REVIEW NOTES: Grammar, Word Analogy & Vocabulary- OFELIA T.

POSECION, PhD

REVIEW NOTES & EXERCISES

PART 1: ANALOGY
Analogy questions are often described as “blank is to blank as blank is to blank.” So for example,
puppy : dog :: kitten : , is read “puppy is to dog as kitten is to blank.” The answer is, of course, “cat.” However, the “blank is
to blank” format does not really answer the question precisely.
The relationships that are found in analogy questions fall into sev- eral general types.

■
Part to Whole. In this type of question, a pair of words consists of a part and a whole. For example, spoke :
wheel. A spoke is part of a wheel.
■
Type and Category. These questions use pairs of words in which one word is a specific type in a general
category. For example, orange : citrus. An orange is a type of citrus.
■
Degree of Intensity. These questions test your ability to discern nuance of meaning among pairs of words. For
example, shower : monsoon. A shower is light rainfall and a monsoon is heavy rainfall.
■
Function. These questions pair words that are related through function. For example, hammer : build. A
hammer is used to build.
■
Manner. This type of analogy describes the manner, way, or style by which an action is accomplished. For example,
shamble : walk. Shamble means to walk in an awkward manner.
■
Symbol or representation. These questions pair words in which one word is the symbol of the other. For
example, dove : peace. A dove is a symbol of peace.
■
Action and significance. In this type of analogy one word describes an action and the other word indicates the
significance of the action. For example, cry : sorrow. To cry signifies sorrow

01 Word Analogy Questions

Analogy questions can also be used to test word knowledge and factual content. Word knowledge questions are generally pairs of
synonyms or pairs of antonyms. For example, tardy : :: liberal : generous. Liberal and generous are synonyms, therefore you would
look for a synonym of tardy among the answer choices. Factual con- tent questions demand a certain level of general knowledge, and
can- not be deduced from the relationship alone.

PART 1.A: SINGLE-WORD ANALOGY

Direction: Find the word or words that complete the analogy.
1. Moby Dick: Herman Melville : : The Old Man and the Sea :
A. Charles Dickens B. Ernest Hemingway C. Charles Perrault D. Robert Frost
2. Confucius : China : : Mahatma Gandhi :
A. India B. Japan C. Africa D. Philippines
3. BIR : Taxes : : DPWH :
A. Public Roads B. Houses C. Traffic D. Churches
4. Barangay : Captain : : Provincial Government :
A. Congressman B. Mayor C. Senator D. Governor
5. USA : Washington D.C : : Philippines :
A. Quezon City B. San Juan C. Manila D. Cebu
6. Presidential : President : : Parliamentary :
A. Prime Minister B. King C. House SpeakerD. Cardinal
7. Tagbanua : Palawan : : Kankanay :
A. Ilocos B. Cavite C. Benguet D. Cebu
8. Pyramid : Egypt : : Taj Mahal :
A. China B. Japan C. India D. Malaysia
9. Tigris-Euphrates : Mesopotamia : : Nile River :
A. Egypt B. Greece C. Italy D. Spain
10. Mahabharata : India : : Gilgamesh :
A. Assyria B. Sumer C. Chaldea D. Babylon
11. Italy : Latin : : Greece :
A. Grecian B. French C. Greek D. Greece
12. Sistine Madonna : Raphael : : Last Supper :
A. Michaelangelo B. Leonardo da Vinci C. Rembrandt D. Van Gogh
13. Stalagmite : Floor : : Stalactite :
A. Wall B. Ceiling C. Mouth D. Window
14. Catholic : Priest : : Muslim :
A. Rajah B. Hajji C. Koran D. Imam
15. Giovanni Boccaccio : Decameron : : Niccolo Machiavelli :
A. The Little Prince B. Utopia C. The Prince D. Wealth of Nations
16. Samuel Morse : Telegraph : : Alexander Graham Bell :
A. telescope B. telephone C. teleportation D. door bell
17. Parachute : Andre Jacques Garnerin : : Television :
A. John Logie Baird B. William Sony C. John Vincent Crowe D. Howard Aiken
18. Earth is the center : Ptolemy : : Sun is the center :
A. Albert Einstein B. Aristotle C. Galileo D. Copernicus
19. Pythagorean theorem : Pythagoras : : Cubic Equation :
A. Alfred Nobel B. Isaac Newton C. Tartaglia D. Rene Descartes
20. Henry Cavendish : Hydrogen : : Henry Priestly :
A. carbonic acid B. oxygen C. radium D. potassium
REVIEW NOTES: Grammar, Word Analogy & Vocabulary- OFELIA T. POSECION, PhD

