Class 12 Chemistry | HaloAlkanes And HaloArenes | NCERT Solutions

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Class 12 Chemistry | HaloAlkanes And HaloArenes | NCERT Solutions

HaloAlkanes and HaloArenes

NCERT Solutions

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Class 12 Chemistry | HaloAlkanes And HaloArenes | NCERT Solutions

Question10.1.
Name the following halides according to IUPAC system and classify them as
alkyl, allyl, and benzyl (primary, secondary, tertiary), and vinyl or aryl halides:
(i) (CH3)2CHCH (Cl) CH3
(ii) CH3CH2CH (CH3) CH (C2H5) Cl
(iii) CH3CH2C (CH3)2CH2I
(iv) (CH3)3CCH2CH (Br) C6H5
(v) CH3CH(CH3)CH(Br)CH3
(vi) CH3C(C2H5)2CH2Br
(vii) CH3C(Cl)(C2H5)CH2CH3
(viii) CH3CH=C (Cl) CH2CH (CH3)2
(viii) CH3CH=CHC (Br) (CH3)2
(ix) p-ClC6H4CH2CH (CH3)2
(x) m-ClCH2C6H4CH2C (CH3)3
(xi) o-Br-C6H4CH (CH3) CH2CH3
Answer:
(i) 2-chloro-3-methylbutane, (2◦ alkyl halide)
The Cl atom is attached with two alkyl groups therefore 2◦ alkyl halide.
(ii) 3-chloro-4-methylhexane (2◦ alkyl halide)
The Cl atom is attached with two alkyl groups therefore 2◦ alkyl halide.
(iii) 1-iodo-2,2-dimethylbutane (1◦ alkyl halide)
The atom I is attached with one alkyl group therefore 1◦ alkyl halide.
(iv) 1-bromo-3,3-dimethyl-1-phenylbutane (2◦ benzylic halide)
The atom Br is attached with two alkyl groups with the benzene group
therefore 2◦ benzylic halide.
(v) 2-bromo-3-methylbutane (2◦ alkyl halide)
The atom Br is attached with two alkyl groups therefore 2◦ alkyl halide.

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(vi) 1-bromo-2-ethyl-2-methylbutane (1◦ alkyl halide)

The atom Br is attached with one alkyl group therefore 1◦ alkyl halide.)
(viii) 3-chloro-3-methylpentane (3◦ alkyl halide)
The atom Cl is attached with three alkyl groups therefore 3◦ alkyl halide.
(viii) 3-chloro-5-methylhex-2-ene (vinylic halide)
The atom Cl is attached with the double bond i.e. at vinylic position therefore
vinylic halide.)
(ix) 4-bromo-4-methylpent-2-ene (allylic halide)
The Br atom is attached with the carbon next to the double bond i.e. at allylic
position therefore allylic halide.
(x) 1-chloro-4-(2-methylpropyl) benzene (aryl halide)
The Cl atom is attached with the benzene i.e. at aryl position therefore aryl
halide.
(xi) 1-chloro-3-(2, 2-dimethylpropyl) benzene (1◦ benzylic halide)
The Cl is attached with one alkyl group at the benzene carbon therefore 1◦
benzylic halide.
(xii) 1-bromo-2-(1-methylpropyl) benzene (aryl halide)
The Br is attached with the benzene i.e. at aryl position therefore aryl halide.

Question10.2.
Give the IUPAC names of the following compounds:
(i) CH3CH (Cl) CH (Br) CH3
(ii) CHF2CBrClF
(iii) ClCH2C≡CCH2Br
(iv) (CCl3)3CCl
(v) CH3C (p-ClC6H4)2CH (Br) CH3
(vi) (CH3) 3CCH=ClC6H4I-p

