Energy From Wastewater 1

Energy from Wastewater Sewage Sludge in Lebanon;

‘Transforming a Waste Disposal Problem into an

Opportunity’
February 2013
Copyright © UNDP/CEDRO – 2013
Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged and provided the reproduction is not sold.
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situation and with states that have been otherwise isolated from the international community.

For further information:

United Nations Development Programme, www.undp.org.lb
CEDRO, www.cedro-undp.org
Note: The information contained within this document has been developed within a specific scope, and might be
updated in the future
Layout and Artwork: Layal Attieh

[email protected]
Acknowledgments
The United Nations Development programme would like to thank both the Government of Spain for its generous
donation that enabled the CEDRO project to be realized, and the Lebanon Recovery Fund (LRF) through which
this funding was approved and channeled. CEDRO would also like to thank all its partners including the Ministries
of Energy and Water, Environment, Finance, Interior and Municipalities, Education and Higher Education, Public
Health, and Council of Development and Reconstruction, The Lebanese Center for Energy Conservation (LCEC),
and all other institutions that work closely with this project.
This study has been implemented by the Consortium of SQ Consult, Zero Emissions, Amane Energy and ECE Consultants
with a contribution on the economics of energy from wastewater treatment plants from Dr. William Mezullo, biogas
expert based in the UK. It has been initiated and guided by Mr. Karim Osseiran, Power Generation Advisor to the Ministry
of Energy and Water, Lebanon.
Republic of Lebanon
Ministry of Energy and Water
The Minister
January 2013
The “Policy Paper for the Electricity Sector” was launched back in 2010 and the Government of Lebanon approved
this national strategy during that same year. Although a large share of the policy paper is dedicated to the upgrade
of the electricity sector in terms of conventional energy, one major concern in the policy paper deals with the need
to “ensure a fuel sourcing policy based on diversity and security”.
We firmly believe that a stable energy sector is one that is diverse and secure. It is within this mindset that the
Ministry of Energy and Water is considering all available options for the development of the national energy
sector. Our commitment to ensure a stable energy sector goes hand in hand with our intention to develop this
sector according to the highest standards of environmental sustainability. Needless to say, the Ministry of Energy
and Water is investing all needed efforts to ensure that the 12% of the electricity production in 2020 is based on
renewable energy sources.
In this regard, the Ministry of Energy and Water has investigated most types of renewable energy sources available
in the country. With the support of the UNDP-CEDRO project, the national wind atlas for Lebanon was published
in 2010. The efforts of the CEDRO project are also clear and useful in the development of the national bioenergy
strategy for Lebanon, as well as the potential for hydropower and solar energy.
Once more, the successful partnership with UNDP gives birth to a new untapped potential of renewable energy in
Lebanon, and that is energy produced from wastewater sludge. This current report has identified five WWTPs that
meet the condition to implement at least one sludge Anaerobic Digester, i.e., Sour, Aabde, Sarafand, Saida and
Majdal Anjar. An AD unit has already been implemented in Tripoli. Altogether, the total primary energy expected
from these plants is estimated at 143,000 MWh, for an installed electrical power of 5.9 MW. The sludge Anaerobic
Digestion of these WWTPs allows the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by approximately 20,500 tons of
CO2 equivalent.
This report also shows that the addition of sludge from small to medium WWTP and co-substrates allows an
average increase in energy production of 70% compared to the digestion of sludge only, for an installed
electrical power of 11.6 MW. The total primary energy is estimated at 237,700 MWh. Altogether, these projects
allow the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by approximately 35,000 tons of CO2 equivalent.
The energy production of these projects could represent 3% to 4% of the national bioenergy potential
identified in the Bioenergy Strategy Plan.
Over the past few years, Lebanon witnessed some impressive developments in energy efficiency and the renewable
energy sectors, both at practical and planning levels. We, hereby, reconfirm the commitment of the Ministry of
Energy and Water to keep investing all needed efforts to push for this growing momentum in Lebanon towards
strengthening and developing the energy sector and finding new ways and opportunities to fight climate change.
It is a real pleasure to share this report “Energy from the Waste Water Sludge”, hoping that all these strategies come
to life very soon. One thing is sure; the Ministry will not spare any occasion to push for the actual realization of
these projects.
On behalf of the Ministry of Energy and Water, I would like to thank all those who contributed to the development
of the report, hoping that all solutions mentioned in this report will turn into actual national projects very soon.
Gebran Bassil
Minister of Energy and Water
Republic of Lebanon
Ministry of Energy and Water
United Nations Development Programme
Beirut, Lebanon
January 2013
Once more the UNDP-CEDRO project is delivering a study that aims at initiating a new sector with respect to
energy generation; that of energy valorization from sewage sludge, with and without co-digestion. Lebanon
needs every cost-effective power source it can obtain to close the 1000-1500 MW demand-supply deficit and
to diversify its energy sources so to increase the stability and resilience of the power sector. Stemming from the
National Bioenergy Strategy of Lebanon, published early in 2012, this current study takes one of the identified
streams, that of wastewater treatment, and details how we can successfully combine projects that are required to
treat wastewater, yet at the same time are built to take into account energy generation. Assessing seven potential
wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) projects that are either in the design phase or the construction phase by
the Council of Development and Reconstruction, approximately 6 MW of power can be established from these
WWTPs, doubled if co-digestion is included, where 11.6 MW is achievable with various inputs such as wheat
residues, chicken manure, and so forth.
This study is the fruit of the direct cooperation between the CEDRO project and the Ministry of Energy and Water.
We remain committed to align our efforts to the objective and policy of the Ministry, so that we, together, pave the
way for the achievement of the 12% renewable energy target by 2020.”
Robert Watkins
UNDP Resident Representative
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The Ministry of Energy and Water (MEW) and the treat additional products (sludge from small
Council for Development and Reconstruction (CDR) plants, industrial and agricultural organic
are considering investing in energy produced from residues) must be evaluated.
wastewater sludge through anaerobic digestion -- For medium-scale plants (from 100,000 to
(AD). Currently, Lebanon has only a few constructed 200,000 PE) a solution with primary treatment
wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), however many must be studied to evaluate the economic
others are either under construction, under design- viability of onsite digestion with energy
phase assessment, or are envisioned to be assessed in generation.
the future. -- For small-scale plants, a larger nearby WWTP
with onsite digestion must be identified to find
The goal of this study is to undergo a feasibility a destination for the sludge and improve biogas
assessment to identify the WWTPs that meet the production.
conditions to implement AD and elaborate the related
technical specifications. None of the WWTPs are • Chapter 6 considers select projects for possible
operating at this moment. The reality of the sector is implementation. Considering the information
that most of the plants that are constructed have yet gathered, the study identified WWTPs that meet
to be connected to a sewage network, whereas in other the conditions to implement sludge AD. To increase
cases, the WWTPs have yet to be constructed. the renewable energy production of these WWTPs,
six co-digestion scenarios with local co-substrates
Therefore the scope of the study has been redefined to and sludge produced in other nearby WWTPs,
be as follows: have been elaborated. Additionally and based on
the Bioenergy Strategy For Lebanon published
• To recommend prescriptions for future projects; by CEDRO (2012), co-substrates, such as manure,
• To identify WWTPs where AD is conceivable; agricultural residues and agro food industries co-
• To define and develop sludge AD and co- products, have been selected according to the
digestion scenarios, based on the co- substrates regional production, the estimated availability
identified during the National Bioenergy and allowing the required balanced mixture. Table
Strategy Study; I below presents the main findings of the select
• To assess the economics involved in selected projects.
options.
The report is divided into the following chapters with

related description:
• Chapter 1 indicates the methodology used for this

study.
• Chapter 2 provides an overview of the different
wastewater treatment processes to understand
the consequences on sludge quality, energy
production and energy consumption.
• Chapter 3 summarizes all the information gathered
during the WWTPs data collection as well as their
current status.
• Chapter 4 exposes the technology allowing to
boost the energy production of a sludge AD and
provides the main technical specifications for the
dimensioning and the operation of an anaerobic
co-digestion plant.
• Chapter 5 presents the guidelines for each future
WWTP project, summarized below:
-- For large-scale plants (>200,000 Population

Equivalent (PE)), each time a primary treatment
is planned, anaerobic digestion with energy
valorization must be studied. The possibility to
oversize digestion and sludge dewatering to
9
Energy from Wastewater Sludge - Lebanon UNDP-CEDRO Project
Project Recommendation Output and CO2e related emission reduction
Tripoli The sludge of the nearby WWTPs of Jbeil • An increase in energy production of 9.3%, i.e., for
(50,000 PE), Batroun (24,000 PE) and an installed electrical power of 3.0 MW converted
Chekka (21,000 PE) is to be transported through co-generation, as follows:
and treated in the existing anaerobic ºº Electricity: 2,051MWh/year
digester of Tripoli to increase the biogas ºº Heat: 2,156 MWh/year
production. Only a slight modification • 83% of the WWTP electricity consumption to be self-
of the existing facility is required for this generated instead of the 75% in the present case of
addition. the digestion of Tripoli sludge only;
• Greenhouse gas emissions reduction of 9,000 tons of
CO2 equivalent per year.
Sour The sludge from the nearby Tebnine • An increase in energy production of 29.4%, i.e. 4,200
& Chaqra WWTP (100,000 PE) is to be MWh of primary energy, for an installed electrical
transported and treated in the future power of 0.90 MW converted through co-generation,
anaerobic digester of Sour to increase as follows:
biogas production. This scenario involves ºº Electricity: 1,638 MWh/year
an extension of Sour’s sludge anaerobic, ºº Heat: 1,722 MWh/year
which has to be immediately planned • 100% of the WWTP electricity consumption to be self-
before the completion of the Sour WWTP, generated instead of 75% in the case of the digestion
and land will have to be reserved for this of Sour sludge only.
extension now. • Greenhouse gas emissions reduction of 2,700 tons
of CO2 equivalent per year.
Aabde Aabde WWTP is under design, therefore • An increase in energy production of 167% compared to
it is suggested to plan anaerobic co- the sludge digestion initially planned, for an installed
digestion with local co-substrates, instead electrical power of 1.38 MW. The total primary energy
of a simple sludge AD, and add the is estimated at 28,233MWh converted through co-
sludge produced in the nearby WWTPs generation, as follows:
of Bakhoun (48,000 PE) and Michmich ºº Electricity: 11,011 MWh per year
(68,000 PE), to boost energy production. ºº Heat: 11,575 MWh per year
The co-substrates identified, in the local • 205% of the WWTP electricity consumption can be self-
area, are the following: Wheat residues; generated instead of 75% in the case of the digestion
chicken manure: two main producers of of Sour sludge only, therefore an opportunity to make
poultry (Hawa Chicken and Wilco) are use of net metering exists;
located in North Lebanon; cattle manure; • Greenhouse gas emissions reduction of 4,180 tons of
Ovine manure; olive oil cake by-products; CO2 equivalent per year.
and agro-food industry by-products.
Sarafand Sarafand WWTP is under design; therefore • An increase in energy production of 41% compared to
it is recommended to plan an anaerobic the digestion of Sarafand only, for an installed electrical
co-digestion plant, fed with local co- power of 1.49 MW. The total primary energy is estimated
substrates, and sludge produced in the at 30,560 MWh primary energy, split as follows,
nearby Nabatiyeh (68,000 PE) and Yahmor depending on the valorization method:
(35,000 PE) WWTPs, to produce renewable ºº Energy production through co-generation:
energy and therefore, enable the facility to Electricity: 11,920MWh/year; Heat: 12,530 MWh/
reduce its energy consumption. year.
The co-substrates identified in the local ºº Electricity production only: 11,920 MWh/year
area are the following: Wheat residues; ºº Heat production only: 25,980 MWh/year
yellow grease; goat/sheep manure; and •126% of the WWTP electricity consumption would
agro-food industry by-products. be self-generated instead of 75% in the case of the
digestion of Sour sludge only; again a case for net
metering.
10
Saida Saida WWTP is under design, therefore • An increase in energy production of 56% compared
we suggest planning an anaerobic co- to the digestion of Saida only, for an installed electrical
digestion, fed with local co-substrates, power of 1.70 MW. The total primary energy is estimated
and add to it the sludge produced in the at 34,900 MWh primary energy, as follows, depending
nearby WWTP of Ras Nabi Younes (88,000 on the valorization method:
PE), to produce renewable energy and ºº Energy production through co-generation:
therefore, enable the facility to reduce its -- Electricity: 13,610 MWh/year;
energy consumption. -- Heat: 14,300 MWh/year.
The co-substrates ºº Electricity production only: 13,610 MWh/year
identified, in the local area, are the ºº Heat production only: 29,660 MWh/year
following: Slaughterhouse waste and • 120% of the WWTP electricity consumption could be
grease from Saida and Jezzine self-generated instead of 75% in the case of the
slaughterhouses; wheat residues; and digestion of Sour sludge only; a case for net
olive oil cake by-products. metering.
M a j d a l Majdal Anjar WWTP is under design, • An increase in energy production of 100% compared
Anjar therefore we suggest planning an to the digestion of Majdal Anjar only, for an installed
anaerobic co-digestion, fed with local co- electrical power of 1.69 MW. The total primary energy
substrates, and add the sludge produced is estimated at 34,766 MWh primary energy, as follows,
in the nearby WWTP of Zahle (100,000 depending on the valorization method:
PE), to produce renewable energy and ºº Energy production through co-generation:
therefore, enable the facility to reduce its Electricity: 13,560 MWh/year; Heat: 14,250 MWh/
energy consumption. year.
The co-substrates identified, in the local ºº Electricity production only: 13,560 MWh/year
area, are the following: Agricultural ºº Heat production only: 29,550 MWh/year
residues: Barley and wheat residues; • 156% of the WWTP electricity consumption would
liquid and solid manure (cattle, sheep and be self-generated instead of 75% in the case of the
goat); slaughterhouse waste and grease digestion of Sour sludge only; a case for net metering.
from Zahle; and agro-food industry by- • Greenhouse gas emissions reduction of 5,160 tons of
products. CO2 equivalent per year.
Bekaa It is recommended to implement a • A total primary energy estimate of 29,218 MWh, for
co-digestion platform to group the an installed electrical power of 1.42 MW, as follows,
wastewater treatment sludge of Baalbek, depending on the valorization method:
Laboueh, Tamnine Altahta, the co- - Energy production through co-generation:
products from the main milk processing Electricity: 11,395 MWh/ year; Heat: 11,980 MWh/
facility in Lebanon, Libanlait and other year.
available co-products. - Electricity production only: 11,395 MWh/year
Libanlait has at least the following co- - Heat production only: 24,830 MWh/year
substrates: Liquid and solid cattle manure • Greenhouse gas emissions reduction of 4,300 tons of
and lactoserum. CO2 equivalent per year.
The additional co-substrates identified, in
the local area, are the following: Residues
from cereals: wheat and barley residues;
manure (sheep and goat); and agro-food
industry by-products.
Table I. Main recommendations; 7 projects, annual energy output, and equivalent CO2 savings.
Altogether, the projects listed in Table I allow an average increase in energy production of 70% compared to the
digestion of sludge-only scenarios, for a total installed electrical power of 11.6 MW. The total primary energy is
estimated at 237,700 MWh, as follows (with a valorization through co-generation engines):
• Electricity: 92,700 MWh/year
11
• Heat: 97,400 MWh/year

The related greenhouse gas emissions reduction is 35,000 tons of CO2 equivalent per year, compared to the use of
natural gas, a conservative assumption for Lebanon.
Table II summarizes the main findings of the study in terms of energy (heat and/or electricity) output.
Primary Energy Electricity Heat Electrical

Energy production production production Power
through CHP only only
kWh/year Electricity Heat MWh/year MWh/year MWel
MWh/year MWh/year
Tripoli Project 61,455,882 23,968 25,197 23,968 52,238 3.00
Sour Project 18,505,290 7,217 7,587 7,217 15,729 0.90
Aabde Project 28,232,775 11,011 11,575 11,011 23,998 1.38
Sarafand Project 30,567,253 11,921 12,533 11,921 25,982 1.49
Saida Project 34,898,904 13,611 14,309 13,611 29,664 1.70
Majdal Anjar 34,898,904 13,611 14,309 13,611 29,664 1.70
Project
Bekaa Project 29,218,369 11,395 11,980 11,395 24,836 1.42
TOTAL 237,777,377 92,733 97,489 92,733 202,111 11.59
Table II. Main energy output findings
The energy production of these seven projects could represent 3% to 4% of the national bioenergy potential
identified in the Bioenergy Strategy Study for Lebanon (CEDRO, 2012).
• Chapter 7 analyses the economics involved in most of the options listed in Table I (or Table II above).
The current industrial electricity prices for Lebanon were used to assess the basic payback of the capital
investment from the annual returns (gross will be used for simplicity), and the levelised cost of electricity
was estimated, taking into account a 15-year lifetime and an 8% discount rate. The economics are applied
to the projects that are earmarked in this study for co-digestion (i.e., Projects 3 – 7). Table III indicates
the expected payback period of the initiatives, while Table IV indicates the levelised cost of electricity
delivered.
PROJECT CAPEX Annual Electricity Revenue/year Payback (yrs)

Generation (kWh)
Project 3 WWTP € 5,535,000 5,961,592 € 344,640 16
Project 3 Co-dig € 6,320,530 11,809,720 € 682,720 9
Project 4 WWTP € 7,925,244 8,840,598 € 511,075 16
Project 4 Co-dig € 8,287,734 12,340,056 € 713,379 12
Project 5 WWTP € 9,273,863 10,652,801 € 615,838 15
Project 5 Co-dig € 9,550,153 13,984,145 € 808,423 12
Project 6 WWTP € 7,396,849 8,240,278 € 476,370 16
Project 6 Co-dig € 8,079,675 14,374,669 € 831,000 10
Project 7 WWTP € 3,939,370 3,919,844 € 226,606 17
Project 7 Co-dig € 5,320,316 12,642,687 € 730,874 7
Table III. Payback period of identified options with and without co-digestion
As can be seen from Table III above, without financial incentives to generate clean renewable energy from AD
in Lebanon the payback periods are not favourable if co-digestion is not followed. These payback periods are
calculated using gross revenue from the AD plant. Co-digestion is very important to boost the economics of
the system. When considering the introduction of feed-in tariffs in Lebanon, energy from WWTP should not be
12
excluded.
Project 3 Project 4 Project 5
Without Co- With Co- Without Co- With Co- Without Co- With Co-
digestion digestion digestion digestion digestion digestion
19.7 8.7 16.1 10.6 15.6 10.7
Project 6 Project 7
Without Co- With Co- Without Co- With Co-
digestion digestion digestion digestion
16.2 9.0 7.7 7.1
Table IV. Levelised electricity costs ($c/kWh) from 5 selected WWTPs in Lebanon
Table IV shows that all scenarios are below the current average generation costs of the Lebanese electricity system
that range between $c20-30/kWh, depending on international oil prices. Combining co-digestion delivers a much
better levelised cost estimate and therefore should be targeted.
13
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTEXT of the Study 16

