GE 005 Purposive Communication Transes

Module 1: The Basics of often the basis for sociolinguistic

identity.
Communication
Second Language
➢ a language that a person learns in
Part 1: addition to his or her first language.
➢ Language learning is the active process
of learning in a formal or informal way,
Definition of Language
such as at school or in a family

➢ purely human and non-instinctive Part 2

(natural) method of communicating ideas,
emotions and desires by means of Definition of Communication
voluntarily produced symbols
➢ a system of communication by sound, ➢ The term communication comes from the
operating through the organs of speech, Latin word “communicare” – which
among members of a given community means to share something in common.
➢ the ability to produce and comprehend ➢ a process by which people send
both spoken and written messages or exchange ideas or
➢ shapes our social interactions and thoughts with one another in a verbal
brings order to our lives. or nonverbal manner.
➢ a language can only be called a ➢ how we give and receive information
language, if it has a system of rules and convey our ideas and opinions
(also known as grammar), a sound with those around us.
system (phonology) and a vocabulary ➢ Speech Communication is a process of
(lexicon). transmitting information, thought or
➢ Language development is continuous feeling from one person to another
and recursive. through spoken words.
➢ is a tool that enables people to ➢ is the art of creating and sharing ideas
communicate, express needs and wants, for a specific purpose.
issue directives, create and produce
through our own tongue. It comes in many forms:
● verbal (language, sounds, tone of voice)
Context ● aural (hearing and listening)
➢ refers to the circumstances (condition) ● non-verbal (body language, facial
of the situation in which communication is expression)
taking place. ● written (email, journal, blog, text
message)
First Language ● visual (signs, symbols, pictures,
➢ The language acquired growing up is graphics, emojis)
known as a first language (also called as
mother tongue or native language). Communication
➢ the language a person has learned from ➢ is dependent on how rich those ideas
birth or within the critical period, or are, and how much of those ideas are
that a person speaks the best and so is retained in the cyclical (repeated)
process.
GE 005 Purposive Communication Transes

"Effective communication is when the ➢ The receiver is the intended target for a
information is transmitted without changing its message.
content and context.“ CHANNEL
➢ the medium in which the message travels
➢ both parties must be able to exchange ➢ or medium span across all media, from
information and understand each other. print, broadcast, to digital (social
networks, apps). Even physical functions
➢ ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION like voice and body language.
FEEDBACK
SENDER ⇒ MESSAGE (ex. “Can we change ➢ the receiver’s response to the original
the meeting to 2:00pm?) ⇒ RECEIVER ⇒ message
FEEDBACK (ex. “Yes, I can make it by 2:00 pm) ➢ the last stage of the communication
process; before the whole process the
Communication process receiver initiates the last stage. They
➢ refers to the exchange of information (a respond, directly or indirectly, to the
message) between two or more people. source’s message.
NOISE
➢ anything that disrupts, delays, or distorts
a message
ENCODING
➢ the process of formatting ideas into
concrete messages
➢ you translate your idea into a tangible,
deliverable form of expressions, such as
written words or a speech.

DECODING
➢ the process in which the receiver
interprets the message
➢ The give and take of information is the
❖ COMMUNICATION BARRIERS
building block of modern society.
➢ LANGUAGE BARRIERS
■ occur when people do not
SOURCE
speak the same language,
➢ who sends a message and starts the
or do not have the same
communication process
level of ability in a
➢ The source, sometimes called the sender
language.
(a person, organization, or other entity)
■ e.g. Excessive use of
who sets the communication
jargons, ambiguous
process-in-motion.
words, or technical
MESSAGE
terminology
➢ an idea or piece of information that
➢ This barrier could be overcome by
passes between sources and receivers
keeping communication clear
RECEIVER
and appropriate for the target
➢ the person who accepts, decodes, and
audience.
responds to a message
GE 005 Purposive Communication Transes