21. Allied Powers : Russia : : Central Powers :

A. France B. Britain C. Italy D. Austria
22. entourage : attendants : : cortege :
A. procession for a saint C. funeral procession
B. procession in court D. floral procession
23. islet : small island : : rivulet :
A. small river B. small land C. small review D. small rebel
24. conspicuous : obvious : : hideous :
A. hidden B. ugly C. expert in hiding D. very bad
25. nose : nasal : : abdomen :
A. abnormal B. abdominal C. abominate D. adenoma
26. agnostic : doubts God’s existence : : atheist :
A. denies God’s existence C. affirms God’s existence
B. denies God’s creator D. affirms God’s creator
27. infanticide : killing of infants : : genocide :
A. killing of genies C. killing of a race or social group
B. killing of geniuses D. killing of Geno
28. latrine : toilet : : lavatory :
A. basin B. tub C. sink D. bathroom
29. masticate : chew : : eradicate :
A. collect B. count C. complete D. throw
30. sadism : delight in cruelty to others : : masochism :
A. delight in building houses C. delight in being abused
B. delight in hurting masons D. delight in going to Masses
31. mazurka : Polish : : fandango :
A. Russian B. Spanish C. German D. Polish
32. nearsighted : myopia : : farsighted :
A. hyperopia B. squint C. double-vision D. blink
33. dyslexia : reading : : aphasia :
A. muscle coordination B. speech C. eye movement D. memory
34. maitre d’ : head of restaurant : : busboy :
A. bus conductor C. waiter’s help
B. bus cleaner D. head waiter
35. figurine : small figure : : heroine :
A. small hero C. small drug
B. female hero D. female drug
36. Xerox : photocopier : : Adidas :
A. athlete’s shoes C. formal wear
B. dress shoes D. handsome
37. Sayonara : Goodbye : : Bonjour :
A. Good luck B. Good day C. Good night D. Good evening
38. superfluous : excessive : : supersede:
A. watch over C. great seed
B. full of seeds D. take the place of
39. Nativity : Christmas : : Senakulo :
A. Advent B. Lent C. Pentecost D. Passover
40. theme : main idea : : moral :
A. a value B. a desire C. a piece of advice D. a standard

PART 1. B: Word Association/ Verbal Analogy

Directions: Choose the letter corresponding to the correct answer.
41. indigent : penurious : gibberish :
a) nonsense b) ineligible c) illegitimate d) illegible
42. joey : kangaroo :: foal :
a. horse b. sheep c. jaguar d. cow
43. crown : authority :: raven :
a. mystery b. fertility c. death d. marriage
44. impure : degenerate :: :
a. hirsute : smooth c. admirable : abominable
b. chaotic : calm d. fragrant : aromatic
45. element : carbon :: :
a. hobby : pastime c. sheep : flock
b. farm : prairie d. art : sculpture

PART 2: Double-word analogy

1. blend: mix : :
A. blare: whisper B. bleach: whiten C. blink: blind D. bloom: flower
2. abattoir: slaughterhouse : :
A. quay: wharf B. quack: duck C. snail: slow D. clown: fun
REVIEW NOTES: Grammar, Word Analogy & Vocabulary- OFELIA T. POSECION, PhD

