Pearson Test of English

PTE Review

Common Questions

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Read Aloud:
1. Quite obviously, a significant rise in the number of people in a given area or country will affect the
demand for a whole host of goods and services. Note that a change in the structure of the population
will Increase the demand for some goo ds but reduce the demand for others.
2. At an early stage in the examination of the domicile of dependency rule in so far as it related to
married women it seemed to the Commission that it would be better to examine the whole concept of
domicile, particularly as dependent domicile arises in the case of minors (children under the age of
majority) and mentally disordered persons as well as in the case of married women.
3. The Assembly also decided that, at that special session, it would adopt a concise and action-oriented
political declaration, agreed upon in advance by consensus through intergovernmental negotiations
under the auspices of the Conference.
4. Plato often explores the father-son relationship and whether a father's interest in his sons has
anything to do with how well his sons turn out. A boy's social identity in ancient Athens was
determined by his family identity, and Plato often refers to his characters in terms of their parental
and fraternal relationships. Socrates was not a family man and considered himself as his mother's son.
5. Children as young as 14 months old will spontaneously help others for no reward. But a study of 3 to 5
year olds found that, although they would spontaneously draw pictures, if they were given a reward
for drawing pictures, then later they wouldn’t make any drawings unless a reward was offered.
6. Yet this landscape, which appeared so alien and confronting to the white settlers and explorers, had
been home for thousands of years to Indigenous Australians for whom the plains, ranges and deserts
were a sustaining, spiritual and integral part of their existence.
7. Most countries are affected by labor migration. In many rural places, the traditional extended family
has been undermined by the need for family members to migrate to towns as an economic necessity.
Migration, therefore, presents a major challenge everywhere to social and economic policy.
8. Tidal energy, also known as tidal power, is a renewable source of energy and a form of hydropower
used to generate electricity from the energy of the tides. Though not currently widely utilized, due to
high costs and limited availability, it can be called the energy resource of the future given the current
rate of depletion of energy resources.
9. In attempts to understand the very nature of our reality, physicists sure have some mind-bending
theories. Like what if information is a tangible and fundamental aspect of physical reality itself –
alongside matter and energy? Or, alternatively, what if information is the fifth state of matter?
10. Blue whales are the largest living mammals. Though reports of maximum length and weight vary from
one account to another, Antarctic blue whales are known to have reached lengths to 100 feet and
weights of over 150 tons before stocks were severely depleted by whaling operations. North Atlantic
blue whales may be expected to reach lengths of 80-85 feet.
11. Conscientiousness is a fundamental personality trait. A conscientious person is good at self-regulation
and impulse control. This trait influences whether you will set and keep long-range goals, deliberate
over choices, behave cautiously or impulsively, and take obligations to others seriously.
12. Emerald is defined by its green color. To be an emerald, a specimen must have a distinctly green color
that falls in the range from bluish green to green to slightly yellowish green. To be an emerald, the
specimen must also have a rich color. Stones with weak saturation or light tone should be called
"green beryl." If it is greenish yellow it is "heliodor." This color definition is a source of confusion.
13. Permafrost is ground that is frozen year-round. In the Arctic, ice-rich permafrost soils can be up to 260
feet thick. Due to human-caused warming of the atmosphere from greenhouse gas emissions, a

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steady thawing of the permafrost is currently taking place where the upper layer of seasonally thawed
soil is gradually getting thicker and reaching deeper into the ground.
14. As the Delta variant of coronavirus sweeps the U.S. businesses, universities and cities such as New
York and San Francisco have introduced vaccine mandates to boost uptake of jabs, but vaccine
hesitancy remains high and a cottage industry for bogus inoculation cards has emerged to help people
get around the rules.
15. Tests of a drug known to stimulate brain activity have shown early success in reducing symptoms of
sluggish cognitive tempo in 38 men and women with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. It also
significantly corrected deficits in executive brain function, with fewer episodes of procrastination,
improvements in keeping things in mind, and strengthened prioritization skills.
16. There are many reasons why water tastes stale when it is kept for a long time. Microorganisms play a
big role in this phenomenon. When they grow, they release chemicals into the water from their
metabolic activity. This evaporates over time, so the absence of it from water left out for a long period
brings about a change in taste.
17. Some of the pain patients may become hooked. Or their meds may find their way to friends or
relatives who take them recreationally. Or a prescription opioid user may transition to heroin. Heroin
is just another opioid drug, so the brain doesn’t distinguish whether it comes from a pharmacy or
from a street drug dealer.
18. The Bermuda Triangle is a mythical section of the Atlantic Ocean roughly bounded by Miami, Bermuda
and Puerto Rico where dozens of ships and airplanes have disappeared. Unexplained circumstances
surround some of these accidents, including one in which the pilots of a squadron of U.S. Navy
bombers became disoriented while flying over the area; the planes were never found.
19. To reduce pollution, it is essential that the town center becomes a car-free zone. A ring road should be
built so that cars are diverted away from the town center. The main shopping streets could be
converted into a pedestrianized area. If trees and flowers are planted, the town center will be
transformed into a quiet and green space where residents can enjoy shopping and walking in a
healthy environment.
20. Do something you are very passionate about and do not try to chase what is considered the hot
passion of the day. People say you have to have a lot of passion for what you’re doing, and it’s totally
true. You have to do it over a sustained period of time. So, if you don’t love it, you’re going to give up.
21. Many families are fleeing their native countries due to sectarian repression and political uprisings.
Consequently, thousands of people have been stranded in foreign lands for months; other families
have gone missing in the sea, marooned in small boats, as the neighboring foreign countries refuse to
take them in.
22. Since the Soviet Union successfully launched the first man-made satellite, Sputnik 1, in 1957, about
5,000 more satellites have been put into orbit around the Earth. About 2,000 of these are active and
although the rest are now disfunctional, they remain in orbit, together with parts from all the rockets
that carried them there. These remnants are often referred to as space junk, space trash or orbital
debris.
23. Today, however, Skinner’s heirs are forcing the sceptics to think again (see article). Backed by
billionaire techies such as Mark Zuckerberg and Bill Gates, schools around the world are using new
software to "personalize" learning. This could help hundreds of millions of children stuck in dismal
classes—but only if edtech boosters can resist the temptation to revive harmful ideas about how
children learn. To succeed, edtech must be at the service of teaching, not the other way around.
24. Peer checking is a very useful and productive way of developing your reviewing skills. When you read
your friend's work, you are assuming the role of the reader (and the teacher). If your friend's work is

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well written, then it will be fluent and easy to read, and you will have no problems understanding the
overall content.
25. Invaders, pirates, warriors - the history books taught us that Vikings were brutal predators who
travelled by sea from Scandinavia to pillage and raid their way across Europe and beyond. Now
cutting-edge DNA sequencing of more than 400 Viking skeletons from archaeological sites scattered
across Europe and Greenland will rewrite the history book.
26. Current research models indicate that climate change associated with increasing levels of greenhouse
gases is likely to lead to the soils in the interiors of the major continents drying out. In response to a
drying of cropland, people are likely to seek either new sources of irrigation water or new, wetter
areas to farm. If we choose desalination of seawater as a possible solution, large amounts of energy
will be required.
27. Having the same dream again and again is a well-known phenomenon — nearly two-thirds of the
population report having recurring dreams. Being chased, finding yourself naked in a public place or in
the middle of a natural disaster, losing your teeth or forgetting to go to class for an entire semester
are typical recurring scenarios in these dreams.
28. From a child's point of view, what is the purpose of TV advertising? Is advertising on TV done to give
actors the opportunity to take a rest or practice their lines? Or is it done to make people buy things?
Furthermore, is the main difference between programs and commercials that commercials are for
real, whereas programs are not, or that programs are for kids and commercials for adults?
29. As a child, you might dream one day of becoming an astronaut and, the next day, of becoming a ballet
dancer — the possibilities are endless. Eventually, this wealth of choice is whittled down by external
circumstances and internal interests. Similarly, precursor cells in early embryos make a series of
stepwise 'decisions' governed by external forces and internal factors to generate the diverse array of
cell types present in adult organisms.
30. An economic depression is a period of sustained, long-term downturn in economic activity in one or
more economies. It is more severe than a recession, which is a slowdown in economic activity over the
course of a normal business cycle. Economic depressions are characterized by their length, and by
abnormally large increases in unemployment rate.
31. History is selective. What history books tell us about the past is not everything that happened, but
what historians have selected. They cannot put in everything: choices have to be made. Choices must
similarly be made about which aspects of the past should be formally taught to the next generation in
the shape of school history lessons.
32. Nell says that, in order to seek protection from their furry foes, birds actually prefer to build their
nests in plots of swamp with a resident alligator. In fact, in one study a graduate student planted fake
alligators. The birds seemed to prefer to build nests close to them. “Where there’s a water source,
there are alligators, so it’s sort of this moat of protection around these colonies.”
33. Over time a split would have appeared in wolf populations, he says: those wolves that feared humans,
and those that didn’t. "So this would have facilitated, I think, the domestication process." At which
point humans deliberately took wolves as pets. But that domestication process, Frantz says, may have
happened more than once: first in the west, in Europe. And again in the far east, in Asia.
34. The southerners did not accept Lincoln as a president because of certain reasons, based on historical
grounds. Southerners wished to protect their rights in the government and become more
independent from the north. They considered president elections to be unfair. Moreover, they
thought that their own rights will be ignored and limited. All this caused the separation of the
southern states and marked the beginning of the Civil War.