➢ PSYCHOLOGICAL BARRIERS ➢ BEHAVIORAL BARRIERS

■ anger, fear, insecurity, ■ The behaviors like bias,
shyness, and generalizations &
close-mindedness can stereotyping can cause
always damage communication barriers.
communication. ➢ Learn how to treat everyone
➢ This barrier could be overcome if with respect.
you know how to connect with
your listeners. COMMUNICATION STYLE BARRIERS
➢ Some people are very direct while others
➢ CULTURAL BARRIERS prefer a more indirect approach.
■ Communication with ➢ Some use detailed data, while others rely
people of different cultures on generalities, and so forth.
and backgrounds means
becoming aware of the AUDIENCE ANALYSIS
differences in values, Demographic analysis
beliefs and attitudes that ➢ age, gender, culture, ethnicity,
people hold. race, religion, educational level
➢ Practice cross-cultural
sensitivity (empathy) to Attitudinal analysis
overcome this barrier based on ➢ attitude, beliefs, values
culture.
Environmental analysis
➢ PHYSICAL BARRIERS ➢ seating arrangement, number of
■ such as learning people likely to attend, room
impairment, defects in lighting
vision, speech problems,
or learning disabilities The difference between Language and
affect communication. Communication
➢ Proper training and practice is
needed to help people who are Language Skills
experiencing these barriers. - is being proficient in listening, speaking,
and writing a language
➢ ENVIRONMENTAL BARRIERS Communication Skills
■ Messages can be blocked - Communication skills refer to the ability
by environmental factors, to communicate or connect well with
such as the physical others.
setting or the situation
where communication The connection between language
takes place. and communication
➢ One has to think about the
potential and real Language skills are pre-requisite for the
environmental barriers during development of effective communication skills.
communication.
GE 005 Purposive Communication Transes

The Basics of Communication LASWELL'S COMMUNICATION MODEL

Communication Process ➢ developed by communication theorist

- Described through discussion of different Harold D. Lasswell in 1948.
communication models. ➢ This model was summed up and can be
understood by answering the five
Communication Model questions: Who, What was said, In
- pictorial representation of the which channel, To whom, With what
communication process, ideas, thoughts, effect.
or concepts through diagrams ➢ is about the process of communication
- systematic representations of the and its function to society.
process which helps in understanding
how communication works can be Three functions for communication:
done. 1. Surveillance (investigation of the
environment),
SPEAKER ⇒ SPEECH ⇒ AUDIENCE 2. Correlation (connection of components
of society),
LINEAR MODEL 3. Cultural (transmission between
➢ Also called the transmission model generation).
➢ is based on the assumption that
communication is transmitted in a CLAUDE SHANNON & WARREN WEAVER
straightforward (unidirectional) manner COMMUNICATION MODEL
- from a sender to a receiver.
➢ Defined communication as “all of the
ARISTOTLE'S COMMUNICATION MODEL procedures by which one mind may
affect another.”
➢ represents communication as an orator ➢ This was the first model to acknowledge
to a large (mass) audience. The speaker the existence of noise in communication
plays an important role in that occurs during the process of
communication. encoding, sending and decoding, and
➢ three variables in the communication could disrupt or alter a message.
process: ethos (credibility), pathos
(the ability to connect), and logos INTERACTIVE MODEL
(logical argument).
➢ is in contrast with the linear one, which
EX. Alexander gave a brave speech to his considers communication flowing only in
soldiers in the war field to defeat the Persian one direction, from a sender to a receiver
Empire. ➢ communication is a two-way process,
Speaker - Alexander which involves an exchange or an
Speech - about his invasion interaction between the sender and the
Occasion - War field receiver.
Audience - Soldiers
Effect - To defeat Persia OSGOOD-SCHRAMM MODEL

➢ considers communication to be equal

and reciprocal. It has no differentiation
between sender and receiver.
GE 005 Purposive Communication Transes