INITIAL SCOPE OF THE STUDY 16
INITIAL METHODOLOGY 16
CHANGES IN THE SCOPE 17
1. Preliminary work & Methodological tools 21
1.1. List of wastewater treatment plants projects 21
1.2. Questionnaire for interviews 22
1.3. Analysis tool for project ranking 22
2. Overview of wastewater treatment 25
2.1 Pre-treatment 25
2.1. Treatment LINES in Lebanon 26
2.2. Primary treatment 27
2.3. Secondary treatment (biological treatment) 27
Sludge treatment 29
3. Data Collection on WWTP 33
3.1. Interview Phase 33
3.2. Wastewater Treatment Plant sites visits 34
3.3. Update on the status and data of studied wastewater treatment plants 34
4. Anaerobic digestion 41
4.1. Methane Production Principle 41
4.1.1 Biogas energy content and Generated Energy 42
4.2 Sludge Anaerobic Digestion and energy production 42
4.3 Anaerobic Co-Digestion 43
4.3.1 Waste treatment and biogas production potentials 43
4.3.2 Main characteristics of various types of substrates 44
4.3.3 CO-Digestion TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS 44
4.3.4 Typical Co-Digestion Plant Description 47
5 Prescriptions for future projects 51
5.1 Sludge treatment 51
5.2 Sludge and co-digestion 51
5.2.1 Case 1: Large plant and external sludge 52
5.2.2 Case 2: Medium plant and external sludge 52
5.2.3 Case 3: One co-digestion central unit 52
5.3 Encourage boosting digestion 52
5.4 Water treatment and air production 52
5.4.1 Air production 52
6 SCENARIOS and RECOMMENDATIONS 55
6.1 Assumptions related to biogas conversion 55
6.2 Project 1: Tripoli 55
14 6.2.1 Tripoli Sludge production at nominal and biogas production 55

6.2.2 Suggested improvement 56
6.2.3 Energy production 57
6.3 Project 2: Sour 57
6.3.1 Sour sludge production at nominal and biogas production 57
6.3.2 Suggested improvement 58
6.4 Project 3: Aabde 59
6.4.1 Aabde sludge production at nominal and biogas production 59
6.4.2 Recommended scenario 60
6.5 Project 4: Sarafand 62
6.5.1 Sarafand Sludge production at nominal and biogas production 62
6.6 Project 5: Saida 65
6.6.1 Saida sludge production at nominal and biogas production 65
6.7 Project 6: Majdal Anjar 67
6.7.1 Majdal anjar sludge production at nominal and biogas production 67
6.8 Project 7: Bekka 69
7. Economics of AD using WWTP outputs 75
7.1 Objectives of this chapter 75
7.2 Understanding the economics of AD 75
7.2.1 Capital Costs of AD 75
7.2.2 Operational Costs of AD 77
Costs 77
7.3 Revenue from AD 78
7.3.1 Electricity 78
7.3.2 Heat 78
7.3.3 Transport Fuel 78
7.3.4 Displacement of Artificial Fertilizer (Via Digestate) 78
7.4 Economics assessment on identified WWTP options 79
Project 1 79
Project 2 79
Project 3 79
Project 4 79
Project 5 79
15
Project 6 80
Project 7 80
7.5 Operating Costs and Returns from Electricity Displacement 80
7.5.1 Expected simple payback of projects 81
7.6 Concluding Remarks on Economics 82
8. Conclusion 85
16
List of tables
Table 1: List of WWTP Projects 21

Table 2: List of Interviews 33
Table 3: List of site visits 34
Table 4: Constructed or under construction WWTPs 35
Table 5: Other WWTP projects 37
Table 6: Energy production calculation 42
Table 7: Substrates BMP 43
Table 8: List of AD inhibitors 45
Table 9: Minimum concentration in trace elements required for AD 47
Table 10: Energy production assumptions 55
Table 11: Tripoli sludge and biogas production 55
Table 12: Jbeil sludge and biogas production 56
Table 13: Chekka sludge and biogas production 56
Table 14: Batroun sludge and biogas production 57
Table 15: Tripoli project - Energy production 57
Table 16: Sour Sludge and biogas production 58
Table 17: Tebnine & Chaqra sludge and biogas production 58
Table 18: Sour project - Energy production 59
Table 19: Aabde sludge and biogas production 60
Table 20: Bakhroun sludge and biogas production 60
Table 21: Michmich sludge and biogas production 61
Table 22: Aabde project - Selected co-substrates 61
Table 23: Aabde project - Energy production 62
Table 24: Sarafand sludge and biogas production 62
Table 25: Nabatiyeh sludge and biogas production 63
Table 26: Yahmor sludge and biogas production 63
Table 27: Sarafand project - Selected co-substrates 64
Table 28: Sarafand project - Energy production 64
Table 29: Saida sludge and biogas production 65
Table 30: Ras Nabi Younes 66
Table 31: Saida project - Selected co-substrates 66
Table 32: Saida project - Energy production 67
Table 33: Majdal Anjar sludge and biogas production 68
Table 34: Zahle sludge and biogas production 68
Table 35: Majdal Anjar Project - Selected co-substrates 69
Table 36: Majdal Anjar project - Energy production 69
Table 37: Baalbek sludge and biogas production 70
Table 38: Tamnine Altahta sludge and biogas production 70
Table 39: Laboueh sludge and biogas production 70
17
Table 40: Bekaa project - Selected co-substrates 71

Table 41: Bekaa project - Energy production 71
Table 42. Simple payback period of the projects 81
Table 43. Levelised electricity costs of energy from WWTP in Lebanon 82
Table 46: Percentage of WWTPs electricity consumption produced through co-digestion 86
List of figures
Figure 1: Pre-treatment diagram 25

Figure 2: Large scale WWTP Diagram (>200,000 PE) 26
Figure 3: Medium / small scale WWTP Diagram 26
Figure 4: Biofiltration WWTP Diagram 26
Figure 5: Typical circular primary settling tank process 27
Figure 6: Aerobic biological treatment families 28
Figure 7: Activated sludge simplified diagram 28
Figure 8: BIOFOR Battery (Jbeil WWTP) 29
Figure 9: Ras Nabi Younes WWTP Biofilters waiting for commissioning 29
Figure 10: Quadruple benefits of methanisation 41
Figure 11: Energy generation from biogas project 42
Figure 12: Supply Chain of methane through Co-digestion plant 43
Figure 13: Typical WWTP diagram with sludge digestion 51
Figure 14: Fine bubbles diffuser 52
Figure 15: Capital costs of AD plants vs. daily feedstock input capacity-Data from 60 operational AD plants 75
18
List of acronyms
AD Anaerobic Digestion
BMP Biochemical Methane Potential
CAL Calorie
CEDRO Country Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Demonstration Project for the recovery of
Lebanon
CDR Council for Development & Reconstruction
DM Dry Matter
GHG Greenhouse Gas
GTZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH or German technical
cooperation
MEW Ministry of Energy &Water
NCV Net Calorific value
OM Organic Matter
ORP Oxidation Reduction Potential
PE Population Equivalent
SS Suspended Solids
UNDP United Nations Development Program
VM Volatile Matter
W Watt
WW Wastewater
WWTP Wastewater Treatment Plant
19
CONTEXT of the Study - Size of WWTP (Population equivalent)
- Status
The Ministry of Energy and Water (MEW) and the - Design Flow
Council for Development and Reconstruction (CDR) - Wastewater Treatment Process and Components
are considering investing in energy produced from - Method of sludge treatment
wastewater sludge through anaerobic digestion - Effluent standard (BOD5, SS, Total N)
(AD). Currently, Lebanon has only a few constructed - Name and contact of the person in charge to be
wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). However, many interviewed
others are either under construction, under design-
phase assessment, or are envisioned to be assessed in INITIAL METHODOLOGY
the future.
The WWTP analysis for a biogas project covers the
The recently published National Bioenergy Strategy for following key areas:
Lebanon (2012) indicated that there is viable energy
potential for the ten largest Wastewater Treatment - Physical analysis of the WWTP site and specifications;
Plants in the country. A more detailed assessment - Potential energy valorization In and Ex-Situ;
was needed for the other WWTPs that have a sludge - Potential valorization of the residual produced.
production above 1 ton of dry matter per day.
The methodology focuses on these key elements to
The addressed AD in WWTPs was written by the reliance define the importance of pursuing a project or not.
on the published Wastewater Master Plan conducted
by Tecsult International Limited and KREDO Consulting
Engineers “Etude du plan directeur pour la valorisation
ou l’élimination des boues d’épuration” (2002).
In coordination with the MEW and the CDR, the

potential from this bioenergy stream was assessed
through available documentation and on-site surveys
of the wastewater treatment plants deemed to have
favorable conditions for AD of sewage sludge.
INITIAL SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The energy potential from sludge production was

assessed for the 10 largest WWTP.. In this context, the
requirements were:
- Review and comment on the analysis being made by

the CDR consultants on energy from the 10 largest
WWTP (Task 1).
- Undergo a feasibility assessment for the WWTP that
have a sludge production above 1 ton of dry matter
per day and yet are smaller than the 10 largest
identified WWTP (Task 2).
- Elaborate the technical specifications (and other
engineering requirements and protocols) for the
preparation of the bidding documents for the most
promising selected sites (Task 3).
The feasibility assessment was limited to a maximum of

20 WWTP, where sludge production is or will be above
1 ton of dry matter per day and smaller than the 10
largest WWTP identified.
The list of the 30 Wastewater treatment plants should

have originally been provided by CDR as well as:
20 - Location
CHANGES IN THE SCOPE - Improvement options, identification of scenarios
and recommendations.
Information on the 10 largest wastewater treatment The main objective is to identify WWTPs where sludge
plants was obtained mostly from the Wastewater anaerobic digestion is feasible and to propose co-
Master Plan, conducted by Tecsult International digestion projects, based on the co-substrates identified
Limited and KREDO Consulting Engineers “Etude du during the National Bioenergy Strategy (2012), allowing
plan directeur pour la valorisation ou l’élimination des for the increase in the energy production potential of
boues d’épuration” which dates from 2002. Indeed, the selected WWTPs.
since the publication of the document in 2002, limited
progress has been made on WWTPs projects, as well
as limited updated information.
This study elaborated the list of WWTP projects

and the available related information (location,
size of WWTP, wastewater treatment process and
components, name and contact of the person in
charge to be interviewed…) based on the following
documents obtained during the data collection of
the National Bioenergy Strategy and information
provided by CDR:
-- Council for Development and Reconstruction,

2002 - Plan directeur de valorisation ou de
disposition des boues d’épuration
-- CDR Document Appendix 4.
-- Inventory of wastewater projects made by GTZ,
2007
Following the different meetings and interviews

held with the CDR, with the engineering consultant
company, Cabinet Merlin, and with various WWTP
operators, it was confirmed that the present
information available does not allow for the initial
scope of the study to be undertaken.
Furthermore, only a few WWTPs are ready for

operation and yet most of them are waiting to be
connected to the sewage network.
Within this context, the scope of the study has been

redefined to match available information with the
objective of the assignment:
- WWTPs data collection:

ºº Interview phase: Description of the
information and data collected during the
interview phase and during the different
meetings held;
ºº Reports of the sites visited;
ºº Updating of the list of WWTP projects with
information gathered;
- Elaborate the technical specifications:
ºº Technical recommendation for future
wastewater treatment plants;
ºº Sludge anaerobic digestion;
ºº Sludge and co-products anaerobic co-
digestion;
21
OVERVIEW OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT
1
1.1. List of wastewater treatment plants projects
1.2. Questionnaire for interviews
1.3. Analysis tool for project ranking
1. Preliminary work & Methodological
tools
1.1 List of wastewater treatment plants
Projects
1
The consortium elaborated the list of the WWTP
projects and the available related information
(location, size of WWTP, wastewater treatment process
and components) based on the following documents
obtained during the data collection of the National
Bioenergy Strategy Study:
-- Council for Development and Reconstruction,

2002 - Plan directeur de valorisation ou de
disposition des boues d’épuration
-- CDR document Appendix 4
-- Inventory of wastewater projects made by GTZ,
2007
Table 1 shows the list of WWTP projects.
N° Location Caza Size of WWTP N° Location Caza Size of WWTP
Population 13 Laboueh Baalbek- 47,000 – 53,000

Equivalent (PE) Hermel
Beirut - 14 Aitanit West 35,700
Mount Bekaa
Lebanon North
1 Bourj Metn 1,664,000 – Lebanon
Hammoud / 2,000,000 15 Tripoli Tripoli 792,000 –
Dora 1,000,000
2 Al Ghadir Aley 800,000 – 16 Aabde Minieh- 185,000
850,000 Dinnieh
3 Kesrouan/ Kesrouan 400,000 17 Koura Koura 68,000
Tabarja
18 Bakhoun Minieh- 48,000
4 Jiyeh Ras Jiyeh 88,000 Denniye
Nabi Younes
19 Michmich Akkar 42,000 – 68,000
5 Jbeil Jbeil 49,500
20 Batroun Batroun 24,000
6 Hrajel Kesrouan 37,000 – 40,000
21 Chekka Batroun 21,000
7 Jeita & Kesrouan 35,000
South
Kferzebiane
Lebanon
Bekaa
22 Saida Saida 390,000
8 Majdal/ Zahle 275,000 – 23 Sarafand Saida 325,000
Anjar 300,000
24 Sour Sour 250,000
9 Zahle Zahle 120,000 –
25 Tebnine & Bent Jbeil 100,000
150,000
Chaqra
10 Tammine Baalbek 100,000
26 Nabatieh Nabatieh 100,000
Altahta
27 Yahmor, Nabatieh 35,000
11 Baalbek Baalbek 89,000 –
Zaoutar,
100,000
Kfar Sir
12 Joub West 77,000 –
Jannine Bekaa 100,000 Table 1: List of WWTP projects
25
1.2. Questionnaire for interviews The analysis tool is presented in the document called
“Energy from Sludge – WWTP Questionnaire & Analysis
The elaborated questionnaire was intentionally made Tool”, found on the accompanying CD.
to be thorough. The questionnaire covers the following
key areas:
-- Physical analysis of the WWTP site and

specifications to determine if the site can
accommodate a biogas project (availability of
land, neighborhood, capacity of the WWTP to
receive the nitrogen-rich juice from residuals,
optimization of existing facilities …);
-- Wastewater treatment process and components;
-- Method of sludge treatment;
-- Effluent characteristics;
-- Potential available co-products, such as
agricultural waste in order to maximize the
biogas production;
-- Potential energy valorization In and Ex-Situ:
Determine the energy needs
of the WWTP and the Ex-situ valorization
options;
-- Potential valorization of the residual
produced.
The questionnaire template is presented in the

document called “Energy from Sludge – WWTP
Questionnaire & Analysis Tool”, found on the
accompanying CD.
1.3. Analysis tool for project ranking
An analysis tool has been designed to analyze the

questionnaire and determine the feasibility of the
various projects. However, the tool has not been used
during the study because of the limited availability of
information gathered. Nevertheless, the tool may be
useful for the CDR and the MEW to qualify future WWTP
projects with respect to energy production.
The analysis tool is a qualitative scorecard with a

ranking system and has the following elements;
• The analysis tool is divided into different crucial

points that determine the feasibility of a project,
i.e.; site characteristics, co-substrates, energy, and
equipment. Each category has different qualitative
criteria.
• By cross-referencing the different qualitative criteria
with the results of the questionnaire, each criteria is
weighted automatically and therefore, the project
is attributed a score. The comparison of each score
allows the comparison and ranking of the project
to establish priorities and decide to proceed with a
more detailed assessment.
26
1. PRELIMINARY WORK & METHODOLOGICAL TOOLS
2
OVERVIEW OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT digestion
2
2. Overview of wastewater treatment
2.1 Pre-treatment
2.1. Treatment LINES in Lebanon
2.2. Primary treatment
2.3. Secondary treatment (biological treatment)
Sludge treatment

27
2. Overview of wastewater treatment
This chapter defines the main wastewater treatment
lines and their consequences on sludge quality, energy
consumption and energy production. Depending on
2
the objectives set on water quality, the wastewater
treatment line of a WWTP is generally divided into:
- Pre-treatment
- Primary treatment
- Secondary treatment
- Tertiary treatment
This chapter can be found as a softcopy in Appendix 1.
2.1 Pre-treatment
Urban wastewater sewers carry a wide range of matter.

A pre-treatment is necessary to protect the whole
water treatment line:
-- Water lifting systems

-- Protection of pipelines against blockages
-- Protection against abrasion of other
equipments
-- Protection of tanks against settlement that
might decrease their load capacity
The following constitute the pre-treatment operations

and can be implemented in WWTPs depending on the
raw water quality:
-- Bar screening
-- Straining
-- Comingling that commonly compose a pre-treatment plant are
-- Grit removal presented in Figure 1.
-- Grease removal (frequently combined with grit Since the pre-treatment phase is not a main energy
removal) consumer and does not produces sludge, all the steps
-- By-products treatment of a standard pre-treatment are not further detailed.
Grease is the only by-product from the pre-treatment

that can be used to produce energy. The different steps
Large screens
Inlet pumping
Screenings Screenings
Fine screens compactor
Grit classifier Grit

Grit and grease
removal Grease thickener Grease
Figure 1: Pre-treatment diagram

29
2.1 Treatment LINES in Lebanon
Three kinds of wastewater treatment processes are used in Lebanon:
-- Primary treatment and biological treatment for large scale plants;

-- Secondary treatment only for medium/small plants;
-- Biofiltration when limited surface area is available.
The corresponding treatment lines are illustrated in Figure 2, Figure 3 and Figure 4, respectively.
Pre-treatment
Grease
(screens, grit, grease)
Primary settling tanks Sludge static

thickeners
Biological treatment Sludge mixing tank Anaerobic digesters
Secondary clarifiers Biological sludge

flotation
Sludge Dewatering
Treated
Water
Figure 2: Large scale WWTP diagram (>200,000 PE)
Pre-treatment (screens, grit, grease) Grease
Biological treatment
Secondary clarifiers
UV treatment Biological sludge thickening
Treated Water Sludge Dewatering
Sludge
Figure 3: Medium / small scale WWTP diagram
Pre-treatment
(screens, grit, grease) Grease
Lamellar primary settling tanks
Sludge Thickening
Biological sludge
Biofiltration
Biological Sludge Dewatering
treatment
Secondary clarifiers
Sludge
Treated Water
Figure 4: Biofiltration WWTP diagram
30 The sections below expand in each of the wastewater treatment plant processes outlined in Figures above.
2. OVERVIEW OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT

2.2 Primary treatment
Primary and secondary treatments are at the core of

wastewater treatment lines. Primary treatment extracts
the pollution that can be easily settled, while secondary
2.3. Secondary treatment (biological
treatment)
Secondary treatment or biological treatment is

generally an aerobic biological treatment to insure
2
treatment, also known as biological treatment, treats the treatment of a part of the soluble pollution. The
the soluble pollution through the addition of oxygen biological process is the consumption/transformation
to increase biological activity. of biodegradable organic matter by a wide range of
micro-organisms.
Primary treatment is used in the following cases:
This treatment is usually divided in two different
- Large WWTPs require a primary reduction of the families presented in Figure 6.
pollution load to reduce the secondary treatment
size and the related energy costs of aeration and • Suspended growth process: a bacterial culture is
mixing. This is the most common case in the Lebanese developed as a floc.To maintain the floc in suspension
projects when primary treatment is used. the tank must be mixed.
- Primary treatment will allow equilibrating the • Attached growth process: the micro-organisms
different pollution parameters before the secondary attach themselves on a substrate by forming a
treatment. It is the case for wastewater typology with biofilm.
a particularly high load, for example, as in suspended
solid (SS).
- The standards on treated water discharge are low
enough to meet the treatment objectives with the
primary phase.
Primary treatment might be simple settling or chemical

(coagulation / flocculation) settling. Primary treatment
is operated in a circular or rectangular settling tank.
Circular tanks (see Figure 5) are more common, given
that they are often more economical. Rectangular tanks
are an alternative solution used in very large plants to
save surface area.
Surface skimming
Settled water
outlet
Scum outlet
Floor scrapper
Raw water Sludge

inlet evacuation
Figure 5: Typical circular primary settling tank process
Primary treatment produces a primary sludge with a

high content of organic matter. The resulting primary
sludge is often stabilized through Anaerobic Digestion.
Primary treatment has a high investment cost. Thus it is
only implemented in medium to large size plants (over
200,000 Population Equivalent)

31
Aerobic biological treatment
Suspended growth Attached growth
Lagooning Activated sludge Trickling filter Biofilter
Figure 6: Aerobic biological treatment families
These processes include the biological reactor and a The secondary treatment produces biological sludge.
system to separate the bacterial culture (suspended or The larger the volume of the aeration tank, the better
excess biofilm detached from the substrate in attached the sludge will be stabilized.
growth). The main secondary treatments used in
Lebanon are activated sludge and, to a lesser extent, Biofiltration
Bio-filtration. Bio-filtration is a treatment that includes all the processes
that combine biological purification through attached
Secondary treatment is the main energy consumer of growth with the retention of suspended solids.
a plant through the aeration system and the aeration The main advantages are the following:
tanks mixing. It represents 50% to 70% of the total
energy consumption depending on: - Space saving by eliminating the clarification stage;
- Easily covering of the structures;
• The need to treat nitrogen (increase aeration tanks - No danger of leaching;
and aeration); - Appropriate use for diluted water with high hydraulic
• The implementation of large pumping stations (inlet variation acceptance;
our outlet). - Modular construction.
Activated sludge Historically, this very compact process was invented

to treat diluted water and be able to react favorably to
Activated sludge is the combination of: high variation in carbon load. This technology is still in
a “proprietary” process with very few manufacturers.
-- An aeration tank However, it is the only technology able to face major
-- A separation system of the biomass which is constraints such as the very high compactness needed
commonly a settling tank for:
-- A recirculation arrangement to return excess
biological sludge - Underground construction
- An excess sludge extraction - Limited surface area available
- A mechanism to supply oxygen - Construction on coastal area
- A mixing arrangement of the tank
This technology has been used in the plants of:
Figure 7 shows the activated sludge mechanism.
- Jbeil constructed by Degrémont (Figure 8)
Inﬂuent Aeration tank Eﬄuent - Jiyeh Ras Nabi Younes constructed by OTV (Figure 9)
The installation is made on a battery of filters that are in

operation.
Aeration system
Excess sludge recirculation
Excess sludge extraction
32 Figure 7: Activated sludge simplified diagram
2. OVERVIEW OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT

Washing 2
In process
Technical gallery
Figure 8: BIOFOR Battery (Jbeil WWTP)
Sludge extracted is mainly composed by water: 99% to

99.8% (dry solid concentration is variable but around 2
to 10 g/l).
Thickening is a first step to decrease the water content.