3. marriageable: nubile : :
A. single: group C. puzzle: answer
B. music: mobile D. decipherable: comprehensive
4. numismatist: money : :
A. aesthetics: beauty C. linguist: language
B. fetish: obsession D. scientist : sense
5. anxious: uneasy : :
A. egocentric: self-centered C. feeble: strong
B. wary: placid D. scornful: admirable
6. goat: kid : :
A. bear: cub B. chicken: hen C. dog: Dalmatian D. tiger: tigress
7. key: lock : :
A. litter: trash B. pestle: pound C. table: desk D. sword: scabbard
8. dog: kennel : :
A. whale: pond B. socks: feet C. pig: sty D. eagle: barn
9. book: leaves : :
A. house: kitchen C. fan: electricity
B. chimney: roof D. chair: sitting
10. panda: China : :
A. grizzly: Africa C. Pooh: Disneyland
B. polar bear: America D. koala: Australia
11. jubilant: morose : :
A. humble: modest C. simple: lavish
B. joyous: happy D. pompous: pretentious
12. tiny: microscopic : :
A. uproar: laughter C. argument: meeting
B. large: mammoth D. storm: weather
13. to smile: to guffaw : :
A. to walk: to stroll C. to munch: to eat
B. to frown: to weep D. to lift: to carry
14. hand: arm : :
A. foot: leg B. hips: sway C. waist: belt D. shoulder: neck
15. pre: post : :
A. anti: pro B. semi: equi C. able: can D. demi: half
16. auditorium: audience : :
A. hall: pictures C. coliseum: spectators
B. movie house: cinema D. commuters: transportation
17. Edgar Allan Poe: Annabel Lee : :
A. Robert Frost: Medea C. Chaucer: Antigone
B. Pygmalion: Galatea D. Shakespeare: Romeo and Juliet
18. advise: counsel : :
A. lead: direct B. loss: lost C. peace: piece D. want: quality
19. perspire: sweat : :
A. clouds: rain B. cry: tears C. fan: wind D. sad: lonely
20. extricate: set free : :
A. journey: far C. implicate: involve
B. liquidate: liquefy D. migrate: stay
21. maggot: fly : :
A. caterpillar: leaves C. butterfly: moth
B. bees: wasp D. tadpole: frog
22. he: him : :
A. me: I B. they: them C. you: yours D. her: she
23. lie: to recline : :
A. lay: put down C. nab: release
B. macabre: beauty D. quench: to thirst
24. igloo: Eskimo : :
A. cavemen: cave C. destitute: shanty
B. palace: kings D. bees: beehive
25. dictionary: word meanings : :
A. almanac: synonymous C. atlas: maps
B. encyclopedia: word origin D. thesaurus: dinosaurs
26. extemporaneous: rehearsed : :
A. live: taped C. nefarious: wicked
B. momentous: important D. salubrious: healthful
27. tavern: bar : :
A. inn: hotel C. condominium: office
B. apartment: loft D. attic: chimney
28. duchess: duke : :
A. count: countess C. gentleman: lady
B. ewe: ram D. wizard: witch
REVIEW NOTES: Grammar, Word Analogy & Vocabulary- OFELIA T. POSECION, PhD

29. dwindle: decrease : :
A. defer: act promptly C. forge: stop
B. deny: grant D. multiply: increase
30. prowess: cowardice : :
A. adept: skilled C. garrulous: talkative
B. adroit: uncoordinated D. hubris: pride
31. charisma: charismata : :
A. deer: deers C. basis: bases
B. bacterium: bacteriums D. eighty: eighty’s
32. quintuplet: five : :
A. triplet: three C. doublet: two
B. quadruplet: four D. sexton: six
33. attention: attn : :
A. approximate: appro. C. building: bldng.
B. bal: balance D. manager: mgr
34. arachnophobia: fear of spider : :
A. hydrophobia: fear of wet objects C. photophobia: fear of light
B. claustrophobia: fear of clauses D. xenophobia: fear of sin
35. unscrew: tighten : :
A. remove: restore C. sensitize: make sensitive
B. relinquish: give up D. stupefy: make insensible
36. verbose: speechless : :
A. voracious: greedy C. wanton: lewd
B. vicious: kind D. waspish: irritable
37. COD: cash on deliver : :
A. DST: daylight saving time C. NA: not appointed
B. PO: public office D. RSVP: please approve
38. adjacent: near : :
A. congruent: dissimilar C. deliberate: intentional
B. converge: separate D. delude: guide
39. firmament: sky : :
A. clouds: air C. star: gas
B. moon: planer D. soil: ground
40. languid: strong : :
A. feeble: active C. opportune: timely
B. innocuous: harmless D. truculent: restless

