States of Matter —_—— Maker Mast Stabe Mast Stable Most stable, foun of intermediale fem at form at aot a Highs temp: & Pressure high temb> 4 Low PF Factors affecting Physical states of matter: Wy Temp 2) Pressure. £yplonation: anes et Jt cred energy ¥ Bo mnalecutes ve ‘estar internction. energy { on increasing P + intermolecelar cistame ( 4) er) - Oraa RET. | |Enternction Energy | (4) Pct) ech Physical State « gas —— > liquid ——Solid Temperate (TJ + Measuce of thermal ehevay of the gysiem. Macvascebic Property * FRemmal energy XT Fremal energy = f CT) | SIND = sm of fom -e5ey Boltzmann's ae const: So on Tet) +? KE CT) dL Random mation Lt > soid OP, Liquid —T*?,s Gas Ab LowT # HighP SD FhttvacHon Ehergy dominates - Ag highT 4 low p 3 FRermas anergy AominaeTemp + Relative / Absglule. Le ee Bese =o i "Particles —_r Siebes a a eal nature at Bhedific P4T Crangey © Intermelecclay Intermaleculay fore Ho force Fo + Vinalecsis® Genta we Fo ~— melecales L L hegligible hot negligible 224 Ube = 224oe Br Vin-matecutes MRBHEAY) Vinalecules <& Nesareuen: container Ly negligiale. Volume of Ideal gas = Free volume = 22¢09-20 ewailable for the 7 22-4Uit Mavement of gos. CheryCharacter ist os Ff Gas + lj) commbprescible 2) Mo fired velume 3) Mo fimed Shape 4) Vewy Jaw ctenstty e) Diffusion etc. Meacurable Praperes Qas \) Amount @F Gas => mass = nha of moles (Nn) 2) Volume Cv) 3 Pressure C@) 4) Temp Equaiton of State of gas= £ CP, WT) Meosurement of Pressure = Barometer +s measure Atmasbheric press. Manometer +o méasure gaStous pres te ken in compeine measurement ix basal oh pressure exerted by Liquid column.Pressure Ore by tigu wich “Column 5 density m e sab F = mg Areacd Exerteol pressure = Fa: Z = Surface orta=A [4 Normal Forte Per unit aven- by Uquid column Pu = mg. (density xvalume) x9 7 a 2 Fe (ArH) I 2 Pgh A Priguid = HO, Colurh Paige * Fig hag Prod =~fras I Mino «Find tre pressure exeried by 260 mm of Se i Hg column having density 13°76 A /tit- Solh Fug = FR = (a6 «10° egg) * Oma ZEO me loos = bolax to® Nak &412 Find the At of watee column that ererts Lom pressure « Fs Latnm = rox = SF Aine Soly => baisKied = 1800 Xo x hinge hyo * loizgm. liquide - 8): quide clensit, = 4;Pe (5 ths) + Sghha-h) +9,q Ohh) LS Ang Measurement af atmospheric prossur. : by Barometer Pevfeck vacuum No gag —S iT admaspheric gas “. & = Pug = Patm qt ig At sea level = Barometer reading * 760mm of Hg aT Lokm. <= Lodmasbhere=> Patm = Fug a 4h = Ss, 3 he. aa 1 otmer Manic iStaken in bavometer - > [bes [fis Hg fy Sov 61013 m Water See _I Avoid fo ht of column. bake i® igh Uiguid having Law density in Barometer. ee. Find the BE- ater calamn if cb ig tekken in Garometer. [, loam . Consider aem level-Measurement of brecsure €xéricel by gas taken in sontainey Of fixed volume Using Manomeber oe Closed tube manometer ben tube manometer2 Rgas + 9h * Che Hloke* Gr this measurement Veantainer 7? Viube aE harted tube { Loas during measwement =cinatt ee. Find the presswe of gag in mm of Hg, if we YEE — GhEn tube manometer, ¢ Mahometer reading i SGOmm of Hq) Lu ak sez level: ~ cugf: in hk of Kg in tao Limb SF mangmeler-fon: 3) 1G fyas > Pact Faas = Patm + “Pgh = (@eomm of Hg) + Pig’ bape as = (G60 386) mm oF Hy. = 40 mm of Hg. or Pgas = taim + satm = 32 4atn- = 5 * = Byroiaxlor> N/m = = Bgrreiaxio® Pascal. T™) 35 fas < Patm 2 fas + tah = Pat Pyas = Patm- fan = (760 — ag0)mm of hg = 336 mm of hg oh, > YatUnit of Pressure; bay Pascal ram of Hoy tore <4: conversion. 