➢ Each is considered to be in an equal 1. Public cues are available to anyone

position as message encoders and present in the communicative situation,
decoders. e.g. a piece of furniture or the smell of
➢ Feedback is instantaneous like in antiseptic in a room
face-to-face conversations. 2. Private cues are only accessible to one
person, e.g. sounds heard through
WESTLEY AND MACLEAN MODEL earphones or a pain in one's chest
3. Behavioral cues are under the direct
➢ It demonstrates that the messages we control of the communicators, verbal
communicate are influenced by our behavioral cues, e.g. making a remark
background, our perspective, and our about the weather, and non-verbal
identity. behavioral cues, e.g. pointing toward
Example: an object
You have witnessed the accident and feel the
urge to call your best friend. DANCE’S HELICAL MODEL

You: “There was a terrible accident ➢ The name helical comes from “Helix”
downtown!” which means an object having a
Your friend: “My goodness! Are you hurt?” three-dimensional shape like that of a
You: “No, no, I just witnessed it. I wasn’t wire wound uniformly around a cylinder
involved! Don’t worry!” or cone.
After the feedback from a worried friend, the ➢ This shows communication as dynamic
sender modify his message and send it back to and a non-linear process as it
her friend. increases its complexity.
➢ a communication process is the product
TRANSACTIONAL MODEL of what we learnt.

➢ explore direct personal communication Part 3:

processes in which two-way feedback is
immediate. Communication Principles

➔ Effective communication is a connection

BARNLUND’S MODEL between people that allows for the
exchange of thoughts, feelings, and
➢ Cues are of central importance in this ideas, and leads to mutual
model. A cue is anything to which one understanding.
may attribute meaning or which can
trigger a response (public, private, and Communication Principles
behavioral)
➢ is a multi-layered feedback system. This 1. Communication is transactional
is a continuous process where sender ➢ It is a two-way process which involves
and receiver interchange their places an exchange of thoughts and ideas.
and both are equally important. Every message consists of content and
➢ The message passing takes place with feeling. The content is what the message
constant feedback being provided from is about based on the words used.
both parties.
2. Communication is inevitable
GE 005 Purposive Communication Transes

➢ It is impossible to not communicate. Culture

➢ All actions—both intentional and ➢ defined as a system of knowledge shared
Unintentional—communicate certain by a relatively large group of people.
messages. ➢ The system includes shared set of
3. Communication is goal-oriented beliefs, values, behaviors, laws, and
➢ When you communicate, you have goals ceremonies by a group of people.
in mind.
➢ To persuade; to entertain; to inform; Levels of Communication
to express one’s feelings, ideas, or
emotions; to build and maintain 1. Intrapersonal Communication
relationships; and to influence others. ➢ It is the knowledge of and communication
with oneself.
4. Communication is complex
➢ It entails a lot of processes which can 2. Interpersonal Communication
occur simultaneously or successively. ➢ It is the interaction between two or
relatively small group.
5. Communication can be learned
➢ is a skill which can be learned. You must Two kinds of Interpersonal Communication
learn to communicate in the most clear
and effective way possible. ➔ Dyadic – communication between two
individuals.
Cs of Communication ➔ Small group – interaction of three or
more persons which permits the
Completeness dialogical participation of each person.
Conciseness
Consideration 3. Extended Communication
Concreteness ➢ It involves the use of electronic media in
Courtesy communication.
Clarity
Correctness 4. Organizational Communication
➢ It is the inclusion of all types of
6. Communication is relational communication that enable all varieties of
➢ the process how meaning is created also organization to use communication
echoes two vital aspects of relationships channels for connecting and
of the communicators: immediacy and communicating within the organization as
control. well as external stakeholders.
➢ Immediacy is the degree of liking or
attractiveness in a relationship. Types of Organizational Structure
➢ Control is the degree which one
participant shows dominance or power. Formal Structure - It allows the communication
to take place via designated channels of
7. Communication is guided by culture message flow between positions in the
➢ How messages are created and organization.
processed is greatly influenced by the
cultural background of communicators. Informal Structure - It comes from unofficial
channels of message flow. The “grapevine” of
messages.
GE 005 Purposive Communication Transes

subsequent actions in the

Four Approaches in Formal Communication communication.
➢ Context is critical, because it tells you,
Downward Communication - Communication the receiver, what importance to place on
flows from upper to lower position. something, what assumptions to draw (or
not) about what is being communicated,
Upward Communication - Communication and most importantly, it puts meaning
flows from lower to upper position. into the message.