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Answer:
(i) IUPAC name is :- 2-Bromo-3-chlorobutane
(ii) IUPAC name is :- 1-Bromo-1-chloro-1,2,2-trifluroethane
(iii) IUPAC name is :- 1-bromo-4-chlorobut-2-yne
(iv) IUPAC name is :- 2-(trichloromethyl)-1,1,1,2,3,3,3heptachloropropane
(v) IUPAC name is :- 2-bromo-3,3-bis-(4-chlorophenyl)butane
(vi) IUPAC name is :- 1-chloro-1-(4-iodophenyl)-3,3-dimethylbut-1-ene

Question 10.3.
Write the structures of the following organic halogen compounds.
(i) 2-Chloro-3-methylpentane
(ii) p-Bromochlorobenzene
(iii) 1-Chloro-4-ethylcyclohexane
(iv) 2-(2-Chlorophenyl)-1-iodooctane
(v) Perfluorobenzene
(vi) 4-tert-Butyl-3-iodoheptane
(vii) 1-Bromo-4-sec-butyl-2-methylbenzene
(viii) 1, 4-Dibromobut-2-ene
Answer:
(i) 2-Chloro-3-methylpentane

(ii) p-Bromochlorobenzene

(iii) 1-Chloro-4-ethylcyclohexane

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(iv) 2-(2-Chlorophenyl)-1-iodooctane

(v) Perfluorobenzene

(vi) 4-tert-Butyl-3-iodoheptane

(vii) 1-Bromo-4-sec-butyl-2-methylbenzene

(viii) 1, 4-Dibromobut-2-ene

Question 10.4.
Which one of the following has the highest dipole moment?
(i) CH2Cl2
(ii) CHCl3
(iii) CCl4

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Answer:

CCl4 is a symmetrical molecule. Therefore, the dipole moments of all four C−Cl
bonds cancel each other. Hence, its resultant dipole moment is zero.
As shown in the above figure, in CHCl3, the resultant of dipole moments of
two C−Cl bonds is opposed by the resultant of dipole moments of one C−H
bond and one C−Cl bond. Since the resultant of one C−H bond and one C−Cl
bond dipole moments is smaller than two C−Cl bonds, the opposition is to a
small extent. As a result, CHCl3 has a small dipole moment of 1.08 D.
On the other hand, in case of CH2Cl2, the resultant of the dipole moments of
two C−Cl bonds is strengthened by the resultant of the dipole moments of two
C−H bonds. As a result, CH2Cl2 has a higher dipole moment of 1.60 D than
CHCl3 i.e., CH2Cl2 has the highest dipole moment.
Hence, the given compounds can be arranged in the increasing order of their
dipole moments as:
CCl4 < CHCl3 < CH2Cl2

Question 10.5.
A hydrocarbon C5H10 does not react with chlorine in dark but gives a single
monochloro compound C5H9Cl in bright sunlight. Identify the hydrocarbon.

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Answer:

A hydrocarbon with the molecular formula, C5H10 belongs to the group with a
general molecular formula CnH2n. Therefore, it may either be an alkene or a
cycloalkane. Since hydrocarbon does not react with chlorine in the dark, it
cannot be an alkene. Thus, it should be a cycloalkane.
Further, the hydrocarbon gives a single monochloro compound, C5H9Cl by
reacting with chlorine in bright sunlight. Since a single monochloro compound
is formed, the hydrocarbon must contain H−atoms that are all equivalent.
Also, as all H−atoms of a cycloalkane are equivalent, the hydrocarbon must be
a cycloalkane. Hence, the said compound is cyclopentane.

Question 10.6.
Write the isomers of the compound having formula C4H9Br.
Answer:
Double bond equivalent is used to find the level of unsaturation’s present in
an organic molecule.

DBE = (C + 1-( ) +( )-( ))

Where C= number of carbon atoms present

H=number of hydrogen atoms present
N=number of nitrogen atoms present
X=number of halogen atoms present

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Double bond equivalent (DBE) for C4H9Br

= (4 + 1 – ( ) + ( )

=0
So none of the isomers has a ring or unsaturation, so the isomers are positions
or chain isomers as shown below in the table:
The possible isomers of C4H9Br are following:-
(i) 1- BromoButane

(ii) 2-BromoButane

(iii) 1- Bromo-2-methylpropane

( iv ) 2 - Bromo - 2 - methylpropane

Question 10.7.
Write the equations for the preparation of 1-iodobutane from
(i) 1-butanol
(ii) 1-chlorobutane
(iii) but-1-ene.