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35. In 1861, Matthew Brady, a well-known portrait photographer, approached President Lincoln
requesting permission to move freely around the country photographing the Civil War. Lincoln
granted him permission to travel anywhere with the Union armies, and his record of this conflict
brought home to millions the horrors of war.
36. As introverts are thinking, they reach back into long-term memory to locate information. An introvert
will often compare old and new experiences when making a decision, which slows the processing
down but leads to carefully thought-out decisions. This means that introverts have an active dialogue
with themselves and usually walk around with many thoughts in their minds.
37. As we progress into the 21st century, communications are becoming faster and faster. Think of the
millions of different media images you are bombarded with every day. It is as important now to be
able to read and make sense of those images, as it has been to be able to read ordinary text. A study
found that the research funded by the soft drinks industry had different results from research funded
by other sources and went on to suggest that they may have been biased by the research itself. The
whole point of the scientific methods is to ensure the research results are not influenced by the
source of funding.
38. Participating regularly in physical activity has been shown to benefit an individual's health and
wellbeing. Regular physical activity is important in reducing the risk of chronic diseases, such as heart
disease and stroke, obesity, diabetes and some forms of cancer. The National Physical Activity
Guidelines for Adults recommends at least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity,
preferably every day of the week, to obtain health benefits.
39. The twenty one portraits on display depict key figures in literature, film and fashion from the early
1960s. Subsequent to the acquisition of forty portraits by Lousada, the display at The National Portrait
Gallery highlights shots taken between 1960 and 1964, many of which feature in Lousada's book
Public Faces Private Places (2008). Formal commissioned portraits are shown alongside behind the
scenes photographs taken on films sets and unguarded portraits of sitters captured at home.
40. Charlie Chaplin and his brother Sydney were placed in an orphanage at a very early age. Becoming a
vaudeville performer, he joined Fred Karno's company in 1906. He made his film debut in Making a
Living (1914) and introduced the famous seedy and soft-hearted gentleman-tramp routine, which
became his hallmark. Numerous films for various studios brought him world fame, all based on his
mastery of pathos and slapstick acrobatics.
41. Spencer Chaplin was an English comic actor, filmmaker, and composer who rose to fame in the era of
silent film. He became a worldwide icon through his screen persona, “The Tramp”, and is considered
one of the most important figures in the history of the film industry. His career spanned more than 75
years, from childhood in the Victorian era until a year before his death in 1977, and encompassed
both adulation and controversy.
42. Biology is the natural science that studies life and living organisms, including their physical structure,
chemical processes, physiological mechanisms and evolution. Certain unifying concepts consolidate it
into a single and coherent field that recognizes genes as the basic unit of heredity, and evolution as
the engine that propels the creation and extinction.
43. The Royal Institution is an organization that has been around for 209 years. Many of the people that
have worked here have been scientists themselves, including Michael Faraday. He made the
discoveries that made generating and using electricity much easier, making it possible for us all to
switch on lights, cook our dinner, play games consoles much, much more.
44. A thesis is a claim that you can argue for or against. It should be something that you can present
persuasively and clearly in the scope of your paper, so keep in mind the page count. If possible, your
thesis should be somewhat original.

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45. But on May 3, a couple of weeks later, Lincoln issued an executive order calling for 43,000 three-year
volunteers for the army, and also increasing the size of the regular army and navy by 40,000 men.
Both of these actions were in apparent violation of the constitution.
46. Australia has one of the world's most important mining industries. It is a major exporter of coal, iron
ore, gold and copper and is self-sufficient in all minerals bar petroleum. Since the first discoveries, the
coal in 1798, mineral production has risen every year. In the decade to 1992 it doubled.
47. Before the discovery of Australia, people in the old world were convinced that all swans were white,
an unassailable belief as it seemed completely confirmed by empirical evidence. The sighting of the
first black swan might have been an interesting surprise for a few scientists, but that is not where the
significance of the story lies.
48. Australians speak English of course. But for many tourists and even some locals, Australian English has
only tenuous links with mother tone. Our speech is prepared with words and phrases whose arcane
meanings are understood only by the initiate. It is these colorful colloquialisms that Australian slang
set to truly explain.
49. Certainly one of the important values of literature is that it nourishes our emotional lives. An effective
literary work may seem to speak directly to us especially if we are ripe for it. The inner life that good
writers reveal in their characters often gives us glimpses of some portion of ourselves. We can be
moved to laugh, cry, tremble, dream, ponder, shriek, or rage with a character by simply turning the
page instead of turning our lives upside down.
50. A unique characteristic of online shopping environments is that they allow vendors to create retail
interfaces with highly interactive features. One desirable form of interactivity from a consumer
perspective is the implementation of sophisticated tools to assist shoppers in their purchase decisions
by customizing the electronic shopping environment to their individual preferences.

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Repeat Sentence:
1. Exam results will be available next week on the course website
2. This part of session was not supported by documentation
3. In this library, the reserve collection of books can be borrowed for up to three hours.
4. Hypothetically, insufficient mastery in these areas slows future progress.
5. I didn’t understand the author’s point of view on immigration.
6. Acupuncture is a technique involved in traditional Chinese medicine.
7. The cafeteria closes soon, but the snack machine is accessible throughout the night.
8. A demonstrated ability to write clear, correct and concise English is bigotry.
9. The key to success in the exam is to study hard and do well.
10. Arteries carry oxygenated blood from the heart to other parts of the body.
11. Students can download the materials from the website.
12. Meeting with mentors could be arranged for students who need additional help.
13. student center is located at the first floor of the home building
14. The greater the population there is in a locality, the greater the need there is for water and
transportation.
15. May the love of those around you help you through the days ahead?
16. The hardness of the butter is proportional to the softness of bread.
17. Soil erosion can be caused by increasing rainfall and changes in plant growth.
18. Inflation rose by two percent over this time last year.
19. This paper is the best one to look at first.
20. The main issue is to decide how we want to launch the new product.
21. The quality is needed by a successful business manager similar to those of the school.
22. The mock trial aims to increase the interest in the law and traditional process.
23. Modern businesses have adapted and been flexible in order to survive.
24. Please take the optimeter in the chemistry lab.
25. Results will be available in many courts and online.
26. There are many people in the USA who are critical of the voting system.
27. The renowned economist is slated to speak this evening.
28. The first step was to establish a baseline of known distances.
29. There is only one conclusion to this line of thought.
30. There will be no classes scheduled during the exam week.
31. She glanced nervously around the bush and back at him.
32. You may need to purchase an academic gown before the commencement.
33. I looked in my closet for something to wear but i couldn't find anything appropriate for the occasion.
34. Please submit your term papers to the general office.
35. Students are not allowed with mobile phones in the examination hall.
36. The scheme has been fraught with problems from the start.
37. We blanch almonds by soaking their skins in boiling water.
38. A public relation exercise improves the relationship between the public and an organization.
39. You can get to the college by bus, train or car.
40. Don’t drink any alcohol even if you drive carefully.
41. Read the instructions carefully before you start writing your essay.

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42. The college provides an advice service to support students with financial, emotional and other
problems.
43. The plan raised a lot of money and improved the economy of the country
44. My mom made a milkshake with frozen bananas and chocolate sauce.
45. The chocolate chip cookies smelled so good that I ate one without asking.
46. I would never feed my dog with commercial dog food.
47. He reads magazines but he doesn’t like to read books.
48. The library is deemed too dangerous for children, but there is one child that visits it daily.
49. The university welcomes postgraduate students from all over the world.
50. His tone tonight was nothing short of jealousy.
51. There is no point in designing efficient cars if we use them more and more.
52. The rising inflation rate indicates a decrease in demand for consumer product.
53. Lecture will be available in audio or video.
54. The field training will start soon, so pack everything before the deadline.
55. Design changes need to be considered carefully to ensure improvement.
56. The atmosphere is composed by oxygen and nitrogen gases.
57. The geography assignments must be submitted by the midday of Friday.
58. The assignment should be submitted prior to the spring break.
59. The website is designed to be highly interactive.
60. There are three separate assignments for this module.
61. Effective presenters make eye contact with the audience.
62. Students should take advantage of the online help system before approaching their lecturers.
63. Before attending the lecture, you must register online or by post.
64. Please click the logo above to enter the site.
65. Young children need education and organized activities.
66. Any textual references you make should be cited appropriately in the footnotes.
67. The difficult teacher is always responsible for the contribution to student marks.
68. By using the student identification card you can borrow books from the library.
69. The university offers facilities to students and staff.
70. The brain is our central computer of our bodies.
71. Read the safety instructions before using the equipment during the workshop
72. It is quite clear that further research is required.
73. Exercise is important for mental and physical health.
74. Cells are the basic building blocks of all animals and plants.
75. You cannot leave the examination center until you complete the form.
76. Australia is the first AIDS-free country in the world.
77. The faculty staff are very approachable, helpful and extremely friendly.
78. The gap between the rich and the poor does not decrease.
79. Students have the options to live in college residences or apartments.
80. We have three distinctive libraries which are nationally acclaimed
81. Parking permits can be collected through the student service office.
82. British students must study mathematics at secondary schools.
83. The artist tied conservative politicians earned their roles of critics.
84. The placement test for mathematics and statistics is offered in this semester.
85. Supply and demand is one of the most fundamental factors in the academic economics.
86. Chemistry building is located at the entrance to the campus.

