11TH
grade
LESSON 3:
EXOGENIC
PROCESS 2
MARJORIE PAGARAN JOMOC, LPT
LESSON OBJECTIVES
Explain how the products of weathering
are carried away by erosion and
deposited elsewhere.
WHAT IS WEATHERING?
Weathering is the general term applied to the
combined action of all physical and chemical
processes that disintegrate and decompose
rocks near Earth`s surface through the elements
of weather.
Weathering is the on-site breakdown of rock and
its eventual transformation into sediments.
A. PHYSICAL WEATHERING
Physical Weathering happens whenever
rocks are broken up without any change in
their chemical composition.
It also refers to as Mechanical Weathering.
These factors include pressure, warm
temperature, water and ice.
GRANITE
ROCKS
BLOCK DISINTEGRATION
It is caused by successive heating and
cooling which causes the expansion and
contraction of rocks.
In hot desert regions, the high diurnal range
of temperature of day and night causes
successive expansion and contraction of
the rocks.
This repeated expansion and contraction
creates stress along the joints, eventually
breaking down the rock, block by block.
EXFOLIATION
It is the stripping of the outer layers of
rocks due to intense heating.
Since rocks are poor conductors of
heat, the inner layers remain almost
unaffected by heat.
The successive expansion and
contraction of the outer layers of the
rock peels off from the main rock in the
form of concentric shells.
FROST WEATHERING
It refers to the alternate freezing and
thawing of water inside the joints of the
rocks, causing them to split into smaller
particles or fragments.
This occurs because the conversion of
water into ice increases the volume of
water by 10 percent.
This is the most important physical
weathering process in cold regions.
B. CHEMICAL WEATHERING
Chemical Weathering is the weakening or
disintegration of rocks and the formation of new
compounds or new substances caused by
chemical reactions.
It is a surface or near surface process that is not
influenced by high temperature or pressure.
The chemical reactions occur at a faster rate in
warm, wet climates like tropics.
DISSOLUTION
It happens in certain minerals which are
dissolved in water.
Halite (NaCl) dissolves rapidly in pure
water while; Calcite (CaCO3) dissolves
rapidly in acidic water like rainwater.
Limestone, which is composed of
calcite, is weathered through this
process and develops caves through
time.
OXIDATION
It is the process in which oxygen reacts
with the rock and changes its mineral
composition.
The greatest impact of this process is
observed on ferrous minerals, which
contain iron.
The oxygen in humid air reacts with iron
in the rocks to form oxides of iron called
rust.
CARBONATION
It is the process involving the formation
of various types of carbonates in rocks.
For example, when rainwater containing
carbon dioxide forms carbonic acid, it
passes through permeable limestone
rocks.
This process results in the enlargement
of rocks and removal of lime, which
holds the particle together.
HYDRATION
It is the result of the absorption or
combination of water and a particular
substance on the rock, leading to a
change in shape.
The addition of water in the rock
increases its volume, which changes the
shape of the grains.
For example, feldspar is changed into
kaolin through hydration.
C. BIOTIC WEATHERING
Biotic or Biological Weathering is the
disintegration of rocks caused by living
organisms.
PLANTS
It contribute to both mechanical and
chemical weathering.
The roots of the plants penetrate into the
joints of the rocks searching for moisture.
As the roots grow larger and thicker, they
exert pressure on the rocks.
The pressure acts as a wedge, widening
and extending the cracks, and breaking
the rock into fragments called root
wedging.
ANIMALS
Animals like earthworms, rats, rabbits,
termites and ants breakdown the rocks
through burrowing.
These disintegrated rocks can be easily
be exposed to more intense processes,
or be eroded or removed by other
agents.
The action of microbes on rocks changes
the chemical composition of rocks.
HUMANS
Provisions for agriculture, construction of
houses, and construction of roads
require large amounts of rocks to be
broken down.
Mining minerals also require breaking,
weakening, and loosening of rocks.
An increase in pollution results in an
increased amount of weathering agents
in soil, water and wind.
WHAT IS MASS WASTING?
It refers to the downslope movement of rock,
regolith, and soil because of gravity.
It is considered a natural hazard.
It is classified based on their moisture or water
content and speed, or rate of movement.
The saturation of water destroys the cohesion of
rock particles, causing them to become loose.
Water also adds weight to a mass, causing the
downslope slide or flow.
CLASSIFICATION OF MASS WASTING
a. Fall- It refers to the free-fall movement of
detached individual pieces of rocks or the bouncing,
and rolling of materials on slope.
b. Slides- It occurs when rock materials remain fairly
coherent and move along a well-defined surface.
c. Flow- It happens when rock materials are
saturated with water and move downslope as a
viscous fluid.
CLASSIFICATION OF MASS WASTING
WHAT IS EROSION AND TRANSPORT?
Erosion is the separation and removal of
weathered and unweathered rocks and soil from
its substrate due to gravity or transporting agents
like wind, ice or water.
It involves abrasion, plucking, scouring and
dissolution.
Transport is the process by which sediments are
moved along from the source to where they are
deposited.
A. WIND EROSION
It commonly occurs in flat, bare areas or
dry, sandy and loose soils.
It detaches soil particles and transports
them by wind.
Sandstorms, are common phenomenon
in deserts that transports lots of
sediments for hundreds of kilometers.
It results to soil loss, dryness, and
deterioration of soil structure, soil nutrient
and productivity loses and air pollution.
B. SHEET EROSION
It is the removal of thin layers of soil
because of surface runoff and rain.
This type of erosion is common along the
riverbeds and areas affected by floods.
If left unattended, the soil could be
completely exhausted or devoid of
nutrients due to removal of topsoil,
rendering it completely unusable for
agriculture.
C. RILL EROSION
It is the removal of soil by the
action of concentrated running
water.
This process creates numerous
centimeter-deep tiny channels
called rills, which carry water
during storms.
D. GULLY EROSION
It is the removal of soil in water
channels or drainage lines.
The gullies gradually multiply
and spread over a wide area.
The land being dissected is
called badlands or ravines.
WHAT IS DEPOSITION?
The sediments produced by weathering, which
were separated by erosion and transported by
different agents, will eventually settle down in a
particular place given the right conditions.
Deposition is the process in which sediments
settle out of the transporting medium.
WHAT IS DEPOSITION?
WHAT IS DEPOSITION?
The area where sediments are deposited is
called sedimentary environments.
As layers of sediments accumulate in the
different depositional environments, the
previously deposited sediments underneath are
buried.
The sedimentary environment also sinks slowly
to accommodate more sediment.
WHAT IS DEPOSITION?
The buried sediment experience compaction due
to increasing pressure and grains are packed
tighter.
The sediments undergo lithification, when those
changes occur and become sedimentary rocks.
HAPPY
READING!