PART 3: Grammar and Correct Usage

1. Czarmaine _____ remarkable poems even at her young age.
A. rites B. rights C. writes D. write
2. Being too _____ will undoubtedly make other men hate you.
A. vane B. vain C. vein D. vanity
3. Due to bad weather, the airline company decided _____ postpone the flight.
A. two B. to C. too D. then
4. Drunk driving was the reason for _____ accident.
A. their B. they’re C. there D. there are
5. May I _____ your Titanic compact disk?
A. borrow B. lend C. loan D. credit
6. _____ the three girls, the eldest is the most diligent.
A. Between B. Among C. In D. By
7. Exposure to air pollution will _____ your asthma.
A. cure B. deteriorate C. aggravate D. annoy
8. His ____ to Mount Apo was carefully documented.
A. assent B. ascent C. descent D. decrease
9. The children _____ the ill effects of war.
A. have borne B. have born C. has borne D. had born
10. The teachers distributed different _____ outlines for the students to follow.
A. coarse B. corps C. course D. corpse
11. Carl juggles oranges, ______ you?
A. why B. may C. should D. can
12. The refugees decided to _____ their homes because of the war.
A. desert B. dessert C. deserve D. reserve
13. My sister _____ to Zamboanga seven years ago.
A. migrated B. migrating C. immigrated D. immigrating
14. We used _____ sauce for the spaghetti last Sunday.
A. less B. few C. a number of D. pieces of
15. If we work together, we could finish this _____ in a short time.
A. piece B. peace C. please D. peas
16. When the Apartheid Policy was still in effect, The Blacks were _____ by the Whites.
A. praised B. hailed C. persecuted D. prosecuted
17. When we ____ the flag, we should all stand up.
A. rice B. rise C. risen D. raise
REVIEW NOTES: Grammar, Word Analogy & Vocabulary- OFELIA T. POSECION, PhD

18. The DPWH crew worked _____ the night to repair the damaged bridge.
A. threw B. through C. trough D. true
19. _____ the leader of your group?
A. Who’s B. Whose C. Which [Link]’s
20. The village elder told many interesting _____.
A. tale B. tail C. tails D. tales
21. Marty _____ Evelyn ______ to dinner.
A. asked-out B. asked-after C. called-out D. called-up
22. The celebrant ______ the candles after we sang.
A. blew off B. blew up C. blew out D. blew over
23. The secretary ______ due to stress.
A. broke even B. broke out C. broke in D. broke down
24. The Edsa People’s Revolution ______ the Marcos regime.
A. brought in B. brought out C. brought forth D. brought down
25. The unexpected ______ of vehicles along Marcos Highway caused heavy traffic.
A. build-up B. build on C. build in D. build over
26. After cleaning the entire house, I felt _____.
A. burned in B. burned out C. burned up D. burned over
27. The drug pushers tried to _____ the arresting cops.
A. buy-in B. buy off C. buy out D. buy up
28. The Cabinet meeting was _____ on account of the President’s ill health.
A. called in B. called up C. called out D. called off
29. The telenovela viewers cried helplessly when they got ______ by the tragedy that befell the main character.
A. carried out B. carried away C. carried over D. carried on
30. We should ______ on our expenditures and spend only on our needs.
A. cut short B. cut up C. cut back D. cut out
31. People of all races should try to ______ with each other.
A. get round B. get along C. get at D. get over
32. We should grow wiser as time ______.
A. goes along B. goes by C. goes down D. goes through
33. The partying teens were told to _____ the noise.
A. hold down B. hold forth C. hold on D. hold with
34. A gust of strong wind ______ the old wooden swing.
A. knocked around B. knocked back C. knocked down D. knocked out
35. A number of factory workers were ______ due to retrenchment.
A. laid aside B. laid away C. laid of D. laid out
36. We should never ______ people with disabilities for they also have the right to live.
A. look down on B. look forward to C. look out to D. look up to
37. Stop _____ your younger brother so he will stop crying.
A. picking at B. picking on C. picking out D. picking up
38. Always _______ your best effort in everything you do.
A. put across B. put down C. put forth D. put out
39. Did you help in ______ the able?
A. setting apart B. setting back C. setting down D. setting up
40. She _____ the details of the program.
A. wrote in B. wrote off C. wrote over D. wrote up
41. An education really suited to the rural environment can become both acceptable and genuinely functional only when the
environment begins to offer real opportunities and to require skills and knowledge on a large scale. As long as opportunities lie
only in the urban economy, education will remain in servitude to that small section of society.
The paragraph best supports the statement that __________.
A. migration to the cities result from the lack of real opportunities in the rural areas
B. the rural environment has opportunities that need to be develop
C. we have a concentration of educational opportunities in the urban areas
D. rural occupational opportunities give meaning to rural education
E. our educational system caters mainly to the needs of the urban sector
42. No matter how strong and dedicated leaders may be, they must find root and strength among the people. Alone, they cannot
save a nation. They may guide, they may set the tone, they may dedicate themselves and risk their lives, but ultimately national
survival lies in the people.
The paragraph best supports the statement that __________.
A. dedication and the right sense of direction enable a leader to guide the people
B. good leadership is essential to effective public administration
C. it is the leader who determines the fate of a nation
D. the people of a nation shape their own destiny with the guidance of a leader
E. the strength of the people comes from a dynamic and forceful leader
43. Most researchers in needy countries are based on the thinking and approach of the highly developed Western world, and
seldom have they been directed toward meeting the countries; own development needs.
The sentence best supports the statement that _________.
A. highly developed countries offer the best guide for the development of needy countries
B. most researchers done in needy countries are missing their objectives
C. most researchers have universal application
D. needy countries need researchers to help them reach the status of the western world
E. needy countries spend so much time for conducting researchers
REVIEW NOTES: Grammar, Word Analogy & Vocabulary- OFELIA T. POSECION, PhD