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87. mentors could be arranged for students who need additional help
88. The gap between rich and poor is not decreasing as rapidly as expected
89. It's within that framework that we're making our survey.
90. Is hypothesis on black hole as rendered moot as explanation of
explanations?
91. The lecture on child's psychology has been postponed until Friday.
92. Career mobility is very important for new graduate students.
93. To answer this complex question with a simple yes or no is absolutely impossible.
94. The correlation/ clear evidence between brain events and behavioural events are always fascinating.
95. Knives and forks should be placed next to the spoon on the edge of the table.
96. All of our accommodation is within a walking distance to the academic buildings.
97. Please do not bring food into the classroom
98. Don't forget to hand in your assignment by next Tuesday.
99. Contemporary commentators dismissed his idea as eccentric.
100. We are required to submit the assignment before Friday.
101. I don’t understand what the comment on my essay means at all.
102. The current statistical evidence indicates the need for further research.
103. Anatomy is the study of internal and external body structures.
104. If you want to sell your book, it must have a bibliography.
105. There are a range of housing options near the university.
106. The new English class will start next Monday morning.
107. All sources of materials must be included in your bibliography.
108. Negative discourse continues to be predominant in discussions about gender.
109. Students who wish to apply for an extension should approach their tutors.
110. The cafeteria closes soon but the snack machine is accessible throughout the night.
111. Acupuncture is a technique involved in traditional Chinese medicine.
112. Today, we will be discussing the role of the government in preventing injustice.
113. We didn’t have any noticeable variance between the two or three tasks.
114. The hypothesis needs to be tested in a more rigorous way.
115. Interpreters are not readily available in this department.

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Describe Image:
1)

Answer: The following graph gives information about the age group. The items include female and male.
According to this graph, in eighty plus, the value of female age is around zero point four percent. You can
see from this graph that the highest value of female age is in one to fifteen, which is fifteen point five
percent. You can also see from this graph that the smallest value of male age is zero point eight percent. In
conclusion, female and male have the almost same percentage in any age group.

Answer: The following graph gives information about a floor plan. The items include a main hall, an office,
a kitchen and toilets. You can see from this graph that there is a main hall, which is in the upper area of the
plan. You can see from this graph that there are toilets for males and females，which are on the right of
the plan. You can see from this graph that there is a toilet for the handicapped，which is in the bottom
right corner with a sign of wheelchair. You can see from this graph that there are a kitchen in the bottom
left corner and an office in the middle of the plan. In conclusion, this graph is very informative.

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3)

Answer: The following graph gives information about different types of recycling. The items include
thermal recycling, chemical recycling, and material recycling. You can see from this graph that, in
unrecycling, the value is around one point eighty-five million tons. You can see from this graph that, in
material recycling, the value is around two million tons, which is higher. You can see from this graph that,
in thermal recycling, the value is around five point two million tons，which is the highest. You can also see
from this graph that, in chemical recycling, the value is around zero point thirty-eight million tons, which is
the lowest. In conclusion, this graph is very informative.

4)

Answer: The following graph gives information about internet users who accessed via mobile phone. The
items include sixteen to twenty-four, fifty-five to sixty-four, and sixty-five plus. You can see from this graph
that, in forty-five to fifty-four, the value is around thirty-two percent. You can see from this graph that, in
thirty-five to forty-four, the value is around fifty, which is higher. You can see from this graph that, in
sixteen to twenty-four, the value is around seventy percent，which is the highest. You can also see from

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this graph that, in sixty-five plus, the value is around eight percent, which is the lowest. In conclusion, this
graph is very informative.

5)

Answer: The following graph gives information about volunteer work. The items include male and female.
The horizontal axis is year, ranging from nineteen ninety to two thousand and four. According to this
graph, in nineteen ninety, the value of male is around twenty-six, the same as female. According to this
graph, the highest value of male is forty-five, which is in two thousand and four. According to this graph,
the value of male is higher than female, and the highest value of female is thirty. In conclusion, there is a
gap between male and female on volunteer work.

6)

Answer: The following graph gives information about fast food times a week. The items include everyday,
once a week, and never. According to this graph, in several times a week, the value of July two thousand
and three is around seventeen percent, and that of twenty thirteen is lower, which is around sixteen
percent. You can see from this graph that the highest value of December two thousand and six is in about
once a week, around thirty-three percent. You can also see from this graph that the lowest value of July
twenty thirteen is in every day, around three percent. In conclusion, Americans usually eat fast food.

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7)

Answer: The following graph gives information about the mosquito life cycle. It shows how the process is
done. The items include adult, eggs, larva and pupa. You can see from this graph that the first step is the
adult laying eggs into water. You can see from this graph that the second step is eggs developing as the
larva below the water surface. You can see from this graph that the third step is the larva developing as the
pupa. You can see from this graph that the next step is the adult emerging on the water surface. The final
step is a new fully developed adult flying out of water. In conclusion, this graph is very informative.

8)

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Answer: The following graph gives information about women in the labor force. The items include
percentage, years, and marital status. You can see from this graph that, in nineteen twenty, the value of
married is around ten percent. You can see from this graph that, in nineteen ten, the value of not married
is around sixty percent, which is higher. You can see from this graph that, in nineteen ninety, the value of
not married is around eighty percent，which is the highest. You can also see from this graph that, in
nineteen hundred, the value of married is around five percent, which is the lowest. In conclusion, this
graph is very informative.

9)

Answer: The following graph gives information about which economies are really richest. The items include
Switzerland, the United States, and Hong Kong. According to this graph, in Australia, the value of average
wealth is around four hundred thousand dollars, and that of Netherland is lower, which is around three
hundred thousand dollars. You can see from this graph that the lowest value of median wealth is in
Denmark, which is one hundred thousand dollars. You can also see from this graph that the highest value
of median wealth is Australia. In conclusion, Switzerland has the highest rank.
10)

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Answer: The following graph gives information about the Leaning Tower of Pisa. In the central area, there
is the white tower, which is a eight-story building. In the left area, there is an ancient old building with a lot
of pillars. According to this graph, the ground is a green lawn under the tower. In comparison, the
background is a blue and sunny sky. In conclusion, this is a famous resort in Italy.

11)

Answer: This bar chart gives information about popular mobile phone brands in Australia in two thousand
and nine and twenty nineteen. From the bar chart we can see mobile phone brands include Apple,
Sumsung, LG and others. In two thousand and nine, Apple is the largest, about fifty-five percent, followed
by Samsung, about twenty percent. In twenty nineteen, Apple declines to thirty-three percent, and
Samsung rises to forty-two percent. LG and others do not change over the ten years, which are ten percent
and fifteen percent. In conclusion, Apple and Samsung are the top two brands.
12)

Answer: The following graph gives information about top US cities with the largest population increase.
The items include New York City, Houston, and Los Angeles. You can see from this graph that, in San Diego,
the value is around eighteen thousand and seventy-four. You can see from this graph that, in Austin, the

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value is around twenty five thousand four hundred, which is higher. You can see from this graph that, in
New York City, the value is around sixty-seven thousand，which is the highest. You can also see from this
graph that, in Forth Worth, the value is around sixteen thousand three hundred, which is the lowest. In
conclusion, this graph is very informative.

13)

Answer: The following graph gives information about average weekly household expenditure. According to
this graph, the items include food, medical. clothing, transport, and holidays. You can see from this graph
that the value of alcohol is twenty-eight. And the value of education and training is eighteen. The value of
fuel and light is thirty-nine. According to this graph, the value of pensions is thirty-seven. As you can also
see that the value of housing is one hundred and sixty-four. In conclusion, this graph is very informative.

14)

Answer: The following graph gives information about how to get a job. It shows how the process is done.
The steps include resume, interview and job. According to this graph, the fist step is to look for information
of job wanted. Followed by that, the second step is to submit a resume. You can see from this graph that
the third step is to have an interview. You can also see from this graph that the final step is to have the job
if having passed the interview. In conclusion, this graph is very informative.

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15)

Answer: The following graph gives information about Gross National Happiness. Information of different
areas are displayed on the map. In the central area, there is a large circle named GNH. There are many
small circles surrounding the large circle. According to this graph, these small circles are health, time use,
education, good governance, community vitality, living standards, psychological wellbeing and cultural
diversity and resilience. And these small circles are respectively red, green, purple, blue, brown, and so on.
In conclusion, there are many factors in Gross National Happiness.

16)

Answer: The following graph gives information about the future of food. This is a very beautiful picture,
and it shows a number of things. According to this graph, in the left area, there is multiple line chart of

17
food demand, including countries like Japan, India, and China. You can see from this graph that, in the
upper right area, there are a hand with a pair of tweezers, some samples of meat in a glass tray and a
hamburger. You can see from this graph that, in the lower right area, there is man in blue standing in front
of a wall of green and purple vegetables. The weather is sunny. The sky is blue and clear. In conclusion, this
picture is very informative.

17)

Answer: The following graph gives information about how tomatoes come to consumers. The steps include
a tomato tree, transportation, filtering, packaging. According to this graph, the first step is the tomato tree,
which grows many tomatoes on the branches. According to this graph, the second step is to transport
tomatoes by a green truck. You can see from this graph that the third step is to filter bad tomatoes out on
a conveyer belt, followed by a crate full of good tomatoes as the fourth step. The final step is to fill the
shopping cart with the good tomatoes for consumers. In conclusion, this graph is very informative.