Horizontal Communication - Is also called Personal Context - communicators’

lateral communication is the practice of background (both the sender and the receiver).
sharing information between employees,
departments, and units within the same level of Social Context - kind of relationship that exists
an organization. between the sender and the receiver.

Crosswise Communication - Is diagonal in Psychological Context - the emotional feelings

nature as employees from different units or of the participants in the communication process.
departments working at various levels
communicate with each other. Cultural Context - the sets of beliefs, value
system, principles, & assumptions based on
Ethics in Communication one’s race, ethnicity, etc.

➔ Communication is ethical when it is Communication in High Context vs. Low

upfront, honest and cooperative. Context

➢ Be honest and truthful ➔ In 1976, Edward T. Hall, an

➢ Refrain from doing harm anthropologist, proposed that cultures
➢ Fairness to all stakeholders can be divided into two categories—high
➢ Be an active listener and strive to context and low context.
understand ➔ The concept has been a popular frame of
➢ Avoid a negative tone reference since its introduction 40 years
➢ Do not interrupt others ago, and is used as a training tool to this
➢ Refrain from speaking judgmentally day.
and strive to understand
➢ Speak from your own experience Communication in different Culture: Cultural
➢ Avoid speaking for others Framework
➢ Consider appropriate communication
channel ➢ High-context cultures
➢ will use communication that focuses on
Part 4: underlying context, meaning, and tone
in the message, and not just the words
Communication Context themselves. Countries like Japan,
China, France, Spain, Brazil, and more.
➢ influences the expectations from the ➢ Similarity is an important characteristic.
participants, the meaning derived from This is because the majority of the
the exchange of utterances, and the population in high context cultures
typically have the same level of
GE 005 Purposive Communication Transes

education, shared ethnicity, religion, ➢ refers to the communication between

and history. people from two different cultures.
➢ prefer oral communications. ➢ is a symbolic, interpretive, transactional,
➢ focus on longer forms of communication contextual process, in which people from
that don’t always focus on basic different cultures create shared
questions. meanings.

Low-context cultures Multicultural

➢ expect communications to be explicitly ➢ refers to a society that contains several
stated so that there’s no risk of cultural or ethnic groups.
confusion, and if a message isn’t clear ➢ People live alongside one another, but
enough, it will slow down the process of each cultural group does not necessarily
communication. have engaging interactions with each
➢ Western cultures like the UK, Australia other.
and the United States. ➢ focuses on the dynamics of
➢ They are usually diverse, and focus on communication across cultures.
the individual, instead of the group. ➢ It explores not only what happens when
➢ written communications. people of two different cultures meet,
➢ When it comes to emails, texts, and but also what happens when people from
online messaging, low-context cultures a variety of cultures and ethnicities come
use it to frequent messages. together in one organization, community
➢ Communications to revolve around basic or country.
questions, like:
● What’s happening? How to become a master of multicultural
● Where’s it happening? communication?
● When’s it going to happen? ● Change your attitude
● How’s it going to happen? ● Be a good listener
● Adjust to intercultural language
Text competency
- This refers to anything in a language and ● Be curious – learn about other cultures
in a culture that conveys meaning.
“PRACTICE MAKES PERFECT AS WE ALL
Cultural Text KNOW, BUT NOT ALWAYS EXPERIENCE
- Cultural texts are those objects, actions, EQUAL EXPERTISE.”
and behaviors that reveal cultural
meaning. Part 5:

