:
Magsaysay Award for government service. ⤻ Certificate in Fisheries
⤻ a Filipina academic, lawyer, judge, author, and ⤻ Certificate in Governmental Management
stateswoman, who served in all three branches of the ⤻ Master in Management
Philippine government : judicial, executive, and ⤻ Master in Library Science
legislative. ○ used to teach management courses at the College of
Management, UP Visayas, Iloilo City.
As the famous song lyrics would say “basta Ilongga, ○ took his Bachelor of Science in Education, major in
gwapa, manaya-naya” which means “Ilonggas are Library Science and minor in English at Manuel L.
beautiful and cheerful”. Aside from these adjectives, Quezon University, Manila.
Ilonggas are also strong and empowered. These ○ maintains the website, Aklanon Literature, & has a blog.
Ilonggas proved that success knows no gender.
■ his works include :
⤻ Ham-at Madueom Ro Gabii (Bakit Madilim ang
● MARCH — Women’s History Month
Gabi?) 1999
● MARCH 8 — International Women’s Day.
⤻ Philippine Oddities, Love Can Find a Way and
⤻ global day to celebrate women’s achievements in social,
Other Proverbs on Love; Haiku, Luwa, among
economic, culture and politics.
others.
⤻ the theme is to alert world that from challenge comes
change and women choose to challenge.
■ his awards and recognitions :
⤻ First prize, first Home Life poetry contest, 1994
● Philippines’ culture is patriarchal in general.
⤻ Recipient of the 2001 Gawad Pambansang
● more women are now embracing their femininity as a
Alagad ni Balagtas Award
strength rather than a weakness.
⤻ First Aklanon CCP grantee for Aklanon poetry,
● women are excelling in fields even dominated by men –
1994.
politics, science, business, finance, etc.
⤻ First prize in regional poetry writing contest
sponsored by the Sentro Ng Wikang Filipino

rai — page 14
→ VOCABULARY ■ online collaboration
○ aboy-aboy — cradle, hammock, swing ⤻ using video conferencing applications like
○ batya — basin used for washing clothes Zoom and Google Meet, sharing files and
○ patadyong — an indigenous Philippine rectangular or making instant messages
tube-like wraparound skirt worn by both men and
women of the Visayas islands and the Sulu Archipelago, ■ desktop publishing
similar to the Malong, or Sarong. ⤻ MS Word, MS PowerPoint, MS Publisher, MS
○ calvary — representation of Christ's crucifixion, usually Excel, print setting, etc. and word processing
sculptured and in the open air. and data management samples.
⤻ any experience involving great suffering.
V. FAIR USE
III. MULTIMEDIA ● media contents are copyrighted, this means anyone
cannot make a copy of a material without a permission.
● is the field concerned with the computer-controlled ● in some cases, copyright law permits the use of
integration of : unauthorized copyrighted material as long as it adheres
○ text, graphics, drawings, still & moving images to the concept of “fair use.”
(video), animation, audio, & other media. ● copyright — should not be the sole guide to
● multimedia is where every type of information can be permission, credit and citation. In a variety of settings,
represented, stored, transmitted and processed considerations related to ethics should also be
digitally (Marshall, 2001). regarded beyond what copyright law requires.
● Initial or advanced knowledge on multimedia ● portion limitation — how much of a copyrighted work
presentation is necessary in developing one’s ICT skills. can be consumed in a presentation without license.

■ literary adaptation
⤻ adaptation or conversion of a literary source GUIDELINES FOR PORTION LIMITATIONS
(e.g. poem, short story or novel) into another → Motion media : up to 10% of the whole or 3 minutes
literary medium or genre such as film, stage (whichever is less)
play or video game. → Text material : up to 10% but never should exceed
⤻ can also involve adapting the same literary 1,000 words.
output in the same genre or form just for a → Music, lyrics, and music video : up to 10% but never
different purpose should exceed 30 seconds
→ Illustration and Photographs : may use entire
■ popular 21st century literary adaptation media which picture, but never more than 5 images by one artist or
you can try on : photographer; while, when using pieces from a
⤻ spoken poetry, manga, poster collected works publication, 10% of the whole or 15
⤻ digital-editorial, song or rap images are allowed.
⤻ editorial cartoon, feature article → Numerical data sets : up to 10% or 2,500 fields or
⤻ short films, creative nonfiction cell entries.
⤻ slash fiction, and video blog (vlog)

■ using multimedia or ICT skills VI. CONSIDERATIONS ON FAIR USE

⤻ known as a learning-friendly tool which ● ethical considerations
enhances the teaching-learning process. ⤻ not all legally permissible are always ethical
example : a learner is tasked to produce a video about
IV. ICT SKILLS bullying. He might be tempted to include his picture or
video of a fellow learner being bullied. The said photo
● ICT — Information and Communication Technology
or video can be published legally, but if you really wish
● is geared to create more interactive and supportive
to practice good ethics, you might first consider the
global learning using wide varieties of technology as
person’s feelings before publishing his swollen face
learning channels.
somewhere.
→ TYPES OF ICT SKILLS ● giving credit to the original source
⤻ it is still best to give credit to the creator of the works
■ email management and set up whenever possible for publicity’s sake so they will be
⤻ sending emails, managing spam setting, inbox motivated to share more of their works.
and stationary settings, creating digital
signatures and many others. ● credibility issues
⤻ example : a student is instructed to write an essay
■ online research about Rizal Park and he may point out that the size of
⤻ searching and joining online forums, searching the area is 58 hectares. By citing the statistic, it is not
web engines, crediting sources, etc. legally required to have its source be cited. But it is
unlikely that the learner would independently know
■ social media management that, so still it would be better to add more credibility to
⤻ managing FB, Instagram, Reddit, LinkedIn, his paper by citing the source.
YouTube, among others
— end of lesson 5 —
rai — page 15
─────────── ❛ notes ni rai ‧₊˚✧ [ STEM 11 - A ]
Lesson 6 : Self and Peer-Assessment of Creative Adaptations of Literary Text