18)

18
Answer: The following graph gives information about Litchfield population. The horizontal axis is the years,
ranging from nineteen o one to twenty eleven. According to this graph, in the year of nineteen eleven, the
value is around eight thousand. And according to this graph, in the year of nineteen forty-one, the value is
around ten thousand. The highest value is around thirty-two thousand five hundred, which is in twenty
eleven. On the contrary, the lowest value is seven thousand, which is in nineteen o one. In conclusion, if
this trend continues, the Litchfield population will keep rising in the future.

19)

The following graph gives information about a chemistry laboratory. The items include a male teacher,
three female students and laboratory apparatus. You can see from this graph that there is a female
student, who is on the right side and wearing a blue glove on the hand. You can see from this graph that
there is a male teacher, who is smiling and has black hair. You can see from this graph that there are some
iron supports, which are standing in front of these people. You can see from this graph that there is some
liquid, which is red and in the glass laboratory apparatus. You can see from this graph that there are four
persons in total, who all have white lab-gowns on and wear spectacles. It’s a beautiful picture and it shows
a lot of things. In conclusion, this graph is very informative.

20)

Answer: The following graph gives information about the formation of iceberg. The steps is snow, which
comes down from the sky. The second step is snow turning into ice sheet on the bedrock, which is
coloured brown. According to this graph, the third the ice sheet continuing to stretch beyond the ground

19
line into the sea, which means the formation of ice shelf. The forth step is the ice shelf melting with warm
ocean water. The final step is small part of the ice shelf coming off and iceberg coming into being. In
conclusion, this graph is very informative.

21)

Answer: This picture gives a comparison between computer then and now. In the left half, there is a
primitive computer with a black and white screen, a green keyboard, and a black panel, which is very
cumbersome and can only be placed on the ground. In the right half, there is a modern computer with a
blue screen, a black keyboard and a black mouse, which is light-weight and is also called desktop. In
conclusion, this picture about computer then and now is very informative.

22)

Answer: The following graph gives information about water cycle in nature. It shows how the process is
done. The steps include evaporation, transportation, precipitation and surface run-off. According to this,
the first step is evaporation in the sun, with water forming clouds into the sky from the blue sea. The
second step is clouds' transportation into the sky above green and grey mountains, followed by the third
step of precipitation, in which water forms surface run-offs. The final step is surface runoffs going to the
sea. In conclusion, this graph is very informative.

20
23)

Answer: This picture gives information about the process of germination. In the first step, a seed is buried
in the soil, before it develops its green embryo in the second step. In the third step, the seed coat begins to
peel off and the black root begins to grow. After that, the light green cotyledon can be seen and the seed
rises from the soil. Finally, the dark green foliage leaves grow. In conclusion, this picture tells how a seed
grows.

24)

Answer: The following graph gives information about adults versus teens, number of texts on a typical day.
The items include None, one to ten, eleven to twenty, twenty-one to fifty and one hundred and one plus.
You can see from this graph that, in None, the value of adults is around 9%. You can see from this graph
that, in None, the value of teens is around 2%, which is lowest. You can see from this graph that, in one to
ten, the value of adults is around 51%, which is the highest. You can see from this graph that, in eleven to
twenty, the value of teens is around 11%, which is the second lowest. In conclusion, this graph is very
informative.

21
25)

Answer: The following graph gives information about vocabulary for different age groups. The items
include age group of 0-10, 10-20 and 20-30 years old. According to this graph, in 20-30, the value of the
vocabulary is around 37000, and that of 10-20 is lower, which is around 22000. You can see from this graph
that the lowest value of the vocabulary is in 0-10, which is 8000. In conclusion, the higher the age, the
more the vocabulary they have.

26)

Answer: The following graph gives information about media in UK. The items include internet, TV,
newspaper and radio. According to this graph, in internet, the value of 2005 is around 60%, and that of
2003 is lower, which is around 50%. You can see from this graph that the highest value of 2001 is in radio,
which is 63%. In conclusion, newspaper has the lowest value in 2005, about 3%.

22
27)

Answer: The following graph gives information about precipitation. It shows how the process is done. The
steps include precipitation, surface flow, evaporation, transpiration and so on. According to this graph, the
first step is precipitation and percolation. According to this graph, the second step is evaporation from the
lake. You can see from this graph that the third step is transpiration from the river. You can also see from
this graph that the next step is the groundwater flow from underground. According to this graph, the next
step is evaporation from the ocean. According to this graph, the next step is water remove to the cloud
through vapor transport. The final step is precipitation. In conclusion, the process will repeat .

28)

Answer: The following graph gives information about Australia inbound visitors. The items include
countries and years. According to this graph, in New Zealand, the value of two thousand and five is around
one thousand and ninety-nine. And in Japan, the value of two thousand and five is around five hundred
and seventy, which is lower. You can see from this graph that the highest value in two thousand and six is
around one thousand and seventy-three. You can also see from this graph that the lowest value in two
thousand and six is around four hundred and ten. In conclusion, two thousand and five has the highest
number of visitors.

23
29)

Answer: The following graph gives information about backshot waterwheel. It shows how the process is
done. The steps include headrace, rotation and tailrace. According to this graph, the first step is to abstract
water to the headrace. According to this graph, the second step is water push the waterwheel to rotate.
The final step is the water to the tailrace In conclusion, the process will repeat.

30)

Answer: The following graph gives information about the percentage of the different size of enterprises.
The items include small business, medium business, and large business. According to this graph, the
proportion of large business is around 46%, and that of medium business is lower, which is around 44%.
You can see from this graph that the highest proportion is the large business, which is around 46%. You can
also see from this graph that the lowest proportion is the small business, which is around 10%. In
conclusion, the large business has the highest percentage of the different size of enterprises.

24
31)

Answer: The following graph gives information about the Begining of the flow chart for the quiz. It shows
how the process is done. The steps include clicking to start the quiz, clicking to go to the next question and
click true. According to this graph, the first step is to click to start the quiz. Followed by that, the second
step is to go to question 1. You can see from this graph that the third step is to click false or true. You can
also see from this graph that the next step is to click to the next question. The final step is to go to question
2. In conclusion, this graph is very informative.

32)

Answer: The graph shows different eclipse. When we look at the left-hand side of the picture, we can see
the sun. In the middle of the picture, we can see the moon, which is on the moon’s orbit. On the right of
the picture, there is the Earth, which orbits around the sun. As we can see in the graph when the sun,
moon, and Earth parallel each other. we can see the shade of moon called penumbra creating the partial
eclipse. we also can see the middle of a shade called umbra, which means that there is a total eclipse. In
conclusion, this graph shows the formation of different eclipses.

25
33)

Answer: The following graph gives information about the percentage of the population in urban areas in
1950, 2007 and 2030. As we can see the largest proportion goes to North America, which increased from
64% in 1950 to 79% in 2007 and ends at 87% in 2030. For the second largest amount, it is Latin America
which increased dramatically from 42% to 84% over the same years. However, Africa has taken up the
smallest amount which also climbed up from 15% to 51% impressively. In conclusion, the world’s total
urban population has significantly increased from 29 % in 1950 to 49% in 2007 and is expected to continue
the increase to 60% in 2030.

34)

Answer: The following graph gives information about the total population of Thoralby from 1870 to 2010.
The information is shown in a blue line. It starts at about 275 in 1870, followed by a decrease to a
minimum of about 100 in 1950. During the increase, there are some fluctuations. After 1950, there is a
huge increase to a maximum of 325 in 1970. After that, the population decreases rapidly again to about
150 in 1990. The population remains relatively constant after that and concludes at about 150 in 2010. In
conclusion, this graph gives very detailed information about the population in Thoralby.

26
35)

Answer: The following graph gives information about the campus plan. Data of different areas are
displayed on the map. At the north area, it is the undergraduate lecture theaters. At the left area, it is the
science labs. According to this graph, the largest area is undergraduate lecture theaters. In comparison, the
smallest area is the sports field. In conclusion, there are four areas shown on the map.

36)

Answer: The following graph gives information about the building. This is a very beautiful picture, and it
shows a number of things. According to this graph, in the central area, there is a building; the colour of it is
white. You can see from this graph that, in the right area, there is a small temple; the colour of it is black.
You can see from this graph that, in the background, there is the sky, the colour of it is blue. The weather is
sunny. The sky is blue and clear. In conclusion, this picture is very informative.

27
37)

Answer: The following graph gives information about simple circuit with light. This is a very beautiful
picture, and it shows a number of things. According to this graph, at the central area, there is a battery; the
colour of it is black and yellow. You can see from this graph that, at the left area, there is a bulb; the colour
of it is white. You can see from this graph that, there is a line connecting the bulb and the battery. The
electricity flows from the negative pole to the positive pole. In conclusion, this picture is very informative.

38)

Answer: The following graph gives information about the chemical transformation. According to the chart,
the first step is about chemical sources, which generated from industry, transportation, ore smelting, and
power generation. Following that, the second step is about emissions, which means wastes will be emitted
to the atmosphere such as nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide. The third step is about chemical
transformation, which transforms the chemicals into nitric acid and sulfuric acid. After that is divided into
two ways, for one it goes to condensation and for the other, it becomes dry fallout which includes
particulates and gases. Finally, they will form the precipitation, acid rain, fog, snow, and mist. In
conclusion, this graph is very informative.

