CHEM 20055 General Chemistry

Practice Problems, Chapters 4-6

Chapter 4 - Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

1. 125 mL of 12.0 M HCl solution is diluted with water to a final volume of 1.00 L. What is the
molarity of the diluted solution?

a) 3.75 M b) 1.50 M c) 0.185 M d) 0.015 M

2. What is the molarity of an NaCl solution prepared by dissolving 9.3 g of NaCl in 350 mL of
solution?

a) 18 M b) 0.16 M c) 0.45 M d) 27 M

3. How many grams of NaOH are in 500 mL of 0.175 M NaOH solution?

a) 2.19 X 10–3 g b) 114 g c) 14.0 g d) 3.50 g

4. Based on the equations below, which metal is the most active?

Ni (s) + Pb(NO3)2 (aq) → Ni(NO3)2 (aq) + Pb (s)

Cu (s) + Pb(NO3)2 (aq) → No reaction
Cu (s) + 2Ag(NO3) (aq) → 2Ag (s) + Cu(NO3)2 (aq)

a) Ni b) Ag c) Cu d) Pb

5. Calculate the molarity of hydrochloric acid, HCl, in a solution if 25.00 mL of that solution required
35.74 mL of 0.1522 M KOH for complete neutralization in a titration.

a) 0.2668 M b) 0.8003 M c) 0.2176 M d) 0.1345 M

6. Copper metal reacts with dilute nitric acid according to the following equation:

3Cu (s) + 8HNO3 (aq) → 3Cu(NO3)2 (aq) + 2NO (g) + 4H2O (l)

If we start with 0.500 mol of copper metal, how many moles of water will be formed?

7. Hydrofluoric acid, HF (aq), cannot be stored in glass bottles because silicates in the glass are
attacked by HF by the following reaction:

Na2SiO3 (s) + 8HF (aq) → H2SiF6 (aq) + 2NaF (aq) + 3H2O (l)

How many moles of Na2SiO3 will react with 1.50 moles of HF?

8. When aqueous solutions of Ba(NO3)2 and K2SO4 are mixed, a precipitate of BaSO4 results. Write
the molecular, ionic, and net ionic equation for this double displacement reaction.

9. 8.50 g of copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate, CuSO4∙5H2O, is dissolved in 250 mL of solution. What
is the molarity of this solution?

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10. A lab technician needs to prepare 500 mL of 0.18 M sodium hydroxide solution. How many grams
of NaOH are needed?

11. Concentrated aqueous hydrochloric acid is 12 M in HCl. If 1000 mL of 1.0 M HCl are needed for
an experiment, how many mL of concentrated HCl must be used to prepare the diluted solution?

12. A laboratory is well-stocked with 1.0 M H2SO4 and 6.0 M H2SO4, but 500 mL of 2.5 M H2SO4 are
needed for an experiment. Unfortunately, the water supply has been temporarily cut off, so the 2.5
M solution must be made from the existing solutions. How many milliliters of 1.0 M and 6.0 M
H2SO4 must be mixed in order to prepare 500 mL of 2.5 M solution?

13. 25.00 mL of a solution of phosphoric acid, H3PO4, was titrated with 0.500 M NaOH.

a) Write the balanced chemical equation for this reaction.

b) If 35.92 mL of NaOH solution were needed to reach the end point in the titration, what is the
molarity of the H3PO4 solution?
c) How many grams of H3PO4 were present?

14. Classify the following as a strong, weak, or non-electrolyte in water:

a. ethyl alcohol b. acetic acid c. Cu(NO3)2

d. KBr e. HCl f. HF
g. NH3 h. H2SO4 i. sucrose, C12H22O11

15. Identify each ion and its concentration in the following solutions:

a. 0.25 M CaBr2 b. 0.15 M Na2SO4 c. 0.10 M Na3PO4

16. Write balanced molecular, ionic, and net ionic equations for the reactions that may occur when the
following pairs are mixed:

a. Na2SO4(aq) and Ba(NO3)2(aq)

b. Pb(NO3)2(aq) and Na2S(aq)
c. Na2CO3(aq) and HCl(aq)
d. AgNO3(aq) and KBr(aq)
e. CuSO4(aq) and NaOH(aq)

17. Predict whether each of the following compounds is soluble in water:

a. (NH4)2SO4 b. NaCN c. K3PO4

d. Cu(C2H3O2)2 e. BaSO4 f. FeCl3

18. Using the activity series,

a) What are the outcomes of the following reactions?

i. Cu(s) + AgNO3(aq) →
ii. Zn(s) + FeCl2(aq) →
iii. Ni(s) + Mg(NO3)2(aq) →
iv. Al(s) + HCl(aq) →
v. Cu(s) + HBr(aq) →

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b) In the reactions which occur, identify which element becomes oxidized and which element (or
ion) becomes reduced in the reaction.

