AP PHYSICS 2 Scoring Guide

AP PHYSICS 2 Scoring Guide

unit 1 summative frq
1.
A cube of mass m and side length L is completely submerged in a tank of water and is attached to the bottom of
the tank by a string, as shown in the figure above. The tension in the string is 0.25 times the weight of the cube.
The density of water is 1000 kg/m3.
(a) On the dot below that represents the cube, draw and label the forces (not components) that act on the cube
while it is attached to the string. Each force must be represented by a distinct arrow starting on, and pointing away
from, the dot.
(b) Calculate the density of the cube.
(c) The string is now cut. Calculate the magnitude of the acceleration of the cube immediately after the string is
cut. If you need to draw anything other than what you have shown in part (a) to assist in your solution, use the
space below. Do NOT add anything to the figure in part (a).
(d) Indicate whether the magnitude of the buoyant force on the cube increases, decreases, or remains the same
while the cube is rising, but before it reaches the surface.
____Increases ____ Decreases ____ Remains the same
Justify your answer
Part A
1 point(s) earned for: showing the three force vectors for buoyancy, weight (gravity), and tension
AP Physics 2 Page 1 of 78
Scoring Guide
1 point(s) earned for: showing all the forces labeled and in the correct direction
One point is deducted if either or both of the following occur:
• Any other forces are indicated
• Any vector does not both touch and point away from the dot
0 1 2
The student earns two of the following points:
1 point(s) earned for: showing the three force vectors for buoyancy, weight (gravity), and tension
1 point(s) earned for: showing all the forces labeled and in the correct direction
One point is deducted if either or both of the following occur:
• Any other forces are indicated
• Any vector does not both touch and point away from the dot
Part B
1 point(s) earned for: using Newton’s second law to sum the forces in the vertical direction
FB - FT - Fg = 0
FB = Fg + FT
1 point(s) earned for: equating the buoyant force with the weight of displaced water, and expressing this weight in terms
of density, volume, and g
FB = Fg + 0.25 Fg = 1.125 Fg
pwVcubeg = 1.25mg
(1000 kg/m3)Vcube = 1.25m
Page 2 of 78 AP Physics 2
Scoring Guide
1 point(s) earned for: solving the equation to get a correct answer with units
(1000 kg/m3) / 1.25 = m/Vcube
800 kg/m3 = pcube
Alternate solution
Answer based on direct comparison of densities of water and the cube: since the buoyant force on the cube only depends
on the density of water, and the net downward force only depends on the density of the cube, the ratio of densities can be
determined.
2 point(s) earned for: correctly substituting density and mass and determining the ratio of densities
pwV = m + 0.25m = 1.25m
pw = 1.25pcube
Note: 2 points will be awarded for correctly writing down the ratio of the densities even without showing any
work
1 point(s) earned for: the correct answer
pcube = pw / 1.25 = (1000 kg/m3)/1.25 = 800 kg/m3
0 1 2 3
The student earns three of the following points:
1 point(s) earned for: using Newton’s second law to sum the forces in the vertical direction
FB - FT - Fg = 0
FB = Fg + FT
1 point(s) earned for: equating the buoyant force with the weight of displaced water, and expressing this weight in terms
of density, volume, and g
FB = Fg + 0.25 Fg = 1.125 Fg
pwVcubeg = 1.25mg
(1000 kg/m3)Vcube = 1.25m
1 point(s) earned for: solving the equation to get a correct answer with units
(1000 kg/m3) / 1.25 = m/Vcube
800 kg/m3 = pcube
Scoring Guide
Alternate solution
Answer based on direct comparison of densities of water and the cube: since the buoyant force on the cube only depends
on the density of water, and the net downward force only depends on the density of the cube, the ratio of densities can be
determined.
2 point(s) earned for: correctly substituting density and mass and determining the ratio of densities
pwV = m + 0.25m = 1.25m
pw = 1.25pcube
Note: 2 points will be awarded for correctly writing down the ratio of the densities even without showing any
work
pcube = pw / 1.25 = (1000 kg/m3)/1.25 = 800 kg/m3
Part C
1 point(s) earned for: any use of Newton’s second law to sum the forces in the vertical direction
Fnet = ma = FB - Fg
1 point(s) earned for: correct substitution
ma = 1.25Fg - Fg = 0.25mg
a = 0.25g
or
1 point(s) earned for: calculating a correct answer, with units
a = 2.5 m/s2
0 1 2 3
Scoring Guide
1 point(s) earned for: any use of Newton’s second law to sum the forces in the vertical direction
Fnet = ma = FB - Fg
1 point(s) earned for: correct substitution
ma = 1.25Fg - Fg = 0.25mg
a = 0.25g
or
1 point(s) earned for: calculating a correct answer, with units
a = 2.5 m/s2
Part D
1 point(s) earned for: selecting “Remains the same”
1 point(s) earned for: providing a correct explanation
Example: FB relates to density, volume, and g, none of which change.
Note: If the wrong choice is selected, the explanation is not considered and no points are awarded.
0 1 2
1 point(s) earned for: selecting “Remains the same”
1 point(s) earned for: providing a correct explanation
Example: FB relates to density, volume, and g, none of which change.
Note: If the wrong choice is selected, the explanation is not considered and no points are awarded.
Scoring Guide
2. This question is a short free-response question. Show your work for each part of the question. (10 points,
suggested time 15 minutes)
Cylinders X and Y shown above are each partially filled to the same height with an incompressible oil of
density . Cylinder X has a cross-sectional area of and cylinder Y has a cross-sectional area of , where
. Each cylinder is sealed by a piston that can move with negligible friction. The pistons have the same
density and thickness. The piston in cylinder X has mass and the piston in cylinder Y has mass . The
atmospheric pressure is .
(a) Compare the absolute pressure at the bottom of cylinders X and Y. Justify your answer.
(b) Is the downward force exerted on the bottom of cylinder X by the oil greater than, less than, or equal to the
downward force exerted on the bottom of cylinder Y by the oil? Explicitly indicate if a comparison cannot be
made. Justify your answer using physics principles.
(c) Determine an expression for the downward force exerted on the bottom of cylinder X in terms of the given
quantities and physical constants, as appropriate.
Scoring Guide
Cylinders X and Y are then connected by a pipe that is small enough so that the amount of oil the pipe contains is
negligible. The piston above cylinder X is removed. The system comes to rest with the height of oil in each
cylinder at the positions shown, where the original height is indicated on each cylinder.
(d) In a clear, coherent paragraph-length response, use concepts of pressure and forces to explain why the system
comes to rest with the oil at the heights shown. Include an explanation of why the displacements of the oil levels
from the height are different for the two cylinders.
Part A
Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.
0 1 2
The response accurately includes both of the following criteria.
1 point is earned for indicating that with an attempt at a justification.

1 point is earned for a correct justification addressing contributions due to any two of the oil, pistons, and
atmosphere.
Example Response:
The pressure at the bottom is atmospheric pressure plus the pressure due to the pistons and oil. Since the density and
height of the oil is the same, and so are the density and thickness of the pistons, the pressure due to the pistons and oil are
the same.
Part B
0 1
The response accurately includes:
1 point is earned for a correct response or one consistent with the previous answer.
Example Response:
Force is pressure times area. Applying this principle to the situation, cylinder X has a greater area, so there is a greater
force on its bottom.
OR
Scoring Guide
Greater than, because Cylinder X has a larger mass (or volume) of oil.
Part C
Note: A maximum of 1 point is earned if there are any extraneous terms or if the incorrect equation for force is used, e.g.,
.
0 1 2
1 point is earned for including a correct term for the pressure contribution of any one contribution from
the fluid, piston, or atmosphere.
1 point is earned for including correct terms for the other two pressure contributions from the fluid,
piston, or atmosphere.
Example Response:
Part D
0 1 2 3 4 5
The response accurately includes all of the following criteria.
1 point is earned for indicating that at equilibrium the pressures exerted on the bottoms of the cylinders
(or at the same height within the oil) must be equal, in the context of attempting to address the removal of
the piston.
1 point is earned for indicating that removing the piston’s mass from cylinder X will decrease the
pressure or force at the bottom of cylinder X.
1 point is earned for indicating that to compensate for the change in pressure, the height of oil on the left
must increase and the height on the right must decrease.
1 point is earned for indicating that the change in volume must be the same for both cylinders and the
cross-sectional area of cylinder X is greater, so the change of height in cylinder X is less.
1 point is earned for a logical, relevant, and internally consistent argument that addresses the question
asked and follows the guidelines described in the published requirements for the paragraph-length
response.
Example Response:
Scoring Guide
The piston reaches equilibrium when the pressure at the bottom of the cylinders is the same. Removing the piston
decreases the force, and thus the pressure, at the bottom of cylinder X. To compensate, oil moves from cylinder Y to
cylinder X until the pressure is again the same at the bottom of the cylinders. Since the area of cylinder X is larger, the
top of the oil in cylinder X moves a smaller distance than piston Y for the same volume change.
Scoring Guide
Cylinders X and Y shown above are each partially filled to different heights with an incompressible oil of density
. The height of oil in cylinder X is greater than the height of oil in cylinder Y. Cylinder X has a cross-
sectional area of and cylinder Y has a cross-sectional area of where . The atmospheric pressure
is .
(a) Compare the absolute pressure at the bottom of cylinders X and Y. Justify your answer.
(b) Is the downward force exerted on the bottom of cylinder X by the oil greater than, less than, or equal to the
downward force exerted on the bottom of cylinder Y by the oil? Explicitly indicate if a comparison cannot be
made. Justify your answer using physics principles.
(c) Determine an expression for the downward force exerted on the bottom of cylinder X in terms of the given
quantities and physical constants, as appropriate.
Scoring Guide
Cylinders X and Y are then connected by a pipe, as shown above, that is small enough that the amount of oil the
pipe contains is negligible. Cylinder X is sealed by a piston of mass that can move with negligible friction. The
system comes to rest with the height of oil in each cylinder at the positions shown, where and are the
original heights.
(d) In a clear, coherent paragraph-length response, use concepts of pressure and forces to explain why the system
comes to rest with the oil at the heights shown. Include an explanation of why the displacements of the oil levels
from their original heights are different for the two cylinders.
Part A
0 1 2
1 point is earned for indicating that , with an attempt at a justification.