Intercultural and Multicultural: Know the Verbal and Non Verbal Communication
Difference
Verbal
Intercultural ➢ Uses spoken or written words to
➢ describes communities in which there is communicate a message.
a deep understanding and respect for all Non-Verbal
cultures. ➢ Uses of body language, gestures, facial
➢ focuses on the mutual exchange of ideas expressions, and even posture to
and cultural norms and the development communicate
of deep relationships.
GE 005 Purposive Communication Transes

Casual/Informal Register
➢ describes speech that is informal or
Verbal Communication Language Registers imprecise.
➢ uses many non standard grammatical
➢ Martin Joos identified five registers of forms, such as slang, incomplete
language or styles of English usage, sentences, or regional phrasing.
and these continue to be recognized ➢ used between people who are already
today. They exist in every world acquainted with one another and relies
language. on a relaxed social context.
➢ using the wrong register of language can
be socially offensive. Intimate Register
➢ describes the way a person speaks in ➢ describes speech that is about personal
relation to their audience. topics used between close
➢ A speaker modifies their language acquaintances, such as family members,
register to signal levels of formality close friends, or romantic partners, and
according to their relationship to their can employ standard or nonstandard
audience and intended purpose of grammatical forms.
speech.
TAKE NOTE:
“Right words at the right time to the right Varieties and registers of language is about
person with the right reason.” appropriateness and context in speaking, and
grammatical correctness of words in writing.
Static Register
➢ describes speech that is so formalized Non-Verbal Communication
that it is often produced via recitation
rather than spontaneous speech ➢ The sending and receiving messages in
production. a variety of ways without the use of
➢ “Frozen” register is language that is verbal codes (words). It is both
always the same. intentional and unintentional.
➢ Most speakers / listeners are not
Formal Register conscious of this.

➢ the standard sentence syntax and word Non-Verbal Communication: Multiple

choice of work and school. Functions
1. To repeat
Consultative Register 2. To substitute
➢ the formal register when used in 3. To regulate
conversation. 4. To accent
➢ used by professionals in law, medicine, 5. To complement/contradict
government, and education when they ● Gestures, body movement, posture
meet with others. ● Facial expressions
➢ to establish a conversational style that ● Eye contact
engages both parties, often to inform the ● Touch
listener about a specific topic. ● Smell
● Space
● Voice
GE 005 Purposive Communication Transes

Module 2 STRUCTURAL
➢ English is bound to reflect a diversity of
Diversity disparate cultures.

➢ is about what makes each of us unique Braj Kachru defines the quality of “nativeness”
and includes our backgrounds, in World Englishes “in terms of both its functional
personality, life experiences and beliefs, domains and range, and its depth in social
all of the things that make us who we are. penetration and resultant acculturation”
➢ is also about recognizing, respecting and
valuing differences based on ethnicity, THE ARGUMENT
gender, age, race, religion, disability and ➢ The English language belongs not only to
sexual orientation. its native speakers but also to its various
➢ It is a combination of our differences that non-native users throughout the world.
shape our view of the world, perspective
and our approach. Larry E. Smith in his argument suggests that
since the global spread of English has been very
Globalization rapid by historical standards, not all these
➢ defined as “the interconnections of global English varieties will necessarily be intelligible to
economic, political, cultural and each other.
environmental processes that continually
transform present conditions” ➔ The process of intelligibility implies, the
➢ means the speedup of movements and more words a listener is able to identify
exchanges (of human beings, goods, and accurately when said by a particular
services, capital, technologies or cultural speaker, the more intelligible they are.
practices) all over the planet. ➔ Intelligibility is when we recognize the
➢ English is now said to be an international word or another -sentence level
or a global language. utterance.
➔ Comprehensibility is when to recognize
Language Two Major Characteristics of the meaning of the words expressed and
Contemporary English the intention expressed by the speaker in
the proper context.
Global spread - internationalization of English ➔ Interpretability involves cultural
Development of distinct varieties - competency and the ability to understand
diversification of English the discourse strategies people use