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Answer:
1-butanol is treated with KI in the presence of H3PO4 where the OH is being
replaced by the iodine and gives H2O and KH2PO4 as the by-product with
1iodobutane as the final product.
(ZnCl2)
(i) CH3- CH2 – CH2-OH + HI CH3 – CH2-CH2-CH2-I + H2O
1- Butanol 1-IodoButane

Question 10.8.
What are ambident nucleophiles? Explain with an example.
Answer:
Ambident nucleophiles are nucleophiles having two nucleophilic sites. Thus,
ambident nucleophiles have two sites through which they can attack.

For example, nitrite ion is an ambident nucleophile.

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RX + Ag- O-N=O R-NO2

Nitroalkane
RX + KNO2 R-O-N=O
Alkylnitrite
Nitrite ion can attack through oxygen resulting in the formation of alkyl
nitrites.
Also, it can attack through nitrogen resulting in the formation of nitroalkanes.

Question 10.9.
Which compound in each of the following pairs will react faster in SN2 reaction
with –OH?
(i) CH3Br or CH3I
(ii) (CH3)3CCl or CH3Cl.
Answer:
(i) In the SN2 mechanism, the reactivity of halides for the same alkyl
group increases in the order. This happens because as the size increases, the
halide ion becomes a better leaving group.
R−F << R−Cl < R−Br < R−I
Therefore, CH3I will react faster than CH3Br in SN2 reactions with OH−.

(ii) The SN2 mechanism involves the attack of the nucleophile at the atom

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bearing the leaving group. But, in case of (CH3)3CCl, the attack of the
nucleophile at the carbon atom is hindered because of the presence of bulky
substituents on that carbon atom bearing the leaving group. On the other
hand, there are no bulky substituents on the carbon atom bearing the leaving
group in CH3Cl.
Hence, CH3Cl reacts faster than (CH3)3CCl in SN2 reaction with OH−.

Question 10.10.
Predict all the alkenes that would be formed by dehydrohalogenation of the
following halides with sodium ethoxide in ethanol and identify the major
alkene:
(i) 1-Bromo-1-methylcyclohexane
(ii) 2-Chloro-2-methylbutane
(iii) 2,2,3-Trimethyl-3-bromopentane
Answer:
(i) In 1-Bromo-1-methylcyclohexane, the β-hydrogen atoms on either side of
the Br atoms are equivalent, therefore, only one type of product i.e., 1
methylcyclohexene is formed.

(ii) 2-Chloro-2-methylbutane has two different sets of equivalent βhydrogen

atoms and hence, in principle can give two alkanes (I and II). But according to
Saytzeff’s rule, more highly substituted alkene (II), being more stable, is the
major product.

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(iii) 3-Bromo-2, 2, 3-trimethylpentane has two different sets of β-hydrogen

atoms and hence, in principle, can give two alkenes (I and II). But according to
Saytzeff's rule, more highly substituted alkene (II), being more stable, is the
major product.

Question 10.11.
How will you bring about the following conversions?
(i) Ethanol to but-1-yne
(ii) Ethane to bromoethene
(iii) Propene to1nitropropane
(iv) Toluene to benzyl alcohol
(v) Propene to propyne
(vi) Ethanol to ethyl fluoride
(vii) Bromomethane to propanone
(viii) But-1-ene to but-2-ene

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(ix) 1-Chlorobutane to n-octane (x) Benzene to biphenyl.

Answer:
(i) Ethanol to but-1-yne
Since the conversion of ethanol to but-1-yne involves the addition the two
extra carbons that is why the conversion is carried out in 3 steps
1. In the first step ethanol is treated with thionyl chloride (SOCl2) in the
presence of pyridine to give chloroethane.

