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WASTE MANAGEMENT: A CASE STUDY PERSPECTIVE ANALYSIS

Conference Paper · September 2019

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WASTE MANAGEMENT: A CASE STUDY
PERSPECTIVE ANALYSIS
Shihab k

Abstract
Waste management are the activities and actions required to manage waste from
its inception to its final disposal. This includes the collection, transport, treatment
and disposal of waste, together with monitoring and regulation of the waste
management process.
Waste can be solid, liquid, or gas and each type has different methods of disposal
and management. Waste can pose a threat to human health. Waste is produced by
human activity, for example, the extraction and processing of raw materials. Waste
management is intended to reduce adverse effects of waste on human health,
the environment or aesthetics.
Waste management practices are not uniform among countries
(developed and developing nations); regions (urban and rural areas),
and residential and industrial sectors can all take different approaches.

Introduction
In the present world one of the major problem faced by all the people is waste
management. Waste management is the process of treating solid wastes and offers
variety of solutions for recycling items that don’t belong to trash. It is about how
garbage can be used as a valuable resource. Waste management is something that
each and every household and business owner in the world needs to think about
seriously. Waste management disposes of the products and substances that you have
use in a safe and efficient manner. Americans alone are responsible for producing a
hopping 220 million tons of waste a year. This number is far more than any other
nation in the world. Because of this fact both the government
and environmental associations have developed numerous methods of dealing with
the problem. Waste management is that solution, a rather complex issue that
encompasses more than 20 different industries. Waste management is collection,
transportation, and disposal of garbage, sewage and other waste products.
Various Methods of Waste Disposal/suggestions

Although there are many methods available to dispose off waste. Let’s take a look
at some of the most commonly used methods that you should know about waste
management.

Landfills

Throwing daily waste/garbage in the landfills is the most popularly used method of
waste disposal used today. This process of waste disposal focuses attention on
burying the waste in the land. Landfills are commonly found in developing
countries. There is a process used that eliminates the odors and dangers of waste
before it is placed into the ground. While it is true this is the most popular form
of waste disposal, it is certainly far from the only procedure and one that may also
bring with it an assortment of space.

This method is becoming less these days although, thanks to the lack of space
available and the strong presence of methane and other landfill gases, both of which
can cause numerous contamination problems. Landfills give rise to air and water
pollution which severely affects the environment and can prove fatal to the lives of
humans and animals. Many areas are reconsidering the use of landfills.
Incineration/Combustion

Incineration or combustion is a type disposal method in which municipal solid

wastes are burned at high temperatures so as as to convert them into residue and
gaseous products. The biggest advantage of this type of method is that it can reduce
the volume of solid waste to 20 to 30 percent of the original volume, decreases the
space they take up and reduce the stress on landfills.

This process is also known as thermal treatment where solid waste materials are
converted by Incinerators into heat, gas, steam and ash. Incineration is something
that is very in countries where landfill space is no longer available, which includes
Japan.

Recovery and Recycling

Resource recovery is the process of taking useful discarded items for a specific next
use. These discarded items are then processed to extract or recover materials and
resources or convert them to energy in the form of useable heat, electricity or fuel.

Recycling is the process of converting waste products into new products to prevent
energy usage and consumption of fresh raw materials. Recycling is
the third component of Reduce, Reuse and Recycle waste hierarchy. The idea behind
recycling is to reduce energy usage, reduce volume of landfills, reduce air and water
pollution, reduce greenhouse gas emissions and preserve natural resources for future
use.
Plasma gasification

Plasma gasification is another form of waste management. Plasma is a primarily an

electrically charged or a highly ionized gas. Lighting is one type of plasma which
produces temperatures that exceed 12,600 °F . With this method of waste disposal,
a vessel uses characteristic plasma torches operating at +10,000 °F which is creating
a gasification zone till 3,000 °F for the conversion of solid or liquid wastes into a
syngas.