1 atme= bors xe? asl = ol b&b 766 mm Hg Jeo torr imm of Hq = 4 tow L bar = lo N/m_h aid Pred L bay satm BeFaulty Barometer 4 Manomeley @- 30 we MacoS®: => mgcagas’ Paim = #9 hcase- 1 faally reading. Padn = (Heese) mm of Hg = heosao mm of Hg Ho Latm robbed, eri 2i- a gas > Faas = ? Fac mm Solna:'2 ng cas (40-38) Hg = mgsinaé Pgas = (720,)Sinad mmm of Hg = 366 mm of Hg. ex: 4, Tf barometer taken in axamble-2,i8 Shifted to “Shimla then P of teabpect gag in. bavaneler col a) Incréase b) decrease <) remains same.Gas. Laws : Gererel ttedement based on analysis o§ observation. System. Boyle’s lan: For Fined amount sf gas at Constant fentb ; pressuve (P) exerted by tr iS inversely proportioned to Velume cv) oe Co n,T ) Vv <™ Tr wepresendg const. where P= Presse |xerled by gas Wot Volume of Container 2 Veluwe. of gaz.Guraphied analysis: Conse “T' # fixeol | n' e yy Rectangular } byPecbetie- on VCH) = [Stobe} () v—> 6) Boyle's law: Pvek FS 2 lagi pw = dag Ck) bgp > tog +togy = tegk > log Pp = ~Aogy + dag > We OS > p= tas?.2 Based on Boyle’ lau av av ap ae os v— Boyle's Isctherm + For fired amount of gas = aes demb- comes e t TCH) +C4) Pv Ts, Ts Ts = Te ‘ ui v > Por v—»Moke ea Ae TH273K, net imole & fxtatam gas = Molar volume. = Vj. ~ Ey, Charles Laur + pene I sadbaetenine 0 noma absslule femb CT) at cost: P and fr fines! amounk of gas Ch) af 6G OF G oh, p= const:) > McK = cmst— i i T te ae ee 1 0 ote ak ae —_ 1 7; = Simte Stale ) +TE temp isteken in &. Tig= 273 tea > VsoeTc K Ct +273) —o > ve Kt + k (223) ig @ is the Volume at 6% Re Aot measurement 273 from eg O Ve Mo ( t +273) 273 Gyraphiesh — analysis: v fane = TCR) —Charle’s isobays TCK) — = sea » [ez Vayq . OT OR T ! big Ren oh po f me MRR a f ye 4 a Homensork | On the basis of Sharic*s lau craw follwing graphs ad av AT dogr—s Vo orT—Gay Lussac’s laur : For fixed amount of gas tdeken in & Closed and vigil conmbainer ( V=const) PaT C V,m t const) > P=KT oo a & =k TA~- Constant vel: grecbhs > heh ok ar ~~. nr jSochares Ly BNA Ttk) Avogadro's lad: Ab fixed P 2 T, Volume of tre gas is diveoHy beobrdional to ne sf males of tre gas. § Equal volume of gas comdsiy equal ha of molecies ureter Similar conditem }Von ‘i CPT) V=EKA > = const - e n Based on laws of Tdeal gas Equation: —_. Bayle, Chevle 4 Avagacho we get Ft ine P = Pv «aT > Pye ROA) -o 4 ss ey Univetcal ges Constank 270821 Lit-atm/mote/y, B34 T/male/te faSome, imborfint -formules: (from male. cana doas = BM RT Mav. = MM they to Hythyt-- ey iy Se eadion in given, Conditions. Powys hy RT, — in condition b AMY = eT GD in camlition 2. Homemark: 8B + 3,4,8,6 + AN ousstions-Queston bank © 3 — 6 Douke : y-3, 45 & «& en 2 Mo 4, te, +, 7 (8) 8 Veusy. > eM = WY ar eT 3B 2A Css xato) = 4% C61S— lox) > me 2B, Ang¥ dtet) = 2KT Be dr = 728 aff Vv = 2(hR Bees 2 (NB yer x = v= ang > 32/00 = bh 2* oogt fie Condifion 2 (ty bubble In tne process: 1,7 3 Const> atin Fi +t hy +h, thes, D7E = ‘5+ [SBN aa0 + weceeeeee + Pas She Bhy 13-6 ie Sng? fa he PngDensity of gas: ( dyas) a= Ut . mass uv Volume wing Pye RT D> pve (2 er > pee yer Io 3 ‘dogo? PM = £CE Tm) ART a, RT Vabour density : Reladive densty ae ee toe take. Hy Vd= dye 7 Agee any Sn Similar Comtiton of PET > vD= dea | _ Creat el Crm Ho Le Hef RT —_— vb = Mogae vnifess:Vetbour tensity of dessus mixtwe | OVDa,) VDmix= WV Dav = Sm = May = 2 where May = DM, they nthe 7 Wy + Wy eu t--- SUF C Sonsewation Al v mass ) hm, thMyt--- = Mh May > Ma = Aye, + Dy Mem pai la t= nth Se ee stp NTP SaTp Standard Normal temp- Stanckre! aqmbject temp 4 Presane| 2 Pressuce, temp € pres Pe L bay Pe lbar P= Ledm > bbe = a7ak Te ake T = 298K Ladme beta bee Foi ne NA L bay * O-4g adm: Vinelar ak (STP= 22-7 Ub/nale -PavHal Pressure * Th tne mixtue of nonveacting gases, pressure, ceerteck by individual gas if whgle of tre Uolume ef mixture if ceccupied by tris component: Container” Vola me=¥ | % “&) RT Dalton’s Law of Fortial Pressure: He tobel prescwe exerted by two ov more Ranreaciing gases Occupy ino a definite. Volume iS equal the Stim ob te barlial pressure Sf tne camnponents of gases: Pos Pot Pye -----Totet pressure. Partial pressure Progf: bre Khoa tat Weg Sehigetes => Sn f gor pon rerating ges} using PVE Her © ideal gas equatich) in given > PY + Va = PY Cohdition RT er RT Sa =P Pat Fat oo ee Povtial pressuve of gas & eal to multiplication of male fictton ond total pressure. > 2, = XaP P= CP Pe fh RT) 4 Be MeRT GD v Prost Duy atecsoe Se nm z a= (Pe Pp nD SRO AP Pod ia AE adding or Yemoving © 398 -frrm Roe oe gastos mixture Cat const v #7), tere is no effect on pavlial pressure of Ober gases. Fa= (2) Rr > Reming Zome. ee But total pressuwe chang iL Cherges Reading : Bi My iS, lg S$ mocule- SS eee Tybes of container -Pressuve exertecl by moist gas ( Pmoist-) water insoluble gas a a ares pres, gesesus Mixtere Wate” abies I tatty Soleble water salad oe ali gett clissolved impurity ; Se using 2 Lmoist = Lary gas t ater vabour Datton's |aue ea tones wg Atherdt pa neous Jension onl on iy Sn eqh Exered pressiac with 4,0) S Bader verbour Hy0 == HgOTty) tas : BAGH = Preise gas — Aatension Ary | tren obbly ideak gas exugtion ire given = pracess + get desired yesuib-ee Steir ——— > Stator Cmaist gasy q [Link]) és: Hao C Srna qUvantity) ag densten = 29Im ot hg Find tre bressure. inthe Gorniner offer obening tne valve- soln Before opening the valve 2500 Pav gas = (veo-20) = 740 tan PR z After opening He Valye 3 Lek tee. pressure of dy gas is fy. => PM = Ry & 240 %1b = Rxan HT, re fer er SS As 2, ow SPpat = Prot ® (C2 +20) sy ex: Sern If Smate HEl(Q) MIES* | is injected in tous Dah Conkaingy at SHETEVY +hen find final PB. Rigid container ak 25%6 £ Him = MHg + He Lcqy —> nngerts) } Soln : 4 Htigtey SHE —* ae t=0 2male Sinale o Scolict - b= tind oO G-2zmde Lmsle =Lmole. Finally Gas in confine D HEL SS £ male aTybes of containers Closed containey Closed and Rigid container Tyre tube Continer open container Gonnected cohfaiher ete: Clasecl containevS: mass of the gas remains constant in tne centainer I? No: of males vemains Same € fer non reacting gas) [> _ No exchange of mass Ls, Volume «may or may hot change. example: Bulb , Balloon , cylinder- piston ete-Fext- Jas, Ges Pai Faas <— Pex = Paes Glass Bulb 4 Clased- ¥(3id comminey V= const Pex: = fas - “Wai canst Balican Pans may oF may hat Closed but nonrigid. be equat +o Pext- es Vomey change ato Vinay if V2 Vinee Balleon wit) burs - fylindec— Piston confeuner = Volume may eS SO ee Piston. wash sind 1 i Pex i = F, ON Pong tS J & ‘ert ee a The J mares dawonwardt - ae temp: T Ok temp |Tyre tube container : edding gas Lnitially * Uv th {PAT remains Samel ia Lacie Pol ih Otteining maximum Volume. soe od “p! abjecataaning me F » Tyre will be buxst + adding ge Conheckng conainevs : If CamainevS are connecitd for substantial time then gases move ma One Cankineéy +o another ceniheve +i partial pressure of Och component becomes equal in all cahnected canfainers. Clase ValuePgas= Padm Volame=vy Ngas = PatmVi = h, Fgas > Paste pr Higgs = Pa Raat 1 7 EM, 2 RSG> F aby escabek = OID yi65 * se Ee. : air ———, our Heating 27°C 127%, find of Gir escabed tuning