The two kinds of sludge (primary and biological) react
differently to the processes and are often thickened
separately.
Following this step, sludge is:
-- Stabilized in anaerobic digestion when there is

primary sludge and then dewatered to reach a dry
content of more than 20%.
-- Directly dewatered when there is no digestion.
Figure 9: Ras Nabi Younes WWTP Biofilters In the existing projects in Lebanon, the technology
waiting for commissioning
used for dewatering is a centrifuge that allows for:
The bio-filters are usually put in operation after primary

- Odor control;
settling, which can be physical chemical treatment to
- Smaller surface areas needed;
continue the search of surface saving.
- Control of the final dry content by dosing the
polymer.
The sludge produced in the bio-filter is not directly
extracted but taken off when the filter is washed and
Sludge anaerobic digestion
sent to the inlet where it is settled in the primary
settling tanks. Thus, the sludge produced has a high
Sludge anaerobic digestion is a very interesting sludge
organic content comparable to primary sludge.
stabilization process as it produces biogas that can be
used for energy production.
Sludge treatment
Beyond a certain capacity (around 200,000 PE) a
Thickening WWTP requires a preliminary treatment to reduce the
In all cases (primary, biological sludge), the extracted biological stage. This preliminary treatment produces
sludge has to be stabilized (decrease the organic primary sludge that contains significant amounts of
content) and to be treated to increase the dry solid organic matter.
content to:
Historically, digestion has been set up to face the
-Decrease transportation costs; constraint of the primary sludge and anaerobic
-Make it acceptable by landfill or other treatment digestion is one of the most powerful cell destroyers
technologies; used to eliminate large quantities of organic matter
-Make it acceptable for land application. (OM). The destruction of OM produces biogas.

33
34
Data Collection on WWTP
3
3.1. Interview Phase
3.2. Wastewater Treatment Plant sites visits
3.3. Update on the status and data of studied wastewater treatment plants
35
3. Data Collection on WWTP
The construction of the WWTPs, as outlined in the
WWTP Master Plan, has has been delayed and not
gone according to schedule. A few WWTP have been
3
constructed but these constructed plants, more often
than not, are not connected to the sewage network.
Other projects have been put on hold for political
reasons, Bourj Hammoud WWTP for instance, or are
under the preliminary design stage and will not be
constructed in the near future (at least not before 2018).
During the interview phase, information and data

on each WWTP was only partially obtained. The
only information that the consortium succeeded in
obtaining from the CDR are photocopied extracts from
engineering reports for five WWTPS with limited useful
data details (Appendix 4, on accompanying CD).
This chapter presents the list of the Lebanese WWTP

projects updated with available information gathered
during the interview phase and the sites’ visits.
3.1. Interview Phase
Seven interviews were successfully conducted. For

the rest of the WWTPs, adequate information was not
obtainable.
N° Location Mohafazat Caza Contact Company/ Date of

Agency interview
1 Tripoli North Lebanon Tripoli Alain POULIQUEN Degrémont 25/01/2012
Blondie MIRAD
2 Jbeil Mount Lebanon Jbeil Alain POULIQUEN Degrémont 25/01/2012
Blondie MIRAD
3 Batroun North Lebanon Batroun Alain POULIQUEN Degrémont 25/01/2012
Blondie MIRAD
4 Chekka North Lebanon Batroun Alain POULIQUEN Degrémont 25/01/2012
Blondie MIRAD
5 Ras Nabi Mount Lebanon Jiyeh Nicolas HASBANI OTV 02/03/2012
Younes Imad EL HAJJAR
6 Nabatiyeh South Lebanon Nabatieh Nicolas HASBANI OTV 02/03/2012
Imad EL HAJJAR
7 Aitanit, El Bekaa West Bekaa Matthew Antill CDM Smith 21/03/2012
Fourzol, Ablah / USAID
Table 2: List of interviews
The wastewater treatment plants financed by USAID

i.e, Aitanit, El Fourzol and Ablah, were not selected in
the initial list, as these plants are too small (respectively
being 35,000, 4,000 and 8,000 population equivalent)
to consider a sludge anaerobic digestion plant.

37
All the interviews are presented in Appendix 5, attached
in the accompanying CD.
3.2. Wastewater Treatment Plant sites

visits
This chapter describes the information collected during The report of the site visits is presented in Appendix 2,
the visits of plants. Only 3 WWTP sites could be visited, found in the accompanying CD.
i.e. Tripoli, Ras Nabi Younes and Nabatiyeh.
N° Location Mohafazat Caza Contact Company/ Date of visit

Agency
1 Tripoli North Lebanon Tripoli Blondie Degrémont 06/03/2012
MIRAD
2 Jiyeh Ras Nabi Mount Lebanon Jiyeh Imad EL OTV 07/03/2012
Younes HAJJAR
3 Nabatieh South Lebanon Nabatieh Imad EL OTV 07/03/2012
HAJJAR
Table 3: List of site visits
3.3. Update oN the status and data of

studied wastewater treatment plants
Following the interviews and data collection, the list of to sewers that are under construction or in some cases
WWTP projects have been updated with information not designed yet. For instance, the Jbeil WWTP
that the consortium gathered during the first task. The was constructed in 2005 but the collection network is
complete list can be found in the Excel file called “WWTP waiting to be designed.
Projects Database.xls”, found in the accompanying CD. The only large-scale constructed project is the Tripoli
WWTP. The Sour WWTP remains under construction.
The information related to the WWTP projects
constructed or under construction is presented in Table Table 5 presents the data collected regarding the other
4. None of these plants are operational at this moment. WWTPs.
When constructed, plants are waiting to be connected
38
3. DATA COLLECTION ON WWTP
Location Mohafazat Caza Size of WWTP Design Status of WWTP Commissioning Components Source of Funding
Flow estimation information
Population m³/day Primary Biological Sludge CHP

Equivalent treatment treatment stabilization
(PE)
Ghazir /Adma Mount Kesrouan 320 000 N.A. Under >2018 N.A. Biofiltration N.A. N.A. Hydratec BEI
(Casino) Lebanon preparation document ready
provided
by CDR
Zouk Mikhael Mount Kesrouan 193 000 48 000 Under >2018 N.A. Biofiltration N.A. N.A. Hydratec BEI
Lebanon preparation document ready
provided
by CDR*
Saida South Saida 390 000 70 200 Pre-treatment >2018 N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.
Lebanon completed &
operational
Upgrading under
preparation
Sarafand South Saida 325 000 N.A. Under >2018 X X Aerobic No SETI N.A.
Lebanon preparation digestion Drawings
provided
by CDR*
Tebnine & South Bent Jbeil 100 000 N.A. Under >2018 N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.
Chaqra Lebanon preparation
Majdal Anjar Bekaa Zahle 275 000 - 300 44 500 Under >2018 X X Aerobic No Document N.A.
000 preparation digestion not
identified
provided
by CDR*
Laboueh Bekaa Baalbek- 47 000 – 7 000 Under >2018 N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. CDR N.A.
Hermel 53 000 preparation
Aabde North Minieh- 185 000 30 000 Under >2018 X X X X Document N.A.
Lebanon Dinnieh preparation not
identified
provided
by CDR
Bakhoun North Minieh- 48 000 N.A. Under >2018 N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. CDR N.A.
Lebanon Denniye preparation
Hrajel Mount Kesrouan 37 000 – 6 000 No design >2018 CDR
Lebanon 40 000
Tammine Bekaa Baalbek 100 000 N.A. No design >2018 N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. CDR N.A.
Altahta
Michmich North Akkar 42 000 – 6 800 No design >2018 CDR
Lebanon 68 000
Yahmor, South Nabatieh 000 35 .N.A No information 2018> .N.A .N.A .N.A .N.A .N.A
Zaoutar, Kfar Lebanon
Sir
Jeita & Mount Kesrouan 000 35 .N.A No information 2018> .N.A .N.A .N.A .N.A .N.A
Kferzebiane Lebanon
Bourj Beirut - Metn – 000 664 1 000 325 Upgrading 2018> X Cabinet BEI to be
Hammoud/ Mount 000 000 2 project stopped Merlin done
Dora Lebanon Primary
treatment only
Al Ghadir Beirut - Aley – 000 800 000 138 Upgrading 2018> X Cabinet .N.A
Mount 000 850 project stopped Merlin
Lebanon Primary
treatment only
Kesrouan/ Mount Kesrouan 000 400 Project Cabinet Merlin
Tabarja Lebanon cancelled
and
replaced
by Zouk
Mikhael &
Ghaziz /
Adma
Koura North Koura 000 68 Project CDR
Lebanon cancelled,
linked to
Tripoli
WWTP
Table 5: Other WWTP projects

Anaerobic digestion
4
4.1. Methane Production Principle
4.1.1 Biogas energy content and Generated Energy
4.2 Sludge Anaerobic Digestion and energy production
4.3 Anaerobic Co-Digestion
4.3.1 Waste treatment and biogas production potentials
4.3.2 Main characteristics of various types of substrates
4.3.3 CO-Digestion technical specifications
4.3.4 Typical Co-Digestion Plant Description
44
4. Anaerobic digestion
4.1. Methane Production Principle
Anaerobic Digestion is the continuous physical

and chemical process for treating liquids, or pasty
4
substrates (sludge and organic matter), in order to
produce methane.
This treatment generates two by-products:
- Biogas, mainly containing methane (CH4), which is

an energy source comparable to `natural gas;
- Valuable digested residues that can be used as
fertilizer for land application.
The biogas produced in a digester is composed of the

following elements:
- 50% to 70% of Methane (CH4);

- 30% to 50% of Carbon Dioxide (CO2);
- 5% of Water (H2O);
- 0.02% to 0.5% of Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S);
- 0% to 5% of Nitrogen Gas (N2).
Methanisation has four important advantages (see

Figure 10):
-- To generate renewable energy through the control

of the methanisation process which occurs naturally
through organic matter degradation and which
contributes 21 times more than carbon dioxide (CO2)
to the greenhouse effect;
-- Treatment of organic wastes from industries,
agriculture, wastewater treatment plants, and
municipalities. A ton of organic matter destroyed
produces approximately 0.9 to 1.1 Nm3 of biogas;
-- Production of valuable fertilizer.
Renewable Energy Source

Sludge & Waste Treatment Biogas: 1m3=0,6l of Oil
High yields (70 to 90%) Substitute for Natural Gas or Fuel
Odor Control Thermal & Electrical renewable
Sludge volume reduction (1/3) energy production
Valuable Residual Emissions

High Ammonia content Fossil fuel substitution
Stable and hygenic (class A) GH4 radiation is 21 times the
Fertilizer: P and K CO2 potential
Figure 10: Quadruple benefits of methanisation

45
4.1.1 Biogas energy content The heat produced by the gas engines is usually
and Generated Energy transformed into hot water (90°C). If the biogas is burnt
into micro-turbines, the heat can be transformed into
The energy content is directly related to the proportion steam (250°C). Hot water and steam are of great interest
of methane (CH4) content in biogas. The methane for industries in general and for agro-food industries in
content of biogas produced is generally comprised particular (cooking, cleaning). These industries usually
between 50% and 70% (and more). A cubic meter use fuel or natural gas boilers to produce the steam or
of methane has an energy content of 9.94 kWh, hot water consumed.
comparable to the energy content of natural gas.
4.2. Sludge Anaerobic Digestion
-- The calorific value of biogas, depending on the AND ENERGY PRODUCTION
methane content, is between 5.0 to 7.5 kWh/Nm3
with an average of 6.0 kWh/Nm3 or 21.6 MJ/Nm3. Nowadays the main issue with digestion is the
-- The Oil Equivalent is of 1 Nm3 of biogas or 0.6 liter of sludge management and destination. The process of
fuel. digestion reduces sludge quantities facilitating sludge
management. Moreover, the biogas produced during
Following the methanisation process, a purification digestion is an energy source that can be used to
phase is needed, to concentrate the methane, remove reduce the WWTP energy consumption.
the other gases and contaminants and decrease the
water content. Once purified, the produced methane The net calorific value (NCV) of the biogas will directly
is burnt into a gas engine or gas turbine to produce depend on the CH4 proportion which itself depends on
electricity, heat or both (combined heat and power or the effluent quality, the average values observed are in
co-generation). Table 6, for one ton of organic matter destroyed.
In general, the efficiency of a gas engine is considered Parameter Unit Value

to be around 75% to 80% for co-generation: OM destroyed Kg / day 1,000
Biogas produced Nm3/day 900
- Between 35% and 41% for electricity production;
- Between 39% and 45% for heat recovery. Heating power ratio kCal / Nm3 5,500
Energy ratio W/kCal/h 1.163
A common assumption is to consider an operating time
Energy kWh/day 5,757
for the gas engines of around 8,000 hours/year.
Table 6: Energy production calculation
Flares
Heat (Boiler) -Self consumption
-Digestor heating system 1,000 kg of organic matter (OM) destroyed produces
-Offices heating system
Loses Heat
-Drying
900 Nm3/h of biogas. Biogas net calorific value (NCV)
BIOGAS Valorisation
Heat Electricity -Heat sold to third party is approximately 5,500 kCal/Nm3 and the energy ratio
(Cogeneration)
between watts (W) and calorie (cal) is 1,163 W/Kcal/h.
Loses
Electricity -Self consumption We obtain an energy production of 5,757 kWh/day.
Electricity -Sold to the network
(Engine)
Loses When applied to the Tripoli WWTP (1,000,000 PE),
Direct -Biogas as fuel which treats 32,000 kg of OM per day at design load, we
valorisation Methane -Injection in natural
will have the following results:
CH4 gas network
- Total energy: 7.8 MW

- Electrical output: 2.3 MW
Figure 11: Energy generation from biogas
- Hot Water: 1.6 MW
project
- Combustion products: 3.1 MW
Once refined, biogas has the same properties as natural
The higher the OM content in the digesters, the higher
gas. To date, some European cities are already using
is the biogas production. This encourages the digestion
biogas as a fuel to supply city buses and waste trucks.
of products and OM from different origins:
The option of injecting biogas into the national natural
gas network is also an alternative if such a network is
- Sludge from small plants in replacement of landfilling,
constructed in Lebanon. Biogas can also be distributed
which is possible by conventional sludge digesters;
in domestic gas tanks but it has to be treated and
- Organic waste from agriculture and food industries
46
packaged in a liquefaction plant.
(oil, milk, grease...) in a special dedicated co-digester.
4. ANAEROBIC DIGESTION
In a WWTP with a secondary treatment, the global
needs for energy are higher than the potential of
energy production so the energy produced can be used
directly by the plant to decrease its energy demand.
For example, the WWTP of Tripoli at design load will
that are fundamental to the functioning of anaerobic
co-digestion.
Wastewater treatment Logistics

Bioligical
Treatment
Energy
procduction
Energy
Sales
4
consume approximately 80,000 kWh/day, while the
Effluent and sludge Collection Digestion Treatment&Biogas Heat
potential energy production from AD of sludge is Pre-treatment Conversion Electricity
56,000 kWh/day, i.e. 68.75%. CO2
Residuals Sale of
Boosting SLUDGE digestion Managemnet Fertilizer
Exsitu Valuable Land

Organic By products
The efficiency of digestion is much higher on primary Residuals Application
sludge (55%) than on biological sludge (45%). A lot of

research is focused on how to “boost” the digestion and Figure 12: Supply chain of methane through
increase the organic matter destruction and biogas co-digestion plant
production.
4.3.1 Waste treatmentand
The principal is to pre-treat the sludge before digestion. biogas production
potentials
Many techniques have been put forward and have the
same basis which is the lysis of bacteria cells. However The organic waste that can be used in addition to
only a few have started this process on an industrial wastewater sludge, to produce biogas, comes from the
scale; following sectors:
- Pre-treatment using ultrasonics of the biological - Animal breeding: manure;

sludge in order to create a partial solubilization of the - Agriculture: cereals, corn, energy crops;
OM; - Agro-food industries: slaughterhouse residues, dairy
- Thermal pre-treatment (thermal hydrolysis) in wastes, meat wastes;
order to heat the sludge to 150°C – 180°C to fracture - Communities: domestic and restaurant wastes.
the organic matrix;
- Mechanical pre-treatment to break the sludge The methane yield highly depends on the type of
structure by a ball mill-type crusher. The industrial substrates that is put into the co-digester and on the
application has not been proved (abrasion, resistance property of the mix e.g. methane production potential,
over time...); water content, C/N ratio equilibrium.
- Enzymatic pre-treatment by adding enzymes
to enhance the kinetic degradation. It is still under Some Biochemical Methane Potentials (BMP) of various
development and will probably represent a major cost substrates are listed in Table 7 below.
in operation by adding the enzymes.
Waste Family Waste Type BMP
Only the first 2 technologies have actual industrial
references. Their description can be found in Appendix (m3 of CH4 per
3, found in the accompanying CD. Ton of waste)
Depending on the technology used and the quality of Animal Pork liquid manure 10
the sludge, the following results have been recorded: refuses
Beef liquid manure 20
- Increase of biogas production (15% to 30%) Beef manure 45
- Increase of sludge dryness (5% to 10% of dryness)
Pork manure 48
4.3 Anaerobic Co-Digestion Chicken manure 60
Crops residues Potatoes 50
The energy production of wastewater treatment sludge Corn residues 150
through digestion can be optimized if a co-digestion
Cereals residues 300
plant is implemented, to treat co-substrates in addition
to sludge, instead of a simple sludge digestion unit. Rape mill residues 350
Moreover, WWTP are ideal places to accept Ex-situ by- Agro-food Intestines content 30
products. WWTP is an industrial platform that can treat residues
other waste instead of only wastewater and sludge.
47
Brewery residues 75
Sludge also brings dilution and essential trace elements