1 point is earned for a correct justification addressing contributions due to the oil and atmosphere.
Example Response:
The pressure at the bottom is atmospheric pressure plus the pressure due to the oil which depends on its height. The
height of oil is greater in cylinder X, so the pressure there is greater.
Part B
Scoring Guide
Note: If response to (a) is Y has greater pressure, then this response should indicate that a comparison cannot be made.
0 1
1 point is earned for a correct response or one consistent with the previous answer.
Example Response:
Force is pressure times area. Applying this principle to the situation, cylinder X has a greater pressure and a greater
area, so there is a greater force on its bottom.
OR
The downward force on the bottom of Cylinder X by the oil is greater than the downward force on the bottom of Cylinder
Y of the oil because Cylinder X has a larger mass (or volume) of oil.
Part C
Note: A maximum of 1 point is earned if there are any extraneous terms, or if incorrect form is used for force, e.g.
. A response using generic variables h and A can earn a maximum of 1 point.
0 1 2
1 point is earned for including a correct term for the pressure contribution of the fluid.
1 point is earned for including a correct term for the pressure contribution of the atmosphere.
Example Response:
Part D
Scoring Guide
0 1 2 3 4 5
1 point is earned for indicating that at equilibrium the pressures exerted on the bottoms of the cylinders
(or at the same height within the oil) must be equal, in the context of attempting to address the addition of
the piston.
1 point is earned for indicating that adding the piston’s mass to the left side will increase the pressure or
force at the bottom of cylinder X.
1 point is earned for indicating that to compensate for the increase in pressure, the height of oil on the left
must decrease and the height on the right must increase.
1 point is earned for indicating that the change in volume must be the same for both cylinders and the
cross-sectional area of cylinder Y is less, so the change of height in cylinder Y is greater.
response.
Example Response:
The pistons reach equilibrium when the pressure at the bottom of the cylinders is the same. Adding the piston increases
the force, and thus the pressure, at the bottom of cylinder X. To compensate, oil moves from cylinder X to cylinder Y until
the pressure is again the same at the bottom of the cylinders. Since the area of cylinder Y is smaller, oil in cylinder Y
moves a larger distance than oil in cylinder X for the same volume change.
4. A diver descends from a salvage ship to the ocean floor at a depth of 35 m below the surface. The density of ocean
water is 1.025 x 103 kg/m3.
(a) Calculate the gauge pressure on the diver on the ocean floor.
(b) Calculate the absolute pressure on the diver on the ocean floor.
The diver finds a rectangular aluminum plate having dimensions 1.0m x 2.0m x 0.03m. A hoisting cable is
lowered from the ship and the diver connects it to the plate. The density of aluminum is 2.7 x 103kg/m3. Ignore
the effects of viscosity.
(c) Calculate the tension in the cable if it lifts the plate upward at a slow, constant velocity.
(d) Will the tension in the hoisting cable increase, decrease, or remain the same if the plate accelerates upward at
0.05 m/s2?
____Increase ____decrease ___remain the same
Explain your reasoning
Scoring Guide
Part A
1 point(s) earned: For any correct indication of the relation between pressure difference and depth in either part (a) or
part (b)
P-P0 = pgh
Gauge pressure is equal to the pressure difference from the surface to the given depth
Pgauge =
1 point(s) earned: For the correct answer
Pgauge = 3.5 x 105 Pa
0 1 2
1 point(s) earned: For any correct indication of the relation between pressure difference and depth in either part (a) or
part (b)
P-P0 = pgh
Gauge pressure is equal to the pressure difference from the surface to the given depth
Pgauge =
Pgauge = 3.5 x 105 Pa
Part B
1 point(s) earned: For any indication, in words or with a calculation, that absolute pressure is the gauge pressure
calculated above plus atmospheric pressure
Scoring Guide
0 1
The student earns one of the following points:
1 point(s) earned: For any indication, in words or with a calculation, that absolute pressure is the gauge pressure
calculated above plus atmospheric pressure
Part C
1 point(s) earned: For any indication that the plate is in equilibrium
T+Fbuoy-mg=0 (other statements such as a=0 or ∑F=0 also acceptable)
1 point(s) earned: For substituting correct values into the relations for the mass or weight ofthe plate
1 point(s) earned: For indicating the existence of an upward buoyant force, using a diagram, an arrow, or an equation in
which the buoyant force has the opposite sign of the plate's weight
1 point(s) earned: For substituting the density of the fluid into the appropriate relation for the mass of the displaced fluid
or the buoyant force
Solving for the tension and substituting:
T=mg-Fbouy = 1.6 x 103 N-6.0 x 102 N
T = 1.0 x 103 N (or 9.9 x 102 N using g = 10 m/s2)
0 1 2 3 4 5
The student earns five of the following points:
1 point(s) earned: For any indication that the plate is in equilibrium
T+Fbuoy-mg=0 (other statements such as a=0 or ∑F=0 also acceptable)
Scoring Guide
1 point(s) earned: For substituting correct values into the relations for the mass or weight ofthe plate
1 point(s) earned: For indicating the existence of an upward buoyant force, using a diagram, an arrow, or an equation in
which the buoyant force has the opposite sign of the plate's weight
1 point(s) earned: For substituting the density of the fluid into the appropriate relation for the mass of the displaced fluid
or the buoyant force
Solving for the tension and substituting:
T=mg-Fbouy = 1.6 x 103 N-6.0 x 102 N
T = 1.0 x 103 N (or 9.9 x 102 N using g = 10 m/s2)
Part D
1 point(s) earned:For checking``increase''
1 point(s) earned: For a valid explanation
Example: In (c) the net force is zero, but to accelerate there must be a non-zero net force. Since the weight and the
buoyant force are fixed, the tension must be greater to have a non-zero net force upward.
Note: A valid explanation is not one that merely restates the conclusion that the tension
increases when the plate accelerates. It must go further by referring to Newton's second law and the fact that the net force
must be upward when the plate accelerates upward.
Alternate interpretation
Some students clearly interpreted the question to be referring to a change in the tension over time, rather than a change
with respect to the situation in part (c). Ifthe student checked ``remains the same'' and gave an explanation stating that a
constant acceleration implies a constant force, they were awarded 2 points.
0 1 2
1 point(s) earned:For checking``increase''
1 point(s) earned: For a valid explanation
Scoring Guide
Example: In (c) the net force is zero, but to accelerate there must be a non-zero net force. Since the weight and the
buoyant force are fixed, the tension must be greater to have a non-zero net force upward.
Note: A valid explanation is not one that merely restates the conclusion that the tension
increases when the plate accelerates. It must go further by referring to Newton's second law and the fact that the net force
must be upward when the plate accelerates upward.
Alternate interpretation
Some students clearly interpreted the question to be referring to a change in the tension over time, rather than a change
with respect to the situation in part (c). Ifthe student checked ``remains the same'' and gave an explanation stating that a
constant acceleration implies a constant force, they were awarded 2 points.
5.
A drinking fountain projects water at an initial angle of 50° above the horizontal, and the water reaches a
maximum height of 0.150 m above the point of exit. Assume air resistance is negligible.
(a) Calculate the speed at which the water leaves the fountain.
(b) The radius of the fountain’s exit hole is 4.00 x 10-3m. Calculate the volume rate of flow of the water.
(c) The fountain is fed by a pipe that at one point has a radius of 7.00 x 10-3 m and is 3.00 m below the fountain’s
opening. The density of water is 1.0 x 103 kg/m3. Calculate the gauge pressure in the feeder pipe at this point.
Part A
1 point(s) earned: For a correct application of kinematics to the vertical motion
1 point(s) earned: For correctly expressing the vertical component of the initial velocity
vy0 = v0sin50o
1 point(s) earned: For a correct solution
Scoring Guide
v0 = 2.24 m/s (or 2.26 m/s using g = 10 m/s2)
0 1 2 3
1 point(s) earned: For a correct application of kinematics to the vertical motion
1 point(s) earned: For correctly expressing the vertical component of the initial velocity
vy0 = v0sin50o
1 point(s) earned: For a correct solution
v0 = 2.24 m/s (or 2.26 m/s using g = 10 m/s2)
Part B
1 point(s) earned: For a correct expression for the volume flow rate, using an area of πr02
Volume flow rate = A0v0 = πr02v0
1 point(s) earned: For a correct solution with correct units, consistent with v0 found in part (a)
Volume flow rate = π(4.00 x 10-3 m)2 (2.24 m/s)
Volume flow rate = 1.13 x 10-4 m3/s
0 1 2
1 point(s) earned: For a correct expression for the volume flow rate, using an area of πr02
Scoring Guide
Volume flow rate = A0v0 = πr02v0
1 point(s) earned: For a correct solution with correct units, consistent with v0 found in part (a)
Volume flow rate = π(4.00 x 10-3 m)2 (2.24 m/s)
Volume flow rate = 1.13 x 10-4 m3/s
Part C
1 point(s) earned: For a correct expression for the water velocity in the feeder pipe with substitutions consistent with
previous work
A0v0 = Apvp
1 point(s) earned: For a correctly calculated answer consistent with previous work
vp = 0.731 m/s (or vp = 0.738)
1 point(s) earned: For a correct expression of Bernoulli’s equation
1 point(s) earned: For consistent/correct substitutions of heights and velocities
1 point(s) earned: For correctly accounting for atmospheric pressure (with no obvious algebraic errors) leading to an
answer
P0 is atmospheric pressure, and PP = P0 + Pgauge
Pgauge = Pp − P0 = 3.16 x 104 Pa ( or 3.23 x 104 Pa)
0 1 2 3 4 5
The student earns five of the following points:
1 point(s) earned: For a correct expression for the water velocity in the feeder pipe with substitutions consistent with
previous work
A0v0 = Apvp
Scoring Guide
1 point(s) earned: For a correctly calculated answer consistent with previous work
vp = 0.731 m/s (or vp = 0.738)
1 point(s) earned: For a correct expression of Bernoulli’s equation
1 point(s) earned: For consistent/correct substitutions of heights and velocities
1 point(s) earned: For correctly accounting for atmospheric pressure (with no obvious algebraic errors) leading to an
answer
P0 is atmospheric pressure, and PP = P0 + Pgauge
Pgauge = Pp − P0 = 3.16 x 104 Pa ( or 3.23 x 104 Pa)
Scoring Guide
6. A team of engineering students is testing their newly designed 200 kg raft in the pool where the diving team
practices. The raft must hold a 730 kg steel cube with edges of length 45.0 cm without sinking. Assume the
density of water in the pool is 1000 kg/m3 .
a. The students use a crane to gently place the cube on the raft but accidentally place it off center. The cube
remains on the raft for a few moments and then the raft tilts, causing the cube to slide off and sink to the
bottom of the pool. The raft remains floating in the pool. In a coherent paragraph-length response,
indicate whether the water level in the pool when the cube is on the bottom of the pool is higher than,
lower than, or the same as when the cube is on the raft, and explain your reasoning. For both cases,
assume that there is no motion of the water.
b. The bottom of the pool is 5 m below the surface of the water. The crane is now used to lift the cube out
of the pool. The cube is lifted upward at a slow and constant speed, so all drag forces are negligible.
i. Predict how the force exerted by the crane on the cube when the bottom of the cube is at a depth
of 2.0 m compares to the force exerted by the crane on the cube when the bottom of the cube is
at a depth of 4.0 m. Explain your reasoning.
ii. On the black square below, which represents the cube, draw and label the forces (not
components) that are exerted on the cube while the crane is lifting it and the bottom of the cube
is 4 m below the surface of the water. Each force must be represented by a distinct arrow
starting on, and pointing away from, the black square. The lengths of the arrows should
approximately demonstrate the net force on the cube.
Scoring Guide
iii. Calculate the force exerted by the crane on the cube when the bottom of the cube is 4 m below
the surface of the water.
Part A
1 point(s) earned: For indicating that a floating object displaces its weight in water
1 point(s) earned: For indicating that a submerged object displaces its volume in water
1 point(s) earned: For justifying with correct reasoning that the volume of displaced water required to make the cube
float is much greater than the cube’s volume
Examples: Noting that the density of the block is much greater than that of water; noting that when the cube is
on the bottom the buoyant force is less than the weight because of the normal force
1 point(s) earned: For predicting that the water level is lower when the block is submerged (or higher when the block is
floating) given some attempt to explain the concepts listed above
1 point(s) earned: For a logical, relevant, and internally consistent response that addresses the required argument or
question asked, and follows the guidelines described in the published requirements for the paragraph-length response
Scoring Guide
0 1 2 3 4 5
The student response earns 5 of 5 point(s)
1 point(s) earned: For indicating that a floating object displaces its weight in water
1 point(s) earned: For indicating that a submerged object displaces its volume in water
1 point(s) earned: For justifying with correct reasoning that the volume of displaced water required to make the cube
float is much greater than the cube’s volume
Examples: Noting that the density of the block is much greater than that of water; noting that when the cube is
on the bottom the buoyant force is less than the weight because of the normal force
1 point(s) earned: For predicting that the water level is lower when the block is submerged (or higher when the block is
floating) given some attempt to explain the concepts listed above
1 point(s) earned: For a logical, relevant, and internally consistent response that addresses the required argument or
question asked, and follows the guidelines described in the published requirements for the paragraph-length response
Part B
Part(i)
1 point(s) earned: For indicating that the tension is the same at any depth with a correct reference to the buoyant force
Example: The volume of water displaced remains the same so the buoyant force remains the same. The weight
of the cube does not change, so the force exerted by the crane is unchanged.
Scoring Guide
1 point(s) earned: For a labeled buoyant force directed upward and a labeled gravitational force directed downward, with
the buoyant force drawn shorter than the gravitational force
1 point(s) earned: For a labeled tension force directed upward and the sum of the drawn vectors approximately indicating
equilibrium
Figure can have a single buoyant force, or a set of pressure forces that reasonably equals an appropriate net
buoyant force, but not both.
Only force vectors that clearly originate on the block earn credit.
Part(iii)
1 point(s) earned: For an expression obtained by using Newton’s 2nd law for equilibrium and the free body diagram in
part (b)(ii)
Ftension = Fg - Fb
Ftension = mcubeg - pgVcube
1 point(s) earned: For correct substitutions into the buoyant force and the gravitational force expressions or a numerical
answer implying correct substitutions of the given quantities
FTension = (730 kg)(9.8 m/s2) - (1000 kg/m3)(9.8 m/s2)(0.45m)3
FTension = 6300 N (or 6400 N using g = 10 m/s2)
Scoring Guide
0 1 2 3 4 5
The student response earns 5 of 5 point(s)
Part(i)
1 point(s) earned: For indicating that the tension is the same at any depth with a correct reference to the buoyant force
Example: The volume of water displaced remains the same so the buoyant force remains the same. The weight
of the cube does not change, so the force exerted by the crane is unchanged.
1 point(s) earned: For a labeled buoyant force directed upward and a labeled gravitational force directed downward, with
the buoyant force drawn shorter than the gravitational force
1 point(s) earned: For a labeled tension force directed upward and the sum of the drawn vectors approximately indicating
equilibrium
Figure can have a single buoyant force, or a set of pressure forces that reasonably equals an appropriate net
buoyant force, but not both.
Only force vectors that clearly originate on the block earn credit.
Part(iii)
Scoring Guide
1 point(s) earned: For an expression obtained by using Newton’s 2nd law for equilibrium and the free body diagram in
part (b)(ii)
Ftension = Fg - Fb
Ftension = mcubeg - pgVcube
1 point(s) earned: For correct substitutions into the buoyant force and the gravitational force expressions or a numerical
answer implying correct substitutions of the given quantities
FTension = (730 kg)(9.8 m/s2) - (1000 kg/m3)(9.8 m/s2)(0.45m)3
FTension = 6300 N (or 6400 N using g = 10 m/s2)
Scoring Guide
7. This question is a short free-response question. Show your work for each part of the question.
( points, suggested time minutes)
Water flows from left to right through five sections of cylindrical pipe, as shown in the side view above. The radii
of sections are , , , , and , respectively. The radii are sized such that
. A small object with the same density as water travels along with the water
through the pipes so that the object passes through points , , , , and .
(a) The speed of the object at locations , , and is , , and , respectively. Rank the speeds , , and
from greatest to least in the spaces indicated below. Use for the greatest speed, for the next greatest speed,
and so on. If any of the speeds are the same, use the same number for their ranking.
_____ _____ _____
Briefly justify your reasoning.
(b) The dots below represent the object when it is located at points and . On each dot, draw and label the
forces (not components) exerted on the object at the indicated locations. Each force must be represented by a
distinct arrow starting on, and pointing away from, the appropriate dot. Note: Draw the relative lengths of all
vectors to reflect the relative magnitudes of all the forces.
Scoring Guide
(c) Is the pressure at point greater than, less than, or equal to the pressure at point ? Justify your reasoning
using physics principles.
Part A
0 1 2 3
The response accurately includes all the following criteria.
1 point is earned for and having the same ranking of speed