28
39)

Answer: The following graph gives information about the solar system. This is a very beautiful picture, and
it shows a number of things. According to this graph, the largest planet is Jupiter; the colour of it is brown.
You can see from this graph that, the second largest planet is Saturn; the colour of it is brown. And the
smallest planet is Mercury, followed by Mars, Earth, Venus, Neptune, Uranus. In conclusion, this picture is
very informative.

40)

Answer: At the upper left area, there is a keyboard, the color of it is black, and there are hands which
parallel with each other, which is right. At the lower left area, there is a hand which parallels with the
keyboard. And it is the right gesture. At the upper right area, there are two hands which are twisted
against each other.,and it is wrong. The second picture in the right area, 2 hands are the point in the
opposite direction, which are wrong. The third picture at the right area, there is a hand forming an angle
with the keyboard. At the lower right area, there is a hand whose wrist forming a right angle. In conclusion,
this graph is very informative.

29
Retell Lecture:
1. In the last class we talked about the classification of trees, and we ended up with a basic description
of angiosperms. You remember that those are plants with true flowers and seeds that develop inside
fruits. The common broadleaf trees we have on campus fall into this category, but our pines don't.
Now, I hope you all followed my advice and wore comfortable shoes because, as I said, today we're
going to do a little field study. To get started, let me describe a couple of the broadleaf trees we have
in front of us. I'm sure you've all noticed this big tree next to Brant Hall. It's a black walnut that must
be 80 feet tall. As a matter of fact, there's a plaque identifying it as the tallest black walnut in the
state. And from here we can see the beautiful archway of trees at the Commons. They're American
elms. The ones along the Commons were planted when the college was founded 120 years ago. They
have the distinctive dark green leaves that look lopsided because the two sides of the leaf are
unequal. I want you to notice the elm right outside Jackson Hall. Some of its leaves have withered and
turned yellow, maybe due to Dutch elm disease. Only a few branches seem affected so far, but if this
tree is sick, it'll have to be cut down. Well, let's move on and I'll describe what we see as we go.

2. One of the social issues faced by the state of Alaska is the lack of mental and emotional well-being of
the native Alaskans. It is very unfortunate that many of the Native Americans are living under poor
conditions throughout the country. In the cases of native Alaskans, even virtually entire villages are
suffering from a lack of mental and emotional well-being, which includes continuing poor physical and
mental health. Alcohol abuse, domestic violence, homicides, and suicides are frequent among them,
which of course, lead to families falling apart. It is tragic to see that many children are abused and not
educated properly. As a matter of fact, the children themselves are abusing alcohol and other
chemicals, and the rate is increasing over the time. Since parents are suffering from mental illnesses
and alcohol abuse, they can't take care of their children, so many children are being taken care of by
others or simply neglected. Therefore, we can conclude that Alaskan natives are losing hold of their
communities, cultural identities, and most importantly, their childhoods. So you can see how serious
the issue is. Plus, rather than making a living for themselves, they are depending on public services
and subsidies. They have lost control of and responsibility for their economy and governing
institutions.

3. But you can see from the relatively crooked and narrow streets of the city of Rome as they look from
above today, You can see that again, the city grew in a fairly ad hoc way, as I mentioned. It wasn’t
planned all at once. It just grew up over time, beginning in the eighth century B.C..Now this is
interesting. Because what we know about the Romans is when they were left to their own devices and
they could build the city from scratch, they didn’t let it grow in an ad hoc way. They, they structured it
in a, in a very care-, very methodical way. That was basically based on military strategy, military
planning. The Romans they couldn’t have conquered the world without obviously having a masterful
military enterprise . And they everywhere they went on their various campaigns, their various military
campaigns .They would build, build camps and those camps were always laid out in a very geometric
plan along a grid, usually square or rectangular.

4. For centuries, boys were top of the class. But these days, that’s no longer the case. A new study by the
OECD, a club of mostly rich countries, examined how 15-year-old boys and girls performed at reading,
mathematics, and science. Boys still score somewhat better at maths, and in science the genders are

30
roughly equal. But when it comes to the students who really struggle, the difference is stark: boys are
50% more likely than girls to fall short of basic standards in all three areas. Researchers suggest that
doing homework set by teachers is linked to better performance in maths, and science. Boys, it
appears, spend more of their free time in the virtual world; they are 17% more likely than girls to play
collaborative online games than girls every day. They also use the internet more. Third, peer pressure
plays a role. A lot of boys decide early on that they are just too cool for school which means they’re
more likely to be rowdy in class. Teachers mark them down for this. In anonymous tests, boys perform
better. In fact, the gender gap in reading drops by a third when teachers don’t know the gender of the
pupil they are marking. So what can be done to close this gap? Getting boys to do more homework
and cut down on screen-time would help.. But most of all, abandoning gender stereotypes would
benefit all students. Boys in countries with the best schools read much better than girls. And girls in
Shanghai excel in mathematics. They outperform boys from anywhere else in the world.

5. Good morning to my respected teachers and my dear friends, I would like to speech on the topic of
global warming today. Global warming is mainly caused by the increasing concentration of
greenhouse gases in the earth’s atmosphere. Some of the greenhouse gases are CO2, water vapour,
methane, nitrous oxide and ozone. When these gases get collected to the lower environment, it
makes a cover which easily allows all the hot radiations of sun to the earth however restrict its escape
back to the space. This process is called as the Green House Effect. Such gases in the atmosphere trap
hot radiations and keep earth warm by increasing temperature.

6. I understand your professor has been discussing several Eastern Woodland Indian tribes in your study
of Native American cultures. As you have probably learned, the Eastern Woodland Indians get their
name from the forest-covered areas of the Eastern United States where they lived. The earliest
Woodland cultures date back 9,000 years, but the group we’ll focus on dates back only to about 700
A.D.. We now call these Native Americans the Mississippian culture, because they settled in the
Mississippi River valley. This civilization is known for its flat-topped monuments called temple
mounds. They were made of earth and used as temples and official residences. The temple mounds
were located in the central square of the city, with the huts of the townspeople built in rows around
the plaza. The Mississippian people were city dwellers. But some city residents earned their living as
farmers, tending the fields of corn, beans, and squash that surrounded the city. The city’s artisans
made arrowheads, leather goods, pottery, and jewelry. Traders came from far away to exchange raw
materials for these items. In the slides I’m about to show, you will see models of a Mississippian city.

7. The level of green house gases also raise because of the human activities such as burning trees,
burning fissile fuels, electric lights, use of refrigerator, microwave, air conditioner, and other electric
machines. Such process releases high percentage of carbon dioxide and other green house gases into
the atmosphere causing the earth temperature to rise. Rise in heat causes more water from earth to
evaporate into atmosphere, water vapour again absorbs more heat and makes earth atmosphere
warmer. Global warming has changed natural processes rainfall patterns, length of seasons, rise of sea
level, ecology balance and many more. It is a powerful demon affecting our lives to a great extent so it
needs to be solved on urgent basis by the effort of all of us.

8. This is a kind of object that you're probably all familiar with when you had the term robot, but I'm
gonna show you the very, very first robots. These were the very first robots. They were characters in a
play in the 1920s called Rossum's Universal Robots and they, the play was written by Czech writer

31
called Karel Capek. And basically, these robots, you know, people tend to think of robots as kind of
cute cuddly toys or, you know, Hollywood depictions kind of devoid of politics. But the first robots
were actually created and imagined in a time of absolute political turmoil. You just had the First World
War, you know, it finished had a devastating impact across Europe and so people will kind and people
are kind of reflecting on what does it mean to be human, what makes us human, those kinds of
question. And this kind of context is what inspired Capek to kind of write this play. And interestingly,
these robots being human, they are actually in the play assembled on a production line, a bit like the
Ford manufacturing production line. So even though they are human, they are assembled and these
robots are designed to labor, and that is their primary purpose in society.

9. We appear to take it as a rule, or as a law of nature, that each species is adapted to the climate of its
own home. For example, species from the Arctic, or even a temperate region, could not survive in a
tropical climate, nor could a tropical species last long if it found itself at the South Pole. But it is true to
say there's too much emphasis placed on the degree of adaptation of species to the climates where
they live.
We assume that this adaptation - if all species are descended from a single form - must have taken
place over millions of years, yet a large number of plants and animals brought from different countries
remain perfectly healthy in their new home. Also, there are several examples of an imal species that
have extended their range, within historical times, from warmer to cooler latitudes and the other way
round. Rats and mice provide good examples: they have been transported by man to many parts of
the world and now have a far wider range than any other rodent, and they can be found living in the
cold climate of the Faroe Islands to the north through the tropical zones to the Falklands in the south.
It is possible to see adaptation to any climate as a quality that is part of an inborn flexibility of the
physical and mental constitution of most animals. Therefore, the ability to survive in the most
different climates by both man and his domestic animals, and the fact that elephants once existed in
an ice age while living species live in tropical areas, should not be seen as deviations from the rule, but
as examples of this flexibility being brought into action under particular circumstances.