44. In a modern economy, the results of long-range planning frequently depend upon the future value of money. The ability then to
predict the value of money is a key to economic progress.
The paragraph best supports the statement that _________.
A. the value of money is unpredictable at times
B. the unpredictability of money is an obstacle to a nation’s prosperity
C. economic progress is facilitated by properly controlling budgetary expenses
D. long-range planning is unheard of in traditional economies
E. financial planning is indispensable in modern economy
45. Sixty years ago I know everything; now I know nothing; education is a progressive discovery of our own ignorance.
The sentence best supports the statement that __________.
A. the older we get, the more we forget what we have learned
B. the older we get, the more knowledgeable we become
C. the more we learn, the more we realize that there’s more we need to know
D. we learn more as we grow old
E. ignorance is a lifelong experience

DIRECTION: Determine the relationship of the first word to the second word in capital letters. From among the suggested
answers, choose the word or group of words that best expresses a similar relationship to the third word in capital letters. On your
Answer Sheet, shade completely the box that corresponds to your answer.

46. KAINGIN is to SOIL EROSION as CONTOUR FARMING is to __________.

A. water distribution C wind erosion E. crop growing
B. over pasturing D. soil preservation
47. IRREFUTABLE is to DISPROVED as IRREPARABLE is to __________.
A. restored C. irremediable E. possible
B. inevitable D. insoluble
48. FORE is to AFT as BOW is to ____________.
A. paddle C. deck E. boat
B. arrow D. stern
49. PHOTOGRAPHER is to PICTURE as CARTOGRAPHER is to __________.
A. plan C. design E. graph
B. cartoon D. map
[Link] is to ABUSIVE as EULOGY is to __________.
A. laudatory C. flowery E. necrology
B. belittling D. censure
[Link] is to LIE as LARCENY is to __________.
A. conspire C. kill E. steal
B. injure D. trespass
52. OPTICS is to PHYSICS as DIALECTICS is to __________.
A. dialogue C. mathematics E. diction
B. grammar D. logic
53. RUMMAGE is to DISORDER as TENDERFOOT is to __________.
A. rookie C. expert E. student
B. veteran D. old-timer
[Link] is to DIRECTION as CALIPER is to __________.
A. speed C. pitch E. diameter
B. altitude D. volume
55. BREWING is to BEER as TANNING is to _________.
A. rubber C. cotton E. tea
B. glass D. leather

DIRECTION: For each sentence, complete the analogy by choosing a pair of words from the suggested answers. On your Answer
Sheet, shade completely the box that corresponds to your answers.
56. __________ is to METAMORPHOSIS as CATHARSIS is to ___________.
A. condition-chapter C. comparison-effect E. state-cause
B. process-stage D. change-purification
57. __________ is to SWORD as HOLSTER is to __________.
A. blade-spin C. scabbard-pistol E. duel-bolo
B. sheath-shot D. hilt-rifle
58. __________ is to SCHOOL as STAR is to _________.
A. student-rock C. principal-dancer E. fish-constellation
B. bird-tree D. thesis-player
59. _________ is to LATE as AUTHENTIC is to _________.
A. punctual-counterfeit C. prompt-genuine E. diligent-original
B. absent-false D. early-real
60. __________ is to PAPER as WORM is to __________.
A. wrap-wriggle C. tree-silk E. print-bait
B. sap-tick D. ink-soil
REVIEW NOTES: Grammar, Word Analogy & Vocabulary- OFELIA T. POSECION, PhD

PART 4: VOCABULARY

 Vocabulary (from the Latin for "name," also called wordstock, lexicon , and lexis) refers to all the words in a language that are
understood by a particular person or group of people. There are two main types of vocabulary: active and passive. An active
vocabulary consists of the words we understand and use in everyday speaking and writing.