Chapter 5 - Gases

1. Perform the following conversions:

a) 0.357 atm to torr b) 6.60x10-2 torr to atm

c) 745 torr to pa d) 802 mmHg to atm

2. A barometer reads the atmospheric pressure 764.7 torr. A sample of gas is placed in vessel attached
to an open-end mercury monometer. The level of mercury in the open-end arm of the monometer
has a height of 136.4 mm, and that in the arm that is in contact with the gas has a height 103.8 mm.
What is the pressure of gas in atmosphere?

3. Write an equation or proportionality expression that expresses each of the following statements:

a) Law of combining volumes explained by Avogadro’s hypothesis.

b) For a given quantity of gas, the product of pressure and volume is proportional to absolute
temperature.
c) For a given quantity of gas at constant temperature, the product of pressure and volume is
constant.

4. Calculate the following quantities for an ideal gas:

a) the pressure, in atm, if 8.25x10-2 mol occupies 174 ml at -15 OC

b) the number of moles in 2.50 L at 37 OC and 725 torr
c) the volume of a gas occupied by 6.72x10-3 mol at 145 OC and a pressure of 59.0 torr
d) the absolute temperature of the gas at which 9.87x10-2 mol occupies 164 ml at 682 torr

5. Consider 5.62 L chlorine gas, Cl2 ,at 740 torr and 33 OC.

a) What volume will the gas occupy at 107 OC and 680 torr?
b) What volume will the gas occupy at STP?
c) At what pressure will the volume be 5.00 L if the temperature is 67 OC?
d) At what pressure will the volume be twice as much as original, if temperature remains constant?
e) How many moles Cl2 gas are in original condition?

6. Perform the following calculations:

a) the density of SO3(g) at 0.96 atm and 35 OC.

b) the density of SO3(g) at STP condition.
c) the molar mass of a gas if its density is 3.67 g/L at 15 OC and 825 torr.
d) the molar mass of gas if 4.40 g occupies 3.50 L at 560 torr and 41 OC.
e) the molar mass of a gas if its density is 2.86 g/L at STP and identify the molecular formula of
the gas.

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7. Consider the following reaction of ammonia gas and oxygen gas at 850 OC and 5.00 atm:

4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) → 4NO(g) + 6H2O(l)

a) How many liters NH3(g) at 850 OC and 5.00 atm are required to react with 1.00 mol of O2(g) in
this reaction?
b) How many moles NO(g) can be prepared using 450 L of NH3(g) at a pressure of 5.00 atm and a
temperature of 295 K?
c) How many grams of NH3(g) are needed to generate 10.0 L of NO(g) if pressure of NO gas is 740
torr at 23 OC?

8. Perform the following calculations:

a) the partial pressure and total pressure of each of the following gases in the mixture of 4.00 g of
each gas CH4(g), C2H4(g) and C4H10(g), in 1.50 L flask at 0 OC.
b) the partial pressure of each component in a mixture of gases contains 0.55 mol N2, 0.20 mol O2,
and 0.10 mol CO2. The total pressure of the mixture is 1.32 atm.
c) the partial pressure of each component in a mixture of gases contains 3.50 g N 2, 2.15 g H2, and
5.27 g of NH3. If the total pressure of the mixture is 2.50 atm.

9. Consider the gases CO2, He, Cl2, CO, CH4, N2 at 25 OC:

a) place them in order of increasing average molecular speed.

b) calculate and compare the rms speeds of CO(g) and CO2(g).
c) calculate the rate of diffusion of gases CH4(g) and He.
d) which gas effuses 1.41 times faster than O2(g)?
e) which two gases have the same rate of diffusion?

10. If the atmospheric pressure is 0.975 atm, what is the pressure of the enclosed gas in each of the
cases below?

Chapter 6 - Thermochemistry

1. The first law of thermodynamics states

a) All reactions are exothermic.
b) All reactions produce work.
c) The work done by a reaction equals the amount of heat it produces.
d) Energy is not created or destroyed in any reaction.

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2. State the first law of thermodynamics in words, and also with a mathematical equation.