2. In the second step the acetylene is treated with sodamide (NaNH 2) in the
presence of liquid ammonia to give sodium acetylide.

3. The last step involves the reaction between chloroethane and sodium
acetylide to give the final product as the But-1-yne and NaCl as the by-
product.

(ii) Ethane to bromoethene

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The Bromination of ethane (Br2 in the presence of light at 520-670K) gives

bromoethane which on further treatment with alcoholic KOH results in the
alkene called ethane which again on Bromination with Br2/CCl4 gives
Dibromide(vicinal bromide) called 1,2-dibromoethane which on treatment
with alcoholic KOH gives bromoethene as the final product.

(iii) Propene on treatment with HBr in the presence of peroxide

(antiMarkownikoff’s rule which states the negative part i.e. Br- goes to the
carbon which has more number of hydrogens and positive part i.e. H + goes to
the carbon which has lesser number of hydrogens) gives 1-bromopropane
which on treatment with silver nitrite in the presence of alcohol or water gives
1-nitropropane as the final product.

(iv) Chlorination of toluene (Cl2 at 773K) gives benzyl chloride with the

removal of HCl. Benzyl Chloride on further treatment with dilute KOH in the
presence of heat gives benzyl alcohol as the final

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product.(dilute KOH removes Cl from the benzyl chloride and replaces it by

OH)

(v) Propene is treated with Br2/CCl4 i.e. bromination of alkene takes

place to give dibromides, in this case 1,2-dibromopropane which on further
treatment with alcoholic KOH gives propyne.(two times removal of KBr)

(vi) Ethanol in treatment with thionyl chloride (SOCl2) in the presence of

pyridine gives ethyl chloride with the evolution of SO2 gas. The ethyl chloride
on treatment with mercury fluoride gives ethyl fluoride (the Cl of ethyl
chloride is being replaced by F from Hg2F2).

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(vii) Bromoethane on treatment with alcoholic KCN forms Acetonitrile with the
removal of KBr. CN is added in the case where there is a need to increase the
number of carbons. Further the acetonitrile is treated with CH3MgBr (Grignard
reagent) in the presence of ether, the intermediate so formed is hydrolysed,
and the product formation takes place i.e. Propanone and NH 3 is obtained as
the by-product.

(viii) CH3-CH2-CH=CH2 +HBr---> CH3-CH2-CH(Br)-CH3

This reaction happens according to Markownikoff’s rule
Now reacting this with alcoholic KOH gives alkenes
CH3-CH2-CH (Br)-CH3 + KOH (alcohol)——-> CH3CH=CHCH3 + KBr + H2O

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(ix) The conversion of 1-chlorobutane to n-octane in the presence of Na

metal and dry ether is called Wurtz reaction. Two equivalent chlorobutane
reacts to give n-octane as a final product and NaCl as the by-product.

(xx) The conversion of benzene to biphenyl using Na and dry ether is

called FITTIG reaction.
Firstly, the benzene is treated with Br2/FeBr3 results in the formation of
bromobenzene. It is an electrophilic substitution. Further the bromobenzene
is treated with Na metal in presence of dry ether to form biphenyl as the final
product and NaBr as the by-product. If instead of Na metal, bromobenzene is
treated with Cu metal then the reaction is called Ullmann’s reaction. The final
product obtained in this reaction will also be biphenyl.