1 point is earned for indicating that has the greatest speed
1 point is earned for a justification that correctly applies the continuity equation
Example Response:
The radius at point C is smaller than at points B and D, which have equal radii. Since the speed of the water is inversely
proportional to the cross-sectional area of the pipe, the speed will be greatest at point C.
Part B
0 1 2 3
Scoring Guide
1 point is earned for including gravitational forces and buoyant forces only in both force diagrams
1 point is earned for indicating that the net force is zero in both force diagrams
1 point is earned for indicating that the magnitudes of all forces are equal in both force diagrams
Example Response:
Part C
0 1 2 3 4
1 point is earned for the correct answer: Pressure at Point A is greater than the pressure at Point B
1 point is earned for using concepts of the continuity equation to compare the speeds (or kinetic energies)
in each section of pipe.
1 point is earned for indicating that the heights (or potential energies) of the two sections are equal
1 point is earned for using concepts associated with Bernoulli’s equation to relate the speed and the
pressure in each section of pipe
Example Response:
Because the radius of the pipe is greater at point A than point B, the speed of the water at point A is less than the speed at
point B. Since both points are at the same height, you can use Bernoulli’s equation to show that the slower speed of the
water at point A will lead to a greater pressure than that at point B.
Scoring Guide
Oil is flowing through a long pipe and completely fills the pipe. The oil moves up with constant speed in the
uniform, vertical section of pipe shown above. The upward and downward forces on the ends of the shaded
volume of oil from the oil on either side are and , respectively, and the gravitational force on this
volume is . The forces are not drawn to scale.
(a) Write an equation that relates the forces based on the motion of the shaded volume of oil. Justify your answer.
(b) Indicate how your equation leads to a conclusion about the relationship between the pressures of the oil above
and below the shaded volume.
Oil is pumped through a different section of the pipe, which is shown below. The left horizontal section of pipe
has cross-sectional area , is at height , and the oil has speed . The right horizontal section of pipe has
cross-sectional area , is at height , and the oil has speed , where . The pressure of the oil to the
left of the shaded volume is , and the pressure of the oil to the right of the shaded volume is .
Scoring Guide
At some later time, the shaded volume of oil has moved to the right as shown in the figure below. The oil has
moved out of a section of length on the left, and moved into a section of length on the right.
(c) Use the fact that the volumes of the sections labeled by and are the same to explain why the speed of
the oil is less in the wider section of pipe.
Bernoulli’s equation for this situation can be written as shown below, where each term can be represented and
referred to by its term number: , , and .
(d) In a clear, coherent paragraph-length response, describe the changes in energy of the volume of oil resulting
from the changes of the section of pipe the volume of oil occupies. Describe how the energy changes relate to the
work done on the oil. Indicate how Bernoulli’s equation accounts for the changes in the energy and the work done
on the oil. Refer to each term ( , , and ) in your description.
Part A
Scoring Guide
0 1 2
The response does not accurately include either of the following criteria.
1 point is earned for an equation that includes the three forces with the correct relative signs.
1 point is earned for a justification that identifies that the acceleration is zero, so the net force must equal
zero.
Example Response:
. The net force must equal zero because the oil moves with constant speed. Therefore, the sum of the
forces acting opposite the direction of the oil’s motion must be equal to the force acting in the same direction as the oil’s
motion.
Part B
0 1
1 point is earned for a relationship consistent with the equation in part (a), and a justification that uses the
fact that pressure is force divided by area.
Example Response:
Since is the sum of the other forces, is greater than . This means the pressure below the shaded region is
greater than the pressure above it.
Part C
0 1 2
1 point is earned for using the fact that the volume of each section is the cross-sectional area times the
Scoring Guide
length of the pipe when equating the volumes.