Decantation 125 Substrates have neither the same degradation time nor
sludge the same degradation rate (biodegradation). The more
a substrate is readily and completely biodegradable,
Slaughterhouse 180
the more biogas is produced, in a given time.
grease
Molasses 235 These observations may explain the fact that despite an
Communities’ Sewage sludge 30 equivalent amount in OM, two different substrates will
wastes not necessarily produce the same amount of biogas.
Domestic waste 65 Thus, the amount of biogas generated is directly
proportional to the amount of degraded OM and its
Mowed grass 125
quality provided as input to the co-digester.
Grease from waste 245
treatment plant 4.3.3.2 Design of the co-
Used greases 250 products mix
Table 7: Substrates BMP The composition of a substrate determines its biogas

production potential: for maximum production, it
4.3.2 Main characteristics of is preferable to use substrates high in fat, protein
various types of substrates: and carbohydrates. During the identification of raw
materials, it is fundamental to estimate quantities and
Depending on the substrate composition, different key ensure that the mixture of co-products is potentially
elements are provided to the digestion process. The well balanced. Indeed, some co-products such as
main characteristics of the different types of substrates manure or sludge have a low biogas production
are the following: but are essential to stabilize the process. The most
sensitive point of a co-digestion unit operation is the
• Liquid manure: choice of the co-products used and their method of
- Low biogas production; incorporation: amount and frequency.
- Stabilizes the process due to a high buffering effect;
- Provides humidity for dilution; Indeed, an unbalanced and badly controlled feed
- Contains necessary trace elements; can cause a dysfunction of bacteria or their death by
- Consistent supply. acidosis. Once a digester is in acidosis, it cannot be
• Agro-food waste: restarted without a complete drainage and a gradual
- High biogas production, but often seasonal; recovery that takes three to four months.
- Some presence of unwanted components.
• Agricultural refuse (straw, vegetable…): Lipids are compounds that have the strongest methane
- High biogas production potential due to high production potential, followed by carbohydrates,
carbon content. polysaccharides (cellulose) and proteins. However, a
• Crop for energy: too large proportion of lipids has an inhibitory effect on
- High biogas potential; methane yield due to the accumulation of long-chain
- Constant good quality. fatty acids. Readily biodegradable soluble molecules
• Organic waste from municipal collect: are quickly digested. On the other hand, as they are
- High biogas production potential due to high not accessible to hydraulic enzymes, polymers such
carbon content (grease, green waste); as lignin are not digested. The incorporation of energy
- Not recommended because it requires a very intense crops, such as maize or residue from agriculture such
sorting and can highly complicate the operation of as straw, has to be limited and the addition of wood
a digester. should be completely avoided.
4.3.3 Digestion TECHNICAL The diversity of co-substrates is an asset to a project

SPECIFICATIONS since the variability of sources allows a reduction
of influence of seasonal fluctuations. A good mix of
4.3.3.1 Co-substrates and biogas co-substrates fosters the biogas production without
production altering the process of digestion.
The quality of the treated co-products is one of the 4.3.3.3 Digestion inhibitors
most important determinants in biogas production.
Variations in biogas are mainly related to co-products’ Among the various organic materials, wood waste
48
composition that determines its biogas production (wood, branches...) are not able to be digested by
potential per unit of organic matter destroyed. bacteria.
Inorganic matter such as sand, glass or plastic should
not be introduced, because they are not biodegradable
and because they may cause disturbances in the
process (phase separation, sedimentation, flotation,
appearance of foam) and will pollute farmland if the
In addition, crop residues have to be chopped or
shredded before being incorporated into the digester.
Waste from catering or restaurants must be sorted
(separation of metals, plastics, bones...) and hygienized.
4
digestate is spread. Storage
Materials containing hazardous substances such as
heavy metals, organic pollutants and substances The choice of co-substrates must also take into account
presenting a health risk (antibiotics) should not enter the extra cost of storage and transport. To reduce
into the digester. These substances can doubly disrupt transportation costs and greenhouse gas emissions,
the bacterial process and affect the quality of the the supply must be near the site, within 20 km and
digestate. with a maximum of 40 km for high methane producing
substrates.
Some substances are inhibitors of methanogenesis.
WWTP sludge and effluents of some industries, such Homogeneity
as pharmaceuticals or industries using heavy metals
in their production processes, may result, in the The digester operates continuously, therefore the
composition of sludge, in the presence of unwanted homogeneity in the chemical composition and
elements (Table 8) such as antibiotics, chemotherapy, physical properties of the mixture must be guaranteed
biocides, toxic salts and heavy metals. throughout the year.
Category Active substance Volatile Matter content

Antibiotics Avoparcin
The volatile matter (VM) content is one of the most
Bacitracin
important parameters affecting the methane yield. The
Lincomycin higher the volatile matter content, the higher is the
Monensin methane yield.
Spiramycin
Tylosin Dry Matter content
Virginiamycin
The optimal dry matter (DM) content of the co-
Chemotherapy Arsanilic acid substrates mixture depends on the technology used.
Furazolidon Technology for completely mixed (CSTR), have the best
Olaquindox performance with mixtures with a content of around
14% in DM. Some facilities in Germany are up to 15%
Table 8: List of AD inhibitors to 20% in DM.
4.4.3.4 Co-digestion Residence Time

parameters
Co-digestion residence time is relatively long and is
Rheology linked to the quantity and quality of substrates:
The physical properties of the substrates are not always -- Between 50 and 100 days for installation of low or
suited to available technologies. Thus substrates such very low capacity (< 5000 tons/ year);
as straw may block pumps and mixers. Prior treatments -- Shorter as the Co-digestion unit capacity increases:
may be necessary to ensure the smooth operation of from 20 to 50 days for facilities processing between
the co-digestion unit. Depending on the substrates, it 20,000 and 100,000 tons of co-products per year. The
can include physical treatments (sorting, grinding) or shorter the co-digestion residence time, the higher
chemical treatment (dissolution). the OM destruction and therefore the higher energy
production.
Substrates pretreatment is the major technological
and economical constraint to Co-Digestion. Indeed, Temperature
the addition of co-substrates can bring germs and
pathogens that can limit the effectiveness of the Temperature changes have a major influence
system and create risks for digestate spreading. These on bacterial activity. Metabolism increases with
risks can justify the need for thermal pretreatment for temperature as when the temperature increases from
some substrates. 20 to 35 ° C, the yield increases by 50%.
There are optimum and specific temperature intervals

49
for the different micro-organisms. Outside these 5 to 7g/L.
intervals, inhibition or destruction is observed:
Buffering capacity
- Mesophilic: 35-40 ° C. The activity range of mesophilic
bacteria is between 20 and 40 °C and optimum The buffering capacity is the neutralization of acids,
between 35 and 40 ° C. This is the most common which allows maintaining the pH of the digester.
behavior in continuous digester.
- Thermophilic: 50-60 ° C. Thermophilic fermentation is It is important to provide a buffering capacity to control
rarely used due to its energy consumption pH variations. Wastewater often gives a «natural»
alkalinity due to the presence of cations residues from
In both cases a good homogenization of the substrate the degradation of proteins, fats and organic acids.
(continuous measurement) is needed. The objective in a continuous digester is to control and
maintain the quantity of bicarbonates between 8 to 14
pH g/L carbonic acid equivalent.
As with temperature, there are optimum and specific pH Carbon / Nitrogen (C/N) Ratio
ranges for the different micro-organisms. Outside these influence
intervals, inhibition or destruction can be observed.
Two major types of bacteria affected: Methanogenic bacteria growth is dependent on its
environment. The C/N ratio of substrate is an important
-- Hydrolytic and acidifying bacteria: optimum parameter to be considered by anaerobic degradation,
pH between 4.3 and 6.5 but this kind of since a high content of nitrogen may cause a too high
bacteria also accept a pH of around 7.0 content of ammonium nitrate in the biogas reactor.
-- Acetogenic and Methanogenic bacteria: pH between Ammonium nitrogen levels of about 4 g/L of wet sludge
6.8 and 7.5 bring the risk of process inhibition. If the ammonium
content is too high, it is necessary to dilute the substrate
The objective for a continuous digester is to control with water or nitrogen-poor material.
and maintain the pH between 7.0 and 7.5. It is generally
accepted that the optimum pH in anaerobic digestion -- Carbon / Nitrogen < 15:1: Danger of inhibiting
is within a range between 6.8 and 7.4 in the reactor. If the formation of methane due to the
the pH is above 9, the methane production stops. If the formation of ammonia to toxic levels.
pH is below 5, a destruction of the bacterial population -- Carbon / Nitrogen > 40:1: Incomplete digestion of
is observed. The pH drop in the reactor is often a sign of carbon linked to a lack of nitrogen.
an accumulation of volatile fatty acids. -- Carbon / Nitrogen between 20:1 and
40:1: the Carbon / Nitrogen ratio is
Attention has to be given to a rise in pH which may well balanced. The digestion of organic matter can
occur due to protein nitrogen-rich effluent or co- occur easily.
product such as animal blood or manure that makes the
degradation fatty acids volatile and their degradation Ammonia
gives off ammonia, which in turns becomes toxic at a
high concentration. Ammonia is an important inhibitor if the concentration
is too high:
Volatile fatty acids
Substrates rich in nitrogen (poultry manure, blood)
Volatile fatty acids are either intermediate products have to be limited
from the fermentation and/or are introduced with the Effect increased with increasing temperature and pH
substrate. Measuring the content of volatile fatty acids
is the best source of information. The objective in a continuous digester is to
control and maintain the ammonium quantity
A presence in small quantities indicates their below (NH₄+) below 3g/ L.
consumption by methanogenic bacteria and therefore
the good course of the digestion process. On the Trace Elements
contrary, when there is an accumulation of volatile fatty
acids, loss of buffering capacity and risk of decrease in Enzymatic reactions require trace elements.
pH will occur. Methanogen bacteria have a specific need for Nickel
(Ni), Cobalt (Co) and Molybdenum (Mo) elements.
Table 9 shows the minimum recommended
50
The objective in a continuous digester is to control and
maintain the total quantity of volatile fatty acids below concentrations of these trace elements.
Trace elements
Iron (Fe)
Nickel (Ni)
Cobalt (Co)
Concentration (mg/L)
1 – 10
0.0005 – 0.5
0.003 – 0.06
one for the liquids;
-- One or two digesters (tank reactors) in which the
waste mix is continually
stirred up and where the methanisation process
takes place in approximately 30 days;
4
Molybdenum (Mo) 0.005 – 0.05 -- One post digester to receive and store the digested
waste and to collect the last cubic meters of biogas
Table 9: Minimum concentration in trace that continues to be released by the waste;
elements required for AD -- One biogas treatment unit to remove the sulphur
(activated carbon, ferrous sponge), the water
Other parameters (bi-phase separator) and the organics (activated
carbon).
Other main parameters to be closely monitored are the -- One co-generation unit (gas engines or gas turbine,
following: generators and heat recovery systems).
-- Absence of oxygen
-- Oxidation Reduction Potential (ORP) below -300
miliVolts (mV)
-- Hydrogen partial pressure between 0.5 and 10 Pascal
(Pa)
4.3.3.5 The importance of

countinuous mixing
Continuous mixing allows the following;
- Mixing the fresh substrate with the matter already in

digestion;
- Inoculating the fresh substrate with active bacteria;
- Distributing the heat in the reactor;
- Avoiding / Destroying the scum and buildup of
sediment;
- Improving bacterial exchanges.
4.3.3.6 Rules to optimize the

process:
A good anaerobic digestion has high yields of biogas

production and small variations in yields of OM
degradation (around 50%). To ensure such a process,
the following must be observed;
-- Accurately maintain the temperature level;

-- Ensure uniform heating of the substrate;
-- Introducing the substrates almost continuously;
-- Avoid introducing a large amount of cold substrates;
-- Make slow changes in the composition by stages;
-- Avoid inhibitory substances (antibiotics,
disinfectants...).
4.3.4 Typical Co-Digestion

Plant Description
A biogas production unit comprises the following

elements:
51
-- Two unloading systems: one for the solid wastes and

52
PRESCRIPTIONS FOR FUTURE PROJECTS
5
5.1 Sludge treatment
5.2 Sludge and co-digestion
5.2.1 Case 1: Large plant and external sludge
5.2.2 Case 2: Medium plant and external sludge
5.2.3 Case 3: One co-digestion central unit
5.3 Encourage boosting digestion
5.4 Water treatment and air production
5.4.1 Air production
53
5 Prescriptions for future projects
To maximize the energy production and low energy
consumption of WWTPs, this chapter will present the
recommended guidelines for each several possible
5
WWTP projects.
5.1 Sludge treatment
- When the size of the plant is over 200,000 PE, a

primary treatment is highly likely to be economically
viable. Each time a primary treatment is constructed,
anaerobic digestion with energy valorization should
be studied. Each time, the possibility to oversize
digestion and sludge dewatering to accept other
products (sludge from small plants, industrial organic
products) must also be evaluated.
- For average plants (100,000 to 200,000 PE), a
solution with primary treatment must be studied
to see if onsite digestion with energy production is
economically viable.
- For small plants, a larger plant with onsite digestion
must be identified to find a destination for the sludge
and improve biogas production.
IMPORTANT NOTE ON AEROBIC DIGESTION:
According to the preliminary design of Sarafand

(350,000 PE) and Majdal Anjar (300,000 PE) provided
by CDR (Appendix 4.2), Aerobic Digestion has been
proposed by the consultant. Eliminating this kind of
process is strongly recommended.
As opposed to Anaerobic Digestion, Aerobic Digestion
is a process that stabilizes sludge by the destruction of
organic matter in the presence of oxygen. This process
has been abandoned in many countries due to its very
high energy consumption and due to the necessary
oxygen device, despite its easy construction and lower
investment costs compared to anaerobic digestion.
Figure 13 below shows the typical diagram of a WWTP
with sludge digestion.
5.2 Sludge and co-digestion External sludge

Pre-treatment Grease 18 – 22%
(screens, grit, grease)
To increase the organic matter at the inlet of the
digestion of large plants, bringing in sludge from
nearby smaller plants is one solution to increase energy Primary settling tanks Sludge static thickeners Biogas Gas engine
production as well as being a solution for the final

destination for the sludge of those small plants, thereby Biological treatment
Sludge mixing tank Anaerobic digesters
replacing land filling.
Secondary clarifiers Biological sludge flotation Sludge Dewatering
To decrease transportation costs, the sludge from

Sludge
Treated Water
the small plants must be dewatered. The solution of
centrifuge for the small plants is adequate to adjust the
optimum dry content to 18%-22%. Figure 13: Typical WWTP diagram with sludge
digestion
The best place for external sludge or the byproduct
to be introduced would be the mixing tank before
55
Depending on the size of the WWTP, three main cases
digestion. It has to be well studied and properly mixed. can be identified and are indicated subsequently.

5.2.1 Case 1: large plant and external - Operation costs;
sludge - Estimated gain in energy production.
This situation is based on a large plant with a primary/ Technologies to boost digestion are detailed in
secondary treatment, anaerobic digestion and energy Appendix 3, found in the accompanying CD.
production. To accept sludge from the small plants in
the surrounding area (around 20 km to 30 km away), 5.4 Water treatment and air production
a slight technical adjustment can be made to the large 5.4.1 Air production
projects to accept additional external sludge;
Air production is the major energy consumer of WWTP
- A proper discharge device in the sludge mixing tank (more than 50% of the energy). Historically, oxygen was
- A proper mixing design of this tank brought by surface mixing aerators. Despite their low
- An overdesign of the rest of the sludge line (digestion, investment costs and easy operation, this technology
energy production, gas holders, dewatering) to has been abandoned in many countries due to its high
accept the external sludge. energy consumption and low depth aeration tank (4
meters) requirements.
We could consider that an overdesign of around 20%
will not affect the water treatment line of the plant. The modern trend is a combination of an air production
system and an air diffusing system. There is a large
5.2.2 Case 2: medium plant and choice of air production technology depending on the
external sludge oxygen requirement and the size of the plant.
In this situation, the external sludge represents an

important addition (from 40% to more than 100%). The
entire WWTP must be designed to manage the process
of a form of centralization of sludge digestion.
5.2.3 Case 3: one co-digestion

central unit
In this situation a complete plant has to be largely

designed, with its dedicated pre-treatment to accept
sludge from nearby small scale WWTP and external
industrial organic wastes.
The oversizing of the anaerobic digestion plant has to
be studied, case by case, depending on the substrates
identified during a preliminary study:
- Preparation of mixture before injection in the Figure 14: Fine bubbles diffuser
digester;
- Addition of a digester accepting co-products;
- Increase volume of each digester;
- Digestate treatment line for both liquid and solid
phases.
5.3 Encourage boosting digestion
The tender documents for the construction must clearly

encourage the bidders to propose options for boosting
digestion. Each contractor has its own technologies
with references and is able to propose a solution to
boost digestion, when the tender documents allow it.
As an option, the constructor shall be allowed to

propose a technology to boost digestion with:
56
- References;
- Investment costs;
5. PRESCRIPTIONS FOR FUTURE PROJECTS

SCENARIOS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
6
6.1 Assumptions related to biogas conversion
6.2 Project 1: Tripoli
6.2.1 Tripoli Sludge production at nominal and biogas production
6.2.2 Suggested improvement
6.2.3 Energy production
6.3 Project 2: Sour
6.3.1 Sour sludge production at nominal and biogas production
6.3.2 Suggested improvement
6.4 Project 3: Aabde
6.4.1 Aabde sludge production at nominal and biogas production
6.4.2 Recommended scenario
6.5 Project 4: Sarafand
6.5.1 Sarafand Sludge production at nominal and biogas
production
6.6 Project 5: Saida
6.6.1 Saida sludge production at nominal and biogas
production
6.7 Project 6: Majdal Anjar
6.7.1 Majdal anjar sludge production at nominal and biogas
production
6.8 Project 7: Bekka
58
6 SCENARIOS and
RECOMMENDATIONS
6.1 Assumptions related to biogas
conversion
6
Sludge production estimate
All the sludge quantities are estimated at nominal

capacity, i.e. at designed capacity.
Biochemical methane potential
Biochemical Methane Potential (BMP) as well as dry

matter content and organic matter content, comes
from the compilation of data1 on the characteristics of
substrates or parameters that have been determined by
Amane Energy during laboratory tests. It is to be noted
that theoretical BMP are subject to variation depending
on the substrate quality and its interaction with other
substrates.
Biogas conversion
Table 10 summarizes the assumptions used to convert Considering the rates of organic matter elimination
biogas into methane and methane into energy (55% for primary sludge and 45% for biological sludge),
production. It is to be noted that, as a pre-caution, the total destruction of organic matter is of 32,314 kg/
the consortium applies a rate of 10% of losses on the day, which gives a biogas production of 29,083 Nm3/
primary energy production. day.
Table 11 below summarizes the sludge production of