● the more you are academically advanced and

I. DEFINITION OF TERMS experienced, the more is expected of you to give or
share in the assessment process.
● GRAPHIC ORGANIZER
⤻ the diagrammatic way of organizing facts, concepts
● table to guide you of the activities intended according
ideas or terms
to one’s level or experience :
● PEER ASSESSMENT LEVEL SELF PEER
⤻ one’s responsibility in evaluating or assessing other
learner’s work against a set of assessment criteria learners assess
learner acquires ideas
related to the learning goal or samples from
other’s
Novice assignments/perfor
teacher on how to do
mance using a
● RUBRIC reflective learning in
teacher designed
⤻ scoring guide used to evaluate a performance, product class.
rubric
or project that is composed of three parts: performance
criteria, rating scale and indicators. Learner provides a Learners’ tasks:
reflection about his/her (1) Learners A and B
own work and obtains complete individual
● SELF-ASSESSMENT feedback from a peer assignments; and
⤻ evaluation done by an individual to his or her own or teacher about it (2) Learners A and B
personal work or performance in respect to the Intermediate (e.g., via portfolio), provide each other’s
specified standard of evaluation thereby helping work with feedback
him/her calibrate and mark based on
his/her own the specified rubric
● STUDENT-LED and THREE-WAY CONFERENCE judgements about for evaluation
⤻ reflective learning strategy wherein a student is given his/her work.
an opportunity to present and explain his/her work in a
conference. learner completes a
well-crafted reflective learners construct
⤻ usually, the learning tool that he/she will present is in piece that incorporates their own marking
the form of a portfolio. Expert theories and rubric, and evaluate
recommends solutions peer’s work using
● TARGET SETTING to the presented this rubric.
problem
⤻ identification of important tasks to be executed and
evaluated by an individual at work
● basic purpose of these assessments :
● TIME MANAGEMENT
⤻ review the quality and issues of your work
⤻ process of organizing and dividing a task into sub-tasks
so that the specified targets can be achieved in just a
short span of time.

II. SELF AND PEER ASSESSMENT III. STRATEGIES TO ENHANCE SELF-ASSESSMENT

● self-assessment — involves making descriptive and 1. student-led and three-way conference

evaluative decisions about your particular work or ⤻ you will be given an opportunity to present and explain
output in respect to the: your work to your teacher and parents in a conference.
○ learning objectives, reflecting on your efforts, ⤻ usually, the evidence that you will present is in the form
identifying improvements, and adjusting the of a portfolio; however, it has to be cleared that upon
quality of your work. the presentation.
● peer assessment — your responsibility in evaluating
another learner’s work against set of assessment 2. use of rubric
criteria related to a learning goal ⤻ rubric — an important tool for self-assessment
⤻ providing constructive feedback which aids in ⤻ list the success criteria for a specific task
identifying solutions to areas of weakness. ⤻ provides descriptions of levels of performance which
may help you to objectively monitor and evaluate your
● these assessment strategies will help you in acquiring task or activity.
an array of skills such as:
○ self-reflection 3. use of graphic organizer
○ time management ⤻ graphic organizer — used to organize facts, concepts,
○ organizational & team skills — highly valued in ideas or terms in a visual or diagrammatic way.
the workplace & support learning progress. ⤻ allows you to construct your ideas that are appropriate
to your individual learning style.
● teaching self and peer assessment also varies
according to one’s capabilities and academic level.

rai — page 16
4. setting learning targets
⤻ self-assessment begins with setting learning targets ● criteria — describes the key elements of the learner’s
⤻ then proceeds to making efforts to achieve those work or performance.
specified targets ● rating scale — identifies levels of performance.
⤻ ends with evaluating results to see if learning targets ● under each section of the rating scale are the
are met or still need further revisions. indicators that provide examples or concrete
descriptors for each level of performance.

● making a rubric is not an easy task.

⤻ by setting up your targets, you will get more involved
and responsible in doing and tracking your work. ● making a rubric requires few considerations that need
⤻ SMART (Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Relevant, to be efficiently observed, some of these
and Time-bounded) considerations are the following:

5. time management ○ learners and teachers should first create an

⤻ ability to organize your time in order to complete tasks understanding of expectations prior to crafting
is crucial feature of self-assessment a rubric
⤻ one way to do it is using sub-task method. ○ the list of expectations should be anchored to
the lesson or unit delivered in class
○ rubric to be crafted should be accurate,
unbiased, and consistent to the entire class.
IV. DOING PEER ASSESSMENT
● it is essential that you must first have a marking criteria
or rubric. — end of 3rd quarter, good luck !! —
● this rubric is a scoring guide used to evaluate a
performance, a product, or a project.
⤻ consists of three parts: performance criteria, rating
scale, and indicators.

rai — page 17