1 point is earned for indicating that since the areas times the speeds are equal, the speed of the fluid is the
length of a section of pipe divided by time (i.e., the shorter length indicates the speed of the oil is less).
Example Response:
The volume of the oil in each horizontal segment of pipe is the pipe area times its length. The oil speed in each section is
the length divided by the time it takes the oil to move. Equating volumes gives times over t equals times
over t, or equals . So, the wider section of pipe will have the smaller speed.
Part D
0 1 2 3 4 5
1 point is earned for indicating that height decreases so potential energy decreases and relating it to .
1 point is earned for indicating that since the speed decreases kinetic energy decreases and relating it to
.
1 point is earned for indicating that negative work must be done on the oil to yield the net change in its
total energy.
1 point is earned for indicating that, term represents the amount of work done on the oil due to a
difference in pressure.
response.
Example Response:
The height decreases so the potential energy of the oil decreases, and its value is given by the term . The speed
decreases and thus kinetic energy also decreases, and its value is given by the term . There is negative work done on
the volume of oil that is equal to the net change of the sum of these two energies. That work is due to the pressure
difference in term .
Scoring Guide
Oil is flowing through a long pipe and completely fills the pipe. The oil moves up and to the right with constant
speed in the uniform section of pipe shown above. The force on the bottom and top ends of the shaded volume of
oil are and , respectively. The component of the gravitational force exerted on the shaded volume of oil
parallel to the pipe is . The forces are not drawn to scale.
(a) Write an equation that relates the forces based on the motion of the shaded volume of oil. Justify your answer.
(b) Indicate how your equation leads to a conclusion about the relationship between the pressures of the oil on
either side of the shaded volume.
Oil is pumped through a different section of the pipe, which is shown below. The left horizontal section of pipe
has cross-sectional area , is at height , and the oil has speed . The right horizontal section of pipe has
cross-sectional area , is at height , and the oil has speed , where . The oil to the left of the shaded
volume has a pressure , and the oil to the right of the shaded volume has a pressure .
At some later time, the shaded volume of oil has moved to the right as shown in the figure below. The oil has
moved out of a section of length on the left, and moved into a section of length on the right.
Scoring Guide
(c) Indicate what property of the moving oil is conserved as it moves from a section of pipe with a larger cross-
sectional area to a section of pipe with a smaller cross-sectional area, and how this conservation principle can be
used to explain why the speed of the oil is greater in the narrower section of pipe.
Bernoulli’s equation for this situation can be written as shown below, where each term can be represented and
referred to by its term number: , , and .
(d) In a clear, coherent paragraph-length response, describe the changes in energy of the volume of oil resulting
from the changes of the section of pipe the volume of oil occupies. Describe how the energy changes relate to the
work done on the oil. Indicate how Bernoulli’s equation accounts for the changes in the energy and the work done
on the oil, referring to each term ( , , and ) in your description.
Part A
0 1 2
1 point is earned for an equation that includes the three forces with the correct relative signs.
1 point is earned for a justification that identifies that the acceleration is zero, so the net force must equal
zero.
Example Response:
The net force must equal zero because the oil moves with constant speed. Therefore the sum of the
forces acting opposite the direction of the oil’s motion must be equal to the force acting in the same direction as the oil’s
motion.
Scoring Guide
Part B
0 1
1 point is earned for a relationship consistent with the equation in part (a) and a justification that uses the
fact that pressure is force divided by area.
Example Response:
Since is the sum of the other forces, is greater than . This means the pressure on the bottom is greater than the
pressure on the top.
Part C
0 1 2
1 point is earned for indicating that the mass flow rate (or mass) is conserved, or that the volumes
contained within each section are the same.
1 point is earned for indicating that applying shows the speed of the fluid will increase
when the cross-sectional area decreases in the thinner region.
Example Response:
For the mass of oil within the identical volumes of oil to be constant, when the pipe has a large cross-sectional area, the
oil within a given cross section must move forward a smaller distance in a given time interval. Therefore, the speed of the
oil in the section of pipe with a larger cross-section must be less than the speed of the oil as it moves into the narrower
section of pipe.
Part D
Scoring Guide
0 1 2 3 4 5
1 point is earned for indicating that the height increases so potential energy increases and relating it to
.
1 point is earned for indicating that since the speed increases, kinetic energy increases and relating it to
.
1 point is earned for indicating that positive work must be done on the oil to yield the net increase in its
total energy.
1 point is earned for indicating that, term represents the amount of work done on the oil due to a
difference in pressure.
response.
Example Response:
The height increases and thus the potential energy of the oil increases, and is value is given by term . The kinetic
energy increases because the speed increases, and the kinetic energy is given by term . There is positive work done on
the volume of oil that is equal to the net change of the sum of these two energies. That work is due to the pressure
difference in term .
Scoring Guide
10. This question is a long free-response question. Show your work for each part of the question. (15 points, suggested
time 25 minutes)
The figure on the left shows a rectangular raft with volume , density , mass , and whose largest face
has surface area . The raft floats on the surface of water of density . Initially, a height h of the raft is above
the water, as shown on the right.
(a) A new raft that has greater mass but the same physical dimensions replaces the original raft in the water. The
new raft floats and has a height above the water. Indicate whether the value of above the water would
be greater than, less than, or equal to the initial height h. Explain your reasoning using physics principles.
(b) Students write the equation for the height of the new raft above the water. Whether
or not this equation is correct, does it support your answer to part (a)? Explain your reasoning.
(c) How does the equation in part (b) show that if the raft will be completely submerged in the water?
A spring is now used to attach the original raft to the bottom of the pool it is floating in, as shown in the figure
above. The spring holds the raft such that a height of the raft is above the water where .
(d) List the forces exerted on the raft that keep it in equilibrium. Describe how the forces are related using
Scoring Guide
Newton’s second law in a way that addresses the magnitude and direction of the forces.
(e) Additional water is added to the pool. Indicate whether the amount that the spring is stretched increases,
decreases, or remains the same. Explain your reasoning in terms of forces.
Part A
0 1 2 3
1 point is earned for indicating with an attempt at an explanation referring to the changing
mass and/or constant dimensions.
1 point is earned for indicating the density of the raft increases.
1 point is earned for indicating increasing the raft density increases the volume submerged.
Example Response:
The new height h must be less than the original height. Since the mass of the raft increases while the volume remains the
same the density of the raft increases. Increasing the density of the raft results in the raft being more submerged so less of
the raft is above the water thereby decreasing h.
Part A - Alternate Solution
0 1 2 3
1 point is earned for indicating with an attempt at an explanation referring to the changing
mass and/or constant dimensions.
1 point is earned for indicating that a greater mass has a greater weight.
1 point is earned for indicating that the buoyant force must increase so more water must be displaced.
Example Response:
The new height h must be less than the original height. The new raft has a greater weight, which means the buoyant force
must increase. To increase the buoyant force, the raft must displace more water, so more of the raft must be submerged.
Scoring Guide
Part B
0 1 2 3 4
1 point is earned for correctly indicating whether the equation supports the answer to part (a) with an
attempt at an explanation.
1 point is earned for indicating any one of the following:
· stays the same
· the term stays the same
· the term gives the height of the raft
· that the density of the raft is greater
· the ratio of the densities is greater
· the term in the parentheses is smaller
· the ratio indicates the fraction of the raft that is submerged
· the term in the parentheses indicates the fraction of the raft above the water
1 point is earned for indicating that according to the given equation is less than h.
Example Response:
The equation agrees with my reasoning in part (a). The volume and area of the raft stay the same, so the total height
remains the same, which is given by the term. The new raft has a larger density because the mass increased
without changing the size of the raft. This means the ratio of densities in the equation increases, which decreases the term
within the parentheses. The equation indicates that the new height is less than the original height of the raft above the
water.
Part C
0 1 2 3
1 point is earned for indicating that a negative h means the raft is completely submerged.
1 point is earned for indicating that the ratio of the densities will be greater than 1.
1 point is earned for indicating that the term in parentheses will be negative.
Scoring Guide
Example Response:
If the density of the raft is greater than that of the water, then the ratio of densities will be greater than 1. This means the
term in parenthesis is negative, which means the new height would be negative. A negative height would indicate that the
top of the raft is below the surface of the water.
Part D
0 1 2
1 point is earned for listing the weight, spring force, and buoyant force, and no extraneous forces.
1 point is earned for an application of Newton’s second law that includes the correct direction of the
given forces and indicates the net force equals zero.
Example Response:
While in equilibrium, the net force exerted on the raft must be equal to zero, so the sum of the downward forces which are
the raft’s weight and the spring force equals the upward buoyant force.
Part E
0 1 2 3
1 point is earned for indicating the buoyant force increases (as a result of the volume of the raft that is
submerged increases).
1 point is earned for indicating that the spring force must increase to compensate.
1 point is earned for indicating that the stretch of the spring must increase.
Example Response:
Adding water to pool would increase the amount of the raft that is submerged, resulting in a larger buoyant force. The
spring force must increase to keep the raft in equilibrium. To increase the spring force the spring must stretch more.
Scoring Guide
time 25 minutes)
The figure on the left shows a rectangular raft with volume , density , and mass . The height of the raft
is and the top face of the raft has surface area A. The raft floats on the surface of water of density .
Initially, a height of the raft is above the water, as shown on the right.
(a) A new raft that has a larger height but the same density replaces the original raft in the water. The new
raft floats and has a height above the water. Indicate whether the value of above the water would be
greater than, less than, or equal to the initial height . Explain your reasoning using physics principles.
(c) What relationship between the densities in the equation in part (b) is required for the raft to float such that the
top face is above the surface of the water? Explain your reasoning.
Scoring Guide
A string now attaches the original raft to the bottom of the pool of water and there is a block on top of the raft.
There is a non-zero tension in the string. The raft is just submerged, as shown in the figure above.
(e) The block is now removed. Indicate whether the tension in the string increases, decreases, or remains the same.
Explain your reasoning.
Part A
0 1 2 3
1 point is earned for indicating that with an attempt at an explanation referring to the changing
raft height and/or constant density (or changing mass).
1 point is earned for indicating that the fraction of the raft submerged depends on the ratio of the
densities, which does not change.
1 point is earned for indicating that submerging the same fraction of a larger height means a larger
unsubmerged height.
Example Response:
The new height of the raft above the water is greater than the original height because the fraction of the raft that is
submerged depends on the ratio of the density of the raft and the density of the water. Since this ratio did not change, the
fraction of the raft that is submerged must also not change. The total height of the raft is larger, so the height of the raft
above the water must also be larger.
Part B
0 1 2 3 4
Scoring Guide
· is the height of the raft