Vocabulary (from the Latin for "name," also called wordstock, lexicon, and lexis) refers to all the words in a language that are
understood by a particular person or group of people. There are two main types of vocabulary: active and passive. An active
vocabulary consists of the words we understand and use in everyday speaking and writing. Passive vocabulary is made up of words
that we may recognize but don't generally use in the course of normal communication.

PART 5: GRAMMAR

Grammar—all those rules and structures that govern written and spoken language.

Basic Grammar Concepts: Parts of Speech

To start expanding your grammar knowledge, it’s helpful to begin with an understanding of the eight traditional parts of speech
that make up our sentences: nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, interjections, and conjunctions. Each of
these parts of speech has a distinct role to play in how we communicate, and a grasp of their basic definition and function will
serve you well in any future grammar lessons.

Nouns: The people, places, things, or ideas we refer to in our writing and speech. Nouns can refer to concrete, unique things as
well as abstract concepts.
Examples: accountant, New York, boredom, Tom Hanks
While there a number of ways to classify all the kinds of the people, places, and things that we refer to in language, nouns can
broadly be broken down into categories:

o Common nouns: any general term for a class of people, places, things, or ideas. Common nouns are never capitalized. Examples:
woman, car, city, mountain, book

 Proper nouns: unique or specific people, places, things, or ideas that are always capitalized.
o Examples: Alice, Ford Edsel, Beijing, Denali, Moby Dick

Pronouns: Words that take the place of any nouns in a sentence.

Examples: I, me, my, she, he, they, we, who, yours, them
Verbs: Words that express actions or states of being. Verbs typically indicate what the subject (or main noun) in a sentence is doing
or feeling.
REVIEW NOTES: Grammar, Word Analogy & Vocabulary- OFELIA T. POSECION, PhD

Examples: I wrote a sentence. I called my mother. I will walk my dog. I am happy.

Adjectives: Adjectives provide description in our sentences. Crucially, though, they specifically identify, modify, or describe a
noun.
Examples: I wrote a beautiful sentence. I called my wonderful mother. I will walk my restless dog. I am happy.
Adverbs: Adverbs also add description to our sentences. However, what distinguishes them from adjectives is that they describe
verbs—instead of characterizing a person, place, or thing, adverbs provide information about when, where, why, and how
something is done.
Examples: I carefully wrote a sentence. I finally called my mother. Importantly, I walked my dog. I am very happy.
Prepositions: These words link information about the time, location, or logical relationship of one noun to another word in a given
sentence. Importantly, they tell us things like when or where one thing is among other things.
Examples: I wrote a sentence in a Word document. I called my mother on her birthday. I walked my dog around the park.
Interjections: Often followed by exclamation points, these are words or expressions that convey emotions.
Examples: Oops! There’s an error in that sentence. Oh, gosh! I forgot to call my mother.
Conjunctions: These words (like and, but, and or) connect words, concepts, parts of sentences, and even whole sentences.
Examples: I wanted to call my mother. However, I ran out of time today. I will make it up to her and call sometime tomorrow.

Identifying Parts of Speech

Tips to identifying certain parts of speech based on their suffixes—that is, based on the letters that come at the end of the word:
Nouns: -ance (insurance); -dom (freedom); -ence (persistence); -er (trainer); -or (editor); -ism (modernism); -ist (scientist); -ity
(responsibility); -ness (happiness); -ship (championship)

Verbs: -ate (indicate); -ify (specify); -ize (specialize). While you’ll have to look more closely at these words to know their part of
speech, verbs can also end in -s (she walks), -ed (she walked), and -n or -en (she has fallen; her offer was withdrawn).

Adjectives: -able (comfortable); -al (temporal); -ible (terrible); -esque (picturesque); -ful (beautiful); -ic (drastic); -ish (selfish); -ive
(apprehensive); -ous (gorgeous); -less (careless); -y (creamy).

Adverbs: -ly (carefully). While many adverbs end in -ly, there are exceptions to watch out for: Anytime you add -ly to an adjective
it creates an adverb. However, adding –ly to a noun produces an adjective (brotherly, cowardly).

Beginning Grammar: Sentence Components and Verb Tenses

Sentence Components
In English grammar, sentences are composed of two principal parts: the subject and the predicate. In simple terms, the subject is
who or what the sentence is about. Meanwhile, the predicate contains information about the subject.
Example Sentence: The city of Chicago is a beautiful place to visit.

 Subject: The city of Chicago

 Predicate: is a beautiful place to visit.