process. Soln: yp air escabed = T2-T xian % = 469-200 Floo. 400 = 25% Noke : canch => Malewity assume)Pay Loach Maximum weight +nat can be lifjed by 4 qs filled ballosn. Balloon Fad: p> tRv a Lay | Fret yo => fairy = tnt) -urg 3 Payload —> Ur Sea senegal et ees |e HW Sage hae =i } on increasing T , Vggs increases. oe ae (e.g) decreases. (= ) 3 Agee (WY) Vv Fret %ODiffusion € €ffusion: Partition Partition time taken Pressure efgas: Pi —r, in time L- D Pressume hob = Pe effusion ae = (3) effusion & “& from eee ee ere Ya = % [a = Fa f Me ot fhe oa ack Pare pire x, ‘Te fa My hy Ma an, Fo tne { const v #T) Poh am asa & & gas Bie Me fg %, nh Reid = =" Ota candoiner ¢ be Sle fag|x 2 = iow & Ze Gaseous mineure. egyet of iss cciah gh, —_ e ake effusion he oh PLT ffustan Cer bectak on C observation )May. (4) im ise ss Men Yer Mix = 7i Thetiedy! BSS Cat) i= I = TIK OF +35 Se 2x03 Cty. M=: wis) \ (y) uySe: fa [ma fa +, Ma hile fume k——_ too em a — Her) (sp MH, Cgy-F Hetty) ——a Nty cli) nly 8 365 7 Tree S ee . eS Corre) A 17 su Kalving GE gee itFrom Kinetic ber Unik time. dreary sf gas © KTG) agg i ne Yak af effusions “ANE = Fo A Ng CMe need ae Jaxm,Rh learn) tered: Pe Pavtial presscve Parkctes Mi = Malay mass effaced A = ¢yess Sectionah area of avifice. Ne 2 Noo parkeles -dee yg PE Ak fei od PpAbblicaton Sof Grohem's lau Ehrichment of Gas ov Isatopic Seheration of gas: Septration af lighter gas frown tre wirtre of gases. Nghter gas Ofte High EERE ~ tie Gaseous Enviched mixture gas. My in forms of, () é He my Cr) 4 tS h, Ehrichment factor = f = ("a/ng), ev TStopic, Seperation factor . */og) ‘ C in case ef isatepes)zd sleb ne a Waly effusion Cay Contain: Lb 2 setae Cte Conteiner ISt step of effusion: ee PE. Pa Pe Ye e/a My t > he 2 ba fe) ow Rp’ all my : 2d _Steb af effusion: ‘ : UAL + c (**,| Ma ™ ‘ nah My “— Mole Yakio in Bd container a?’ effusion step Ss org Loh, (=) Cusing ©) he “ae a Th WON Step of effusion: 6) 7 (VS)th (nt)in contain 1 Paole Yoko = ay f (m7 GUS) Ne. Envichment factor 24 = Urms)e [== ) afng) Ma me No Of effusion step ce: Find Ghvichmenk fect ana nar of effusion Stepps 40 geb He and SO, in S431 mole vatio from | 64 male. ratio if enrichment is done by Sequential effusion process . Soin: fr S40 = (e4)* —- Vee $= 4096 phOR = 2 so -((BY sah ame ie Smeefe: Find the migle_vatio of Hand in enriched +H, gas, by olaing Do steps of Sequential effusion steps Semen foe gaseny mitre = that has Vig mole vaio of H 4 D.. ~ yaya! |B I lo —.- 2 2 oe 6 > 2 cometh be. Th ho of Bithe in Seqaenhed effusion proces =p 5-2 a tht Lake he of Aleks + ©)Kinetic. dneary of gas * FResreticak model for ideal gas +p correla trptvimentyl facts: — - Boyle's law — Charters lau L. bussed: laure. Fis thesy is based gh certain acsweplions. Assumbtions : exe) pleas: Wy KTG 22 Maxwell - Boltzmann’? distibitionet Spee. 3) Cudiomedry ¢ Py - 32, MaduleKinetic - molecular theory of Gas Fresretica, model fer fdeal gas to Corvelale = Enptvimental facts: — Lens taw Charles laure L. Cussec!s law. Main points of assumption: Y Gaseous parhele 7? Poink mast having no-sine 2) Intermateculay force 2 Negligible 3) Motian + +) 5) continues meékon £ translational Mo effect of gravity callistons = Glashe % Imation, No less of Average KineHe thergy 72 Pot travetled by malecule b/d callistons > St line "Sheed of individual Leo Pavticle changes dat +o cattision a) Average ke: débends on abselute temb- kee fc) of TBased ch oboe aossumbHons and wing concebt af efashc collision — ect Mean Square Velaily No of particler mace