· the ratio of increases
· is larger.
· the term in parentheses remains the same
· the ratio of densities remains the same
· the density of the raft does not change
· all terms do not change except
· the term in the parentheses indicates the fraction of the raft above the water.
1 point is earned for indicating according to the equation is larger than h.
Example Response:
The equation supports my answer to part (a). The volume of the raft divided by its area is the height of the raft. Since the
densities of the raft and water did not change, but the height of the raft increases, the equation indicates that height of the
raft above the surface of the water increases.
Part C
0 1 2 3
1 point is earned for indicating that must be a positive quantity (or zero).
1 point is earned for indicating that the ratio of densities must be less than 1 (or equal)
OR
for indicating that the term in parentheses is positive.
1 point is earned for indicating that the required relationship is (or they are equal) with some
attempt at the above reasoning.
Example Response:
When the top face of the raft is above the water, then must be positive. In the equation given, the ratio of the density
of the raft to the density of the water must be less than one for to be positive. Therefore, the density of the raft must
be less than the density of the water in order for the top face of the raft to be above the surface of the water.
Part D
Scoring Guide
0 1 2
1 point is earned for listing the weight of the raft, the normal force of the block on the raft, tension in the
string, and buoyant force, and no extraneous forces .
1 point is earned for a correct statement of the application of Newton’s second law that includes the
correct direction of the given forces and indicates the net force equals zero.
Example Response:
While in equilibrium, the net force exerted on the raft must be equal to zero, so the sum of the downward forces of the
weight of the raft, the normal force of the block on the raft and tension equals the upward buoyant force.
Part E
0 1 2 3
1 point is earned for indicating that the tension must increase to compensate with an attempt at an
explanation.
1 point is earned for indicating that removing the block eliminates the downward normal force on the
raft.
1 point is earned for indicating that the buoyant force does not change
OR
for indicating that the volume displaced stays the same .
Example Response:
When the block is removed from the raft the normal force from the block is no longer acting on the raft. The amount of
water displaced by the raft does not change, so the buoyant force remains constant. The downward tension exerted on the
raft must increase in order to keep the raft in equilibrium.
Scoring Guide
12.
A beaker weighing 2.0 N is filled with 5.0 x 10-3 m3 of water. A rubber ball weighing 3.0 N is held entirely
underwater by a mass less string attached to the bottom of the beaker, as represented in the figure above. The
tension in the string is 4.0 N. The water fills the beaker to a depth of 0.20 m. Water has a density of 1000 kg/m3.
The effects of atmospheric pressure may be neglected.
(a) Calculate the weight of the entire apparatus.
(b) On the dot below that represents the ball, draw and label the forces (not components) that act on the ball.
(c) Calculate the buoyant force exerted on the ball by the water. If you need to draw anything other than what you
have shown in part (b) to assist in your solution, use the space below. Do NOT add anything to the figure in part
(b).
(d) Calculate the pressure due to the liquid (the gauge pressure) at the bottom of the beaker.
(e) The string is cut, and the ball rises to the surface and floats. Indicate whether the water level is higher, lower,
or the same after equilibrium is reached.
____ Higher ____ Lower ____ The same
Justify your answer.
Part A
1 point(s) earned for: any statement indicating that the total weight is the sum of three terms, that of the beaker, ball, and
water
Wtot = Wbeaker + Wball + Wwater
1 point(s) earned for: calculating Wwater
p = m/V, so m = pV
Scoring Guide
Wwater = mwaterg = pwaterVwaterg
Wwater = (1000 kg/m3)(5.0 x 10-3 m3)(9.8 m/s2) = 49N
Wwater = 49N
Wtot = 2.0 N + 3.0 N + 49 N
Wtot = 54 N (or 55N using g = 10 m/s2)
0 1 2
1 point(s) earned for: any statement indicating that the total weight is the sum of three terms, that of the beaker, ball, and
water
Wtot = Wbeaker + Wball + Wwater
1 point(s) earned for: calculating Wwater
p = m/V, so m = pV
Wwater = mwaterg = pwaterVwaterg
Wwater = (1000 kg/m3)(5.0 x 10-3 m3)(9.8 m/s2) = 49N
Wwater = 49N
Wtot = 2.0 N + 3.0 N + 49 N
Wtot = 54 N (or 55N using g = 10 m/s2)
Part B
1 point(s) earned for:each of the three correctly drawn and appropriately labeled forces
1 point(s) deducted for: any extraneous forces or forces not drawn near the object
Scoring Guide
0 1 2 3
1 point(s) earned for:each of the three correctly drawn and appropriately labeled forces
1 point(s) deducted for: any extraneous forces or forces not drawn near the object
Part C
∑Fy = may
The ball is in equilibrium, so ay = 0 .
∑Fy = FB - T - mbg = 0
FB = T + mbg
FB = 4.0 N + 3.0 N
FB = 7.0 N
0 1
The student earns one of the following points:
∑Fy = may
The ball is in equilibrium, so ay = 0 .
∑Fy = FB - T - mbg = 0
Scoring Guide
FB = T + mbg
FB = 4.0 N + 3.0 N
FB = 7.0 N
Part D
P = pgh
1 point(s) earned for: correct substitutions
P = (1000 kg/m3)(9.8 m/s2)(0.20)
1 point(s) earned for: correct answer with units
P = 1960 Pa (or 2000 Pa using g = 10 m/s2)
0 1 2
P = pgh
1 point(s) earned for: correct substitutions
P = (1000 kg/m3)(9.8 m/s2)(0.20)
1 point(s) earned for: correct answer with units
P = 1960 Pa (or 2000 Pa using g = 10 m/s2)
Part E
1 point(s) earned for: selecting “Lower”
1 point(s) earned for: an appropriate justification
Example: Less fluid is displaced by the rubber ball because less of the ball’s volume is submerged in the water.
0 1 2
Scoring Guide
1 point(s) earned for: selecting “Lower”
1 point(s) earned for: an appropriate justification
Example: Less fluid is displaced by the rubber ball because less of the ball’s volume is submerged in the water.
13.
A sailboat at rest on a calm lake has its anchor dropped a distance of 4.0 m below the surface of the water. The
anchor is suspended by a rope of negligible mass and volume. The mass of the anchor is 50 kg, and its volume is
6.25 x 10-3 m3. The density of water is 1000 kg/m3.
(a) On the dot below that represents the anchor, draw and label the forces (not components) that act on the anchor.
(b) Calculate the magnitude of the buoyant force acting on the anchor. If you need to draw anything other than
what you have shown in part (a) to assist in your solution, use the space below. DO NOT add anything to the
figure in part (a).
(c) Calculate the tension in the rope. If you need to draw anything other than what you have shown in part (a) to
assist in your solution, use the space below. DO NOT add anything to the figure in part (a).
(d) The bottom of the boat is at a depth d below the surface of the water. Suppose the anchor is lifted back into the
boat so that the bottom of the boat is at a new depth d' below the surface of the water. How does d' compare to d ?
____ d'<d ____ d'=d ____ d'>d
Justify your answer
Part A
Scoring Guide
1 point(s) earned for: showing the buoyant force in the correct direction and labeling it
1 point(s) earned for: showing the tension in the correct direction and labeling it
1 point(s) earned for: showing the gravitational force in the correct direction and labeling it
One earned point was deducted for any extraneous forces.
0 1 2 3
1 point(s) earned for: showing the buoyant force in the correct direction and labeling it
1 point(s) earned for: showing the tension in the correct direction and labeling it
1 point(s) earned for: showing the gravitational force in the correct direction and labeling it
One earned point was deducted for any extraneous forces.
Part B
1 point(s) earned for: For use of the correct expression for the buoyant force
FB = pVg
Substitute correct values
Scoring Guide
FB = (1,000 kg/m3)(6.25 x 10-3 m3)(9.8 m/s2)
1 point(s) earned for: For a correct answer, with units
FB = 61.3 N (62.5 N using g=10 m/s2)
0 1 2
1 point(s) earned for: For use of the correct expression for the buoyant force
FB = pVg
Substitute correct values
FB = (1,000 kg/m3)(6.25 x 10-3 m3)(9.8 m/s2)
1 point(s) earned for: For a correct answer, with units
FB = 61.3 N (62.5 N using g=10 m/s2)
Part C
1 point(s) earned for: a correct expression of Newton’s second law when the anchor is at equilibrium
FT + FB = mg
1 point(s) earned for: substituting a value consistent with the buoyant force from part (b)
1 point(s) earned for: substituting correct values for calculation of the gravitational force
FT=(50 kg)(9.8 m/s2)-(61.3 N)
FT=429 N (438 N if using g=10 m/s2)
0 1 2 3
1 point(s) earned for: a correct expression of Newton’s second law when the anchor is at equilibrium
FT + FB = mg
1 point(s) earned for: substituting a value consistent with the buoyant force from part (b)
Scoring Guide
1 point(s) earned for: substituting correct values for calculation of the gravitational force
FT=(50 kg)(9.8 m/s2)-(61.3 N)
FT=429 N (438 N if using g=10 m/s2)
Part D
1 point(s) earned for: For selecting d' > d
1 point(s) earned for: For a correct justification
Example When the anchor is lifted onto the boat, the buoyant force on the boat must now support the weight of both the
boat and the anchor. This will increase the buoyant force, which requires a greater volume of water, which means the boat
will reach a greater depth into the water.
0 1 2
1 point(s) earned for: For selecting d' > d
1 point(s) earned for: For a correct justification
Example When the anchor is lifted onto the boat, the buoyant force on the boat must now support the weight of both the
boat and the anchor. This will increase the buoyant force, which requires a greater volume of water, which means the boat
will reach a greater depth into the water.
Scoring Guide
14.
The large container shown in the cross section above is filled with a liquid of density 1.1 x 103 kg/m3. A small
hole of area 2.5 x 10-6 m2 is opened in the side of the container a distance h below the liquid surface, which allows
a stream of liquid to flow through the hole and into a beaker placed to the right of the container. At the same time,
liquid is also added to the container at an appropriate rate so that h remains constant. The amount of liquid
collected in the beaker in 2.0 minutes is 7.2 x 10-4 m3.
(a) Calculate the volume rate of flow of liquid from the hole in m3/s.
(b) Calculate the speed of the liquid as it exits from the hole.
(c) Calculate the height h of liquid needed above the hole to cause the speed you determined in part (b).
(d) Suppose that there is now less liquid in the container so that the height h is reduced to 1/2h. In relation to the
container, where will the liquid hit the tabletop?
____ Left of the container ____ In the container ____ Right of the container
Justify your answer.
Part A
Define the symbol V for the volume flow rate
1 point(s) earned: For any indication that the volume rate of flow is defined as volume/time
V = 7.2 x 10-4 m3 / [(2.0 min)(60 s/min)]
1 point(s) earned: For the correct answer, including units
Scoring Guide
V = 6.0 x 10-6 m3/s
0 1 2
Define the symbol V for the volume flow rate
1 point(s) earned: For any indication that the volume rate of flow is defined as volume/time
V = 7.2 x 10-4 m3 / [(2.0 min)(60 s/min)]
V = 6.0 x 10-6 m3/s
Part B
1 point(s) earned: For a correct relationship between volume flow rate, speed, and area
V = vA
v = V/A
v = (6.0 x 10-6 m3/s)/(2.5 x 10-6 m2)
V = 6.0 x 10-6 m3/s
0 1 2
1 point(s) earned: For a correct relationship between volume flow rate, speed, and area
V = vA
v = V/A
v = (6.0 x 10-6 m3/s)/(2.5 x 10-6 m2)
V = 6.0 x 10-6 m3/s
Scoring Guide
Part C
1 point(s) earned: For applying Bernoulli’s Equation, either to points at the top of the liquid and the hole or to points just
inside and outside of the hole, and recognizing the specific conditions for one of the three variables (pressure, speed, or
height)
1 point(s) earned: For recognizing the conditions for the remaining two variables
Both cases simplify to the same equation, where ve is the exit speed
pgh = pve2/2
h = ve2/2g = (2.4 m/s)2 / 2(9.8 m/s2)
h = 0.29 m
Notes: Solutions that begin with the equation pgh = pv2/2 could earn 2 of the 3 points.
Solutions that begin with the equation mgh = mv2/2 could earn 1 of the 3 points.
Alternate solution 1
For explicitly stating by name that Torricelli’s theorem applies
For writing the correct expression for the theorem
For the correct answer, including units
For relating the pressure difference across the hole to the acceleration of the liquid through the hole
For applying an appropriate kinematics equation and substituting the expression for acceleration
0 1 2 3
Scoring Guide
1 point(s) earned: For applying Bernoulli’s Equation, either to points at the top of the liquid and the hole or to points just
inside and outside of the hole, and recognizing the specific conditions for one of the three variables (pressure, speed, or
height)
1 point(s) earned: For recognizing the conditions for the remaining two variables
Both cases simplify to the same equation, where ve is the exit speed
pgh = pve2/2
h = ve2/2g = (2.4 m/s)2 / 2(9.8 m/s2)
h = 0.29 m
Notes: Solutions that begin with the equation pgh = pv2/2 could earn 2 of the 3 points.
Solutions that begin with the equation mgh = mv2/2 could earn 1 of the 3 points.
For explicitly stating by name that Torricelli’s theorem applies
For writing the correct expression for the theorem
For relating the pressure difference across the hole to the acceleration of the liquid through the hole
For applying an appropriate kinematics equation and substituting the expression for acceleration
Part D
1 point(s) earned: For correctly indicating that the liquid will hit to the left of the beaker
2 point(s) earned: For an explanation that relates the decrease in water height to a decrease in the pressure at the hole and
a decrease in velocity exiting the hole
Other explanations, such as relating force and acceleration at the hole, describing changes in potential and kinetic energy,
or using a relationship from part (c), could earn full credit
Scoring Guide
Note: In the exam booklets, the container was erroneously referred to as the beaker in this part. Answers indicating that
the liquid would hit to the right of the beaker received full credit if there was an explanation indicating that the student
was now using the container as the reference object.
0 1 2 3
1 point(s) earned: For correctly indicating that the liquid will hit to the left of the beaker
2 point(s) earned: For an explanation that relates the decrease in water height to a decrease in the pressure at the hole and
a decrease in velocity exiting the hole
Other explanations, such as relating force and acceleration at the hole, describing changes in potential and kinetic energy,
or using a relationship from part (c), could earn full credit
Note: In the exam booklets, the container was erroneously referred to as the beaker in this part. Answers indicating that
the liquid would hit to the right of the beaker received full credit if there was an explanation indicating that the student
was now using the container as the reference object.
Scoring Guide
time 25 minutes)
The figure on the left shows a rectangular raft with volume , density , and mass . The height of the raft
is and the top face of the raft has surface area . The raft floats on the surface of water of density .
Initially, a height of the raft is above the water, as shown on the right.
(a) A new raft that has a greater height but the same mass and area replaces the original raft in the water.
The new raft floats and has a height above the water. Indicate whether the value of would be greater
than, less than, or equal to the initial height . Explain your reasoning using physics principles.
(c) Use the equation in part (b) to explain what happens to the raft as its density increases and becomes greater
than that of the water.
Scoring Guide
The original raft is attached to a scale and is partially submerged in the water, as shown in the figure above. The
scale holds the raft such that a height of the raft is above the water, where .
(e) An object is placed on the raft, but the amount of raft submerged is kept the same. Indicate whether the reading
on the scale increases, decreases, or remains the same when the object is added. Explain your reasoning.
Part A
0 1 2 3
1 point is earned for indicating that with an attempt at an explanation referring to the changing
raft height and/or constant mass (or changing density).
1 point is earned for indicating that the same buoyant force is needed to support the raft.
1 point is earned for indicating that the amount of the raft submerged will remain the same, so the height
above the water is greater.
Scoring Guide
Example Response:
The new height is greater than the original. Since the mass of the raft does not change, the buoyant force exerted by the
water on the raft does not change. Since the buoyant force does not change, the amount of water displaced by the raft is
the same. Since the raft itself has a greater height, the amount raft above the surface of the water must increase.
Part A - Alternate solution
0 1 2 3
1 point is earned for For indicating that with an attempt at an explanation referring to the
changing raft height and/or constant mass (or changing density).
1 point is earned for indicating the density of the raft decreases.
1 point is earned for indicating decreasing the raft density increases the volume of the raft out of the
water.
Example Response:
If the mass of the raft is constant and the volume of the raft increases, then the density of the raft decreases. Decreasing
the density of the raft results in more of the raft being out of the water thereby increasing h.
Part B
Scoring Note: Earning the third point will earn the second point, even if the second point is not explicitly described
0 1 2 3 4
· is the height of the raft
· the ratio of is larger
· is larger
· the density of the raft is less
Scoring Guide
· the ratio of the densities in the equation is less