Question 10.12.
Explain why

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(i) The dipole moment of chlorobenzene is lower than that of

cyclohexylchloride?
(ii) Alkyl halides, though polar, are immiscible with water?
(iii) Grignard reagents should be prepared under anhydrous conditions?
Answer:
(i) In chlorobenzene, the Cl-atom is linked to a sp2 hybridized carbon
atom. In cyclohexylchloride, the Cl-atom is linked to a sp3 hybridized carbon
atom. Now, sp2 hybridized carbon has more s-character than sp3 hybridized
carbon atom. Therefore, the former is more electronegative than the latter.
Therefore, the density of electrons of C−Cl bond near the Cl-atom is less in
chlorobenzene than in cyclohexyl chloride.
Moreover, the −R effect of the benzene ring of chlorobenzene decreases the
electron density of the C−Cl bond near the Cl-atom. As a result, the polarity of
the C−Cl bond in chlorobenzene decreases.
Hence, the dipole moment of chlorobenzene is lower than that of cyclohexyl
chloride.

(ii) To be miscible with water, the solute-water force of attraction must

be stronger than the solute-solute and water-water forces of attraction. Alkyl

halides are polar molecules and so held together by dipole-dipole interactions.
Similarly, strong H-bonds exist between the water molecules. The new force of
attraction between the alkyl halides and water molecules is weaker than the

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alkyl halide-alkyl halide and water-water forces of attraction. Hence, alkyl

halides (though polar) are immiscible with water.
(iii) Grignard reagents are very reactive. In the presence of moisture, they
react to give alkanes.

Therefore, Grignard reagents should be prepared under anhydrous conditions.

Question 10.13.
Give the uses of Freon 12, DDT, carbon tetrachloride and Iodoform.
Answer:
Uses of Freon − 12
Freon-12 (dichlorodifluoromethane, CF2Cl2) is commonly known as CFC. It is
used as a refrigerant in refrigerators and air conditioners. It is also used in
aerosol spray propellants such as body sprays, hair sprays, etc. However, it
damages the ozone layer. Hence, its manufacture was banned in the United
States and many other countries in 1994.
Uses of DDT
DDT (p, p−dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) is one of the best known
insecticides. It is very effective against mosquitoes and lice. But due its
harmful effects, it was banned in the United States in 1973.
Uses of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)
(i) It is used for manufacturing refrigerants and propellants for aerosol cans.
(ii) It is used as feedstock in the synthesis of chlorofluorocarbons and other
chemicals.
(iii) It is used as a solvent in the manufacture of pharmaceutical products.

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(iv) Until the mid-1960’s, carbon tetrachloride was widely used as a cleaning
fluid, a degreasing agent in industries, a spot reamer in homes, and a fire
extinguisher.
Uses of Iodoform (CHI3)
Iodoform was used earlier as an antiseptic, but now it has been replace d by
other formulations-containing iodine-due to its objectionable smell. The
antiseptic property of Iodoform is only due to the liberation of free iodine
when it comes in contact with the skin.

Question 10.14.

Answer:
(i)

(ii)

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(iii)
CH3CH (Br) CH2CH3 + NaOH CH3CH (OH) CH2CH3 + NaBr
2-Bromobutane Butan-2-ol
(iv)

(v)

(vi)

(vii)

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( viii )

Question 10.15.
Write the mechanism of the following reaction:-

Answer:
The given reaction is a nucleophilic reaction:

The given reaction is an SN2 reaction. In this reaction, CN acts as the stronger
nucleophile and attacks the carbon atom to which Br is attached in nBuBr.
And, CN- ion is an ambident nucleophile and can attack through both C and N.
In this case, it attacks through the C-atom.
The mechanism is shown below:

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Question 10.16.
Arrange the compounds of each set in order of reactivity towards SN2
displacement:
(i) 2-Bromo-2-methylbutane, 1-Bromopentane, 2-Bromopentane
(ii) 1-Bromo-3-methylbutane, 2-Bromo-2-methylbutane, 3-Bromo-2-
methylbutane
(iii) 1-Bromobutane, 1-Bromo-2, 2-dimethylpropane, 1-Bromo-2-
methylbutane, 1-Bromo-3-methylbutane
Answer:
(i)