10. How much sun exposure might one need to get their target vitamin D level to that found associated
with the lowest total mortality rate? Well, it depends. It depends on our age, how long we're exposed,
the time of day, the time of the year, our latitude, our skin color, our use of sunscreen, and how much
of our body we're exposing. Even in Boston, though, all it takes is 10-12 minutes of mid-day summer
sun without sunblock, if you're a young pale naked Caucasian. But then you're golden! Actually, you'd
be a little pink. Note though, if you are some old white guy prancing around naked on the Commons,
you're not going to make it. As I hope you are beginning to appreciate, it's not easy to make one-size
fits all recommendations for how much sun exposure one might need. And Low vitamin D status
despite abundant sun exposure has been found even in the best of circumstances: young half naked
skateboarders in Honolulu, mostly Caucasian, averaging 30 hours of sun a week, and 51% didn't even
make it to 30. If they can't, who can? And these days, even if we're an albino nudist at the equator,
how often might we be getting outside in middle of the day with a desk job? So, if we're really
interested in getting to the vitamin D level associated with the lowest mortality rates, and our lifestyle
or latitude won't allow us the necessary sun exposure, then one needs to take vitamin D supplements:
the piddly amount added to soymilk, calf-milk, margarine or mushrooms are simply not enough.

11. A mild form of hallucination is known as a disturbance, and can occur in most of the senses above.
These may be things like seeing movement in peripheral vision, or hearing faint noises and/or voices.

32
Auditory hallucinations are very common in schizophrenia. They may be benevolent (telling the
subject good things about themselves) or malicious, cursing the subject etc. Auditory hallucinations of
the malicious type are frequently heard, for example people talking about the subject behind his/her
back. Like auditory hallucinations, the source of the visual counterpart can also be behind the
subject's back. Their visual counterpart is the feeling of being looked or stared at, usually with
malicious intent. Frequently, auditory hallucinations and their visual counterpart are experienced by
the subject together.

12. As Dr. Miller mentioned, we're trying to recruit volunteers for the Hawk Mountain Sanctuary. But
before I get into the details of the volunteer program, I'd just like to tell you a little about what we do
there. One of our main jobs is to keep detailed records of the migration patterns of raptors. For those
of you who don't know, raptors are birds of prey, like hawks and eagles. Between August and
December, we see around twenty different species migrating from Canada and New England. About
20,000 birds. Part of what attracts them to Hawk Mountain is the location on the East Ridge of the
Appalachian Mountains. What happens is that the sun warms the ridge in such a way that air currents
are formed. The birds just sort of glide along on the air, so they use up very little energy. As
volunteers, you'll be helping us keep accurate counts of the raptors. Any drop in number could mean
something's gone wrong in the environment because of pesticides or disease, even hunting. We just
had a scare with the broad-winged hawks. Their numbers have dropped drastically over the last ten
years. It was suggested that the birds may have changed their migratory route. So for 11 days we had
several hundred volunteers—stationed every five miles—to observe and count. And sure enough,
they discovered that instead of hugging the Appalachians as they'd always done, the broad-wings
were cutting a wide path over the Delaware River. Needless to say, we were greatly relieved.

13. Let's take a look at this video of these little kids they were offered the option of having one
marshmallow immediately now or two marshmallows 15 minutes later and you've got some very cute
video tape of this experiment. So let's take a look okay, what we found is a very simple and direct way
of measuring a competence that seems to make an important life difference a researcher tells these
preschoolers that she's going to leave the room if they wait for her to come back without eating the
marshmallows. They'll get two marshmallows or they can ring the bell and she'll come back right away
but then they only get one marshmallow. I would baby though you won't ring the bell. okay, looking at
children over time. Dr. Michelle has found that being able to wait longer at four has some pretty
powerful implications and what are those powerful implications is that that later in life. They're more
discipline and have more self-control is that pretty much it. Well, they are more likely to achieve their
life goals. They have better relationships. They did better on their SI is crazy all because they waited
15 minutes for don't wash me, and I think it is crazy. I probably would have eaten all three but yeah
me too. But um you know actually yes, the ability to be able to pursue your goals in this case it was
stabbed two marshmallows versus one and not going automatic and just grabbed the marshmallow is
a very important skill, but I think a main point in mind in the making is that these skills can be caught,
taught if you' re 14 or 40 or or four it's not ever too late and any child can learn the many adult can
teach them and it's never too late.

14. With over 40 years of unrivalled experience and a worldwide reputation, BSI leads the way in testing
and certification of fire safety products. Based on our dedicated labs in Hemel Hempstead, our team
provides BSI kite mark and Cee testing and certification for a broad range of products, including fire
extinguishers, hoses, alarm panels, and heat and smoke detectors. We help clients to gain access to

33
the European market by ensuring that products meet all the CE mark requirements. And we are
familiar with the market access regulations of most countries across the world, enabling customers to
enter markets globally. The BSI kite market is categorized as a British super brand and acknowledged
the world over as a symbol of trust, integrity, and quality. It provides the reassurance that vital
product safety and performance requirements have been met. Our team subject each product to a
rigorous set of tests along with robust production control audits designed specifically to ensure that
they perform two required standards of safety and quality. We test for compatibility of fire detection
and fire alarm system components to ensure that they're compatible and connectable. This service
meets the growing requirement of European regulatory authorities to meet national installation
guidelines. We also perform tests on individual detection components. Fire suppression products such
as fire extinguishers are subjected to rigorous tests designed to ensure that they're effective, safe and
capable of performing in environments and conditions in which they're stored and used. The symbols
for BSI kite mark and C certification represent quality, safety, and trust. For specifiers, they
demonstrate a commitment to best practice procurement. And for the public, they provide the
reassurance that fire safety products are effective and reliable.

15. The Right Honourable Sir Winston Leonard Spencer--Churchill, KG, OM, CH, FRS, PC (November 30,
1874 – January 24, 1965) was a British statesman, best known as prime minister of the United
Kingdom during the Second World War. At various times a soldier, journalist, author, and politician,
Churchill is generally regarded as one of the most important leaders in British and world history.
Considered reactionary on some issues, such as granting independence to Britain's colonies and at
times regarded as a self-promoter who changed political parties to further his career, it was his
wartime leadership that earned him iconic status. Some of his peacetime decisions, such as restoring
the Gold Standard in 1924, were disastrous as was his World War I decision to land troops on the
Dardanelles. However, during 1940, when Britain alone opposed Hitler's Nazi Germany in the free
world, his stirring speeches inspired, motivated, and uplifted a whole people during their darkest
hour. Churchill saw himself as a champion of democracy against tyranny, and was profoundly aware of
his own role and destiny. Indeed, he believed that God had placed him on earth to carry out heroic
deeds for the protection of Christian civilization and human progress. A providential understanding of
history would concur with Churchill's self-understanding. Considered old--fashioned, even reactionary
by some people today, he was actually a visionary whose dream was of a united world, beginning with
a union of the English--speaking peoples, then embracing all cultures. In his youth, he cut a dashing
figure as a cavalry officer as seen in the 1972 film Young Winston (directed by Richard Attenborough),
but the images of him that are the most widely remembered are as a rather overweight, determined,
even pugnacious looking senior statesman as he is depicted to the right.

16. I think with our linguistic training we also get all this invisible training to be authorities, to be the
people who know. It is part of that process that you come out as a world authority on your chosen
subject. But when we move into working with communities, we have to recognise that the
communities have to be the authority in their language.
Actually, a woman in the class I'm teaching at Sydney at the moment, a career woman, expressed this
very nicely, although she was talking about something else, she was distinguishing expertise from
authority. And certainly linguists, because of our training we do, have expertise in certain very narrow
areas of language, but we don't have the authority over what to do with that knowledge or what to do
with other knowledge that the community produces.
I guess for me the bottom line is languages are lost because of the dominance of one people over

34
another. That's not rocket science, it's not hard to work that out. But then what that means is if in
working with language revival we continue to hold the authority, we actually haven't done anything
towards undoing how languages are lost in the first place, so in a sense the languages are still lost if
the authority is still lost.

17. A painter hangs his or her finished pictures on a wall, and everyone can see it. A composer writes a
work, but no one can hear it until it is performed. Professional singers and players have great
responsibilities, for the composer is utterly dependent on them. A student of music needs as long and
as arduous a training to become a performer as a medical student needs to become a doctor. Most
training is concerned with technique, for musicians have to have the muscular proficiency of an
athlete or a ballet dancer. Singers practice breathing every day, as their vocal chords would be
inadequate without controlled muscular support. String players practice moving the fingers of the left
hand up and down, while drawing the bow to and fro with the right arm-two entirely different
movements.
Singers and instruments have to be able to get every note perfectly7 in tune. Pianists are spared this
particular anxiety, for the notes are already there, waiting for them, and it is the piano tuner's
responsibility to tune the instrument for them. But they have their own difficulties; the hammers that
hit the string have to be coaxed not to sound like percussion, and each overlapping tone has to sound
clear.
This problem of getting clear texture is one that confronts student conductors: they have to learn to
know every note of the music and how it should sound, and they have to aim at controlling these
sound with fanatical but selfless authority.
Technique is of no use unless it is combined with musical knowledge and understanding. Great artists
are those who are so thoroughly at home in the language of music that they can enjoy performing
works written in any century.