· the term in parentheses is greater
· the term in the parentheses indicates the fraction of the raft above the water.
1 point is earned for indicating according to the equation is larger than h.
Example Response:
The equation supports my reasoning in part (a). Since the mass of the raft did not change but its volume increased, the
raft’s density decreases. The quantity within the parenthesis therefore increases. Additionally, the coefficient in front of
the parenthesis increases because the raft’s volume increases. The equation indicates that these changes will result in a
larger .
Part C
0 1 2 3
1 point is earned for indicating that the raft sinks with an attempt at an explanation that references the
equation.
1 point is earned for indicating that the ratio of the densities increases/becomes greater than 1.
1 point is earned for indicating that the term in parentheses decreases/become negative or indicating that
decreases/becomes negative.
Example Response:
As the density of the raft increases, the ratio of the raft’s density to the density of water increases. This reduces the term
within the parenthesis, making smaller. When the density of the raft is larger enough, will become negative,
indicating the surface of the raft is below the surface of the water.
Part D
Scoring Note: It is acceptable to identify tension instead of scale force
0 1 2
Scoring Guide
1 point is earned for listing the weight, scale force, and buoyant force, and no extraneous forces.
1 point is earned for correct statement of the application of Newton’s second law that includes the correct
direction of the given forces and indicates the net force equals zero.
Example Response:
While in equilibrium, the net force exerted on the raft is zero so the sum of the upward buoyant and scale forces equals
the downward force of gravity.
Part E
0 1 2 3
1 point is earned for indicating that the scale reading increases with an attempt at an explanation.
1 point is earned for indicating that the total system weight is now greater.
1 point is earned for indicating that the buoyant force does not change or indicating volume of water
displaced stays the same.
Example Response:
Since the amount of the raft submerged is the same, the buoyant force does not change. The object will exert an additional
downward force on the raft, so the upward force from the scale must increase to keep the system in equilibrium.
Scoring Guide
time 25 minutes)
The figure above represents the water system for a building. A pump pushes water upward into a tank on the top
of the building. The top of the tank is open to the air and the bottom of the tank is connected to a vertical pipe. The
vertical pipe extends from the bottom of the tank to the lowest level of the building. Two sections of pipe extend
horizontally from the bottom of the vertical pipe. Pipe L has a cross-sectional area of , and pipe R has a cross-
sectional area of . The centers of pipes L and R are at a height . Pipe S has a cross-sectional area of
and is at a height . Pipe T has a cross-sectional area of and is at a height . The horizontal pipes
are completely filled with water, which has a density , and are closed by caps at the ends.
(a) Is the force exerted on the cap on pipe L by the water greater than, less than, or equal to the force exerted on
the cap on pipe S by the water? Justify your answer.
b) A group of students writes the following equation for the force exerted by water in a pipe:
, where is atmospheric pressure. Regardless of whether this equation is correct, is it
consistent with your reasoning from part (a)? Justify your answer.
(c) The cap on pipe S is removed and water flows out of the end of the pipe. As the water flows out of pipe S, the
pump adds water to the tank so that the amount of water in the tank remains constant. A student claims that when
the cap is removed, the pressure of the water to the right of pipe T remains the same as before the cap was
Scoring Guide
removed. Describe one aspect of the situation that could contradict the student’s claim and explain your reasoning.
(d) The pressure exerted by the pump on the water is . The pipe that fills the tank has a different diameter at
the pump than at the top. The water leaves the pump at a speed and leaves the opening at the top of the pipe at
height and unknown speed . Describe how to calculate the speed . Explicitly indicate which quantities
would be used in your calculation.
A large piece of ice is placed in the water in the tank. The ice floats as shown above. Over time, the ice melts and
eventually completely mixes with the water in the tank.
(e) As the ice melts, does the pressure at the bottom of the tank increase, decrease, or remain the same? Justify
your answer.
Students draw the following graphs to represent the buoyant force exerted on the ice by the water, as a
function of the volume of ice that is submerged in the water.
Scoring Guide
(f) Which graph correctly shows the relationship between and ? Justify your answer.
Part A
0 1 2 3
1 point is earned for correctly indicating that , with an attempt at justification.