Parameters Unit Value
Tripoli WWTP and the related biogas production.
Methane content in biogas % 60.00
Methane Net Calorific Value kWh/Nm³ 9.94 Parameter Unit Value
Estimated losses % 10.00 Primary sludge production Kg DS/day 51,704
Gas engine operating time hour/year 8,000.00 Organic matter content % 78.50
Electrical output % 39.00 Mineral matter content % 21.50
Heat output through CHP % 41.00 Organic matter kg OM/day 40,588
Total output through CHP % 80.00 Mineral matter kg MM/day 11,116
Heat output through Boiler % 85.00 Biological sludge production Kg DS/day 26,120
Organic matter content % 85.00
Table 10: Energy production assumptions
Mineral matter content % 15.00
6.2 Project 1: TRIPOLI Organic matter kg OM/day 22,202
6.2.1 Tripoli Sludge production at Mineral matter kg MM/day 3,918
nominal and biogas production Anaerobic digestion
Destruction of OM on primary sludge % 55.00
It is expected that the Tripoli WWTP will be the first
WWTP to enter into operation and therefore it is the Destruction of OM on primary sludge kg/day 22,323
reference plant to estimate data and parameters of Destruction of OM on biological sludge % 45.00
future WWTP in construction or under preparation. Destruction of OM on primary sludge kg/day 9,991
Total OM destruction kg/day 32,314
At the design load the WWTP of Tripoli will produce
Biogas ratio N m / k g 0.9
3
51,704 kg of dry solids per day of primary sludge and
OM
26,120 kg of dry solids per day of biological sludge. The
organic matter of the primary sludge and biological Biogas production Nm3/day 29,083
sludge has been estimated respectively at 78.5% and
59
85.0%, due to the raw water organic content estimate. Table 11: Tripoli sludge and biogas production
1
Sources : Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe, Domaix-Energie and Agence de l’Environnement et de la Maîtrise de
l’Energie (ADEME)
6.2.2 Suggested improvement Biological sludge Kg DS/year 617,760
Biogas production Nm³/year 555,984
It is currently planned that Tripoli WWTP will receive
and treat, by incineration, the sludge of the following Table 12: Jbeil sludge and biogas production
WWTP:
Chekka sludge production at nominal and
• Jbeil (50,000 PE) Biogas production
• Batroun (24,000 PE)
• Chekka (21,000 PE) Given a population equivalent size of 21,000 and a
production of 630 tons of dry matter per year through
Each of these plants is constructed and is waiting for a bio-filtration process, the biogas production from
connection to the sewer network to be operational. Chekka WWTP sludge is estimated at 235,872 Nm3/year.
It is recommended to treat the sludge from these three Table 13 below summarizes the sludge production of
small scale WWTPs into the existing anaerobic digester Chekka WWTP and the related biogas production.
of Tripoli, to increase the quantity of organic matter
destroyed, rather than burning this sludge directly in
Parameter Unit Value
the incinerator, and therefore increasing the biogas
production of Tripoli. Name Chekka
Size PE 21,000
This scenario will involve only a slight modification of Process Biofiltration
the existing facility to receive the sludge before the Biological sludge ratio Kg DS/year/ 30.00
digestion stage and for adequate mixing. PE
Biological sludge Kg DS/year 630,000
Tripoli WWTP is completed and operational; therefore it
production
seems difficult to significantly modify its design at this
Organic matter % 80.00
stage. The introduction of a co-digestion plant instead of
content
an anaerobic sludge digestion unit is not recommended
as it will involve too many modifications to the existing Organic matter Kg DS/year 504,000
facility and this would not be economically viable. quantity
Organic matter destruction through Anaerobic
Jbeil sludge production at nominal and Digestion:
Biogas production Biological sludge % 52.00
Given a population equivalent size of 49,000 and a
production of 1,485 tons of dry matter per year through
a bio-filtration process, the biogas production from
Table 13: Chekka sludge and biogas production
Jbeil WWTP sludge is estimated at 555,984 Nm3/year.
Batroun sludge production at nominal and
Table 12 below summarizes the sludge production of
Biogas production
Jbeil WWTP and the related biogas production.
Given a population equivalent size of 24,000 and a
Parameter Unit Value production of 579 tons of dry matter per year through
Name Jbeil aerated sludge process, the biogas production from
Size PE 49,500 Batroun WWTP sludge is estimated at 187,790 Nm3/
Process Biofiltration year. Table 14 below summarizes the sludge production
of Batroun WWTP and the related biogas production.
Biological sludge ratio Kg DS/ 30.00
year/PE
Biological sludge Kg DS/year 1,485,000
production Name Batroun
Organic matter content % 80.00 Size PE 24,000
Organic matter quantity Kg DS/year 1,188,000 Process Aerated

sludge
Organic matter
destruction through Biological sludge ratio Kg DS/year/PE 24.15
Anaerobic Digestion: Biological sludge Kg DS/year 579,600
60 Biological sludge % 52.00 production
6. SCENARIOS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Organic matter content
Organic matter quantity
%
Kg DS/year
Digestion:
80.00
463,680
6.3 Project 2: Sour
6.3.1 Sour Sludge production at
nominal and biogas production
Sour WWTP is currently under construction. At the

6
Biological sludge % 45.00 design load, the WWTP will produce 4,732 tons/year of
Biological sludge Kg DS/year 208,656 dry solids of primary sludge and 2,400 tons/year of dry
Biogas production Nm³/year 187,790 solids of biological sludge. The organic matter content
of the primary sludge and biological sludge has been
Table 14: Batroun sludge and biogas production estimated respectively at 78.5% and 85.0%, on the
Tripoli WWTP basis.
6.2.3 Energy production Due to rates of organic matter elimination (55% for
primary sludge and 45% for biological sludge), the
At the design load, sludge from Tripoli WWTP will total destruction of organic matter is approximately
produce 56,197,532 kWh/year primary energy. The 2,961 tons/year, which entails a biogas production of
plant is equipped with co-generation engines allowing 2,665,131 Nm3/year.
the simultaneous production of electricity and heat.
Therefore the energy production is the following:
• Electricity: 21,917 MWh/year;

• Heat: 23,041 MWh/year.
The addition of the sludge from Jbeil, Chekka and

Batroun WWTPs in the Tripoli sludge digester, will
permit an increase in energy production of 9.3%,
i.e., 5,258 MWh primary energy, split as follows for an
installed electrical power of 3.0 MW;

Table 15 summarizes the quantity, biogas production,

methane production, primary energy production and
the electricity and heat generation for sludge from
each different WWTP.
Quantity Organic Biogas Methane Primary Energy production

Matter Production Production Energy through CHP
content
t DM/y % m³/year m³/year kWh/year Electricity Heat
MWh/year MWh/year
Sludge from Tripoli WWTP 28,017 10,469,769 6,281,861 56,197,532 21,917 23,041
Primary sludge 18,613 78.50 7,232,717 4,339,630 38,822,334 15,141 15,917
Biological sludge 9,403 85.00 3,237,052 1,942,231 17,375,198 6,776 7,124
Sludge from Jbeil WWTP 1,485 80.00 555,984 333,590 2,984,300 1,164 1,224
Sludge from Chekka WWTP 630 80,0 235,872 141,523 1,266,067 494 519
Sludge from Batroun WWTP 580 80.0 187,790 112,674 1,007,984 393 413
TOTAL 30,711 11,449,415 6,869,649 61,455,882 23,968 25,197
Table 15: Tripoli project - Energy production

61
Table 16 summarizes the sludge production of Sour of the Sour WWTP, where available land would have to
WWTP and the related biogas production. be reserved for this extension beforehand.
The Sour WWTP is under construction; therefore
Parameter Unit Value it seems hard to significantly modify its design at
this stage. The introduction of a co-digestion plant
Name Sour
instead of a sludge anaerobic digestion unit is not
Size PE 250,000
recommended as it will involve too many modifications
Process Primary making it uneconomical.
treatment,
Secondary Tebnine & Chaqra sludge production at
treatment nominal and Biogas production
Primary sludge ratio kg DS/year/PE 18.9
Primary sludge kg DS/year 4,732,500 Given a population equivalent size of 100,000 and a
production production of 2,415 tons of dry matter per year through
Organic matter content % 78.50 an aerated sludge process, the biogas production
from the Tebnine & Chaqra’s future WWTP sludge is
Organic matter quantity kg DS/year 3,715,013
estimated at 782,460 Nm3/year.
Biological sludge ratio kg DS/year/PE 9.6
Biological sludge kg DS/year 2 400 000 Table 17 summarizes the sludge production of Tebnine
production & Chaqra WWTP and the related biogas production.
Organic matter quantity kg DS/year 2,040,000 Parameter Unit Value
Organic matter Name Tebnine &
destruction through Chaqra
Anaerobic Digestion: Size PE 100,000
Destruction of OM on % 55.00 Process Aerated
primary sludge sludge
Destruction of OM on kg DS/year 2,043,257 Biological sludge ratio Kg DS/year/ 24.15
primary sludge PE
Biogas production of Nm³/year 1,838,931 Biological sludge Kg DS/year 2,415,000
primary sludge production
Destruction of OM on % 45.00 Organic matter % 80.00
biological sludge content
Destruction of OM on kg DS/year 918,000 Organic matter Kg DS/year 1,932,000
biological sludge quantity
Biogas production of Nm³/year 826,200 Organic matter destruction through Anaerobic
biological sludge Digestion:
Total biogas production Nm³/year 2,665,131 Biological sludge % 45.00
Table 16: Sour sludge and biogas production
6.3.2 Suggested improvement Table 17: Tebnine & Chaqra sludge and biogas
production
The future WWTP of Tebnine & Chaqra (100,000 PE)
is under preparation which means that it will not be 6.3.3 Energy production
commissioned, as an optimistic scenario, before 2018.
The plant is too small to recommend a sludge anaerobic At design load, sludge from the Sour WWTP will produce
digestion, however it is located approximately 28 km 14,305,358 kWh/year primary energy. The plant will
from Sour. Therefore the sludge from Tebnine & Chaqra be equipped with co-generation engines allowing
could be more easily treated at the Sour WWTP. It is the simultaneous production of electricity and heat.
recommended to add the sludge from Tebnine & Chaqra Therefore the energy production will be as follows:
WWTP into the planned anaerobic digester of Sour to
increase the quantity of organic matter destroyed and • Electricity: 5,579 MWh/year;
therefore the biogas production. This scenario involves • Heat: 5,865 MWH/year.
an extension of Sour sludge anaerobic digestion, which
62
The addition of the sludge from Tebnine & Chaqra
has to be immediately planned before the completion WWTPs in the Sour sludge digester, will allow an

increase in energy production of 29.4%, i.e., 4,200
MWh primary energy, split as follows (for an installed
electrical power of 0.9 MW);

6
Table 18 summarizes the quantity, biogas production,

methane production, primary energy production and
the electricity and heat generation for sludge from
each different WWTP.
Quantity Organic Biogas Methane Primary Energy production

Matter Production Production Energy through CHP
content
t DM/y % m³/year m³/year kWh/year Electricity Heat
MWh/year MWh/
year
Sludge from Sour 7,133 2,665,131 1,599,079 14,305,358 5,579 5,865
WWTP
Primary sludge 4,733 78.50% 1,838,931 1,103,359 9,870,647 3,850 4,047
Biological sludge 2,400 85.00% 826,200 495,720 4,434,711 1,730 1,818
Sludge from Tebnine 2,415 80.00% 782,460 469,476 4,199,932 1,638 1,722
& Chaqra WWTP
TOTAL 9,548 3,447,591 2,068,555 18,505,290 7,217 7,587
Table 18: Sour project - Energy production
6.4 Project 3: Aabde

6.4.1 Aabde Sludge production at
According to an extract of the Final Preliminary

Design Report provided by CDR (Appendix 4, found
in accompanying CD), Aabde WWTP is under design
and the wastewater processes are planned for primary
treatment, biological treatment and sludge stabilization
through anaerobic digestion and biogas valorization
through co-generation engines. The size of the plant,
185,000 population equivalent, is just within the range
to implement a sludge AD independently.
At the design load, the WWTP will produce 3,502 tons/

year of dry solids primary sludge and 1,776 tons/year of
dry solids biological sludge. The organic matter content
of the primary sludge and biological sludge has been
estimated respectively at 78.5% and 85.0%, based on
the WWTP of Tripoli.
Due to rates of organic matter elimination (55% for

primary sludge and 45% for biological sludge), the
total destruction of organic matter is of 2,191 tons/year
which entails a biogas production of 1,972,197 Nm3/
year.
Table 19 summarizes the sludge production of Aabde

WWTP and the related biogas production.

63
Name Aabde
Size PE 185,000
Process Primary treatment, Secondary treatment
Primary sludge production kg DS/year 3,502,050
Biological sludge production kg DS/year 1,776,000
Organic matter content % 85.00%
Digestion:
Destruction of OM on primary sludge kg DS/year 1,512,010
Biogas production of primary sludge Nm³/year 1,360,809
Destruction of OM on biological sludge % 45.00
Destruction of OM on biological sludge kg DS/year 679,320
Biogas production of biological sludge Nm³/year 611,388
Total biogas production Nm³/year 1,972,197
Table 19: Aabde sludge and biogas production

6.4.2 Recommended scenario moment, unknown. Given a population equivalent
size of 48,000, the assumption has been made that
Aabde WWTP is currently being designed, therefore it is the planned process is aerated sludge, to estimate the
suggested to plan an anaerobic co-digestion with local sludge production.
co-substrates, instead of a simple sludge AD, and add
the sludge produced in nearby WWTPs, to boost energy Given the size of the WWTP and a production of 1,159
production. tons of dry matter per year through the aerated sludge
The future WWTPs of Bakhoun (48,000 PE) and process, the biogas production from the Bakhoun
Michmich (68,000 PE) are too small to suggest anaerobic sludge is estimated at 375,581 Nm3/year.
digestion. On the other hand, both plants are located
20 km and 24 km, respectively, from Aabde. Table 20 summarizes the sludge production of the future
Bakhoun WWTP and the related biogas production.
Furthermore, the co-substrates identified during
the Bioenergy Strategy Plan, in the local area, are the Parameter Unit Value
following: Name Bakhoun
Size PE 48,000
Wheat residues
Process Aerated
Chicken manure: Two leaders of the poultry production sludge
(Hawa Chicken and Wilco) are located in North Lebanon; Biological sludge ratio Kg DS/year/PE 24.15
Cattle manure;
Ovine manure;
Olive oil cake by-products: 36% of national production production
is located in North Lebanon; Organic matter content % 80.00
Agro-food industry by-products. Organic matter quantity Kg DS/year 927,360
Bakhoun WWTP is currently being designed, while no
Digestion:
design has been elaborated for the Michmich WWTP.
This entails that neither will be commissioned before Biological sludge % 45.00
2018, similar to the Aadbe WWTP situation. Biological sludge Kg DS/year 417,312
Bakhoun sludge production at nominal and Biogas
64 production
Bakhoun wastewater treatment process is, at this
Table 20: Bakhroun sludge and biogas production

Michmich sludge production at nominal and
Biogas production
Michmich WWTP is currently being designed and the

wastewater treatment process is currently unknown.
Name
Size
Process
Parameter Unit
PE
value
Michmich
68,000
Aerated
6
Given a population equivalent size of 68,000, the
sludge
assumption has been made that the planned process is
aerated sludge, to estimate the sludge production. Biological sludge ratio Kg DS/year/PE 24.15
Given the size of the WWTP and a production of 1,642 production
tons of dry matter per year through aerated sludge Organic matter % 80.00
process, the biogas production from the Michmich content
sludge is estimated at 532,073 Nm3/year.
Organic matter Kg DS/year 1,313,760
quantity
Table 21 summarizes the sludge production for
the future Michmich WWTP and the related biogas Organic matter
production. destruction through
Anaerobic Digestion:
Co-substrates biogas production Biological sludge % 45.00
This scenario proposes adding 20,000 tons/year of co-
substrates for a methane production of 1,428,000 Nm3/ Biogas production Nm³/year 532,073
year and an energy production of 12,775 MWh/year
primary energy.
Table 21: Michmich sludge and biogas production
Table 22 shows the selected co-substrates for this

scenario as well as the related parameters, BMP and
energy production.
Co-Products Quantity Dry Organic Biogas BMP Methane Primary

Matter Matter content production Energy
Content content
t RM/year % % m³/t RM m³/t RM m³/year kWh/year
Wheat residues 3,000 89.00 84.50 263 171 513,000 4,589,298
Wet chicken manure 6,000 19.50 76.00 44 29 174,000 1,556,604
Dry cattle manure 5,000 22.00 75.00 77 50 250,000 2,236,500
Ovine manure 1,000 27.50 80.00 99 64 64,000 572,544
Olive oil cake by-products 3,000 28.00 N.A. 148 89 267,000 2,388,582
Agro-Food industries by- 2,000 32.00 N.A. 133 80 160,000 1,431,360
products
TOTAL 20,000 1,428,000 12,774,888
Table 22: Aabde project - selected co-substrates
6.4.3 Energy production The addition of sludge from Bakhroun and Michmich
WWTPs in the Aabde digester will allow an increase in
At design load, sludge from Aabde WWTP will produce energy production of approximately 46% as compared
10,585,965 kWh/year primary energy. As planned, in to the treatment of Aabde sludge on its own, i.e., 4,872
the design document, the plant will be equipped with MWh primary energy, split as follows:
a co-generation engine allowing the simultaneous
production of electricity and heat. Therefore energy • Electricity: 1,900 MWh/year
production will include the following: • Heat: 1,997 MWh/year
• Electricity: 4,129MWh/year; The addition of the various co-substrates to the Aabde

• Heat: 4,340 MWh/year. co-digester will allow an increase in energy production
65
of approximately 120% compared to the treatment of

Aabde sludge by itself, i.e., 12,775 MWh primary energy, aerobic digestion, which is a very energy-intensive
split as follows: process, with anaerobic digestion and cogeneration to
produce energy from the biogas.
• Heat: 5,238 MWh/year At the design load, the WWTP will produce 6,152 tons/
Altogether, this scenario will allow an increase in dry solids biological sludge. The organic matter content
energy production of approximately 167% compared of the primary sludge and biological sludge has been
to the sludge digestion initially planned, for an installed estimated, respectively, at 78.5% and 85.0%, on the
electrical power of 1.38MW. The total primary energy is Tripoli WWTP basis.
estimated at 28,233MWh, split as follows:
Due to rates of organic matter elimination (55% for
• Electricity: 11,011 MWh per year primary sludge and 45% for biological sludge), the
total destruction of organic matter is of 3,849 tons/year,
• Heat: 11,575 MWh per year
which brings a biogas production of 3,464,671 Nm3/
year.
Table 23 summarizes the quantity, primary energy
production and the electricity and heat generation
Table 24 summarizes the sludge production of Sarafand
for sludge from each different WWTP and for each co-
WWTP and the related biogas production.
substrate.