The Spread of English Language and Culture Relationship

● English today is a unique language,
functionally and structurally quite different Ken Hale, a well-known linguist, says that
from other languages of the world when a language loses, a piece of culture is
also lost as culture has a strong influence
FUNCTIONAL on the language.
➢ English has clearly spread among
non-native speakers as a sizable number ➢ Language makes interpersonal
of Asian, African, Pacific, and other exchanges quick.
countries designate it as their official,
associate official, or working language.
GE 005 Purposive Communication Transes

➢ Our fundamental traditions, ideals, and publications as well as publishing

interpersonal interactions are all newspapers and other books.
influenced by culture.
➢ Language promotes social connections. English in Asia
While culture aids our learning of how to
connect with others. ● English is the lingua franca of the world.
It is by far the most popular second
Language and Culture are interlinked language learnt, and it is being taught in
almost every country.
➢ Culture and Language have evolved
together, influencing one another in the Thailand
process, ultimately shaping what it ➢ Except for tourist spots, most people in
means to be human. Thailand speak almost no English.
➢ Within a social community, culture and ➢ The public education system does not
language share human beliefs, realities, have the resources for teachers to
and actions. support a good English education.

Language and Culture are both constantly Philippines

developing ➢ Almost everyone in the Philippines
speaks English well.
➢ Language is a part of culture, and
through it, we can express cultural beliefs Malaysia
and values. ➢ Being a mixture of ethnic groups, and
➢ Language is used to express the values, being heavily influenced by foreign
beliefs and meanings which members of culture, Malaysians learn English well. It
a given society share through is an important part of the education
socialization. system, although officially it doesn’t have
➢ Language communicates through culture to be used as a language of instruction.
and culture also communicates through
language. China
➢ China has the most English learners in
The Role of Language and Culture in our the world. However, it is widely known
Personality that the Chinese are normally unable to
hold a conversation in English.
➢ Language is a resource that allows us to
communicate our culture. Japan and Korea
➢ Culture shapes beliefs and ethics by ➢ Both of these countries are trying hard to
telling us how to deal with others. promote English, however their native
➢ Both culture and language allow us to languages are extremely different
look backward in history. grammatically and phonetically.

The Role of English as a Global Language India, Nepal and Sri Lanka
➢ Social divide is clear – people from
➢ It is the most widely used language in the wealthy families are educated in English
world in international trade, diplomacy, and people of poorer backgrounds have
mass entertainment, international little contact with English throughout their
telecommunications and scientific education.
GE 005 Purposive Communication Transes

Indonesia ➢ E.g. It can be seen in people eating sushi

➢ Like in Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia and in Peru and Indian food in Europe.
Laos, the only people that seem to have
a good grip of English are people in Economic globalization
locations with lots of tourists or business, ➢ the production of even a single product
like Bali or Jakarta. However, most of might use the work from many countries
Indonesia’s 260 million people know little to complete the work efficiently and
or no English. cost-effectively.
➢ E.g. One shirt sold in the United States
Singapore could have been made using the Chinese
➢ Singapore has an internationally cotton by the workers in a factory in
commended education system, and its Thailand which would be shipped after
primary language of instruction is getting manufactured on a French
English. freighter run by a Spanish crew.
➢ Even though most children speak Malay,
Chinese or Tamil to their parents, their Diplomatic globalization
mother tongue is taught secondarily to ➢ The diplomatic organization also consists
English. of things like treaties and cooperation
between two or more countries on
The Effects of Globalization on International different issues.
Communication ➢ E.g. The US and China cooperate to
combat piracy off Somalia’s coast.
➢ Globalization makes international
communication and business Technological Globalization
management easier and efficient for ➢ The internet is the major contributor to
world trade. globalization, and it is not confined to
➢ Globalization connects businesses and technology but to other areas as well as it
customers across the world. helps in the cultural exchange of arts
➢ The globalization process has directly easily.
affected global communication as it helps ➢ E.g. CNN, the global news network, can
to increase business opportunities. spread and telecasting its news globally
using the technology.
Cultural globalization
➢ Cultures are also being spread without
confining to political boundaries. Diffusion Vs. Adaptation
➢ E.g. The Greek culture is being spread
over Africa, Asia, and Europe which can Diffusion is the communication process through
be seen in the cities having the name of which an innovation travels or spreads through
Alexander in Africa, Turkey, and Egypt. certain channels from a person, an organization,
or any unit of adoption to another within a social
Globalization the increasing interaction of or geographical context or system.
people around the world
Communication Adaptation means changing
Food globalization the communication due to change in strategy,
➢ Food is also one of the important factors line extension etc.
of globalization.
GE 005 Purposive Communication Transes