1 point is earned for a justification that correctly relates force, pressure, and area.
1 point is earned for a justification that correctly relates the pressure within each pipe to the height of the
pipe.
Example Response:
The force on L is greater than the force on S. The areas of the pipes are the same but pressure at L is higher because it is
farther below the water surface.
Part B
0 1 2
1 point is earned for a correct indication of whether the equation agrees with the student’s claim from
part (a), with an attempt at a justification addressing functional dependence.
1 point is earned for a correct statement of functional dependence between the variables F and y.
Scoring Guide
Example Response:
The equation is not consistent. It correctly shows that same area gives same pressure. But it says that at a greater height y
the pressure and thus the force is greater.
Part C
0 1
1 point is earned for an explanation that correctly describes one aspect that could contradict the statement
that the pressure remains the same.
Example Response:
Pipe T has the same pressure as the water in the vertical pipe at that height. In Bernoulli’s equation, there is now a non-
zero speed term and the height term is the same, so the pressure is less.
Part D
0 1 2 3
1 point is earned for indicating the use of Bernoulli’s equation to find the pressure at which water leaves
the top section of pipe.
1 point is earned for correctly indicating that at the maximum height, the pressure of the water exiting the
pipe is equal to atmospheric pressure.
1 point is earned for correctly indicating the remaining missing values to be used in Bernoulli’s equation
to find the unknown speed at which water leaves the pipe.
Example Response:
Using Bernoulli’s equation, at the bottom of the pipe there is a pressure term of plus a speed term. At the top of the
pipe there is , plus a height term, plus a speed term. Equating these lets you solve for the speed at the top.
Part E
Scoring Guide
0 1 2
1 point is earned for indicating that the pressure at the bottom of the tank remains the same, with an
attempt at justification.
1 point is earned for a correct justification that indicates the total mass within the tank does not change,
so the pressure at the bottom of the tank does not change.
Example Response:
The pressure at the bottom of the tank is constant because the total mass within the tank does not change
Part F
Correct Answer: The correct choice is graph 4
0 1 2 3 4
1 point is earned for describing that increases with increasing , consistent with graphs 1, 2, or 4.
1 point is earned for describing that changes linearly with , consistent with graphs 3 or 4.
1 point is earned for describing that when none of the ice is submerged, the buoyant force is zero,
consistent with graphs 1, 2, or 4.
1 point is earned for an explanation consistent with a correct application of the buoyant force.
Example Response:
Graph 4 is correct because the buoyant force increases linearly as more of the ice is submerged and when no ice is
submerged, the buoyant force is zero.
Scoring Guide
time 25 minutes)
are completely filled with water, which has a density and are closed by caps at the ends.
(a) Is the force exerted on the cap on pipe L by the water greater than, less than, or equal to the force exerted on
the cap on pipe R by the water? Justify your answer.
(b) A group of students writes the following equation for the force exerted by water in a pipe:
, where is atmospheric pressure. Regardless of whether this equation is correct, is it
consistent with your reasoning from part (a)? Justify your answer.
(c) The cap on pipe T is removed and water flows out of the end of the pipe. As the water flows out of pipe T, the
pump adds water to the tank so that the amount of water in the tank remains constant. A student claims that when
the cap is removed, the force exerted on the cap on pipe S decreases. Describe one aspect of the situation that
Scoring Guide
could contradict the student’s claim and explain your reasoning.
(d) The maximum absolute pressure that the pump can exert on the water is . The pipe that fills the tank has
the same diameter along its whole length. Describe how to calculate the maximum height to which the water can
be raised by the pump. Explicitly indicate which quantities would be used in your calculation.
A piece of wood is placed in the water in the tank. The wood floats, and several metal blocks are placed on top of
the wood, but the wood is never completely submerged in the water, as shown above.
(e) Does the pressure at the bottom of the tank increase, decrease, or remain the same as the metal blocks are
added to the wood? Justify your answer.
Students draw the following graphs to represent the buoyant force exerted on the wood by the water as a
function of the mass of the metal blocks placed on top of the wood.
Scoring Guide
Part A
0 1 2 3