Quantity Primary Energy production
Energy through CHP
Name Sarafand
t RM/year kWh/year Electricity Heat
MWh/year MWh/ Size PE 325,000
year Process Primary treatment,
Sludge from 85,549 10,585,965 4,129 4,340 Secondary treatment
Aabde WWTP Primary sludge ratio kg DS/year/PE 18.93
Sludge from 8,211 2,855,954 1,114 1,171 Primary sludge kg DS/year 6,152,250
Michmich WWTP production
Sludge from 5,796 2,015,968 786 827 Organic matter content % 78.50
Bakhoun WWTP Organic matter quantity kg DS/year 4,829,516
Wheat residues 3,000 4,589,298 1,790 1,882 Biological sludge ratio kg DS/year/PE 9.60
Wet chicken 6,000 1,556,604 607 638 Biological sludge kg DS/year 3,120,000
manure production
Dry cattle 5,000 2,236,500 872 917 Organic matter content % 85.00
manure Organic matter quantity kg DS/year 2,652,000
Ovine manure 1,000 572,544 223 235
Olive oil cake 3,000 2,388,582 932 979
by-products Organic matter destruction through Anaerobic
Agro-food 2,000 1,431,360 558 587 Digestion:
industries by- Destruction of OM on % 55.00
products primary sludge
TOTAL 119,556 28,232,775 11,011 11,575 Destruction of OM on kg DS/year 2,656,234
primary sludge
Table 23: Aabde project - Energy production
Biogas production of Nm³/year 2,390,611
primary sludge
6.5 Project 4: SARAFAND
6.5.1 Sarafand Sludge production Destruction of OM on % 45.00
at nominal and biogas production biological sludge
Destruction of OM on kg DS/year 1,193,400
According to the preliminary design document biological sludge
provided by the CDR (Appendix 4), the Sarafand WWTP Biogas production of Nm³/year 1,074,060
is under preparation and the wastewater processes biological sludge
planned are primary treatment, biological treatment Total biogas production Nm³/year 3,464,671
66
and sludge stabilization through aerobic digestion. It is
strongly recommended, as previously stated, to replace Table 24: Sarafand sludge and biogas production

The Sarafand WWTP is under design and therefore it is
recommended to plan an anaerobic co-digestion plant,
fed with local co-substrates, including sludge produced
The dewatering equipment by centrifuge allows the
production of sludge with 22% dry matter, i.e., a volume
of 20 m3 per day to be transported to Sarafand.
YAhmor sludge Production at nominal and

6
from nearby WWTPs, to produce renewable energy and Biogas production
enable the facility to reduce its energy consumption.
No information was available on the Yahmor WWTP.
The Nabatiyeh WWTP is constructed and will be Given a population equivalent size of 35,000, the
operational in the next few months. The sludge assumption used to estimate the sludge production,
production, given a size of 68,000 population equivalent, is that the process planned is an aerated sludge. Given
is too small to consider an anaerobic digestion unit. It the size of the WWTP and a production of 845 tons
is currently planned to send the produced sludge to of dry matter per year through the aerated sludge
landfill. process, the biogas production from Yahmor sludge is
estimated at approximately 273,861 Nm3/year.
The future WWTPs of Yahmor (35,000 PE) is also too
small to suggest anaerobic digestion. Table 26 summarizes the sludge production of the future
Both plants are located 23 km and 24 km, respectively, Yahmor WWTP and the related biogas production.
from Sarafand.
The co-substrates identified during the Bioenergy
Name Yahmor
Strategy Plan, in the local area, are the following:
Size PE 35,000
• Wheat residues; Process Aerated
• Yellow grease; sludge
• Goat/sheep manure; Biological sludge ratio Kg DS/year/PE 24.15
• Agro-food industry by-products.
production
Nabatiyeh sludge production at nominal
and Biogas production Organic matter content % 80.00
Organic matter quantity Kg DS/year 676,200
Given the size of the WWTP and a nominal production Organic matter
of 1,642 tons of dry matter per year, through aerated destruction through
sludge process, the biogas production from the Anaerobic Digestion
Nabatiyeh sludge is estimated at 532 073 Nm3/year.
Biological sludge % 45.00
Table 25 below summarizes the sludge production
of the Nabatiyeh WWTP and the related biogas Biological sludge Kg DS/year 304,290
production. Biogas production Nm³/year 273,861
Parameter Unit Value Table 26: Yahmor sludge and biogas production
Name Nabatiyeh
Co-substrates biogas production
Size PE 68,000
Process Aerated This scenario proposes to add 9,000 tons/year of co-
sludge substrates for a methane production of 854,500 Nm3/
Biological sludge ratio Kg DS/ 24.15 year and an energy production of 7,645 MWh/year
year/PE primary energy.
production Table 27 shows the selected co-substrates for this
energy production.
Organic matter quantity Kg DS/year 1,313,760
Digestion
Table 25: Nabatiyeh sludge and biogas production

67
Content content
Wheat residues 1,500 89.00 84.50 263 171 256,500 2,294,649
Goats manure 5,000 27.50 80.00 99 64 320,000 2,862,720
Yellow grease 100 100.00 92.00 1,200 780 78,000 697,788
Agro Food industries 2,500 32.00 N.A. 133 80 200,000 1,789,200
by-products
TOTAL 9,100 854,500 7,644,357
Table 27: Sarafand project - Selected co-substrates
At design load, sludge digestion from Sarafand WWTP of 41% compared to the treatment of Sarafand sludge
will produce approximately 18,600,000 kWh/year by itself, i.e., 7,640 MWh of primary energy.
of primary energy. Depending on the valorization
method, the energy production will be the following: Altogether, this scenario will allow, for an installed
electrical power of 1.49MW, the production of 30,560
• Energy production through co-generation: MWh of primary energy, split as follows (depending
--Electricity: 7,250MWh/year again on the valorization method):
--Heat: 7,620 MWh/year
• Electricity production only: 7,250 MWh/year Energy production through co-generation:
• Heat production only: 15,800 MWh/year Electricity: 11,920MWh/year
Heat: 12,530 MWh/year
The addition of the sludge from Nabatiyeh and Yahmor Electricity production only: 11,920 MWh/year
WWTPs in the Sarafand digester will allow an increase in Heat production only: 25,980 MWh/year
energy production of 23% compared to the treatment
of the Sarafand sludge on its own, i.e., approximately Table 28 summarizes the quantity, primary energy
4,325 MWh primary energy. production and the electricity and heat generation
The addition of the various co-substrates in the Sarafand substrate.
co-digester will allow an increase in energy production
Quantity Primary Energy Electricity Heat production only

Energy production production
through only
CHP
t RM/ kWh/year Electricity Heat MWh/year MWh/year
year MWh/year MWh/year
Sludge from Sarafand WWTP 150,289 18,596,966 7,253 7,625 7,253 15,807
Sludge from Nabatiyeh WWTP 8,211 2,855,954 1,114 1,171 1,114 2,428
Sludge from Yahmor WWTP 4,226 1,469,976 573 603 573 1,249
Wheat residues 1,500 2,294,649 895 941 895 1,950
Goats manure 5,000 2,862,720 1,116 1,174 1,116 2,433
Yellow grease 100 697,788 272 286 272 593
Agro-food industries by- 2,500 1,789,200 698 734 698 1,521
products
TOTAL 171,827 30,567,253 11,921 12,533 11,921 25,982
Table 28: Sarafand project - Energy production
68
6.6 Project 5: Saida
6.6.1 Saida Sludge production at
According to the CDR, the pretreatment of Saida

The Saida WWTP is currently being designed, and

therefore an anaerobic co-digestion is recommended,
fed with local co-substrates, and further supplied
6
WWTP is completed and operational and the planned from the sludge produced in nearby WWTPs so that
upgrading is under preparation. No more information renewable energy can be produced.
was available and the water treatment process is, at this The Ras Nabi Younes WWTP in Jiyeh is constructed and
moment, unknown. Given a population equivalent size will be operational in the next few months. The plant
of 390,000, the assumption has been made that the process is a compact bio-filtration, implemented along
water treatment process will be a preliminary treatment the coastal area where no additional plot of ground is
followed by a biological treatment. available to consider an anaerobic digestion unit. It is
currently planned to send the produced sludge to the
At the design load, the WWTP will produce 7,380 tons/ landfill.
dry solids biological sludge. The organic matter content The co-substrates identified during the National
of the primary sludge and biological sludge has been Bioenergy Strategy, in the local area, are the following:
estimated respectively at 78.5% and 85.0%, on the
Tripoli WWTP basis. • Slaughterhouse waste and grease from Saida and
Jezzine slaughterhouses;
Due to rates of organic matter elimination (55% for • Wheat residues;
primary sludge and 45% for biological sludge), the • Olive oil cake by-products.
total destruction of organic matter is of 4,610 tons/year,
which brings a biogas production of 4,157,600 Nm3/ Ras nabi Younes sludge production at
year. nominal and Biogas production
Table 29 summarizes the sludge production of Saida Given a population equivalent size of 88,000 and a
WWTP and the related biogas production. production of 2,640 tons of dry matter per year through

Name Saida
Size PE 390,000
Process Primary treatment,
Secondary treatment
Primary sludge production kg DS/year 7,382,700
Biological sludge production kg DS/year 3,744,000
Organic matter destruction through Anaerobic Digestion:
Destruction of OM on primary sludge kg DS/year 3,187,481
Biogas production of primary sludge Nm³/year 2,868,733
Destruction of OM on biological sludge % 45.00
Destruction of OM on biological sludge kg DS/year 1,432,080
Biogas production of biological sludge Nm³/year 1,288,872
Total biogas production Nm³/year 4,157,605
Table 29: Saida sludge and biogas production

69
the bio-filtration process, the biogas production from substrates for a methane production of 813,450 Nm3/
the Ras Nabi Younes sludge is estimated at 988,410 year and an energy production of 7,270 MWh/year
Nm3/year. primary energy.
Table 31 shows the selected co-substrates for this
Table 30 summarizes the sludge production of the Ras scenario as well as the related parameters, BMP and
Nabi Younes WWTP and the related biogas production. energy production.
Parameter Unit Value 6.6.3 Energy production

Name Ras Nabi
This scenario will allow a total primary energy
Younes
production estimated at 34,900 MWh, for an installed
Size PE 88,000 electrical power of 1.70MW, split as follows (depending
Process Bio-filtration on the valorization method):
Biological sludge ratio Kg DS/ 30.00
year/PE • Energy production through co-generation:
Biological sludge Kg DS/ 2,640,000 --Electricity: 13,610 MWh/year
production year --Heat: 14,300 MWh/year
• Electricity production only: 13,610 MWh/year
• Heat production only: 29,660 MWh/year
Organic matter quantity Kg DS/ 2,112,000
year That represents a 56% increase in energy production
Organic matter destruction through Anaerobic compared to the energy production from the digestion
Digestion: of Saida sludge only.
Biological sludge % 52.00 Table 32 summarizes the quantity, primary energy
Biological sludge Kg DS/ 1,098,240
year
substrate.
Table 30: Ras Nabi Younes
The water treatment process produces dewatered

primary sludge that can be easily transported to Saida.
The dewatering equipment by centrifuge allows the
production of sludge with 27% dry matter, i.e., a volume
of 25 m3 per day.
Co-substrates biogas production
This scenario proposes to add 6,900 tons/year of co-

Content content
Slaughterhouse waste 2,500 50.00 90.00 153 92 230,000 2,057,580
-Saida
Slaughterhouse grease - 400 2% to 70 92.00 313 188 75,200 672,739
Saida
Slaughterhouse waste - 1,500 50.00 90.00 153 92 138,000 1,234,548
Jezzine
Slaughterhouse grease - 250 2% to 70 92.00 313 188 47,000 420,462
Jezzine
Wheat residues 1,500 89.00 84.50 263 171 256,500 2,294,649
Olive oil cake by-products 750 28.00 N.A. 148 89 66,750 597,146
70
TOTAL 6,900 813,450 7,277,124
Table 31: Saida project - Selected co-substrates

Quantity
t RM/year
Primary
Energy
kWh/year
Energy
production
through CHP
Electricity
Electricity
production
only
Heat
Heat production
MWh/
only
MWh/year
6
MWh/year MWh/year year
Sludge from Saida WWTP 180,347 22,316,359 8,703 9,150 8,703 18,969
Sludge from Ras Nabi 13,200 5,305,422 2,069 2,175 2,069 4,510
Younes WWTP
Slaughterhouse waste 2,500 2,057,580 802 844 802 1,749
-Saida
Slaughterhouse grease - 400 672,739 262 276 262 572
Saida
Slaughterhouse waste - 1,500 1,234,548 481 506 481 1,049
Jezzine
Slaughterhouse grease - 250 420,462 164 172 164 357
Jezzine
Wheat residues 1,500 2,294,649 895 941 895 1,950
Olive oil cake by-products 750 597,146 233 245 233 508
TOTAL 200,447 34,898,904 13,611 14,309 13,611 29,664
Table 32: Saida project - Energy production
6.7 Project 6: Majdal Anjar Parameter Unit Value

6.7.1 Majdal anjar Sludge Name Majdal Anjar
production at nominal and biogas
production
Size PE 300,000
According to the preliminary design provided by CDR Process Primary
(Appendix 4), the Madjal Anjar WWTP is under design treatment,
and the processes planned are primary treatment, Secondary
biological treatment, and sludge stabilization through treatment
aerobic digestion. It is strongly recommended, as Primary sludge ratio kg DS/year/PE 18.93
previously stated, to replace aerobic digestion, which Primary sludge kg DS/year 5,679,000
is a very energy intensive process, with anaerobic production
digestion and cogeneration to produce energy from Organic matter % 78.50
biogas. content
Organic matter kg DS/year 4,458,015
At the design load, the WWTP will produce 5,680 tons/
quantity
dry solids biological sludge. The organic matter content Biological sludge kg DS/year/PE 9.60
of the primary sludge and biological sludge has been ratio
estimated respectively at 78.5% and 85.0%, taking Biological sludge kg DS/year 2,880,000
assumptions from the Tripoli WWTP. production
Due to rates of organic matter elimination (55% for content
primary sludge and 45% for biological sludge), the Organic matter kg DS/year 2,448,000
total destruction of organic matter is of 3,350 tons/year, quantity
which brings a biogas production of 3,198,150 Nm3/
year.
Digestion:
Table 33 summarizes the sludge production of Majdal Destruction of OM % 55.00
Anjar WWTP and the related biogas production. on primary sludge
Destruction of OM kg DS/year 2,451,908
on primary sludge

71
Biogas production Nm³/year 2,206,717 tons of dry matter per year, at nominal, through aerated
of primary sludge sludge process, the biogas production from the Zahle
sludge is estimated at 782,460 Nm3/year.
Destruction of OM % 45.00
on biological sludge
Table 34 below summarizes the sludge production
Destruction of OM kg DS/year 1,101,600 of the Zahle future WWTP and the related biogas
on biological sludge production.
of biological sludge Table 35 shows the co-substrates selected for this
Total biogas Nm³/year 3,198,157 scenario as well as the related parameters, BMP and
production energy production.
Table 33: Majdal Anjar sludge and biogas

production Parameter Unit Value
Name Zahle
6.7.2 Recommended scenario Size PE 100,000
Process Aerated
Majdal Anjar WWTP is currently being designed;
sludge
therefore, it is recommended to plan an anaerobic
co-digestion plant, fed with local co-substrates, and Biological sludge ratio Kg DS/year/PE 24.15
further add sludge produced in nearby WWTPs in order Biological sludge Kg DS/year 2,415,000
to produce renewable energy and reduce the facility’s production
energy consumption. Organic matter content % 80.00
Organic matter Kg DS/year 1,932,000
The Zahle WWTP is under construction. The sludge quantity
production, given a size of 100,000 population
Organic matter
equivalent, is too small to consider an anaerobic
destruction through
digestion unit. The plant will be located 15 km from
Anaerobic Digestion:
Majdal Anjar.
The co-substrates identified during the Bioenergy Biological sludge % 45.00
Strategy Plan, in the local area, are the following: Biological sludge Kg DS/year 869,400
• Agricultural residues: Barley and wheat residues;
• Liquid and solid manure (cattle, sheep and goat); Table 34: Zahle sludge and biogas production
• Slaughterhouse waste and grease from Zahle;
• Agro-food industry by-products. Co-substrates biogas production
Zahle sludge production at nominal and substrates for a methane production of 1,497,900 Nm3/
Biogas production year and an energy production of 13,400 MWh/year
primary energy.
Given the size of the WWTP and a production of 2,415

Content content
Slaughterhouse 800 50.00 90.00 153 92 73,600 658,426
waste -Zahle
Slaughterhouse 100 2% to 70 92.00 313 188 18,800 168,185
grease - Zahle
Cattle manure 4,000 22.00 75.00 77 50 200,000 1,789,200
Sheep & goat 6,000 27.50 80.00 99 64 384,000 3,435,264
manure
Wheat residues 3,000 89.00 84.50 263 171 513,000 4,589,298
72
Barley residues 1,500 35.00 92.00 153 99 148,500 1,328,481

Agro-food industry 2,000
by-products
TOTAL 17,400
32.00 N.A. 133 80
Table 35: Majdal Anjar Project - Selected co-substrates

160,000
1,497,900
1,431,360
13,400,213
6
Altogether, this scenario will allow an increase in Strategy, Libanlait had expressed interest in finding
energy production by 100% compared to the digestion an environmental treatment solution for its waste,
of Majdal Anjar sludge only, for an installed electrical particularly its liquid cattle manure.
power of 1.69MW. The total primary energy is estimated
at 34,766 MWh, split as follows (depending on the Libanlait has at least the following co-substrates:
valorization method):
• Energy production through co-generation: • Liquid cattle manure: 200 m3/day;
--Electricity: 13,560 MWh/year • Solid cattle manure: 16.5 tons/day, i.e., 6,000 tons/
year of which 3,000 tons/year are composted;
--Heat: 14,250 MWh/year
• Lactoserum.
• Electricity production only: 13,560 MWh/year
• Heat production only: 29,550 MWh/year
The other co-substrates identified during the Bioenergy
Strategy Plan, in the local area, are the following:
Table 36 summarizes the quantity, primary energy
production and the electricity and heat generation • Residues from cereals: wheat and barley residues;
for sludge from each different WWTP and for each co- • Manure (sheep and goat);
substrate. • Agro-food industry by-products.
Quantity Primary Energy production Electricity Heat

Energy through CHP production production
only only
t RM/year kWh/year Electricity Heat MWh/year MWh/year
MWh/year MWh/year
Sludge from Majdal Anjar 138,729 17,166,430 6,695 7,038 6,695 14,591
WWTP
Sludge from Zahle 12,075 4,199,932 1,638 1,722 1,638 3,570
WWTP
Slaughterhouse waste 800 658,426 257 270 257 560
-Zahle
Slaughterhouse grease 100 168,185 66 69 66 143
- Zahle
Cattle manure 4,000 1,789,200 698 734 698 1,521
Sheep & goat manure 6,000 3,435,264 1,340 1,408 1,340 2,920
Wheat residues 3,000 4,589,298 1,790 1,882 1,790 3,901
Barley residues 1,500 1,328,481 518 545 518 1,129
Agro-food industry by- 2,000 1,431,360 558 587 558 1,217
products
TOTAL 168,204 34,766,575 13,559 14,254 13,559 29,552
Table 36: Majdal Anjar project - Energy production

6.8 Project 7: Bekaa The platform could be implemented in Baalbek WWTP
6.8.1 Recommended scenario or nearby the Libanlait facility, in Haouch Snaid. The
Baalbek plant is an old plant with a very low connection
It is recommended to implement a co-digestion rate of approximately 15% and needs to be upgraded
platform to group the wastewater treatment sludge of before considering an AD unit. On the other hand, in
Baalbek, Laboueh, Tamnine Altahta, the co-products the case of an implementation of the co-digestion plant
from the milk processing facility in Lebanon, Libanlait, close to Libanlait, the heat produced could be directly
and other available co-products. used for milk processing.
During the on-ground survey of the National Bioenergy A feasibility study has to be conducted to determine

73
the best location for the platform. Parameter Unit Value
Name Tamnine
Baalbek sludge production at nominal
Altahta
and Biogas production
Size PE 100,000
The sludge production has been estimated based on Process Aerated
the total capacity of an upgraded WWTP. Given the size sludge
of the WWTP and a nominal production of 2,150 tons of Biological sludge ratio Kg DS/year/PE 24.15
dry matter per year, through an aerated sludge process,
the biogas production from the Baalbek sludge is
estimated at 696,390 Nm3/year. production
Table 37 summarizes the sludge production of the content
Baalbek upgrade WWTP and the related biogas Organic matter Kg DS/year 1,932,000
production. quantity
Parameter Unit Value Digestion:
Name Baalbek Biological sludge % 45.00
Size PE 89,000 Biological sludge Kg DS/year 869,400
Process Aerated Biogas production Nm³/year 782,460
sludge
Biological sludge ratio Kg DS/ 24.15 Table 38: Tamnine Altahta sludge and biogas
year/PE production
Biological sludge production Kg DS/ 2,149,350
Laboueh sludge production at nominal
year
and Biogas production
Organic matter quantity Kg DS/ 1,719,480 Given the size of the WWTP and a nominal production
year of 1,280 tons of dry matter per year, through an aerated
Organic matter destruction sludge process, the biogas production from the
through Anaerobic Digestion: Laboueh sludge is estimated at 414,700 Nm3/year.
Biological sludge % 45.00 Table 39 summarizes the sludge production of