Verb Tenses
The three main verb tenses:
Past: Past tense verbs describe something that has already happened
Example: I ran a marathon.
Present: The present tense describes things that are happening currently or continuously.
Example: I am running a marathon. I run marathons.
Future: Future tense verbs describe an action that has not happened yet or will happen.
Example: I will run a marathon next year.

Present and past

1   Present continuous (I am doing)
2   Present simple (I do)
3   Present continuous and present simple 1 (I am doing and I do)
4   Present continuous and present simple 2 (I am doing and I do)
5   Past simple (I did)
6   Past continuous (I was doing)
 
Present perfect and past
REVIEW NOTES: Grammar, Word Analogy & Vocabulary- OFELIA T. POSECION, PhD

7  Present perfect 1 (I have done)

8  Present perfect 2 (I have done)
9  Present perfect continuous (I have been doing)
10  Present perfect continuous and simple (I have been doing and I have done)
11  How Long have you (been) … ?
12  For and since   When … ? and How Long … ?
13  Present perfect and past 1 (I have done and I did)
14  Present perfect and past 2 (I have done and I did)
15  Past perfect (I had done)
16  Past perfect continuous (I had been doing)
17  Have and have got
18  Used to (do)
 Future
19  Present tenses (I am doing / I do) for the future
20  (I’m) going to (do)
21   Will/shall 1
22   Will/shall 2
23   I will and I’m going to
24   Will be doing and will have done
25   When I do / When I’ve done   When and if
 Modals
26   Can, could and (be) able to
27   Could (do) and could have (done)
28   Must and can’t
29   May and might 1
30   May and might 2
31   Have to and must
32   Must   mustn’t   needn’t
33   Should 1
34   Should 2
35   Had better   It’s time …
36   Would
37   Can/Could/Would you … ? etc. (Requests, offers, permission and invitations)
 If and wish
38   If I do … and If I did …
39   If I knew… I wish I knew …
40   If I had known … I wish I had known …
41   Wish

Passive
42   Passive 1 (is done / was done)
43   Passive 2 (be done / been done / being done)
44   Passive 3
45   It is said that …   He is said to …   He is supposed to …
46   Have something done
 
Reported speech
47   Reported speech 1 (He said that …)
48   Reported speech 2
 
Questions and auxiliary verbs
49   Questions 1
50   Questions 2 (Do you know where … ? / He asked me where …)
51   Auxiliary verbs (have/do/can etc.)   I think so / I hope so etc.
52   Question tags (do you? isn’t it? etc.)
 
–ing and to …
53   Verb + -ing (enjoy doing / stop doing etc.)
54   Verb + to … (decide to … / forget to … etc.)
55   Verb (+ object)+ to … (I want you to … etc.)
56   Verb + –ing or to … 1 (remember/regret etc.)
57   Verb + –ing or to … 2 (try/need/help)
58   Verb + –ing or to … 3 (like / would like etc.)
59   Prefer and would rather
60   Preposition (in/for/about etc.) + -ing
61   Be/get used to something (I’m used to …)
62   Verb + preposition + –ing (succeed in –ing / accuse somebody of –ing etc.)
63   Expressions + –ing
64   To … , for … and so that …
65   Adjective + to …
66   To … (afraid to do) and preposition+ –ing (afraid of –ing)
67   See somebody do and see somebody doing
REVIEW NOTES: Grammar, Word Analogy & Vocabulary- OFELIA T. POSECION, PhD

68   –ing clauses (Feeling tired, I went to bed early.)

 
Articles and nouns
69   Countable and uncountable 1
70   Countable and uncountable 2
71   Countable nouns with a/an and some
72   A/an and the
73   The 1
74   The 2 (school / the school etc.)
75   The 3 (children / the children)
76   The 4 (the giraffe / the telephone / the piano etc., the + adjective)
77   Names with and without the 1
78   Names with and without the 2
79   Singular and plural
80   Noun+ noun (a tennis ball / a headache)
81   –‘s (your sister’s name) and of … (the name of the book)
 
Pronouns and determiners
82   Myself/yourself/themselves etc.
83   A friend of mine   My own house   On my own / by myself
84   There … and it …
85   Some and any
86   No/none/any   Nothing/nobody etc.
87   Much, many, little, few, a lot, plenty
88   All / all of   most / most of   no / none of etc.
89   Both / both of   neither / neither of   either / either of
90   All, every and whole
91   Each and every
 