18. But Aristotle says the reason we need rhetoric is, we have to be able to use it. To use rhetoric,
influence the ramble, we try to get them to understand truth. Truth is “suggest”; is different than
Rhetoric is the dressing, is the body, right? Truth is the spirit, is the soul, is abstract. It doesn’t have a
body. It’s not particular. If you wanna get somebody to the truth, you might have to use some kind of
tricks. Right? Because most of people are not sound and can see the truth. That’s what we think. Most
people are rambles. Really. Only the educated be erudite are actually capable of seeing the truth. If
you wanna get the general mass there, you may have to do a little bit. So Aristotle that is rhetoric.
Rhetoric is something that is used to influence people. Right? And it’s a kind of mentally promised a
logic. Rhetoric is important because it can help us to understand truth and influence morons. Some
people can understand truth, because they are rational. But most people don’t. If you want to make
people get into truth, you have to use tricks because truth itself is abstract. We can use rhetoric to
help people understand truth. Truth is the spirit, the soul and is abstract, but rhetoric is the body,
which is fundamentally based on logic.

19. I've been asked to speak today about the purpose of museums and I think that's something we often
take for granted, that we have museums and we need museums. But with so much information
available now online, people have access to whatever it is they want to know so I think we need to
consider carefully just what it is that we expect of our museums today. What makes them relevant in
the information age.
Clearly, we've got to move beyond the early twentieth century concept of a warehouse full of old,

35
remarkable, untouchable objects. This warehouse idea does very little to inspire people. What
museum professionals need to do - what they should be doing, is make their collections and programs
work towards the purpose of education. So whether that means having more hands-on exhibits,
becoming involved with other community organisations, they should be doing whatever it takes to
think about their visitors, to engage people, to educate them. And in that way, they can be
instruments of social change. If they have knowledge and understanding of the people who visit, and
the people they want to come and visit, they can take this as a starting point for providing exhibitions
and services that are relevant to people's lives.

20. Located at the NASA Research Center in Iowa is a 5,000-gallon vat of water, and inside the tank is an
underwater treadmill designed by Dava Newman, an aerospace engineer. For four years Newman
observed scuba divers as they simulated walking on the Moon and on Mars on her underwater
moving belt. She wanted to discover how the gravity of the Moon and of Mars would affect human
movement. To do this, Newman attached weights to the divers and then lowered them into the tank
and onto the treadmill. These weights were carefully adjusted so that the divers could experience
underwater the gravity of the Moon and of Mars as they walked on the treadmill. Newman concluded
that walking on Mars will probably be easier than walking on the Moon. The Moon has less gravity
than Mars does, so at lunar gravity, the divers struggled to keep their balance and walked awkwardly.
But at Martian gravity, the divers had greater traction and stability and could easily adjust to a pace of
1.5 miles per hour. As Newman gradually increased the speed of the treadmill, the divers took longer,
graceful strides until they comfortably settled into an even quicker pace. Newman also noted that at
Martian gravity, the divers needed less oxygen. The data Newman collected will help in the future
design of Martian space suits. Compared to lunar space suits, Martian space suits will require smaller
air tanks; and, to allow for freer movement, the elbow and knee areas of the space suits will also be
altered.

21. Last week we talked about Anne Bradstreet and the role of women in the Puritan colonies. Today I
want to talk about some other women who've contributed to American history—some famous and
some not-so-famous. The first woman I'd like to talk about is Molly Pitcher. Those of you who are
familiar with the name may know her as a hero of the American Revolution. But, in fact, there never
was a woman named Molly Pitcher. Her real name was actually Mary Ludwig Hays. She got the
nickname Molly Pitcher for her acts of bravery during the Revolutionary War. As the story goes, when
Mary's—or Molly's—husband, John Hays, enlisted in the artillery, Mary followed, like many other
wives did. She helped out doing washing and cooking for the soldiers. She was known to be a pretty
unusual woman. She smoked a pipe and chewed tobacco. Anyway, in the summer of 1778, at the
Battle of Monmouth, it was a blistering hot day, maybe over a hundred degrees, and fifty soldiers died
of thirst during the battle. Molly wasn't content to stay back at camp. Instead, she ran through
gunshots and cannon fire carrying water in pitchers from a small stream out to the thirsty American
soldiers. The relief that she brought with her pitchers of water gave her the legendary nickname Molly
Pitcher. The story also says that she continued to load and fire her husband's cannon after he was
wounded. They say she was so well liked by the other soldiers that they call her "Sergeant Molly." In
fact, legend has it that George Washington himself gave her the special military title.

22. What I want to look at today is the question of how much technology - If, um, a pen can indeed be
called technology ... perhaps I should say the instrument of writing - affects a writer's style and level of
production. I also want to consider other factors that may have an effect on prose style, such as

36
personality, educational background, and so on. Now, production levels aren't so hard to measure in
relation to the writing instrument used. The quill pen, for instance, would need continual re-filling and
re-sharpening, which led to a leisurely, balanced style of prose full of simple sentences. Writing took a
lot longer than now and the great novelists of the 18" century - Fielding, Smollett, Richardson - had a
relatively small output, though some of their books ran to enormous length.
By the middle of the 19'h century, the fountain pen had been invented. It didn't need such constant
refilling, which can account for the more flowing, discursive style of, say, Dickens and Thackeray, as
well as their tremendous output. Then came the typewriter, whose purpose, once you got the hang of
it, was to speed up the writing process and was therefore much favored by journalists. This, it seems
to me, gave rise to a short winded style characterized by short sentences. A short prose style, if you
like. Dictating machines and tape recorders led, as one novelist complained, to writers becoming too
conversational, rambling and long winded. Henry James, although he didn't use these machines, dicta
ted his later novels and, well, some might agree with this accusation. Well, it looks as though we're
going to have to leave word processors, computers and, of course, the way film and its narrative
techniques have affected writing style for another day.

23. The key to forming strong brain architecture is what's known as " serve and return" interaction with
adults. In this developmental game, new neural connections form in the brain as young children
instinctively serve through babbling, facial expressions, and gestures, and adults return the serve,
responding in a very directed, meaningful way. It starts very early in life when a baby coos and the
adults interacts and directs the baby's attention to a face or hand. This interaction forms the
foundation of brain architecture upon which all future development will be built. It helps create
neural connections between all the different areas of the brain, building the emotional and cognitive
skills children need in life. For example, here's how it works for literacy and language skills. When the
baby sees an object, the adult says its name. This makes connections in the baby's brain between
particular sounds and their corresponding objects. Later, adults show young children that those
objects and sounds can also be represented by marks on a page. With continued support from adults,
children then learn how to decipher writing and, eventually, to write themselves. Each stage builds on
what came before. Ensuring that children have adult caregivers who consistently engage in serve and
return interaction, beginning in infancy, builds the foundation in the brain for all the learning,
behavior, and health that follow.

24. In 1883 Mary Mallon left Ireland aged just 15 to seek her fortunes in America. There she quickly got to
work as a cook for New York city's wealthiest families. In the summer of 1996 she was hired by Charles
Henry Warren a wealthy banker with a holiday home in Oyster Bay Long Island. However, the holiday
quickly turned south when six of the 11 members came down with typhoid fever victims of typhoid
could suffer a fever abdominal cramps abdominal distension intestinal haemorrhaging and in 10
percent of cases death. The source of infection was water and food contaminated with excrement.
Today it's common knowledge to wash your hands after using the bathroom. But back then that really
wasn't the case. Immunization wouldn't roll out until 1911 and antibiotic treatment wouldn't become
readily available until 1948. By 1987 in The New York area alone three thousand people had been
diagnosed which you would think would be a massive deal but not yet pleased. It wasn't until the virus
hit Oyster Bay where it affected the effluent that it became mainstream news. And so George SOPA
was hired by the Warrens to investigate his search quickly led him to marry her unlikely partner in
crime was peachy. Ice cream. The coldish merely froze the copious amounts of bacteria instead of
burning them which would have been the case in hot food as the investigation continued. Supah

37
began snooping around Mary's employment history. He discovered that of the eight families she'd
worked for. Seven of them came down with typhoid. Super had a theory. Maybe she was the first ever
documented healthy carrier of salmonella hyphae with the proof. Mary did not play ball constantly
denying soap stole samples.

25. He eventually needed the help of the New York City. And even the NYPD. Don't worry she wasn't
arrested just held on the desolate island in isolation for two years North brought this to be exact. This
was a bit of a moral quandary. There was an obligation to Mary's human rights but also the obligation
to the general public to keep them infection free people have been held in quarantine before but only
people who had clear signs of sickness. Mary appeared perfectly healthy. Compromises were struck
up. Doctors suspected that bacteria were coming from her gallbladder and offered to release if they
removed it. Mary refused that deal but did promise she'd never work as a cook again. Five years later
she broke that promise and remained at large until 1915. She infected 25 people at the Sloan
Maternity Hospital in Manhattan infecting doctor’s patients and nurses two of whom died. The NYPD
took her back to North Brothers Island again where she'd spend the rest of her life. Upon Mary's
death some 20 years later the doctors seized the opportunity to inspect Mary's gallbladder. And what
did they find life typhoid bacteria living in her remains the case of Typhoid Mary is a conundrum that
still intrigues us today. Was she the villain or was she the victim? Were the authorities right to violate
one woman's individual liberties if it meant protecting the general population and could they have
done more to educate Mary on the dangers of what she was doing.

