CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 Literature

Literature is the imaginative work that pictures the human life in a society

which can be enjoyed, understood, and used by society. Literature is a means of

social expression, a mirror of life, and interpretation of human expressions that help

us understand how to live. Literture can be divided into two major categories; they

are fiction and non fiction. Fiction is literary works that is not based on true story.

While, non fiction is literary works that is based on the true story. Some examples

of fiction literary are novels, short story, poetry, drama, movie, etc. Some examples

of non fiction literary are personal essay, history, biography, and autobiography.

According to Hornby, movie is a story, recorded as a set of moving pictures to be

shown on television or at the cinema. The literary work has its definition taken from

each different literature expert.

According to Pradopo (1994) the literary work is a the picture of the world

and human life, the main criteria that are put on the literary work is truth, or

everything that wants to be a picture by the author.

People who work in literature usually represent their work in such kinds of

literary works. Like the term of literature itself, where literature is a term used to

describe written or spoke material. It means that, literature is simple language with

an easy to understand meaning. Literature in the broadest sense, includes all written

materials, into this general grouping falls history books, philosophical works,
novels, poem plays, scientific articles, dictionaries, directories, instructional

manuals, travel folders, magazines, school textbooks.

“Literature introduces us to new words of experience means that the literary

work is an immediate part of the literary environment, the aggregate of all the

socially active literary works of a given epoch and social group. From a strictly

historical point of view the an individual is a dependent and therefore actually

inseparable element of the literary environment” (Morris, 2005: 81).

Literature according to Ima (2013 : 3) is a medium through which a the

person can convey his or her ideas or protest against different norms of society.

Those works that deal with a normal issue are particularly purposed in mind. An

author can communicate with the readers of a literary work if they can understand

what the author wants to send. Based on the above explanation related to the relation

between literary work and social life, people can critic everything using many

approaches in the form of study analysis, such as sociological analysis and

psychological analysis.

Literature represents and pictures out various aspects of life. According to

Greil Marcus and Werner Color (2009) says that literary means not only what is

written but what is voiced, what is expressed, what is invented, in whatever form.

Moreover, the definitions of literature cannot only stop in one person's

opinion. The researcher will come up with some definitions from some experts of

literature in this discussion. From some explanation of the experts above, the

researcher gives the conclusion that literature is a literary work in written form that
can be enjoyed by everyone. In general, literary works can also be read and

everyone can imagine various kinds of books such as novels, historical books,

scientific articles, poetry, magazines, etc. From all that, it can be concluded that

literature is a literary work that is not only in book form but by imagining the world

of each person and everyone can do it.

2.1.1 Elements Of Literature

A. Character

According to Pickering and Hoeper state, “Character applies to any

individual in a movie. For purposes of analysis, characters in fiction are customarily

described by their relationship to plot, by degree of development they are given by

author, and by whether not they undrego significant character change”. It means

that character are people that are created in the movie, novel, and other literary

works to inhabit the story. They also have close relationship with plot, the way of

authors in revealing the character and character’s change.

According to Kesra (2010 : 7) “character is part of a specific human element

that includes their ability to face challenges and difficulties”. According to Hajam

(2012) states that “character or disposition is a trait that appears in daily behavior

as an influence from the environment, it is not permanent. It means that character

can change and is closely related to personality”. According to Andrianto (2011 :

20) describes "character includes a series of attitudes such as the desire to do the

best thing, intellectual capacities, such as critical thinking and moral reasoning;

behavior such as being honest and responsible, maintain moral principles in

situations of injustice, the interpersonal and emotional skills that enable a person to

interact effectively within various circumstances, and a commitment to contribute

to the community and society ”. According to Endin (2012) defines “character as a

attitude, psychiatric traits, morals or character that distinguish a person from

another. It means that character is a stable personal attitude and the result of a

process of consolidation in a progressive, dynamic, and action”.

B. Characteristic

According to Ericson (2006) characteristic is as someone widely recognized

as a reliable source of knowledge, technique, or skill whose judgment is accorded

authority and status by the public or his or her peers.

C. Conflict

According to Austin (1972), it can be defined as a disagreement between

two or more individuals or groups, with each individual or group to gain acceptance

of its view or objectives over others.

According to Van Slyke, Listening to conflict (1999) defined conflict is the

competition between interdependent parties who perceive that they have

incompatible needs, goals, desires, or ideas. R. Kreitner & A. Kinicki,

Organizational Behavior (2004) said that a process in which one party perceives

that its interests are being opposed or negatively affected by another party. In this

research, the researcher want to tell about how conflict can happen in "Taare

Zaamen Par" movie.

D. Theme
The movie “Taare Zaamen Par” is an educational movie produced by Aamir

Khan as a producer and supported by Dheepa Bhatia as a movie director. This is an

educational movie produced by Aamir Khan. The movie takes the locations in

Mumbai, and New Era High School in Panchgani.

The movie was first released on December 2017 in India. In 2008, UTV

Home Entertainment was launched on DVD for Indian audiences. Walt Disney

Home Entertainment launched an International Edition DVD entitled Like Stars on

Earth, as the first purchase by a global corporation of distribution rights for a movie

in two years later.

