SCIENCE REVIEWER

Introduction to Volcanoes
Geomorphology
> Study of the physical features of the
surface of the Earth and their relation
to its geological structures
Diastrophism
> Process of deformation of the Earth’s > Strike-Slip Fault: Foot Wall and

Crust (Faulting and Folding) Hanging Wall move away from each
other sideways

Faults and Folds:

Parts of a Fault

> Oblique Fault: Combination of a

Types of Faults
Normal and Strike-Slip Fault
> Normal Fault: Foot Wall ↑, Hanging
Wall ↓ (Tensional Force)

Types of Folds
> There is only Tensional Force present
within a fold
> Anticline Fold: An Upwards Fold

> Reverse Fault: Foot Wall ↓, Hanging

Wall ↑ (Compressional Force)
Weathering (Physical or Chemical
> Breaking down and dissolving of
rocks and minerals on the surface of
the Earth

Volcanoes:
> Derived from the word “Vulcano”,
> Syncline Fold: A Downwards Fold
that comes from the Roman God of
Fire, Vulcan.
> A Volcano is an opening in the
Earth’s Crust, wherein molten/hot
rocks with gaseous materials are
ejected
> Most volcanoes are found in the

> Monocline Fold: A Step-Like Fold Pacific Ring of Fire, with 75% of the
1,500 active volcanoes on Earth are
found
Supernatural Beliefs about
Volcanoes
> Vulcan, Roman God of Fire and
Hephaestus, Greek God of Fire
> Pele, Hawaiian Goddess of Volcanoes
> Christianity, it is believed that
Erosion
volcanoes are manipulation of the devil
> Physical removal and wearing down
or the wrath of god
of a landmass by a geomorphic agent
Theories of Volcanism
(i.e. water, wind, ice, etc.)
> Johannes Kepler (1571 - 1630)
> Some Types of Erosion: River
- A German Astronomer
carving a valley, Water cutting back
- Kepler’s Law (Law of Planetary
cliffs, Glacier moving rocks, and
Motion)
Landslides
> Athanasius Kircher (1601 - 1680)
- A German Priest and Scholar
- A Great Central fire deep within - Oceanic Crust, is composed of
the Earth Basaltic Rocks and is Denser
> Alfred Wegener (1880 - 1930) - Continental Crust is composed
- Theorized the Supercontinent, of Granite and is Less Dense that
Pangeo Oceanic Crust
- First to give an acceptable Internal Features
theory about the reason for
Earthquakes and Volcanic
Eruptions
- Discovered how Land Masses
form
Earth’s Internal Heat Source
> Accretion Process
- Earth’s Heat is due to the
creation of the Earth
> Decay of Radioactive Elements
- Due to Nuclear Fission
> Magma - Molten Rock beneath the
Features of a Volcano: Earth’s Surface
Subduction Zone > Magma Chamber or Magma
> The zone in which oceanic crust sinks Reservoir - Large underground pool of
under a continental crust forming a magma
magma source for formation of a new > Conduit - Channel where magma
volcano passes through
> Throat - Entrance of a volcano
External Features (Refer to Parts of a
Volcano)
> Vent - Opening on the Earth’s
Surface where materials escape
> Crater - Mouth of a volcano
> Summit - Highest point of a volcano
> Caldera - Volcanic depression larger - Steep Sided, Symmetrical, and
than the original crater Conical
> Flank - Side of a Volcano - Has Highly Viscous Lava
> Sill/Intrusive Sheets - Hard piece of - Composed of alternating layers
rock when magma hardens of lava-flow
> Shield Volcano (Ex. Mauna Loa)
Types of Volcanoes:
According to Structure
> Cinder Cone Volcano (Ex. Taal
Volcano)

- Broad and has layers of viscous

lava
- Huge and gently sloped
- Non-explosive eruptions due to
viscous lava
- Simplest type of Volcano
- There are no shield volcanoes in
- Less Viscous lava is violently
the Philippines
blown into the atmosphere
- Olympus Mons, the largest
- Has a bigger crater due to
volcano in the solar system
violent eruptions
located on Mars is a Shield
- Lava released falls and hardens
Volcano
as cinders around the vent
> Lava Dome (Ex. Mount St. Helens)
> Composite Volcano aka
Stratovolcano (Ex. Mayon Volcano)