Relative clauses
92   Relative clauses 1: clauses with who/that/ which
93   Relative clauses 2: clauses with and without who/that/which
94   Relative clauses 3: whose/whom/where
95   Relative clauses 4: extra information clauses (1)
96   Relative clauses 5: extra information clauses (2)
97   –ing and –ed clauses (the woman talking to Tom, the boy injured in the accident)
 
Adjectives and adverbs
98   Adjectives ending in –ing and –ed (boring/bored etc.)
99   Adjectives: a nice new house, you look tired
100   Adjectives and adverbs 1 (quick/quickly)
101   Adjectives and adverbs 2 (well/fast/late, hard/ hardly)
102   So and such
103   Enough and too
104   Quite, pretty, rather and fairly
 105   Comparison 1 (cheaper, more expensive etc.)
106   Comparison 2 (much better / any better / better and better / the sooner the better)
107   Comparison 3 (as … as / than)
108   Superlatives (the longest, the most enjoyable etc.)
109   Word order 1: verb+ object; place and time
110   Word order 2: adverbs with the verb
111   Still, yet and already   Any more / any longer / no longer
112   Even
 
Conjunctions and prepositions
113   Although / though / even though   In spite of / despite
114   In case
115   Unless   As long as   Provided/ providing
116   As (As I walked along the street … / As I was hungry …)
117   Like and as
118   Like / as if / as though
11 9   For, during and while
120   By and until   By the time …
 
Prepositions
121   At/on/in (time)
122   On time and in time   At the end and in the end
123   In/at/on (position) 1
124   In/at/on (position) 2
125   In/at/on (position) 3
126   To/at/in/into
127   In/on/at (other uses)
REVIEW NOTES: Grammar, Word Analogy & Vocabulary- OFELIA T. POSECION, PhD

128   By
129   Noun+ preposition (reason for, cause of etc.)
130   Adjective + preposition 1
131   Adjective + preposition 2
132   Verb+ preposition 1   to and at
133   Verb+ preposition 2   about/ for/of/after
134   Verb+ preposition 3   about and of
135   Verb+ preposition 4   of/for/from/on
136   Verb+ preposition 5   in/ into/with/to/on
 
Phrasal verbs
137   Phrasal verbs 1   General points
138   Phrasal verbs 2   in/out
139   Phrasal verbs 3   out
140   Phrasal verbs 4   on/off (1)
141   Phrasal verbs 5   on/off (2)
142   Phrasal verbs 6   up/down
143   Phrasal verbs 7   up (1)
144   Phrasal verbs 8   up (2)
145   Phrasal verbs 9   away/back

PART 5: SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISES

Present continuous and present simple
1.(I am doing and I do)
Past simple and past continuous
2. (I did and I was doing)
Present and past
3. (I do / I am doing and I did / I was doing)
Present perfect simple and continuous
4. (I have done and I have been doing)
Present perfect simple and continuous; past simple
5. (I have done and I have been doing; I did)
Present perfect and present
6.(I have done / I have been doing and I do / I am doing)
Present perfect, present and past
7.(I have done / I have been doing, I do / I am doing and I did)
Present perfect and past simple
8. (I have done / I have been doing and I did)
Past simple, past continuous and past perfect
9.(I did, I was doing and I had done / I had been doing)
Past simple, past continuous and used to
10.(I did, I was doing and I used to do)
Present, present perfect and past
The future: present tenses and will/shall
11. (I do / I am doing and I will/shall do)
The future: present continuous, will/shall, going to
12. (I am doing, I will/shall do and I am going to do)
The future: all forms
can, could and be able to
may and might
can, could, may, might, must and can’t
must(n’t), need(n’t), should(n’t) and don’t have to
(don’t) have to, should(n’t), had better (not) and ought (not) to
should
Modals: review
if I do and if I did
if I did and if I had done
Conditionals: review
I wish
The passive
have something done
Questions
Reported speech and questions
-ing and to …
Prepositions and expressions + -ing
I’m used to doing and I used to do
to … and preposition + -ing
(afraid to do and afraid of doing)
Verb forms: review
Countable and uncountable
a/an, some and the
the
REVIEW NOTES: Grammar, Word Analogy & Vocabulary- OFELIA T. POSECION, PhD

Quantifiers and pronouns

Relative clauses
Adjectives and adverbs
Comparatives and superlatives
Word order
Prepositions of time
Prepositions of place
Prepositions (general)
Adjective/verb + preposition