This movie based on life and imagination of Ishaan, an eight-year-old child

who suffers from Dyslexia. Dyslexia is a learning disability in children that affects

reading, learning and writing. This disability doesn not mean a person is not

intelligent or has below average intelligence. The title of the movie directly

translates from Hindi to ‘Stars upon the ground.’ The director Aamir Khan uses this

metaphor to enlighten audiences of the idea that children are like stars in the world,

and that every child is special in his or her own way.

2.2 Children With Special Need

There are various educational settings to meet the educational needs of

individual with special needs; the most prominent of which can be stated as a special

education schools, special classes in normal schools, and mainstream classes (Batu,

2004).
Nowadays, the term inclusion is commonly used in place of integration but it

should be noted that integration has some features that are different from inclusion.

Whereas inclusion involves part-time or full-time education of individuals with

special needs along with normal peers assisted by support services (MEB 2006);

integration is full-time education carried out in the mainstream classrooms in which

support services are provided within the classrooms (Gürgür, 2005).

An analysis of the body of literature in the field shows that there are many

studies conducted on inclusion which focused on the views, suggestions, and

attitudes of teachers, administrators, parents with or without children with special

needs, and typically developed peers concerning inclusion. Studies that were

carried out with the participation of teachers and administrators, it was seen that

they saw inclusion as important and beneficial in general, they thought it was

difficult for individuals with special needs to make use of the development process

is compared to other children of the same age until needs a special education for

children with special needs. This can have a negative impact on the development

and education of children with special need. Parents tend not to consider education

for children with special needs as important. This problem is caused by many

things, apart from the fact that there is a factor of parents' lack of understanding

about the education of children with special needs, low parental education, other

factors that are even sadder, when parents consciously and deliberately do not want

to care about their child's education, because they feel worried, embarrassed, and

considered it a disgrace to have children with special needs (Darmono, 2015 : 2).
According to Andesta (2017: 25) “children with special needs are children

who have disorders with special characteristics that distinguish them from normal

children in general and special educational needs following the type of disorder”.

From the explanation by the expert above, the researcher concludes that

children with special needs are children who experience abnormalities in

themselves, causing these individuals to have needs that need to be adjusted to the

special characteristics they have.

The various characteristics of children with special needs require

identification process to decide the kinds of impairment and disability they possess,

so that the intervention given should be appropriate with children’s needs and

ability. Identification is a process to discover information about problems faced by

children to arrange suitable education intervention covering class placement and

curriculum (Lebeer et al, 2010).

2.2.1 Dyslexia

Judging from these definitions, dyslexia children have problems in

recognizing phonemes in reading and due to that they are unable to understand what

they read or write. This ailment is a type of learning disability with a neurological

base which is genetic. Primarily, rudimentary dyslexic appertains to the low average

of identifying single words, incorrect and delayed decoding of words (Nijakowska,

2010). However, to reach the semantic level of a the sentence, it is necessary to start

with determining the distinctive sounds of a word, after that to continue with

understanding the word itself, the sentence, and the meaning.

It is important to note that dyslexia children do not have a lower mental

capacity or IQ compared to normal children. Fawcett, Nicolson, and Maclagan

(2001) mentioned research indicating that poor readers suffering from dyslexia can

have an IQ over 90, on. On the other hand, normal children suffering common

reading problems have IQ 85 and below (as cited in Reid & Fawcett). Researchers

in medicine Shaywitz, et al. (1992) states that “dyslexia and ‘learning disabilities’

may not be medical conditions but simply the lower end of a normal distribution of

abilities” (as cited in Smith, 2004). Thus, labeling dyslexic children mentally

retarded is completely wrong since both parties have similar learning problems. The

language used in public education in India is primarily English. Ishaan’s ailment is

disclosed in the course of attending school. Firstly, it comes to mind that he might

confuse the daily Indian language and the medium of teaching.

Reid & Fawcett (2004) suggest that when the medium of teaching is not the

first language of children, they begin suffering from hardships in learning how to

read, spell and write in English. The difficulties can be due to dyslexia or not, but

the question is the lack of competence in English, which decreases the academic

achievement of students. Ishaan suffers from impaired “phonological processing”

(Understanding Dyslexia, 2006). He is unable to recognize the distinct sounds of

words and comprehend the meaning of a text, which also causes him to omit some

words and read incorrectly. His weak memory of sounds and words decelerates the

speed of reading and that causes him to slow down to perceive the text.

Besides, he is unable to automatize his skills. When he is reading a sentence,

he cannot focus on spelling and the meaning of the text all at the same time. He sees
the words distorted and they move as if they are hovering and drifting on and off or

up and down the paper, which is called “perceived distortion of the text”

(Understanding Dyslexia, 2006). The psycholinguistic viewpoint in teaching

reading emphasizes phonological components of language, which opposes the

perception of “whole language” embraced in. The 1970s or general meaning of text

regardless of a specific understanding of phonemes or morphemes (Smith, 2004,

p. 234).