3. When a reaction absorbs heat under constant pressure conditions,

a) the heat = ΔH and ΔH will be negative.

b) the heat = ΔH and ΔH will be positive.
c) the heat = ΔE and ΔE will be positive.
d) the heat = ΔE and ΔE will be negative.

4. ΔH° for the reaction 2N2(g) + 6H2(g) → 4NH3(g) is –184.8 kJ.

What is ΔH° for the reaction 2NH3(g) → N2(g) + 3H2(g)?

a) +184.8 kJ b) +92.4 kJ c) –92.4 kJ d) +369.6 kJ

5. What is the ΔE of a system that releases 124.4 J of heat to the surroundings and does 18.2 J of work
to the surroundings?

a) 106.2 J b) –106.2 J c) 142.6 J d) –142.6 J

6. A 2.85 g sample of a food substance was burned in a calorimeter that had a heat capacity of 9.84
kJ/°C. The temperature of the calorimeter increased from 22.51°C to 35.66°C. Calculate the amount
of heat released per gram of the substance.

a) 56.17 kJ/g b) 49.98 kJ/g c) 45.40 kJ/g d) 28.44 kJ/g

7. The specific heat of liquid mercury is 0.14 J/g∙°C. How many joules of heat would be required to
raise the temperature of 3.75 g of mercury from 25°C to 65°C?

a) 19 J b) 25 J c) 16 J d) 21 J

8. A sample of aluminum metal at 75.0°C was placed in 100 mL of water at 24.0°C in a coffee cup
calorimeter. The final temperature was 28.0°C. What was the mass of the aluminum? The specific
heat of aluminum is 0.900 J/g∙°C and the specific heat of water is 4.184 J/g∙°C.

a) 12.5 g b) 28.0 g c) 39.6 g d) 351 g

9. The combustion of ammonia with oxygen occurs by the reaction:

4NH3(g) + 7O2(g) → 4NO2(g) + 6H2O(g) ΔH° = –1132 kJ

Calculate the amount of heat released when 2.00 gram of NH3 is combusted.

a) 33.2 kJ b) 87.0 kJ c) 11.4 kJ d) 16.6 kJ

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10. From the following information,
Substance ΔHf° (kJ/mole)
MgO(s) -601.8
HCl(g) -92.3
MgCl2(s) -641.6
H2O(l) -285.8

calculate ΔH° in kJ for the following reaction:

MgO(s) + 2HCl(g) → MgCl2(s) + H2O(l)

a) +122 kJ b) –122 kJ c) +141 kJ d) –141 kJ

11. Calculate ΔE and determine whether the following processes are endothermic or exothermic:

a) A balloon is heated by adding 240 J of heat. It expands, doing 135 J of work on the atmosphere.
b) A 50 g iron sample is cooled from 100OC to 90 OC, thereby losing approximately 225 J of heat.

12. Consider the following reaction:

2N2(g) + O2(g) → 2N2O(g) ΔH = +163.2 kJ

a) Is the reaction endothermic or exothermic?

b) Calculate the amount of heat transferred when 25.0 g of N2O forms by this reaction at constant
pressure.

13. Given the following data:

2C2H6(g) + 7O2(g) → 4CO2(g) + 6H2O(l) ΔH = -3120 kJ
C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g) ΔH = -394 kJ
2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(l) ΔH = -572 kJ

Use Hess’s law to calculate ΔH for the reaction

2C(s) + 3H2(g) → C2H6(g)

14. Using ΔHfO values from the appendix, calculate the standard enthalpy change for the following
reactions:

a) 4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) → 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g)

b) 2Al(s) + Fe2O3(s) → Al2O3(s) + 2Fe(s) (this is the thermite reaction)

15. A 7.23 g sample of aluminum was heated to 80.0 OC and then quickly placed in a coffee cup
calorimeter containing 50.0 mL of water at 24.0 OC. What will the final temperature of the water
be? The heat capacity of the calorimeter itself (without any water) is 12.7 J/ OC, and the specific
heat of aluminum is 0.90 J/g∙K.

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16. Under constant volume conditions the heat of combustion of benzoic acid, HC7H5O2, is 26.38 kJ/g.
A 1.200 g sample of benzoic acid is burned in a bomb calorimeter. The temperature of the
calorimeter increases from 22.45 OC to 26.10 OC. a) What is the total heat capacity of the
calorimeter? b) If the calorimeter contains 1.500 kg of water, what is the heat capacity of the
calorimeter when it contains no water?

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