During the treatment solid waste by plasma gasification, the waste’s molecular
bonds are broken down as result of the intense heat in the vessels and the elemental
components. Thanks to this process, destruction of waste and dangerous materials is
found. This form of waste disposal provides renewable energy and an assortment of
other fantastic benefits.

Composting

Composting is a easy and natural bio-degradation process that takes organic wastes
i.e. remains of plants and garden and kitchen waste and turns into nutrient rich food
for your plants. Composting, normally used for organic farming, occurs by allowing
organic materials to sit in one place for months until microbes decompose it.
Composting is one of the best method of waste disposal as it can turn unsafe organic
products into safe compost. On the other side, it is slow process and takes lot of
space.
Waste to Energy (Recover Energy)

Waste to energy (WtE) process involves converting of non-recyclable waste

items into useable heat, electricity, or fuel through a variety of processes.
This type of source of energy is a renewable energy source as non-
recyclable waste can be used over and over again to create energy. It can
also help to reduce carbon emissions by offsetting the need for energy
from fossil sources. Waste-to-Energy, also widely recognized by its acronym
WtE is the generation of energy in the form of heat or electricity from waste.

Avoidance/Waste Minimization

The most easier method of waste management is to reduce creation of waste

materials thereby reducing the amount of waste going to landfills. Waste reduction
can be done through recycling old materials like jar, bags, repairing broken items
instead of buying new one, avoiding use of disposable products like plastic bags,
reusing second hand items, and buying items that uses less designing.

Recycling and composting are a couple of the best methods of waste management.
Composting is so far only possible on a small scale, either by private individuals or
in areas where waste can be mixed with farming soil or used for landscaping
purposes. Recycling is widely used around the world, with plastic, paper and metal
leading the list of the most recyclable items. Most material recycled is reused for its
original purpose.
The Bottom Line

There are certain waste types that are considered as hazardous and cannot be
disposed of without special handling which will prevent contamination from
occurring. Biomedical waste is one example of such. This is found in health care
facilities and similar institutions. The special waste disposal system for this unit in
place to dispose of this type of waste.

As you can see there are plenty of important things that you should know about waste
management and disposal in order to ensure that you are safe, as well as that you are
keeping the environment safe. It is your choices as to how you will dispose of waste,
however it is always in your best interest to take a look at all of the options that you
have available before making the choice.

The importance of Waste Management and Recycling

Planning the waste management and recycling for all of the rubbish produced in this
country is an enormous task which involves both logistical planning and scientific
knowledge and understanding in order to balance the impact on the environment and
the cost effectiveness of the process.

Waste management and recycling companies are also feeling an extra pressure to
perform their role in the greenest ways possible. It is important to remember that the
UK’s resources and landfill sites are limited and this has a major bearing on the kind
of activities that are carried out.

Waste collection and rubbish disposal play an extremely important role in the global
cleanliness and sustainability drive, with people’s health and the conservation of
resources being the responsibility of every government. To ease the pressure on
government agencies, numerous privately-managed organizations also play a part in
these waste management and recycling programs. In many cities it means that local
government agencies have been left with the responsibility of overseeing the work
done by these privately held organizations.
Thousands of years ago humans simply dug a hole and buried their refuse and waste.
This was an effective technique for these early people because their population was
relatively small and they did not produce waste on the same scale or with the levels
of complexity that modern humans do. Burying the rubbish helped to prevent bugs
and rodents from becoming a nuisance and spreading diseases.

In the modern world burying all of our rubbish is not a sustainable solution. While
primitive humans produced very little waste, and that which was produced would
biodegrade quickly, modern humans produce much larger amounts of waste, much
of which is not biodegradable. Additionally, many types of waste may be damaging
to the soil, ground water and surrounding habitat.

The most important reason for waste collection is the protection of the environment
and the health of the population.