- Lava domes are found within

the crater
- Has relatively small and circular
mounds
- Highly Viscous Lava
According to Activity - Melting of the Earth’s Crust
> Active Volcanoes, erupted in the (Subduction Zone)
past 10,000 years and still erupts - Melting within the Mantle
> Inactive Volcanoes aka Extinct, no - High Temperature and Low
eruption in the past 10,000 years. Pressure
However, it still has the possibility to The deadliest volcanic eruption
erupt occurred at Mt. Tambora, located in
There are 300 Volcanoes in the Indonesia on April 10, 1815. It resulted in
Philippines and 24 of them are active. 120,000 casualties.
Some of the most Active Volcanoes Magma is a semi-liquid rock,
include: crystallized minerals, dissolved gasses,
> Mt. Mayon (Bicol, Most Active) and hot liquid beneath the surface.
> Taal Volcano (Batangas) Composed mainly of Silicon and
> Mt. Kanlaon (Negros) Oxygen along with Aluminum,
> Mt. Bulusan (Sorsogon) Calcium, Iron, S0dium, Potassium,
> Mt. Makaturing (Lanao Del Sur) and Magnesium. Magma is classified
some of the inactive volcanoes by Viscosity, Silicon Content,
in the Philippines are: Temperature, and Gas Content. Here
> Anilao Hill (Batangas) are the types of Magma according
> Mt. Batuan (Bicol) toViscosity, Silicon Content,
> Mt. Urot (Sulu) Temperature, and Gas Content.
> Mt. Tamburok (Biliran) > Mafic or Basaltic Magma
> Mt. Cabaluyan (Leyte) - Low Silica and Gas Content
- High Temp (1,000 - 1,200 C)
Magma Formation: - Low Viscosity
The Earth’s Layers are split into 4 > Intermediate or Andesitic Magma
main parts (Crust, Mantle, Outer Core, - Average Silica and Gas Content
and Inner Core) with the Outer Core - Average Temp (800 - 1,000 C)
being the hottest layer. Within the - Average Viscosity
Crust and Mantle is where most > Felsic or Rhyolitic Magma
magma forms, here are the conditions - High Silica and Gas Content
for magma formation: - Low Temp (650 - 800 C)
- High Viscosity - Scoria, Cinders with high
Viscosity is the resistance to flow density and is darkly colored
of a fluid. Silicon Content and the that are composed of basaltic or
Viscosity of magma has an Indirect mafic magma.
Relationship while Temperature and - Tephra, General name for solid
Viscosity has a direct relationship. emissions from a volcano
Volcanic Gasses
Volcanic Emissions: - Sulfur Dioxide, CO2, Water Vapor,
Lava Hydrogen Sulfide are gasses
- Aa, a rough with spiky surface emitted in volcanic eruptions
type of lava and most commonly in
- Pahoehoe, has a smooth fumaroles
texture with a flowy or ropey surf Positive Effects of Volcanoes
due to its low viscosity - Volcanoes are a great source of
- Pillow Lava, a non-explosive geothermal energy
eruption underwater resulting - Volcanic ash is additive to
in pillow-like formations of lava building materials
Pyroclastic Materials or Tehpra - Soil near volcanoes are more
- Volcanic Ash, Emission smaller fertile
than 2 mm - In explosions, volcanoes
- Volcanic Blocks, Solid angular unearths precious gems and
rock fragments larger than 64 minerals
mm Negative Effects of Volcanoes
- Volcanic Bombs, Rounded and - Causes widespread damage
molten rocks larger than 64 mm - Loss of life
- Lapilli, Little rocks with the - Emits toxic gasses that are
measurements of 2 to 64 mm harmful to flora and fauna and
- Cinder, Vesicular lava fragments humans as well
greater than 1 cm
- Pumice, Cinders with low
density and is light in color
Volcanoes as a source of - 1988, International
Geothermal Association is a
Geothermal Energy
global group that supports the
Volcanoes release heat which geothermal sector
can be harnessed as an energy source
for our daily lives. “Geo” means the There are currently 7
Earth and “Thermal” meaning heat, Geothermal Power Plants in the
therefore Geothermal Energy is energy Philippines:
from the heat of the Earth. - Makiling - Banahaw, Laguna
History of Geothermal Energy - Tiwi Geothermal Power Plant,
- Prince Piero Ginori Conti tested Albay
the first ever geothermal power - Tongonan GPP, Leyte
plant in Larderello, Italy on July - Palinpinon GPP, Southern
4, 1904 Negros
- 1958, New Zealand started using - Mindanao GPP, North Cotabato
geothermal energy as well, - Bac-man Geothermal Power
creating the FLash Steam Plant, Albay and Sorsogon
Geothermal Power Plant in - waka ako nung pang 7 haha
Wairakei Plant Parts of a Geothermal Power Plant
- 1960, John Grant launched the - Reservoir
large scale production of - Turbine, generates mechanical
geothermal energy in the USA energy
- 1967, The Soviet Union designed - Generator, turns mechanical
the binary cycle power plant energy into electricity
that can run on low temp fluid - Transmission Lines, distributes
- 1979, An energy crisis in the energy
Philippines
- Geothermal Rising, an
organization that encourages
the development of geothermal
resources
Types of Geothermal Power Plant > Climate, long term and average
- Dry Steam Power Plant, Uses condition of the atmosphere. The
steam to generate energy that expected condition of the atmosphere
moves the turbine to generate
electricity (Tiwi and Layers of the Atmosphere
Palinpinon) > Troposphere, Stratosphere,
- Flash Steam Power Plant, Mesosphere, Thermosphere, and
Collects hot water that is Exosphere
collected into a flash tank, > Weather appears at the troposphere
wherein it transforms into hot
steam (Bac-Man GPP) Meteorology, the study of the
- Binary Power Plant, Has a heat condition of the atmosphere (Weather
exchanger that has a working and Climate)
fluid that is heated as hot water
passes through it (Macban 4 Meteorological Scales
Power Plant) > Microscale
Advantages of Geothermal Power - Short-lived atmospheric
Plants phenomena
> Renewable energy - about <1 kilometers, usually less
> Sustainable than a day
> Eco-Friendly and Cost-Friendly > Mesoscale
Disadvantages of Geothermal Power - Roughly 1000 km
Plants - Includes thunderstorms, gap
> Possible Pollution winds, land a sea breeze,
> Limited Accessibility downslope windstorms
> FInancial Constraints > Synoptic Scale