An SN2 reaction involves the approaching of the nucleophile to the carbon

atom to which the leaving group is attached. When the nucleophile is
sterically hindered, then the reactivity towards SN2 displacement decreases.
Due to the presence of substituents, hindrance to the approaching
nucleophile increases in the following order.
1-Bromopentane < 2-bromopentane < 2-Bromo-2-methylbutane
Hence, the increasing order of reactivity towards SN2 displacement is:
2-Bromo-2-methylbutane < 2-Bromopentane < 1-Bromopentane
(ii)

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Since steric hindrance in alkyl halides increases in the order of 1° < 2° < 3°, the
increasing order of reactivity towards SN2 displacement is 3° < 2° < 1°.
Hence, the given set of compounds can be arranged in the increasing order of
their reactivity towards SN2 displacement as:
2-Bromo-2-methylbutane < 2-Bromo-3-methylbutane < 1-Bromo-3-
methylbutane
(iii)

The steric hindrance to the nucleophile in the SN2 mechanism increases with a
decrease in the distance of the substituents from the atom containing the
leaving group. Further, the steric hindrance increases with an increase in the
number of substituents. Therefore, the increasing order of steric hindrances in
the given compounds is as below:

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1-Bromobutane < 1-Bromo-3-methylbutane < 1-Bromo-2-methylbutane

< 1-Bromo-2, 2-dimethylpropane
Hence, the increasing order of reactivity of the given compounds towards SN2
displacement is:
1-Bromo-2, 2-dimethylpropane < 1-Bromo-2-methylbutane < 1-Bromo-
3methylbutane < 1-Bromobutane

Question 10.17.
Out of C6H5CH2Cl and C6H5CHClC6H5, which is more easily hydrolysed by
aqueous KOH?
Answer:
Hydrolysis by KOH results in the formation of the carbocation. Those
compounds which lead to the formation of stable carbocation are easily
hydrolysed.C6H5CH2Cl leads to formation of 1°-carbocation, while
C6H5CHClC6H5 forms 2°-carbocation, which is more stable than 1°-carbocation.
Hence
C6H5CHClC6H5 is hydrolyzed more easily than C6H5CH2Cl by aqueous KOH.

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Question 10.18.
p-Dichlorobenzene has higher melting point and solubility than those of o-
and m-isomers. Discuss.
Answer:
p-Dichlorobenzene is more symmetrical than o-and m-isomers. For this
reason, it fits more closely than o-and m-isomers in the crystal lattice.
Therefore, more energy is required to break the crystal lattice of p-
dichlorobenzene. As a result, p-dichlorobenzene has a higher melting point
and lower solubility than o-and misomers.

Question 10.19.
How the following conversions can be carried out?
(i) Propene to propan-1-ol
(ii) Ethanol to but-1-yne
(iii) 1-Bromopropane to 2-bromopropane
(iv) Toluene to benzyl alcohol
(v) Benzene to 4-bromonitrobenzene
(vi) Benzyl alcohol to 2-phenylethanoic acid
(vii) Ethanol to propanenitrile
(viii) Aniline to chlorobenzene
(ix) 2-Chlorobutane to 3, 4-dimethylhexane
(x) 2-Methyl-1-propene to 2-chloro-2-methylpropane
(xi) Ethyl chloride to propanoic acid

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(xii) But-1-ene to n-butyliodide

(xiii) 2-Chloropropane to 1-propanol
(xiv) Isopropyl alcohol to Iodoform
(xv) Chlorobenzene to p-nitrophenol
(xvi) 2-Bromopropane to 1-bromopropane
(xvii) Chloroethane to butane
(xviii) Benzene to diphenyl
(xxi) tert-Butyl bromide to isobutyl bromide
(xx) Aniline to phenylisocyanide.
Answer:
(i) Propene to propan-1-ol
It is an AntiMarkovnikoff reaction in which under the presence of peroxide an
alkene undergoes substitution, wherein the halo group is attached to that
carbon which has least no. of alkyl groups attached to it.