Rubbish and waste can cause air and water pollution. Rotting garbage is also known
to produce harmful gases that mix with the air and can cause breathing problems in
people. By inspecting the vegetation around landfill sites carefully you can
determine the damage that can be caused by garbage and waste if left untreated in
the open. To address this problem modern waste management professionals place
garbage in lined holes and use bacteria to help facilitate its rapid decomposition.
Rotting garbage and waste emanates a foul smell that can cause nausea among
people who come into contact with it. It can also be a source for waterborne diseases
such as cholera and abdominal conditions and discomfort. Since water sources need
to be protected the role of waste disposal companies is very important. These
organizations should make it a priority to secure their landfill sites so that water
bodies are not affected by the garbage and waste collected from homes and
commercial establishments.

Waste collection companies also sort the garbage into recyclable columns, as
recycling the products that leave our homes is of utmost importance. Recycling not
only helps in conserving our natural resources but also reduces the cost of production
of many products. Products such as glass, oil, plastic, paper can all be recycled which
will ultimately put less pressure on the natural resources used to manufacture these
products.
Principles of waste management
Waste hierarchy
The waste hierarchy refers to the "3 Rs" reduce, reuse and recycle, which classifies
waste management strategies according to their desirability in terms of waste
minimization. The waste hierarchy is the cornerstone of most waste minimization
strategies. The aim of the waste hierarchy is to extract the maximum practical
benefits from products and to generate the minimum amount of end waste;
see: resource recovery.[6] The waste hierarchy is represented as a pyramid because
the basic premise is that policies should promote measures to prevent the generation
of waste. The next step or preferred action is to seek alternative uses for the waste
that has been generated i.e. by re-use. The next is recycling which includes
composting. Following this step is material recovery and waste-to-energy. The final
action is disposal, in landfills or through incineration without energy recovery. This
last step is the final resort for waste which has not been prevented, diverted or
recovered. The waste hierarchy represents the progression of a product or material
through the sequential stages of the pyramid of waste management. The hierarchy
represents the latter parts of the life-cycle for each product.
Life-cycle of a product
The life-cycle begins with design, then proceeds through manufacture, distribution,
and primary use and then follows through the waste hierarchy's stages of reduce,
reuse and recycle. Each stage in the life-cycle offers opportunities for policy
intervention, to rethink the need for the product, to redesign to minimize waste
potential, to extend its use. Product life-cycle analysis is a way to optimize the use
of the world's limited resources by avoiding the unnecessary generation of waste.
Resource efficiency
Resource efficiency reflects the understanding that global economic growth and
development cannot be sustained at current production and consumption patterns.
Globally, humanity extracts more resources to produce goods than the planet can
replenish. Resource efficiency is the reduction of the environmental impact from the
production consumption of these goods, from final raw material extraction to last
use and disposal.
Polluter-pays principle
The polluter-pays principle mandates that the polluting party pays for the impact on
the environment. With respect to waste management, this generally refers to the
requirement for a waste generator to pay for appropriate disposal of the
unrecoverable material.

Conclusion
Despite the various new technologies that are emerging for solid waste disposal,
landfilling still remains the most common solution in the northeastern Illinois region.
The establishment and closure of landfills could pose a potential hazard to ground
water, due to leachate seepage, and air quality due to gases released. Unless proper
maintenance and management is sustained for a fairly long time (30 years), public
health may be compromised as a result. Such management is costly and potentially
dangerous if faulty. Thus, a safer and more sustainable approach may be minimizing
the number of landfills constructed and insuring their longevity so as not to continue
taking viable land for waste disposal. It is therefore critical to divert waste from
landfills through reduction and recycling.

References
*Illinois Recycling Association (IRA), 2007. "Recycling Facts." Retrieved
from http://www.illinoisrecycles.org/facts.html

*http://wastec.isproductions.net/webmodules/webarticles/anmviewer.asp?a=1124
*Wikipedia/waste management

*https://uwi-primoalma-prod.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo-
explore/fulldisplay?vid=SP&docid=UWI71352417950002121&context=L&search
_scope=SP_ALL&lang=en_US

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