Climate and Weather - Large or Cyclonical Scale, about

620 miles or more
Weather and Climate describes
> Global Scale
the atmospheric condition.
- features are the largest and
> Weather, short term condition of the
longest (trade winds and
atmosphere and anything on any
easterlies)
given day
Equinox - Baguio Elevation: 1, 500 m, Ave.
> equal amounts of daytime and night Temp: 16 C
time - Mt. Ulap Elevation: 1,800 m, Mt.
> Vernal Equinox: March 21, Autumnal Pulag Elevation: 2, 900 m
Equinox: September 23 > Distance from the Ocean
Solstice - land heats up and cools down
> a day with the longest or shortest faster
day - Land and Sea Breeze
> Winter Solstice: December 22, - There is more moderate climate
Summer Solstice: June 21 and more precipitation the
closer to the ocean
The dry season in the > Topography
Philippines lasts from December to - Geological structures that affect
May and for the Rainy Season, it lasts climate
from June to November - The sides of a mountain are the
Climatology Windward and Leeward Side
> The study of climate - Windward side of a mountain
> Climatologist, studies Climatology has more vegetation
Factors That Affect Climate > Ocean Currents
> Latitude - Ocean currents flowing away
- Imaginary horizontal lines from from the equator is warm,
east to west carrying warmer air as well
- As latitude increases, the > Coriolis Effect
temperature decreases - Apparent deflection of objects
- Philippines is part of the in a straight path relative to the
northern hemisphere Earth’s Surface
> Altitude/Elevation - Is the reason why no typhoon
- The height of an area with has crossed the equator
respect to sea level - Named after Gaspard Gustav
- 1 km increase, there is a 6.5 C de Coriolis, French
decrease in temperature Mathematician
> La Nina happens when planetary
Global Climate Phenomenon: winds are stronger causing more
Greenhouse Effect circulation, resulting in more cyclones
> A greenhouse is a glass structure Stars and Constellations
that traps the sun’s heat. It lets light
In the Milky Way alone, there are
pass through its glass walls and traps
100 Billion stars, including the sun.
the heat inside.
Within the universe, there are an
> Greenhouse gasses are Carbon
estimated 1 Septillion stars.
Dioxide (CO2), Methane (CH4), Nitrite
Our sun is 4.5 Billion years old. It
Oxide (N3O), and Water Vapor (H2O)
is currently half way in its expected life
Global Warming
span of 10 billion years
> Result from the increase in the
What is a Star?
magnitude of the greenhouse effect
> Stars are massive sphere of gasses
El Nino
that emit their own lights and provide
> The unusual warming of surface
heat to the universe
waters in the Eastern Pacific Ocean
> The sun generates light, heat, and
> Starts at December to February
energy through a Nuclear Fusion
> A sign of El Nino is if there is an
- The combination of the nuclei of
increase in the temperature of the
same elements to form a new
surface water by 0.5 for 3 months
element
> Longest El Nino was from 1997 to
> Stars are 91% Hydrogen and the rest
1998
are for Helium and other elements
La Nina
Star Mass and Composition
> An unexpected heavy rainfall and a
> This determine the properties of a
decrease in temperature
star
>Starts at September or October and
> The more massive a star, the greater
can last from 9 to 12 months
its gravity, hotter, and denser
How El Nino and La Nina Forms
> The sun is the basis of all star mass,
> El Nino happens when planetary
with it being 1 solar mass
winds are weakened resulting in the
> Stars with more that 50 times the
water not being circulated
mass of the sun are rare
> Not all stars of same size have the star
same mass
Star Temperature
> Red stars are the coolest and Blue
stars are the hottest
> Our sun is a yellow star with 5, 500 C
in temperature
> Stars are classified based on its color
through Spectral Classification:

Star Luminosity
> The energy output of a star is
measured in Watts Lifecycle of a Star

> Its brightness is dependent on its > Protostar ➡ Fusion Ignition ➡ Main

distance and luminosity Sequence ➡ Red Giant ➡ White Dwarf

> Absolute and Apparent Magnitude or Black Hole

- Absolute, true brightness of a > Nebula, a collection of dust and

star gasses in space and the birthplace of a

- Apparent, the brightness of a star

star relative to Earth. Negative - When it starts to contract, it

apparent magnitude means it's forms a protostar

brighter and for positive, it’s > Protostar

dimmer - Particles collide more often

Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram - Starts the nuclear fusion, which
> Relationship between absolute marks the start of the main
magnitude, color, ad temperature of a sequence
-
> Main Sequence - After the explosion it will then

- Nuclear Fusion creates turn into a neutron star or a

enormous amounts of energy black hole

- It is the longest stage of the life - Neutron stars have 1.4 times the

cycle of a star weight of the star

- Can either be an average star - Black holes have 3 or more

(Red Giants) or a massive star times the weight of the star

(Red Supergiants) Constellations

- The lifecycle of a star is inversely > There are 88 recognized

proportional to its size constellations in the night sky (48 are

- Massive stars have thousands of named after greek mythology)

years in its lifespan while > What is a Constellation?

Average stars have billions of - A group of stars that form a

years pattern in the sky
Red Giants - Within a constellation is an

- Explodes after their lifespan Asterism, a distinctive pattern

- After exploding, its outer that form from a group of stars

atmosphere become a new that belong to one or more

nebula and the solid core constellations (Big Dipper is an

becomes a white dwarf asterism belonging to Ursa

- A white dwarf will then still have Minor)

remaining energy, after Types of Constellations

exhausting all energy, it turns > Circumpolar or North

into a black dwarf Constellations

- A black dwarf does not emit - Constellations that are always
light and is impossible to see present in the sky all year round
Red Supergiants and through the night
- When it explodes, the explosion - Rotates counterclockwise
is called a Supernova around polaris or the northern
star
- Examples of Circumpolar
Constellations: Cassiopeia,
Cepheuss, and Craco
> Non-Circumpolar or South

Constellations

- appears only in certain seasons,

also known as seasonal
constellations
- indicates what season is coming
- Andromeda, visible during
- Examples of Non-circumpolar
autumn (September to
Constellation: Orion, Leo,
December) and you can also see
Hercules, and Andromeda
Andromeda Galaxy
- Orion, appears when winter is
> Zodiacal or Equatorial
near (December to March)
Constellations

- are constellations that appear

on the ecliptic (the apparent
circular path of the sun a across
the sky)
- Zodiacs: Aries, taurus, Gemini,
Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra,

- Leo, Appears during spring in SCorpio, Sagittarius,

the northern hemisphere Capricorn, Aquarius, and

(March to June) Pisces

Resources:
- Notebook ni reese

- Hercules, Spotted during Good luck guys! haha kaya niyo yan
summer and appears from June bat kasi pinalit ung sci at eng eh grrr
to September - Reese