(ii) Ethanol to but-1-yne

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(iii)

(iv)

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(v)

(vi)

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(vii)

(viii)

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(ix)

(x)

(xi)

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(xii)

(xiii)

(xiv)

(xv)

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(xvi)

(xvii)

(xviii)

(xix)

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(xx)

Question 10.20.
The treatment of alkyl chlorides with aqueous KOH leads to the formation of
alcohols but in the presence of alcoholic KOH, alkenes are major products.
Explain.
Answer:
In an aqueous solution, KOH almost completely ionizes to give OH − ions. OH−
ion is a strong nucleophile, which leads the alkyl chloride to undergo a
substitution reaction to form alcohol.
R-Cl + KCl (aqueous) R-OH + KCl
Alkyl Chloride Alcohol
On the other hand, an alcoholic solution of KOH contains alkoxide (RO−) ion,
which is a strong base. Thus, it can abstract hydrogen from the β-carbon of
the alkyl chloride and form an alkene by eliminating a molecule of HCl.

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OH− ion is a much weaker base than RO− ion. Also, OH− ion is highly solvated in
an aqueous solution and as a result, the basic character of OH− ion decreases.
Therefore, it cannot abstract hydrogen from the β-carbon.

Question 10.21.
Primary alkyl halide C4H9Br
(a) reacted with alcoholic KOH to give compound
(b) is reacted with HBr to give
(c) which is an isomer of (a).
When (a) is reacted with sodium metal it gives compound
(d), C8H18 which is different from the compound formed when n-butyl
bromide is reacted with sodium.
Give the structural formula of (a) and write the equations for all the reactions?
Answer:
There are two primary alkyl halides having the formula, C4H9Br. They are n −
butyl bromide and isobutyl bromide.

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Therefore, compound (a) is either n−butyl bromide or isobutyl bromide.

Now, compound (a) reacts with Na metal to give compound (b) of molecular
formula, C8H18, which is different from the compound formed when n−butyl
bromide reacts with Na metal. Hence, compound (a) must be isobutyl
bromide.

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Thus, compound (d) is 2, 5−dimethylhexane.

It is given that compound (a) reacts with alcoholic KOH to give compound (b).
Hence, compound (b) is 2−methylpropene.
Also, compound (b) reacts with HBr to give compound (c) which is an isomer
of (a).
Hence, compound (c) is 2−bromo−2−methylpropane.

Question 10.22.
What happens when:-
(i) n-butyl chloride is treated with alcoholic KOH,
(ii) Bromobenzene is treated with Mg in the presence of dry ether,
(iii) Chlorobenzene is subjected to hydrolysis,
(iv) Ethyl chloride is treated with aqueous KOH,
(v) Methyl bromide is treated with sodium in the presence of dry ether,
(vi) Methyl chloride is treated with KCN??
Answer:
(i) When n−butyl chloride is treated with alcoholic KOH, the formation of
but−l−ene takes place.
This reaction is a dehydrohalogenation reaction.

(ii) When bromobenzene is treated with Mg in the presence of dry ether,

phenylmagnesium bromide is formed.

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(iii) Chlorobenzene does not undergo hydrolysis under normal conditions.

However, it undergoes hydrolysis when heated in an aqueous sodium
hydroxide solution at a temperature of 623 K and a pressure of 300 atm to
form phenol.

(iv) When ethyl chloride is treated with aqueous KOH, it undergoes hydrolysis
to form ethanol.
CH3 – CH2 –Cl CH3 –CH2-OH + KCl (In presence of KOH (alcoholic) &
hydrolysis)
Ethyl chloride Ethanol
(v) When methyl bromide is treated with sodium in the presence of dry ether,
ethane is formed. This reaction is known as the Wurtz reaction.
(In presence of Dry ether and Wurtz reaction)
2CH3 –Br + KCN CH3-CN + KCl
Methyl bromide Ethane
(vi) When methyl chloride is treated with KCN, it undergoes a substitution
reaction to give methyl cyanide.
CH3 –Cl + KCN CH3-CN + KCl (Nucleophilic substitution) Methyl chloride
Methyl cyanide

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