of one gaseous Farhcie. Volume SF the Cenfainer Pressure exeried by Ht gas : a ee ee Lo ; Mean Square uelacthy Vrms = {== he L Peg ate = Sib * ay to —_— v MyM geno From Oo a Pye Lb ow Um ob (hm }Urms, 3 3 L Pv = bane Lyms > 2) (EMU)—® | m= Meloy mass See Na = Av Fig 2 KE gas = NM Vrms L iE Lev mole = tems °f gas K Bay = KE) + Eph = pty Pavticte Mt = Ym ( of eoren ) “4 Ken = piel — Pte barticle2 K Eg = Vem NU Sten qa LuH—> KE of the system > Vyms = £ CT) f using PYS NRT —@® j & pve 2 KE 3 nn _ s Gre = [SRT Mm Ae const femb> 4 fined cmawnt of gat pve conse ( from KTH) ———_—_— IL Bayle’s lawExamples : Do Find MS Uetectty of 0 GaSems malecate ~At dak. asia: Prima = a= Ans = ‘aoe +f = [axga¥3eo nfcec mygee 3a xi ~> ky ae ABSIS nyse Ann t a) Find Egas KE permet 4 © Spats of 2imsle oO, gy at Book. = Sdn: KEgge = A, NAT © 3g ¥ 2H Bsa Kse0T KE pee mo = fer - 2 xB-ax300 T/mole FE partite = (2081) nig T/ particu 3) Find ratio of Ha gas at Vrms sf 26574 660K G 300k femp vesbeckely Sotn:wt ae 4) Find de change i Kegs mate of He gas if ameles of He gas if added in Bmetes of Helo) at fixed temp. gaok- Sol E ° 1 Uy a 4 Y AREZZO = Same here Per male. Perivetion of pv = + MMU 2 C KneKe gas Srhation) Change. in Mementue~ of particle = =m My = ~ ame Momentum Fransferred te tre k— 1 —— Madet ural = 2muy Zmpalse = Rate of change in momentun = zmby 6 e—— time taken bis fue conseaune L cantar 2k Viawt an 4) Find tne Change in gas if Rmeles of He tn KE perma oF He gos is added Bmetes of Helo) at fixed temp. gook- Sol o ‘ i CT. kK Eber mole 3 r Oeeso — Same here Fer male Pevivetion of Py = + Change. in Mementue~ of particle = =m, — ma = -2mey Momentum Fransferred te tre wall = 2mMUyForce = Rake of change in momentum exerted e 2m, i heal t 4—— time taken bys tuo canseadre C coll xiang . 2k Arcache = “ ral. Exerted Pressure = Foe Gm ve )/ 34 by Single particle A —_s A & Lgeie ) Fhotoh = mC Uy, + Yay C due to callision OF all particles) 2 MN ( be turns ) L Tames barkeles 2 Faw = MN Av. of Ux L Let ; — 3. 6 Poe MN us Venbeth HV tho + PV= mNUxX — — Now if actaal ULelocity of bartels =ie = fm = Bot Ve + Uy *uy ae dp Possibility eg ae Ee uy > UF = Be vtoF Bu, be = Le *. 3 Ysing uy) Pas mn (40%) Reet cegeesion mean Square SeatEudiometry : Suantitatve analysis of gas in gaseaus mixture or duning yeaction Measurement of Volume of dre gas ok canstank temperature € pressure © conse P4T) using, Eucliometer tube At canst: femb- & P ee < Ngas § vsing ideatigas equaten } Volume = vy Measurement‘Gees Con KOH Soth for $03, 50,,Heltg), Oh) } Oyu) er: cog) cute 0, 69) Al kealé fe ae wos On 09> Turpentine ot - Hy 064) 4804.65) cad, C8) Basis of Eudiometry + Amaget’S (aur of PevHal udlume ve othe ak const: FT VE Mgt tytn ¥ Composition of 2 Ve x too JAS by Volume VvNumerical analysis : YA gasesus mnixture Cathy A8s}eanteining C0, chy 4, has total Uslume of 40 me Fis mixture, is expleded witn exceeds of 0, then tne vesuliemt Wwirdure bs brought ok i akm 2 26°c- Based on allowing ivy find Volume of Co, HH € N, . Wo After reaction and Cooling process Volume. compaction iS found +o be Jomt- 2) When Hin huedure §S ex bated to aq. Kat Solution furtner ZBemi ustime contraction is noticed. Note: Assume Ay is honveackve in given condifon. g co + oe Se Sed co “mh > eye > mm. gy a Ed. fovme. Chey) + 2%, ¢g) ——>iCenegy +2 Ht) gmt = tymk > xmladded Vindial = 4o+ Vo, Vginel = Yeon + Veet Vu, +6) te eee, from ca from chy Volume. corfeaction = Bom. = WEE +m “has ~orpgonnr td | ae e+ ay = So —o@ After passing trey indie foragh oq: kan, Volume contackan = 30 = Neos a tote 3 x+ty=30 —-@ on Salving © © we get mo 26 ms y= to mM: Ang Vu, 40-26-10 = at = ibsGomt. loom Alkaline Pypagailad Solu, Som: oes i ASEGUS mi re Find Veo, , Yu 4 Von in 3 Partial pressure. soln: Aq Kah hsorbg Coz. Veog = (00-66 =4omt- Alkaline prragalle? atsovies On = Vo, = 6¢~So =lome Remaining jas = Me Vu = Some -KEL, = consrarnt Alt Total ne Sf moletiter Re Baltemants me constant using concept af Probability 4 Stetishes , Maywell provided follaoing Sqn On 2 3 me aN = 4nf[ M Be FET hays N 2KRQT “~~ ton Sf maleate having Speed by UL to U+dE a, mt pian \ = an ( ™ fa e2kT yt “Nid 2RRT mae RH Cxpenential Guadrat,zk O &lz ‘i d, yw = o €v L080 Ob Lemp Maximum molecules have infermediate Spee —_ maderete- Most Prabable Speed: Speed of may't © Umb) Ne af moleccles Ompe ? Mast brebable SheetCalculation Ak Maxima of Umps: dy sa dx day = Sk =e du J 3 - het fer ( SL * el 2xRT function of & = $CT,m) Umpes [Ber i Average. Speed ( Vay.) s MU, 4NU) eT Dav Rayer Zee, ax Vay = < mem, i ° myt aie % Th ar|M e aH wf Fe—_——O > Vay = [BRT = FCM) aM EES Roost mean, Squac_ speed { Urns) i Ovkcome af avenge KE - Keg. 2 mn» 2 Ea werent MU MyG) to (apt t-) PNOmbs , Vai and sl? Ump < Vay. & Vrms 3 Ump: Wav: Vrms: Ci: fg: G P x Drip Yay OPM, __. eet Find the Yato 0. 4 of O, and Soy vespectvely Lat Zook) ZR Salty; LE Req: rakes Fe aeFacters affecting Vmp , Grms 4 Yau: UD Molar mass sy malecular mass. 2) Temperature Ares, bounded by curve. Ot an = (ahet iy temp = fa Tr? T en Tt) + Ump, Uae € Urms increace. but fraction of malecafes having Umbp or Uay OF Unas clecrensea. Unmp or Ugy or Urms of iF for Same gas.Effect sk Molav mass ar meiecular mass ¥ a tenb-T Area bounded by curve Ob any temp = Saet abn > Mrm, Ump, Up, on imev ects! ng melecelar mass => mp, Uav, Brms decree 3(8,,)T j Er Again Urns SRr cy NAM Soe raglece lar mass te = | BF = £¢Pa) a ae fcT#m) Moke + At Same T for same gas , on increasing Pp, Urns remains same. eee L__, A increaser = Oz (*)UT Adv, 2010 ph Bice Relationchib amdng Ump, Yar # Urns =? Ans: - Bmp = Bay < Vrms Uay may be equak Urms . x di tL N duSollision frequency (2) and_Mean free pain (2) 1) Gaseous barticies > Hard Shheicel bolls. 2) Average Speed to Canstant [bcc Seck parhicle mares alin Vay. Distance bya articles at tre Hme of callision > oy le = T— cCallisison diameter Hy po}netica} Particle.eo distence. le ne oe in nit Hine sy, é = Nok going +e callide, Volume of cylinder = RS Vay No- of pavhictes (N* ) Veylincter In this cyclinder e 2 WC Uaytl” considering Yelatve metan ef tne particles. C At particles ave maving ality Vay.) i e— + —— _— — — Bay Vay i Vay Vay ee ee B=o \ B= 180 av =e 8 2.90 € (Met 2 Yay Urel- at Voy . Dav. i: | #e 4. ; av > Vret UX 40,42 05; 250. Vey = YE Ua: {recase rey = VG vay < Vrely = Va Vay 7 a Not going A te +? callide Qk yest: ++ Total ho: of collision by 4 Single bartcle ber unit Hime (CZ)Where Zz Collision humber- No- of Bimoleculay collisions per rut Hme bey ORF Velime = By) B collison freqrensy 4 = Lh we* Bay Wd Mean face bette CA) 7? Aversge diStence. ‘travelled by a particle bh twee calllaion - Ai e Wyk Ag Me newt Collisiainy using S=utdither on Stee & nie & Particles ber ont volume, Volume = Vv Using Pye net =/(N \ ar Nw DS PNA = (4) RT NM: ig) =8" = (f4) —© r =e —_@® ro 6 = Y,*%p 2 VayFacies affecting 2, an , 1) Pressure a Femp Burntifetie anelysift BD Yolume. fan be cone wing 4) Stee of favtcles @® @etr. 5) Meler mass fy: By ahek factor Collisien hor Changes ty changing Temp of ages taken in a wigid 4 ctezed amfainer 7] 2 Hmes. Soln: Vi= const => N¥ = const = 3 we* . 