pipe.
Example Response:
The pipes are at the same height, so the pressure in the water is the same. Pipe R has a greater area, so the force on its
cap is greater.
Part B
0 1 2
1 point is earned for a correct statement of functional dependence between the variables F and A.
Scoring Guide
Example Response:
The equation is consistent with my reasoning in (a). Since y is the same for the pipes, the expression in parentheses is the
same. And a greater A gives a greater F.
Part C
0 1
1 point is earned for an explanation that correctly describes one aspect that could contradict a decrease in
the force or pressure.
Part D
0 1 2 3
1 point is earned for indicating the use of Bernoulli’s equation to find the maximum height to which the
pump can lift the water.
1 point is earned for eliminating the velocity term or indicating that at the maximum height, the speed of
the water is zero.
1 point is earned for indicating that at the maximum height, the pressure of the water exiting the pipe is
equal to atmospheric pressure.
Example Response:
At the maximum height, the water will have zero speed. Equate the pressure exerted by the pump to the sum of
atmospheric pressure and potential energy at maximum height.
Part E
0 1 2
Scoring Guide
1 point is earned for indicating that the pressure at the bottom of the tank increases, with an attempt at
justification.
1 point is earned for a correct justification that relates the increasing mass to an increase in pressure at the
bottom of the tank or increased depth from increased water displacement.
Example Response:
As objects are added, the force the bottom of the tank must exert on the water-object-wood system increases. The water
exerts a force of the same magnitude on the bottom of the tank, so the pressure increases.
Part F
0 1 2 3 4
1 point is earned for describing that changes linearly with , consistent with graphs 1, 3, or 4.
1 point is earned for describing that when no blocks have been added to the wood, there is a nonzero
buoyant force exerted on the wood by the water, consistent with graphs 2, 3, or 4.
1 point is earned for an explanation consistent with a correct application of the buoyant force.
Example Response:
Graph 3 is the correct answer because the buoyant force increases linearly as more masses are added to the wood. When
there is no mass added to the wood, there will still be a buoyant force acting on the wood.
Scoring Guide
time 25 minutes)
are completely filled with water, which has a density and are closed by caps at the ends.
(a) Is the force exerted on the cap on pipe T by the water greater than, less than, or equal to the force exerted on
the cap on pipe R by the water? Justify your answer.
(b) A group of students writes the following equation for the force exerted by water in a pipe:
, where the surface of the water in the tank is at the height . Regardless of
whether this equation is correct, is it consistent with your reasoning from part (a)? Justify your answer.
(c) The cap on pipe L is removed and water flows out of the end of the pipe. As the water flows out of pipe L, the
pump adds water to the tank so that the amount of water in the tank remains constant. A student claims that if the
cap on pipe S was removed instead of the cap on pipe L, the speed of the water exiting the pipe would be the same
Scoring Guide
in both cases. Describe one aspect of the situation that could contradict the student’s claim and explain your
reasoning.
(d) The pressure exerted by the pump on the water is . The pipe that fills the tank has a constant diameter and
the top of the pipe is at a height . It is required that the lowest speed that the water exits the top of the pipe
is . Describe how to calculate the minimum pressure required by the pump to produce the minimum speed at
the top of the pipe. Explicitly indicate which quantities would be used in your calculation.
A large rock is at rest at the bottom of the tank. A maintenance worker attempts to remove the rock by slowly
lifting the rock out of the water with a rope. When the rock has almost completely been removed from the water,
the rope breaks and the rock falls back into the water.
(e) Explain why the rope does not break until a certain amount of the rock has been removed from the water.
Students draw the following graphs to represent the net downward force exerted on the tank by the water as a
function of the volume of the rock that is submerged in the water.
Scoring Guide
Part A
0 1 2 3

pipe.
Example Response:
The force on the cap of pipe T is less than the force on the cap of pipe R. The pipe areas are the same, but pipe T is at a
lesser depth so it is at a lower pressure.
Part B
0 1 2
1 point is earned for a correct statement of functional dependence between the variables F and y.
Scoring Guide
Example Response:
The equation agrees with my response to part (a) because it shows that as y increases, the force decreases.
Part C
0 1
1 point is earned for an explanation that correctly describes one aspect that could contradict that the
speed of the water would be the same in both cases.
Example Response:
The pressure at the end of both pipes is atmospheric pressure. So applying Bernoulli’s equation equates a height
[potential energy] plus a speed [kinetic energy] term for the water in the two pipes. Since the heights are different the
speeds must also be different.
Part D
0 1 2 3
1 point is earned for indicating the use of Bernoulli’s equation to find the minimum pressure at the pump.
1 point is earned for indicating that the speed of the water is the same throughout the pipe.
1 point is earned for indicating that at the top of the pipe at height the pressure of the water exiting is
equal to atmospheric pressure .
Example Response:
The speed of the water is the same throughout the pipe, so in Bernoulli’s equation, the speed [kinetic energy] terms at top
and bottom cancel. At the pump we are left with the pump pressure, and at the top of the pipe we have atmospheric
pressure plus the height [potential energy] term . Equate the two expressions and you can solve for the pump
pressure.
Part E
Scoring Guide
0 1 2
1 point is earned for indicating that the buoyant force decreases as the rock is removed from the water.
1 point is earned for indicating that the tension in the rope increases as the buoyant force decreases.
Example Response:
Since the rock moves with constant velocity, the forces acting on the rock must be balanced. As more of the rock is
removed from the water, the buoyant force decreases so the tension must increase. When the tension in the rope becomes
large enough, it breaks.
Part F
0 1 2 3 4
1 point is earned for describing that changes linearly with , consistent with graphs 1 or 2.
1 point is earned for describing that when the rock is entirely out of the water, there is a nonzero force
exerted on the tank by the water, consistent with graphs 2 or 4.
1 point is earned for an explanation that relates the buoyant force or depth of the fluid to the force on the
bottom of the tank.
Example Response:
The force of the water exerted on the tank increases linearly as more of the rock is submerged. When none of the rock is
submerged, the water still exerts a force on the tank, so the graph must have a non-zero intercept.

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AP PHYSICS 2 Scoring Guide

unit 1 summative frq

(b) Calculate the density of the cube.

____Increases ____ Decreases ____ Remains the same

Justify your answer

unit 1 summative frq

One point is deducted if either or both of the following occur:

• Any other forces are indicated

The student earns two of the following points:

One point is deducted if either or both of the following occur:

• Any other forces are indicated

(1000 kg/m3)Vcube = 1.25m

unit 1 summative frq

(1000 kg/m3) / 1.25 = m/Vcube

800 kg/m3 = pcube

pwV = m + 0.25m = 1.25m

1 point(s) earned for: the correct answer

pcube = pw / 1.25 = (1000 kg/m3)/1.25 = 800 kg/m3

The student earns three of the following points:

(1000 kg/m3)Vcube = 1.25m

(1000 kg/m3) / 1.25 = m/Vcube

800 kg/m3 = pcube

unit 1 summative frq

pwV = m + 0.25m = 1.25m

1 point(s) earned for: the correct answer

pcube = pw / 1.25 = (1000 kg/m3)/1.25 = 800 kg/m3

1 point(s) earned for: correct substitution

1 point(s) earned for: calculating a correct answer, with units

The student earns three of the following points:

unit 1 summative frq

1 point(s) earned for: correct substitution

1 point(s) earned for: calculating a correct answer, with units

1 point(s) earned for: selecting “Remains the same”

1 point(s) earned for: providing a correct explanation

Example: FB relates to density, volume, and g, none of which change.

The student earns two of the following points:

1 point(s) earned for: selecting “Remains the same”

1 point(s) earned for: providing a correct explanation

Example: FB relates to density, volume, and g, none of which change.

unit 1 summative frq

unit 1 summative frq

The response accurately includes both of the following criteria.

1 point is earned for indicating that with an attempt at a justification.

The response accurately includes:

unit 1 summative frq

The response accurately includes both of the following criteria.

The response accurately includes all of the following criteria.

unit 1 summative frq

unit 1 summative frq

unit 1 summative frq

The response accurately includes both of the following criteria.

1 point is earned for indicating that , with an attempt at a justification.

unit 1 summative frq

The response accurately includes:

The response accurately includes both of the following criteria.

unit 1 summative frq

The response accurately includes all of the following criteria.

____Increase ____decrease ___remain the same

Explain your reasoning

unit 1 summative frq

1 point(s) earned: For the correct answer

Pgauge = 3.5 x 105 Pa

The student earns two of the following points:

1 point(s) earned: For the correct answer

Pgauge = 3.5 x 105 Pa

unit 1 summative frq

The student earns one of the following points:

1 point(s) earned: For any indication that the plate is in equilibrium

T+Fbuoy-mg=0 (other statements such as a=0 or ∑F=0 also acceptable)

Solving for the tension and substituting:

T=mg-Fbouy = 1.6 x 103 N-6.0 x 102 N

1 point(s) earned: For the correct answer

T = 1.0 x 103 N (or 9.9 x 102 N using g = 10 m/s2)

The student earns five of the following points:

1 point(s) earned: For any indication that the plate is in equilibrium

T+Fbuoy-mg=0 (other statements such as a=0 or ∑F=0 also acceptable)

unit 1 summative frq

Solving for the tension and substituting:

Increases Decreases Remains the same

__Increase decrease _remain the same

___ _ ___