➢ The company does product tests and

Diffusion ⇒ Adaptation experimentation through the addition or
(Internationalization) ⇒ (Diversification) removal of food items based on local
trends and popularity among consumers.
Input ⇒ Output
Standardization & Innovation
American/British English ⇒
Enculturation/Indigenization Process ⇒ Standardization strategy
Regional/Local Varieties of English ➢ Anywhere the company operates, it
offers identical food products. The plan
provides the company with a strong
FACT: image. The strategy is a time and money
★ The internationalization of English has saver as it helped build economies of
prompted the diversification of English. scale.
★ The diversification is the cost we have to
pay for the internationalization of English. Adaptation strategy
★ It is important to recognize that English ➢ The strategy can be compared to
has become an international common localization. With this strategy, it adapts
language simply because it is being to the needs of the consumers as
enriched as a culturally diverse language. required by the cultures of specific
______________________________________ countries. The strategy enables the
fast-food chain to have a wider reach
In terms of revenue, McDonald’s is considered worldwide. The strategy does require
as the biggest restaurant chain in the world. As higher communication and production
of 2017, it has 37,241 fast food restaurants costs.
around the world.
The Advantages and Disadvantages of
Strategies it use: Globalization
1. Standardization strategy
2. Innovation strategy The Advantages of Globalization

JAPAN Increased choice

➢ Japanese cuisine is very different from ➢ Through globalization, consumers in one
the rest of the world country can have access to goods and
➢ In the initial stage, McDonald’s in Japan services that they would never otherwise
retained the menu for the U.S. market. have access to.
But slowly it replaced and added menu
items to cater to Japanese preferences Higher quality products
The company introduced Green Tea ice ➢ As each nation concentrates on its own
cream, Rice Burger, Seaweed Shaker specialty industries, there is far less
and Teriyaki Burger ‘reinventing the wheel.’
➢ McDonald’s is able to adapt its menu and
business plans to each culture Increased competition
➢ It shows that it respects the differences ➢ The presence of increased competition in
between cultures and adheres to the a country’s economy from foreign
country’s policy when they develop companies means a more efficient
additional items for their menu market and lower prices for consumers.
GE 005 Purposive Communication Transes

Economies of scale
➢ Globalization provides companies with a
much bigger effective market in which to
sell their goods, & scale up their
production.

Increased labor mobility

➢ By allowing individual workers to move to
other countries, the global economy can
better match supply and demand.

Improved international relations

➢ Countries that have a positive trade
relationship with each other, have an
incentive not to get into conflict.

The Disadvantages of Globalization

Possible monopolization of multi-national

companies
➢ Large enterprises from developed
countries may move into smaller
developing nations and take over the
market.

Structural unemployment
➢ If a country is no longer competitive in
the production of a particular good, this
may mean that its production rapidly
moves offshore, and workers are left
unemployed.

Inter-dependence
➢ Individual countries become dependent
on other nations for their supply chains.

Tax avoidance
➢ It may be that some companies are able
to avoid paying taxes that one might
expect that company to pay in a given
country through legal tax arrangements.