2 2 6 Vau Ne ars const ’ z Gems = Vz Te Gx: By whok factor Collisian Me Changes ey changing Temp cfages taken in a Non vigih4 ctoted comfainer by 2 times. Soft. Nanvigid @ Clos¢e container & P= conck-wW " VE Wet Vay NY a 7 a a! oe Eze z Yaw [na ) r re & ag HE vn 1 z vaReal or Nonideal gas: + ALL gases are veel or nonidart > Me one gas is perfect or ideal gas- At canstant +temb- + A gas is teken in a Closed container tr Based on observation:Based om tmese Cure We can Conclude frat gases deviate fom deat nature ak i) igh pressue anol w) Loo temp -Exblanation of Nonidect nature of gas. Van der Waal's equation of Sjale for veol gas: Considering intermateculer forte bro gaseous malecules and iaeir size C nat negligible / Ast paint mass) , Vander Waal pravieed Following cquaton (e* ey owen = oer if Vm = Wh L—-+ Moler volume of Jas teen equaker becomes ease @~ &)ow-o =e Learn ft —OQD Rs ae ees Where a gb Ore Vander Waal’s parameters measure of Volume of FaSeous maleate Measure of indeemolecelar athrackon force Amdhg mdlecctes -a6 ' debend on nature oh tre gas i indeperdent of P,% T andh. €xcluded Vokme Ptr mole of 94s Ub/ mote Tepreseny infernal pressure nit atm UP maid P+a.\ = “nt Waeaneas (m=) = (Vin) entiseet from © Pideaticest (Ym) idealised = RT 2 Pidechised Videatices = RT Similar +p idea) gas equatians Hole; Vander Weel equation iS one of equatone given by chemists. lLs Te just Some. proberiee of reat gag. a & intermeleewtar attraction force b xe Molecular volume “Size b= 4 Vinalecute™ Ma Compression fact ov Combressibility factor (2) Relio af malay Volume of yeal gas in Similar condition of and ideal gas PPT. z 2 \Wreat [- PWin reat = (Pn) Rood Mndideat POMn) idea = &T far (dead gas = P¥in = Py Pyvsnear RT REE > PY = RT ee in Measurement Pex “ Hl wieif Gnlver < Mndidear =. nore Compress if GVnbvesr > Vedideay = tone P ISS. compressing. = On dune basis of eyperiments 4 Analysis werte 5 Hghter gas oro on: Heary ges ey cae , Zz campressiple than ice in tuis vanse of p. pus oe Seo pete = Coty For lighter gas at vedm temp: Zl. At bsint A: = =i pos iS equally compressible Gas iaeat.When Pe C Ven tour BY zei 4 Tdeal hadwre Vander Waal &¥blanaton*C vey tow PD Pe > Tdeal hedure. ze When Vander Weal Sxpanation’ LL pigfoont ome al sith Simplified farm sf Vander Wool PaueHon PC Mm -b) = RT ar +Pb PYm os i+ Pb RT al Gare jpmew Zier)2 Ab temp: T Lo peceeeeee get me ee wD ~ abbreahes fb Az at RT P sconse- => At high temp: gases ‘8 Incre Chie te ideal neue. > AL high P “EB dominates size factor dominales he Rebulsion dominaes measuve of rebolsionC@ut nat for Ughter gases) ra)? 8 Ma L . Lou + high Vi. Wb (%a-& J cali | cose ge AL low Se ex" @ seames (PPS, ) YS RT a - er a PY = - Ven SPM, = 1- ae Vo eT ee a = 1 ea RT \ Yin. aT he a Vin CH) =~ z2(W _+L orp —+ zZ Tz? T, on tneveastng T z approaches LL v gas has more idect natuon TCT) | tg. Oo | oom AT Peconst av yy seanet > AL high T, gas ts mae ciate to ideal nature - > of 2 <£) > Aflracton ceminaks Coase For pov Mahler | gases Ha, fie De eas Ty JAD eh. inte rmalecotay attraction farce + Weak a> Relatively low Pp 22 (Re Fp) RTon PC) = B04) 710 + 2M) at temp: 25% Zire That Z abbroaches L Plave clase fo idesd hedure. Po Size. dominates X* ee can Saytnak Repulsion. dai nates:Ak very low temp’ Fea ? Oksewatian. Ke fey gees Sates AL Hen Se CO s- inducect if ta. Ga aa size (ed) Selent of clistertion! Leg v Able moment 3 Low y Athraction farce Weel °USing case t ,W 4 Ww Z>1 D Rebotsion as Yin ak const T ur ad. PV, MS Po indercept Mn (?) < Bet RT { =) PY ct 2) PY RT RTVivial fquahion = ( Prapaset by kammerdingh) PYm = Zs RT z : wrheve. 