Biological sludge Kg DS/ 773,766 the Laboueh future WWTP and the related biogas
year production.
Biogas production Nm³/ 696,389
year Parameter Unit Value
Name Laboueh
Table 37: Baalbek sludge and biogas production
Size PE 53,000
Tamnine Altahta sludge production at Process Aerated
nominal and Biogas production sludge
Biological sludge ratio Kg DS/year/ 24.15
Given the size of the WWTP and a nominal production PE
of 2,415 tons of dry matter per year, through an aerated Biological sludge Kg DS/year 1,279,950
sludge process, the biogas production from the production
Tamnine Altahta sludge is estimated at 782,460 Nm3/
year.
Organic matter quantity Kg DS/year 1,023,960
Table 38 summarizes the sludge production of the Organic matter
Tamnine Altahta future WWTP and the related biogas destruction through
production. Anaerobic Digestion:
Table 39: Laboueh sludge and biogas production
74 Co-substrates biogas production

substrates for a methane production of 2,130,000 Nm3/
year and an energy production of 19,000 MWh/year
primary energy.
Table 40 shows the co-substrates selected for this
energy production. 6
Content content
t RM/ % % m³/t RM m³/t m³/year kWh/year
year RM
Slaughterhouse waste -Zahle 800 50.00 90.00 153 92 73,600 658,426
Slaughterhouse grease - Zahle 200 2 to 70 92.00 313 188 37,600 336,370
Solid cattle manure - Libanlait 3,000 22.00 75.00 77 50 150,000 1,341,900
Liquid cattle manure - Libanlait 15,000 8.00 76.00 23 15 225,000 2,012,850
Lactoserum - Libanlait 5,000 6.00 86.00 39 25 126,750 1,133,906
Sheep & goat manure 6,000 27.50 80.00 99 64 384,000 3,435,264
Wheat residues 5,000 89.00 84.50 263 171 855,000 7,648,830
Barley residues 2,000 35.00 92.00 153 99 198,000 1,771,308
Agro-food industry by- 1,000 32.00 N.A. 133 80 80,000 715,680
products
TOTAL 38,000 2,129,950 19,054,533
Table 40: Bekaa project - Selected co-substrates

Altogether, the total primary energy of this scenario Electricity production only: 11,395 MWh/year
is estimated at 29,218 MWh, for an installed electrical Heat production only: 24,830 MWh/year
power of 1.42 MW, split as follows, depending on the
valorization method: Table 41 summarizes the quantity, primary energy
Energy production through co-generation: for sludge from each different WWTP and for each co-
Electricity: 11395 MWh/year substrate.
Heat: 11,980 MWh/year.
Quantity Primary Energy Electricity Heat production

Energy production production only
through CHP only
t RM/ kWh/year Electricity Heat MWh/ MWh/
year MWh/year MWh/year year year
Sludge from Tamnine Altahta WWTP 48,300 4,199 932 1,638 1,722 1,638 3,570
Sludge from Baalbek WWTP 10,747 3,737 940 1,458 1,533 1,458 3,177
Sludge from Laboueh WWTP 6,400 2,225 964 868 913 868 1 892
Slaughterhouse waste -Zahle 800 658,426 257 270 257 560
Slaughterhouse grease - Zahle 200 336,370 131 138 131 286
Solid cattle manure - Libanlait 3,000 1,341,900 523 550 523 1,141
Liquid cattle manure - Libanlait 15,000 2,012,850 785 825 785 1,711
Lactoserum - Libanlait 5,000 1,133,906 442 465 442 964
Sheep & goat manure 6,000 3,435,264 1,340 1,408 1,340 2,920
Wheat residues 5,000 7,648,830 2,983 3,136 2,983 6,502
Barley residues 2,000 1,771,308 691 726 691 1,506
Agro-food industry by-products 1,000 715,680 279 293 279 608
TOTAL 103,447 29,218,369 11,395 11,980 11,395 24,836
Table 41: Bekaa project - Energy production

75
ECONOMICS OF AD USING WWTP OUTPUTS
7.3 Revenue from AD
7
7.3.1 Electricity
7.3.2 Heat
7.3.3 Transport Fuel
7.3.4 Displacement of Artificial Fertilizer (Via Digestate)
7.4 Economics assessment on identified WWTP options
7.5 Operating Costs and Returns from Electricity Displacement
7.5.1 Expected simple payback of projects
7.6 Concluding Remarks on Economics
78
7. Economics of AD using WWTP
outputs2
7.1Objectives of this chapter
7
The aim of this chapter is to understand the economics
associated with the use of AD as an energy recovery
technology for the sludge generated by the WWTPs. It
is important to understand whether there is a financial
case for the use of co-digestion to boost the energy
yields of sludge AD plants.
The chapter also aims to outline the main considerations

when assessing the economic viability of co-digestion
AD projects offering conclusions and recommendations
for the seven associated projects.
AD plant, such as crops for example, it would then not
7.2 Understanding the economics be appropriate to use the tonnage throughput of the
of AD plant as a guide to the investment cost. Rather, the kW
rating of the combined heat and power (CHP) should
Anaerobic Digestion (AD) is an established technology. be used.
For example, the European AD industry is amongst the
largest across the world with around 12,000 operational Capital costs within literature have been reported
plants. The growth of this industry has been heavily to be £2,500 to £6,000 per kW of installed electricity
influenced by incentives available for end-use energy generating capacity3. Capital costs from a study of 60
production. Experience has taught the European German AD plants showed an average of around €3,000
AD industry that setting the right level of incentives per kW of electrical capacity. This equates to a capital
is crucial in developing a healthy, sustainable and cost per unit of methane output to be, on average,
economically attractive market which can prosper around £500/m3 of methane per day4.
but not have detrimental impacts on other markets.
Direct incentives such as electricity Feed-in Tariffs
(FiTs), heat tariffs and transport fuel incentives are all
end-use energy production incentives. They have a
knock-on effect on the costs associated with obtaining
feed-stocks and, more importantly, the capital costs
of this technology. Other incentives such as direct
capital grant schemes, landfill tax avoidance schemes
and other local regional incentives also play a part in
determining the costs of this technology.
7.2.1 Capital Costs of AD
Various metrics have been used to generate simple

rule-of-thumbs for estimating the capital cost of AD.
This can either be a typical investment cost per unit
of kW electricity generated, or an investment cost per Figure 15. Capital costs of AD plants vs. daily
tonne of annual material processed. The choice of feedstock input capacity- Data from 60 operational
which metric is used to determine the investment cost AD plants (FNR 2005)
of an AD plant depends on which feedstock is being
processed. If one were to design a plant that used low-
energy feed-stocks such as farm slurries and manures,
then using an investment cost per kW output may be 3 Redman, G. 2008. A Detailed Economic Assessment of
misleading as the electrical output of the plant would Anaerobic Digestion Technology and its Suitability to
be small compared to the size required to process the UK Farming and Waste Systems, The Anderson Centre,
feedstock. If on the other hand one were to base an Leicestershire.
investment cost for a high-energy yielding feedstock 4 Exchange rate at the time of reporting costs in this chapter
79
2 This chapter has been written by Dr. William Mezullo, Biogas are as follows; 1 Euro = 1.3 US Dollars, 1 British Sterling = 1.63
expert based in the United Kingdom. US Dollars.

An analysis of 60 operational AD plants in Germany size. A UK consultancy funded by the UK Government
using a range of co-substrates, interestingly, showed developed a set of equations to define CAPEX costs
that there was little correlation between the daily for biogas production and utilisation (e.g. digester, gas
biogas output (and methane output) and the capital engine, upgrading etc.). The consultancy developed
costs of the plants. A much closer correlation was the equation to fit the majority of real costs gathered
obtained when the capital costs of a plant against the during data collection and analysis. The following has
daily input of feedstock was examined. The results been extracted from their findings6:
in the graph above show a near linear correlation of
increase in capital costs versus the increase in daily The equations are based on a known cost for a known
input of feedstock into the plant. The capital cost for scale of plant (A) and a constant (N) that gives a non-
these plants averaged around €25,000/tonne of daily linear change in cost with change in scale (B) to reflect
feedstock input. economies of scale. An example is provided below:
The reason for the close correlation of CAPEX versus the CAPEX = CAPEX of plant A x (scale of plant B/scale of
daily input is that this measurement essentially dictates plant A)N
the size of digester and digestate storage tanks, the
number of tanks and the size of the feeding equipment. For example, if the CAPEX of a known AD plant
It also dictates to some extent the size of the CHP. (excluding gas engine) is €7m for a plant with a capacity
of 10,000 tonnes of dry matter per year, then a plant
The costs associated with AD set-up are primarily with a capacity of 20,000 tonnes of dry matter per year
associated with the digester tank manufacture and will cost:
installation. The digester cost is typically in the region of
€50/m3 and €30/m3 for a digestate tank5. The installation CAPEX = €7m x (20000/10000)0.6 = 7 x 20.6 = 7 x 1.5 =
costs for CHP units are typically between €360/kW to €10.6m
€1,200/kW installation capacity. Consequently, the
CHP unit could account for 12-40% of the total capital Similarly, if a the CAPEX of a known AD plant (excluding
investment. gas engine) is €7m for a plant with a capacity of 10000
tonnes of dry matter per year, then a plant with a
The setup costs can vary significantly depending on the capacity of 5000 tonnes of dry matter per year will cost:
equipment and requirements adopted. For example, a
simple animal waste AD plant would not require the CAPEX = €7m x (5000/10000)0.6 = 7 x 0.50.6 = 7 x 0.66 =
use of a pasteurization facility. Other plant equipment, €4.6m
which may or may not be adopted for biogas production
include hydrogen sulphide reduction systems, post- For other plant items different units depicting scale
digestion solid separation systems which separate the were used as appropriate (e.g. CAPEX for gas engines
fibrous fraction of the waste (used as P-fertiliser) from based on electrical output - €/MWe; CAPEX for boilers
the liquid fraction of the waste (used as N-fertiliser) and based on heat output - €/MWth; biogas upgrading
other gas cleaning equipment. equipment based on biogas input - €/m3/h).
Depending on the national environmental and farming Given the favorable economies of scale, the financial
regulations, further post AD treatments may also be output of biogas production at larger AD setups
required, which can ultimately increase the capital costs tends to be more favorable than smaller installations.
of a plant. This includes pasteurization equipment to Although this may be true for the setup costs, greater
remove pathogens from the process, or waste sorting biogas production would ultimately require a greater
reception halls which are required to have suitable availability of daily feedstock. This could result in
biofilters and odour suppression equipment. This increased feedstock collection and transport costs
can add significant costs to an AD plant installation, during operation. Therefore, there is a trade-off
however it is intrinsically dependant on the regulations between the setup and operational costs and the
of the country where the plant is installed and operated. expected biogas output of the plant.
Given the basic materials and construction techniques For the purpose of this study a capital cost of €25,000/
used in AD plants, economies of scale play a crucial tonne of daily feedstock input was used for sludge
role. In simple terms, the specific costs per unit energy AD installations given that this factor dominated the
production (e.g. €/MW) for biogas production and electricity output of the plant (in other words the
utilisation increased significantly with decreasing plant
6 SKM Enviros 2011 - Analysis of characteristics and growth
5 Ecofys 2005. Planning and Installing Bioenergy Systems assumptions regarding ad biogas combustion for heat,
80 - A guide for Installers, Architects and Engineers, 1st ed.

Earthscan Publications Ltd, London.
electricity and transport and biomethane production and
injection to the grid.
7.ECONOMICS OF AD USING WWTP OUTPUTS

sludge has relatively low energy output). The biogas
output is dependant on the efficiency and feedstock
of the plant. For high energy feed-stocks, such as crops
for example, the assumptions used above would be
misleading given that one would require minimal
dependant on the income from gate-fees and not just
the electricity generation.
The UK (and many other European countries) are now
experiencing much lower gate-fees, typically around
€30/ton due to a high demand for these wastes. In
7
feedstock to produce the same amount of biogas (and some cases investors are assuming a zero gate-fee
electricity) than the feedstock required from sludge to value to increase the robustness of the project viability.
make an equivalent amount of biogas. As sludge waste
has a considerably lower energy output compared to Transport: Transport costs of feedstocks and
the co-substrates, it is more appropriate to associate the return of digestate to the land can be an
the CAPEX to the daily throughput of the plant. extremely significant cost and if the transport
distance increases, the costs can escalate
7.2.2 Operational Costs of AD significantly. A recent experience in the UK, for
example, estimated a net cost of the digestate
Costs from a particular AD plant to be €15 per ton.
Although the digestate can provide valuable
The two most significant operating costs of an AD plant nutrients to farmland, including N, P and K
are the feed-stocks costs (positive or negative) and the (these are the most common agricultural
actual site operation and maintenance costs. The use fertilizers used) it has a very low dry matter
of slurry and farm waste will effectively provide “free” content (often as low as 3-7% DM) making it
biogas, but given its low gas yield per wet tonne of very expensive to transport.
feedstock, the size of the plant will need to be much
larger. As more slurry and farm waste needs to be This is also true for low energy yielding feedstocks such
handled to produce a respectable amount of energy, as manures and slurries. From UK experience, it is not
the transport costs will then also rise. In addition to this, recommended that manures are transported more
the increased digestate will also increase the transport than 5-6 km from source to site. Higher energy yielding
costs to remove it from site. Therefore although slurries co-substrates such as grease and fat can be transported
and manures may appear to be a good choice as a much greater distances as the energy (and cost) of
feedstock for AD, one should be careful not to over rely transport becomes more marginal.
on these feedstocks and eliminate any energy benefits
by having to transport from greater distances. The The sludge from WWTP in this report is assumed to have
typical sources of operational costs for AD installations a 10% Dry Matter (DM) concentration. Consequently
have been broken down below in the following the energy density of sludge for AD is extremely low
sections: and transport distances should be minimised as much
as possible.
Feedstocks: The cost of feedstock acquisition
can either be a burden for an AD developer or On-site energy costs: If the AD plant is running
an additional source of income. If co-substrates successfully, the onsite electrical and heat
such as energy crops, maize, sugar cane or demand should be zero. The electrical demand
wheat are used in order to increase the energy of a well-run AD plant should be between 2-5%
performance of the plant, these in turn will of the total electrical output. This will vary
have an acquisition cost associated to them. depending on:
Typically the higher energy yielding feedstocks
will have an associated acquisition cost for • The agitation technology adopted;
producing them. • The dry matter concentration within the fermenter;
• The type of pre-treatment and post-treatment
On the other hand waste feedstocks, such as the co- technologies adopted;
substrates mentioned in this report, would ultimately • The overall efficiency of the plant.
end in landfill sites if a suitable waste treatment
technology was not available. In some countries such as Heat will also be required for the fermenter and this
Germany where there is a total ban of organic material is typically in the range of 5-60% of total heat output
entering landfill, these feedstocks become an attractive from the plant. This energy is effectively free as it can
opportunity for AD. Landfill sites typically charge a be taken from the CHP cooling jacket. The heat demand
“gate-fee”. This gate-fee can then be charged by the AD will be dependent on a number of variables such as
operator if the material is avoiding the need to enter the dry matter and whether the plant is operated at
landfill. Typically, for example in the UK, the value of this mesophylic or thermophylic temperatures.
gate-fee has reached up to €87/ton. As a result of this,
the financial viability of waste-AD plants in the UK is Although waste heat from the engine can be

81
considered as a “free” source of energy, it can displace generated electricity will be treated similarly to any
the opportunity of using and selling the heat for other form of electricity generation (such as nuclear or
alternative demands. For example, if the plant is coal for example).
situated close to a high industrial energy user, the
waste heat could be sold and become an additional In common practice, feed in tariff (FIT) guarantees a
revenue stream. Consequently, it is important to reduce payment per unit of electricity produced for a number
the heat demand from the plant. of years (as long the producers continue to produce the
electricity). These tariffs can vary according to plant size
Maintenance and Repairs: Typically, the cost of and in the case of AD vary depending on the feedstock
maintaining an AD plant is around 2-3% of its capital used for biogas production, as is the case in Germany
value. The German industry believes these costs can be and the UK.
as high 4% of the total capital cost4. The maintenance of
the CHP generator should be accounted for separately. The use of feed in tariffs is widely used across Europe.
Engine suppliers will often sell O&M (Operation and Of the 27 EU member states, 70% operate using FITs.
Maintenance) contracts with performance guarantees Although FITs appears to be an attractive proposition,
calculated as a cost per kW electrical generation. Larger, there are risks and uncertainties associated with this
more efficient engines should cost around 1-1.23 policy support scheme. The issue of a fixed price over
Eurocent/kWh of electricity generated, whilst smaller a number of years could result in a deceleration of
or less efficient units can cost as much as 1.7 Eurocent/ technology development and efficiency improvement,
kWh. CHP will have a typical design life of 50-60,000 as financial income is secured.
hours and require a major rebuild after that time. This
might either be built into the support package provided 7.3.2 Heat
or at separate cost. The replacement of a CHP generator
every 6-8 years should be factored in when carrying out There are very few cases where countries are currently
financial modeling for AD projects. incentivising the production of renewable heat.
However this is now changing and more countries are
An analysis of 60 operational AD plants showed that introducing a “bonus” incentive for heat production.
maintenance costs (including spare parts and labor) Data from German AD plants showed that heat energy
can vary significantly7. These costs were found to be in Germany was rewarded financially under certain
between €4,000/year on a capital cost of just under circumstances. These included plants that were solely
€500,000 up to €72,000 on a capital cost of just below fed by either manures or energy crops. The cost
€1million. of renewable heat in these cases was found to be
between 4-6 €c/kWh depending on the plant scale. The
7.3 Revenue from AD percentage of the income derived from heat was found
to vary between 3-26% of total annual revenue.
There are four possible sources of revenue from AD
plants. These include the revenue from electricity 7.3.3 Transport Fuel
production, heat generation, biogas as a transport fuel
and the fertilizer properties of the digestate. Revenues Selling biogas as a transport fuel is extremely common
from selling the energy part of the AD process are in Sweden where the number of biogas vehicles
at present heavily dependent on national financial outnumbers the population of natural gas vehicles.
incentives available. There are, however, significant complexities and
additional capital investment to convert biogas into
7.3.1 Electricity a useable transport fuel. This technique can only
work with considerable government incentives and a
For countries where AD deployment is common, the relatively high cost of gasoline.
selling of electricity generated from the biogas can
often be broken down into two parts. These include 7.3.4 Displacement of Artificial
the revenue from a guaranteed Government financial Fertilizer (Via Digestate)
subsidy (often called a Feed-in Tariff ) and the revenue
from selling the electricity on the wholesale market. The financial value of digestate as a valuable fertilizer
The latter will often be a lower value compared to the can vary significantly depending on the farming
electricity price paid by end-user customers as the demand for this product. A study carried out in the UK
in 2006, for example, calculated a value of digestate
7 FNR 2005 Ergebnisse des Biogas-Messprogramms compared with the application of slurry and inorganic
(Scientific measurement programme for the evaluation of AD fertilizer that would have been applied to the field if
plants in the agricultural sector) Fachagentu Nachwachsende
82
there was no AD facility. This value was around €1.5/ton
Rohstoffe e.V. (Government Agency for Renewable Energy of digestate. This value only represented the difference
Resources), Gülzow, Germany

in nitrogen, potassium and phosphate composition (N,
P2O5, K2O respectively) between the digestate and
standard fertilizer techniques.
7.4 Economics assessment on identified

is approximately 730kW; this is also the same size CHP
rating for the sludge digestion AD plant. This example
highlights very clearly the energy benefits of adding
co-substrate due to the higher energy yields.
7
WWTP options The recommended scenario for this project is to plan
a co-digestion AD plant and then add the sludge
Project 1 from the nearby WWTP. The estimated capital cost of
a 100% sludge fed AD plant would be approximately
It is suggested that the Tripoli AD plant will also treat €5.5 million. Following the same calculation method
the additional wastes from Jbeil, Batroun and Chekka. the estimated capital cost of a co-substrate only fed AD
However as the Tripoli plant is already operating it is not plant would be between €1-2 million. However if the
possible to retrofit an expansion to accommodate the two feedstock streams were taken to a single AD plant
additional feedstock. It is also understood that current the total annual throughput would be around 100,000
plans are to treat the sludge through an incinerator. tons capable of generating around 1.5MW of electricity
If an additional standalone AD plant was installed on through CHP. The capital cost would be in the region
the Tripoli WWTP site which took in all the feedstock €6.3 million following the formula for economies of
from the three smaller sources it would require a scale.
design annual capacity of 2,694 DM tons/year. In order
to operate within an AD system the DM concentration Conclusion: The addition of co-substrate
would be a maximum of 10%. Therefore the design would increase biogas yields with nominal
annual capacity would be around 27,000 tons of sludge increase in capital costs. It is recommended to
per year. Based on this assumption the capital costs are add co-substrate as a feedstock to the plant.
estimated to be around €1.85million. The calculated
electrical output of the plant would be 250kW. Project 4
Conclusion: co-digestion is not recommended. It is recommended to plan an AD plant Sarafand where