1B, cdo a sat -- Viriak cs-efficrents. Using Ven dey Waal’S eruahan Lei [eg tapi RT Neer P +H = (RT = =f L ME Gk) % L (iby) “1 Poa es: ET 1- By, vy Von C in) pe = RT t+ Bb +b 4 - Ver Vin. Vin Vy q using Binomial expansion } Qs) = tem exten Cig xec) { a P is la So + % low ) onp= RU { 14 6 4b 4. Rr Vm Min Mew Ma = {$+ coeff : ahd co-eff : Ord ce-eff. Simplified! form fg 2" @& = cp Ly a Negiecting the z= oi &-4 re because hee yg aver SmaitValue af E mainly deberds sh aA virial co-eff- G2 (b4s |= fen RT Aue S)ue o Boyle's temb- ( Ta) Temp: at urhich veal gas behaves ideally in abbrectable range of P. Te) z ia P¥en, L esiniciagicien eter Bem: ar ideal Neochuve. sy PME thst Boylers. law low pressure. a Yang Value of of a (using Vander Waal eyBoyle's temp of intermalécular attraction Size Ee: Which of the follsoing gas has highest Tg? a He by) Ng oJ) NH, Mos Note: Grenerally a is domineting factor . Proof of Boyle temp: CTR): van dey Wael equcahon from — Simblifiect Virial Z= I+ (boat i RT? View —+ for idecd hehee Bai ab ToT, => b-& =p a T, 2345 = Rb L_ for ideal rake SE =o ACV Vin)T?7 Tp T= Tp. 47, v paca u Z2y7\ Gk dur P ronge- ogZ 4 even at (sur PF’ ak low P xargsFer wy. zl (Te) My at sa Ro T=T, Zyl BlokLiquefaction. of Gas + Conversisn af gas 7 into Nqadd & increasing intgemelecalar atwocton L_, by incressing —P_ By decreasing thermal @herg' - Ly fer) uy IL By decreasing Tr It means We can't liquefy ictecl gas. * only Yeol gas can be Liquefied - Ardyew's isotnerms for Co, gas : T.> Tr 71, oT : 3 7%, P Tear ane a 5 2 T6atm. | Me VineCrificak temp: (Te): 9 Malu temp: sb which & gas can be Vqevefiecd by ineveasing “P'. Sriteet pressue CP): Min applied te liquefy a Gas ak Te Cvificat Volume CVe) + Vektme of the gas ar To & Pe Ab To, Fo # Ye + We Can nat ai fPeenties gas < Liquid. So v one Phase System using van der Waal's equation we get a_i Ty = Ba azke Vas BH OE CI en Ve = Bb RT Pas &e mL intevmndleculoy adlraction & Size of molene. Te Mole: Easily (iquefiable gas has high TeAndrew's isefnerms for Co, gas : te hy Sh — ° Ce eo= ane Vine C Se ch AS Coty) 5 'o. Liquefacthon byocess - 283) Po C She phase) ~ Mainly costs) Mainly gas + z 7 ohe bubble of CO. ( Single 18% drob of Liquid Co. mises} ©0309) <> cost) ae One dropmeee Issthermal 4 TSokavie Process Neartt) increases eS eel . e—— Tuo phase on VF const Tele) ev, & ate ass a t Pio Blaie iled nce Ls Vl imeompressible. Liquefaction af feb: Ta C4 Te: Te +) eS S ret Put vty) * Gq Wicesy c 2PM VO « e "Liquid Co,IF Tt : Gas can't be Viquafiect « Gas is Knan as gs: 15 7 oe : Gras can be Uiquafited. Gas is generally calle Vapour. ex: Ab are, cosas) > Gas. 2e%c , Ce,¢gas) 4 Yap: oxgas. reVanderiesl’S equation ¢ Crifieal condition « Trey > (P\m #4 Merb) = yer 2 s DPM + a. - PMab ab KF RT So 3 ® pO > Me TUR TRI) + aM, tb =e” cable egh —F ° F in terms of Vy,Fhic = Cabic «equation «has maxima 93’ Veal Solution. F minimum one Veal Selution Ohly when +nis equation hos one real Stl then : = Eeh becemes. Vn _ vw) =e L, Equal vaste 4 ey + Mn HB Met BME Wee » Equation © 4 @ are Similar at fefTe. combaving co- efficients » lime t Vee 3b PbtRTe > 8% P. Po = ° 2752 2 se av ms: £4 Fe 27 Rb abc? Y Fe, no =3 i Be 4% RelaHonship bro Ti Te # Teo: eee ee Tr Ig Pte Inversion temp Bsy|e1s ne “ie os o— Reacting: Steles of matter: Pib of liquid. Seo Mext chabter = Redox YaacHons a aie