No further assessment required. there is an available feedstock of just under 10,000 tons
per year of dry sludge (equivalent to a feed of 93,000
Project 2 tons per year assuming a 10% DM concentration). As
the neighboring WWTP are too small it is recommended
The suggested improvement for this project would be to transport the sludge feedstocks from these two
to transport the sludge from Tebnin & Chaqra to the plants to the main AD plant. This would require a total
planned AD plant at Sour. As the Sour WWTP is already annual throughput of just under 120,000 tons per year.
under construction it has not been recommended to This would equate to an estimated capital cost of €7.9
retrofit an expansion to this plant. million.
Given this information, a standalone additional AD plant The addition of co-substrate feedstocks is relatively
situation nearby to the Sour WWTP has been assessed. limited at around 9,100 tons per year. However, given
The design annual input for this plant would be around the high energy output of this feedstock it is estimated
24,000 tons per year with calculated electrical output of that it should generate around 450kW of electricity
200kW. The estimated capital cost of this plant would through a CHP. The estimated capital cost of this plant
be approximately €1.6million. as a standalone would be approximately €2 million. The
additional of 9,000 tons per year is very small compared
Conclusion: The extension of Sour AD plant to the sludge feedstock availability. Therefore by using
would be fed using additional sludge feedstock. the economies of scale formula the expected capital
The introduction of co-digestion at this stage is cost of co-digestion would be €8.3 million.
not possible. No further assessment required.
Conclusion: Given the limited sizes of Yahmor
Project 3 and Nabatiyeh it is recommended that a
centralised AD plant is installed at Sarafand
The recommendation for this site is to design an AD capable of taking all the available feedstocks.
plant using local substrates and add the sewage sludge Given the high energy output of the co-
from the WWTP – the total sewage sludge available substrates it is recommended that co-digestion
from these three plants would be around 80,000 tons is preferred.
per year (fresh feedstock). The co-substrate feedstock
would equate to around 20,000 tons per year. The
calculated electrical output of a co-digestion AD plant

83
Project 5 WWTP, in which case the fermenter size, the digestate
storage tank and the CHP size would need to increase.
It is recommended to install an AD plant at the Saida These additions would pose a minimal increase to
WWTP with the supplement of local co-substrates capital investment and using the economies of scale
and sludge produced at nearby WWTP. The total method the expected total capital expenditure would
annual throughput of the WWTP is calculated to be be around €8.1 million.
approximately 140,000 tons per year. Given the amount
of feedstock required it is calculated that the capital Conclusion: It is recommended that the use of
cost of this plant would be around €9.3 million. co-digestion is implemented to this project.
The co-substrate addition is very limited on this project Project 7

compared to the amount of sludge that is expected to
be treated. Consequently, using the economies of scale It is recommended to introduce co-substrates to
method the estimated capital expenditure with co- the existing sludge availability from the proposed
digestion would be around €9.6 million. The estimated WWTPs. The total capacity from the WWTP sludge
co-substrate feedstock is approximately 7,000 tons per is approximately 60,000 tons per year capable of
year. However as the co-substrate feedstock contains generating just under 500kW of electricity through a
slaughterhouse waste, grease, wheat and other oil CHP. The estimated capital cost of this plant would be
residues, its energy output per ton of feedstock is approximately €3.9 million.
extremely high (in fact the highest per ton of material
for any of the projects). A useful metric for comparing The introduction of co-substrates in the other projects
the performance of co-substrate is to divide the CHP above were found to be extremely favorable in terms of
rating by the daily tonnage throughput giving a kW/ maximizing energy output from the plant with minimal
ton efficiency. The co-substrate for this project could capital cost additional investment. This was due to the
generate around 22 kW/ton of daily material fed. The relatively high performance metric of the co-substrate
other projects in this report have been calculated to be of up to 22kW/ton of daily loaded material in some
between 13-17 kW/ton. cases.
For this reason it would be favorable to simply add
this feedstock into the total sludge available from the The issue identified with this particular project is that
WWTPs. This would equate to an annual throughput the low energy output of the co-substrate per ton of co-
of around 150,000 tons with a total electrical rating substrate added (the metric in this example is as low as
of 1.7MW. Given the large capital cost associated with 10 kW/ton of daily material added. Adding this amount
treating all the sludge through an AD plant it is not of co-substrate would require around 65% more
expected that the addition of another 7,000 tons per fermenter and digestate storage and an additional CHP
year of feedstock would require any more significant unit rated at 1,000kW.
investment.
The total estimated capital cost of a combined
Conclusion: It is recommended that co- co-substrate fed plant would require an annual
digestion is included to this AD plant given throughput of approximately 260/tons per day (or just
the extremely high energy output of the co- under 100,000 tons per year). This would equate to an
substrate. estimated capital cost of €5.3 million.
Project 6 Conclusion: It is recommended that certain

co-substrates are introduced to this project. It is
The recommendations put forward for this project are not recommended to use liquid cattle manure
very similar to the prior project. It is therefore suggested as a co-substrate due to its low energy potential
to treat all the sludge from the two WWTPs under a and considerable daily tonnage availability.
single AD plant installation (treating a total of 110,000
tons per year) with calculated capital investment of 7.5 Operating Costs and Returns from
€7.4 million. electricity displacement
The availability of co-substrate means there is At this preliminary stage it is difficult to ascertain the
approximately 18,000 tons per year at the disposal exact operational costs associated with these projects.
of AD treatment. Installing a standalone AD plant for However a rule of thumb technique should be used
this quantity of material, producing around 770kW of allowing around 2-4% of the total capital cost to be
electrical output, would require a capital investment in allocated to maintenance costs4. Assuming an average
84
the region of €5.65 million. However it is recommended life of 20 years, the operation and maintenance costs as
that this material is added to the sludge from the a percentage of capital costs was around 8-14%.

The revenue from electricity sales on the wholesale
market alone is usually not enough to offer an
attractive return for investment opportunities for
renewable technologies. In countries where AD is
being highly deployed it is evident that the payback of
What can be deduced is that by adding a co-substrate
to the sludge AD system will reduce the payback period
significantly ranging from 20-60% reduction. All of the
projects suggested to have co-digestion improved their
payback period dramatically. Interestingly however,
7
this technology is made attractive by the introduction Project 7, where it was suggested that only part of the
of incentives such as an electrical feed-in tariff (FIT). co-substrate were used for co-digestion purposes (i.e.
Germany for example has a FIT ranging between 8-22 to remove the liquid manure as a substrate) performed
Eurocent/kWh, whilst the UK has FIT ranging from the best in terms of lowering the payback period time.
9-15p/kWh (11-17 Eurocent/kWh). A country which has This was due to the amount of co-digestion being more
recently experienced a boom of AD installation (around than the sludge itself. As a result it is still recommended
500MW installed over the past 2 years) has been Italy to remove the lower performing feedstocks from the
where the Government incentivised the production co-substrate feedstock list in order to maximize the
of electricity from AD with 28 Eurocent/kWh for up to efficiency of the plant.
1MW plants.
The economics of the energy valorization from
These incentive levels are significantly higher than the WWTPs can also be presented in terms of the
current electricity wholesale prices which are, for levelised costs of electricity, assuming a zero value for
example, around 5-7 Eurocent/kWh in the UK. Yet the heat generated (therefore adopting a conservative
average cost of energy in Lebanon is $c26/kWh, and assumption). Adopting an 8% interest rate and an
therefore these sources are relatively competitive using assumed lifetime of 15 years, Table 43 presents the
current values. results.
7.5.1 Expected simple payback of

projects
The current industrial electricity prices for Lebanon

have been obtained from Electricité du Liban8 and have
been used to assess the basic payback of the capital
investment from the annual returns (gross will be used
for simplicity). This will be applied to the projects that
have been earmarked for co-digestion.
Project CAPEX Electricity Revenue/year Payback (yrs)

Generation kWh
Project 3 WWTP € 5,535,000 5,961,592 € 344,640 16
Project 3 Co-dig € 6,320,530 11,809,720 € 682,720 9
Project 4 WWTP € 7,925,244 8,840,598 € 511,075 16
Project 4 Co-dig € 8,287,734 12,340,056 € 713,379 12
Project 5 WWTP € 9,273,863 10,652,801 € 615,838 15
Project 5 Co-dig € 9,550,153 13,984,145 € 808,423 12
Project 6 WWTP € 7,396,849 8,240,278 € 476,370 16
Project 6 Co-dig € 8,079,675 14,374,669 € 831,000 10
Project 7 WWTP € 3,939,370 3,919,844 € 226,606 17
Project 7 Co-dig € 5,320,316 12,642,687 € 730,874 7
Table 42. Simple payback period of the projects
As can be seen from the Table 42 above, without a

financial incentive to generate clean renewable energy
from AD in Lebanon the payback periods are not
favorable. These payback periods are calculated using
gross revenue from the AD plant.
85
8 Electricité du Liban: http://www.edl.gov.lb/AboutEDL.
htm#5

Project 3 Project 4 Project 5
Without With Without With Without With
Co-digestion Co-digestion Co-digestion Co-digestion Co-digestion Co-digestion
19.7 8.7 16.1 10.6 15.6 10.7
Project 6 Project 7
Without With Co- Without Co- With Co-
Co-digestion digestion digestion digestion
16.2 9.0 7.7 7.1
Table 43. Levelised electricity costs of energy from 5 WWTPS in Lebanon
Table 43 shows that all scenarios are below the current average generation costs of the Lebanese electricity system.
However, combining co-digestion delivers a much better levelised cost estimate.
7.6 Concluding Remarks on Economics
The capital cost of AD installations is dominated by the basic consumption of primary materials such as concrete
and steel and civil engineering construction costs. As these costs are very well established and unlikely to reduce
over time, AD as a renewable technology is different from other technologies such as PV, solar thermal or even
wind, where the costs of materials and labor have gradually reduced over the past years.
Government placed financial incentives for generating renewable energy dominates the European market. In
many cases the capital cost of these technologies are intrinsically linked to these incentives and there have been
cases in Europe where, for example, the cost for the same 1MW AD plant is different from one country to another.
Consequently, it is very difficult to determine the true cost of deployment for this technology in a country where
there are at present no financial incentives.
What is clear is that due to the low energy output of sludge from WWTPs it is vital that AD plants using this as a
primary feedstock need to be supplemented with co-substrates such as food and farming wastes. Co-substrate
selection should however be limited to only high-energy yielding materials such as oily residues, wheat residues,
agro-food products, grease, slaughterhouse waste and some manure. Feedstocks such as liquid cattle manure
which are only able to generate around 25m3/ton of feedstock should not be considered suitable as a co-substrate
feedstock for AD.
86
conclusion
8
8. Conclusion
Through the available data collected, this study has
identified five WWTPs that meet the condition to
implement at least a sludge AD, i.e., Sour, Aabde,
Bekaa region has been developed based on the sludge
produced in three WTTPs and co-substrates, mainly
from the main Lebanese milk processing facility.
The feasibility of collection and transport of these
co-substrates in the region needs to be studied and
8
Sarafand, Saida and Majdal Anjar. An AD unit has evaluated.
already been implemented in Tripoli. Based on the National Bioenergy Strategy, co-
substrates, such as manure, agricultural residues and
Altogether, the total primary energy expected from agro-food industries co-products, have been selected
these six plants is estimated at 143,000 MWh, for an according to the regional production and the estimated
installed electrical power of 5.9 MW, split as follows availability.
(depending on the valorization method):
• Energy production through co-generation: The addition of sludge from small to medium WWTP
-- Electricity: 56,000 MWh/year and co-substrates allows an average increase in energy
-- Heat: 58,700 MWh/year. production of 70% compared to the digestion of sludge
• Electricity production only: 56,000 MWh/year only, for an installed electrical power of 11.6 MW. The
• Heat production only: 121,800 MWh/year total primary energy is estimated at 237,700 MWh, split
as follows (depending on the valorization method):
The anaerobic digestion of sludge allows the
production, on average, of 75% of the WWTP’s electrical Energy production through co-generation:
consumption. Heat production can be added to this in Electricity: 92,700 MWh/year
case of co-generation engines. Heat: 97,400 MWh/year.
The sludge AD of these six WWTPs allows the reduction Electricity production only: 92,700 MWh/year
of greenhouse gas emissions by approximately 20,500 Heat production only: 202 100 MWh/year
tons of CO2 equivalent, compared to the use of natural
gas.
Primary Energy production Electricity Heat Electrical

Energy through CHP production production Power
onlyproduction only
only MWh/year
MWh/year MWh/
year
Tripoli WWTP 56,197,532 21,917 23,041 21,917 47,768 2.74
Sour WWTP 14,305,358 5,579 5,865 5,579 12,160 0.70
Aabde WWTP 10,585,965 4,129 4,340 4,129 8,998 0.52
Sarafand WWTP 18,596,966 7,253 7,625 7,253 15,807 0.91
Saida WWTP 22,316,359 8,703 9,150 8,703 18,969 1.09
Majdal Anjar WWTP 17,166,430 6,695 7,038 6,695 14,591 0.84
TOTAL 139,168,610 54,276 57,059 54,276 118,293 6,78
Table 44: Total energy production from sludge AD projects
To increase the energy production and enable WWTPs

to reduce their fossil fuel energy consumption, co-
digestion scenarios, with local co-substrates and sludge
produced in nearby WWTPs, have been developed.
The implementation of Sludge Anaerobic Digestion in

small to medium WWTP is not economically viable. The
final disposal of the sludge is currently planned to go
for landfilling. Therefore it is recommended to treat this
sludge in a large scale WWTP equipped with AD.
89
Additionally, a co-digestion platform scenario in the

Primary Energy production Electricity Heat Electrical
Energy through CHP production production Power
only only
MWh/year MWh/year
Tripoli Project 61,455,882 23,968 25,197 23,968 52,238 3.00
Sour Project 18,505,290 7,217 7,587 7,217 15,729 0.90
Aabde Project 28,232,775 11,011 11,575 11,011 23,998 1.38
Sarafand Project 30,567,253 11,921 12,533 11,921 25,982 1.49
Saida Project 34,898,904 13,611 14,309 13,611 29,664 1.70
Majdal Anjar Project 34,898,904 13,611 14,309 13,611 29,664 1.70
Bekaa Project 29,218,369 11,395 11,980 11,395 24,836 1.42
TOTAL 237,777,377 92,733 97,489 92,733 202,111 11.59
Table 45: Total energy production from co-digestion projects
Altogether, these seven projects allow the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by approximately 35,000 tons
of CO2 equivalent, compared to the use of natural gas.
As shown in Table 44, the increase in energy production will permit the WWTPs to be self-sufficient in terms of
electricity and even produce it in excess.
Electricity consumption Co-digestion project

estimate
MWh/year % of electricity consumption produced
Tripoli WWTP 28,800 83
Sour WWTP 7,250 100
Aabde WWTP 5,365 205
Sarafand WWTP 9,425 126
Saida WWTP 11,310 120
Majdal Anjar WWTP 8,700 156
Table 46: Percentage of WWTPs electricity consumption produced through co-digestion
The energy production of these seven projects could represent 3% to 4% of the national
bioenergy potential identified in the Bioenergy Strategy Plan.
The economics of the energy valorization from the WWTPs have been presented in terms of payback period and
the levelised costs of electricity, assuming a zero value for heat generated (therefore adopting a conservative
assumption). Adopting an 8% interest rate and an assumed lifetime of 15 years, the levelised costs resulted in
favorable values relative to the current average generation costs for electricity in Lebanon. In terms of payback
period, only when co-digestion is included would the payback periods of the various projects be acceptable.
90
8. CONCLUSION
Disclaimer
The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not
necessarily represent those of the Ministry of Energy and Water or the United Nations Development Programme
(UNDP). The Consultant does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this report. The boundaries, colors,
denominations, and other information shown on maps and images in this work do not imply any judgment on
the part of the Consultant or UNDP concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance
of such boundaries. The Ministry of Energy and Water, the United Nations Development Programme and the
Consultant assume no responsibility of any kind for the use that may be made of the information contained in this
report.”

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Energy from Wastewater Sewage Sludge in Lebanon;

‘Transforming a Waste Disposal Problem into an

For further information:

Layout and Artwork: Layal Attieh

The report is divided into the following chapters with

• Chapter 1 indicates the methodology used for this

-- For large-scale plants (>200,000 Population

• Electricity: 92,700 MWh/year

Energy from Wastewater Sludge - Lebanon UNDP-CEDRO Project

Primary Energy Electricity Heat Electrical

Table II. Main energy output findings

PROJECT CAPEX Annual Electricity Revenue/year Payback (yrs)

CONTEXT of the Study 16

14 6.2.1 Tripoli Sludge production at nominal and biogas production 55

Table 1: List of WWTP Projects 21

Energy from Wastewater Sludge - Lebanon UNDP-CEDRO Project

Figure 1: Pre-treatment diagram 25

In coordination with the MEW and the CDR, the

INITIAL SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The energy potential from sludge production was

- Review and comment on the analysis being made by

The feasibility assessment was limited to a maximum of

The list of the 30 Wastewater treatment plants should

This study elaborated the list of WWTP projects

-- Council for Development and Reconstruction,

Following the different meetings and interviews

Furthermore, only a few WWTPs are ready for

Within this context, the scope of the study has been

- WWTPs data collection:

-- Council for Development and Reconstruction,

Table 1 shows the list of WWTP projects.

N° Location Caza Size of WWTP N° Location Caza Size of WWTP

Population 13 Laboueh Baalbek- 47,000 – 53,000

-- Physical analysis of the WWTP site and

The questionnaire template is presented in the

1.3. Analysis tool for project ranking

An analysis tool has been designed to analyze the

The analysis tool is a qualitative scorecard with a

• The analysis tool is divided into different crucial

Energy from Wastewater Sludge - Lebanon UNDP-CEDRO Project

This chapter can be found as a softcopy in Appendix 1.

Urban wastewater sewers carry a wide range of matter.

-- Water lifting systems

The following constitute the pre-treatment operations

Grease is the only by-product from the pre-treatment

Grit classifier Grit

Figure 1: Pre-treatment diagram

Energy from Wastewater Sludge - Lebanon UNDP-CEDRO Project

Three kinds of wastewater treatment processes are used in Lebanon:

-- Primary treatment and biological treatment for large scale plants;

Primary settling tanks Sludge static

Biological treatment Sludge mixing tank Anaerobic digesters

Secondary clarifiers Biological sludge

Figure 2: Large scale WWTP diagram (>200,000 PE)

Pre-treatment (screens, grit, grease) Grease

UV treatment Biological sludge thickening

Treated Water Sludge Dewatering

Figure 3: Medium / small scale WWTP diagram

Lamellar primary settling tanks