26. Despite impressive GDP growth, India has a lower ranking in Human Development Index. Why has
growth failed to translate into a better-living standard for the poor in India? Robert: India’s public
expenditure on health and education is abysmally low which reflect on quality of health outcome and
education outcome. We need to spend a much higher percentage of GDP on health and education to
realise desirable outcome. But, if we don’t have higher GDP growth, the pie doesn’t get bigger and if
the pie doesn’t get bigger, how will we spend on the social sectors such as health and education?
George: Despite some very good institutional and legal provisions why do we fail on the governance
front? Robert: Actually, we should be proud of some of our legislations. But we miserably fail in
execution at the ground level. The problem is not of lack of good legislation but the lack of
implementation capacity to produce a desirable outcome. George: How have MDGs enriched the
development of the human race particularly in south Asia? Robert: A very large percentage of the
global population has actually come out of poverty trap. Our health indicators have improved but
countries like Bangladesh and Sri Lanka have done extremely well and beaten India in the health
sector. George: How can India deal with the challenge it faces in healthcare? Robert: If you look at the
health burden, eighty per cent of India’s health problems can be solved at the primary level itself. As a
citizen, we keep our homes very clean but the streets outside our homes are very dirty. We need to
apply hygienic practices in handling water and sanitation. India’s70% bed capacity in healthcare is
occupied by water-borne diseases. If we keep our home, streets, surrounding and water bodies clean,
we can reduce the pressure on India’s public beds in hospitals by 70%. Per capita daily availability of
water is not a problem but management of water is a problem. If we manage water well, our disease
burden will go down.

27. Well, it’s like, why is Australian housing is so expensive? Essentially, it’s showing of how well the
Australian economy has been doing over the last 15 years. We have had 15 years more or less of an
uninterrupted economic growth during which average earning has been raised by close to 90 percent.

38
While over the course of that period, the standard variable mortgage rate has roughly halved. That
meant that the amount which a typical home buying household can afford to borrow under rules
which aren’t strictly applied as they used to be had more than doubled. Over the same period, rising
immigration in falling average household size has meant that the number of households looking for
accommodation has risen by about one and a half million. That’s around 200 thousand more than the
number of dwellings has increased by. So you have had a substantial increase in the purchasing power
of households. No net increase in the supply of housing enhance all that addition purchasing power
has gone into pushing up the price of housing.

28. So, there is an example comes from the other end of life and has to do with what's called wonder
babies. This was a study which was done a few years ago in Trieste which is basically at the border on
Slovenia and Italy. So there are a lot of Italians and there are a lot of Slovenians and there are of
course a lot of mixed marriages. What they did was they took three groups of babies, all babies were
seven months old so there were a bunch of Italian speaking babies, bunch of Slovenian speaking
babies and a bunch of Italian-Slovenian babies from mixed families. They showed those babies various
puppets and then they switched the situation. Typically, when the seven-month-old baby is used to
particular setting and the situation switches it takes them a little while to regroup. So turned out that
seven-month-old Italian and seven-month-old Slovenian babies would get used to the puppet
appearing on the right, and then when the puppet would appear on the left they would continue
looking to the right as if nothing had changed. Whereas the bilingual babies very quickly would turn
their head and notice that the puppet has changed its position.

29. Language death is not mainstream theatre. It is not mainstream anything. Can you imagine Hollywood
taking it on? It is so far outside the mind-sets of most people that they have difficulty appreciating
what the crisis is all about, because they are not used to thinking more about language as an issue in
itself. Somehow we need to change these mind-sets.
We need to get people thinking about language more explicitly, more intimately, more
enthusiastically. Interest in language is certainly there, in the general population – most people are
fascinated by such topics as where words come from, or what the origin of their town’s name is, or
whether their baby’s name means anything; they are certainly prepared to play Scrabble and a host of
other language games ad infinitum; and language games are often found on radio and television, too –
but a willingness to focus that interest on general issues, a preparedness to take on board the
emotion and drama inherent in the situation of language endangerment, is not something that
happens much.

30. The Education Leadership Initiative was started by Dean Bob Joss, of Stanford Graduate School of
Business. He talked a lot about the importance of education leadership. Education leaders need to be
dynamic and entrepreneurial change agents. Managing is not enough --increasingly leaders must rise
to the challenge of changing their organizations through innovative, problem-solving strategies. So we
are combining forces from our School of Education and School of Business to support the
development of management skills and leadership capacity for current superintendents and other
central office leaders. The purpose of School of Education is learning while the purpose of School of
Business is management.
Now many institutes are providing education leadership learning opportunities, for profit or non-
profit. We want to make sure that here at Stanford, we are not only delivering the services but with
good quality. The program incorporates case-studies and research-based presentations, discussions,

39
and exercises. Participants also collaborate and build relationships through group work. However,
they must realize that it is their own responsibility to achieve and accomplish – what others can do
does not indicate what you are capable of.

40
Answer short Question:
1. When you use Microsoft Word, what does “Times New Roman” mean? -Font.
2. What is the opposite to convex? -Concave.
3. What can we call a document protecting someone’ s intellectual property? -Copyright.
4. What do these following belong to: chrysanthemum, roses, daisies, tulip, etc? -Flowers.
5. If you have a toothache, do you go to a surgeon or a dentist? -Dentist.
6. A thermometer is used to measure of what? – temperature
7. Which organs of the body pumps the blood?- heart
8. How many years are there in the passage of a decade?- 10/ 10 years
9. What is the opposite to “predecessor”?- successor/ forerunner
10. What do we call a festival which is held every four years gathering people together as a sporting
event?- Olympic/ International Olympic
11. What do we call a person who leaves college before finishing the studies?- Dropout
12. What do we call the money an employer pay an employee because of the damage caused in work?-
Compensation
13. What do we call a political institution or body that is responsible for a country?- Government
14. What is 'BA' for, such as history and literature?- Bachelor of arts
15. What do we call the opposite of destiny?- Free will
16. What do we call a ship that carries goods from one place to another?- Freighter / cargo ship
17. What part of the day does a sunrise happen in?- Dawn
18. What do we call all the staff of a department in a college?- Faculty
19. What do we call a picture sent from the post office without an envelope?- Postcard
20. How do we describe a person who does something at the right time?- Punctual
21. What does a guitarist pluck when playing the instrument?- String
22. What do we call buying and transporting goods from another country?- Import
23. What do we call a short piece of writing containing the main ideas in a document?- Abstract /
summary
24. What do we call a person who is in charge of a meeting?- Chairman / chairwoman / chairperson
25. What do we call the head of a court?- Judge
26. What is the bone structure that protects the brain?- Skull
27. What do we call the opening in the face used for speaking and eating?- Mouth
28. What is the direction of the longitude lines on the earth's surface?- Vertical
29. What do we call a powered truck used to lift and move materials over short distances?- Forklift / lift
truck
30. What do you call a seat with legs but with nothing to support your arms or back?- Stool
31. What do we call a horse-like animal with a single horn on the head? Answer: Unicorn
32. What do workers get by working overtime?- Overtime pay / overtime payment
33. What do we call the extra working time?- Overtime
34. Who prescribe patients medicine? – Doctors
35. What is the room in which you keep things when you don't need them?- Storeroom
36. Who is a person who gives evidence in court?- Witness
37. What do you call the daughter of your sister or brother?- Niece
38. Where do passengers stand waiting for a train in the railway station?- Platform
39. What is the process of choosing a person for a position by voting?- election

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40. What do you pay when you park in a wrong place?- fine / parking fine
41. What revolves around the Earth?- moon
42. What is the opposite of horizontal?- vertical
43. What do we call a person undergoing treatments in hospital?- patient
44. In a compass, there are four directions, north, south, east, and?- west
45. what we call it if trees are cut down in a large area?- deforestation
46. What do we call a line of people waiting to do something?- queue
47. What do we call an underground train system?-metro / subway
48. What is the part of each day after sunset called?- evening
49. What is the shape of the earth's orbit?- oval / ellipse
50. What does the earth revolve around?- sun
51. What do we call a person who pays rent to the landlord?- lessee / tenant
52. What is a mass of ice floating in the sea?- iceberg
53. What do you call your uncle's son?- cousin
54. What do we call a person who is hurt in a criminal case?- victim
55. What object do we open a window or a door by?- handle
56. If any experiment is duplicated, how many times it is performed?- two / twice
57. What do we call a person who is registered for the election?- candidate
58. What are the animals that have fins?- fish
59. What do we use to get to the third floor when the elevator is broken?- stairs
60. What is the cooking process to make cakes or bread?- baking
61. How many legs does a tripod have?- three
62. What is the opposite of maximum?- minimum
63. What do we call a person who fights against the government?- Rebel
64. What do we call a group of mountains such as the Himalayas?- Range
65. In winter, what activities do people usually do on snow mountains by standing on long, thin boards?-
skiing
66. What do we call a person who buy things in a shop?- customer / buyer / shopper
67. What is the storyline or the series of scenes of novels, movies, short stories or plays?- plot
68. What is the star that gives heat and light to the Earth?- sun
69. What is the main building of a large company or an organization?- headquarters
70. What do we call a section or a part of a book?- chapter
71. What is the subject to study the past events?- history
72. What part of a plant has petals?- flower
73. What is the opposite of "dangerous"?- safe
74. We call numbers like one, three, five odd numbers, then what do we call numbers like two, four, six?-
even numbers.
75. What do we call one thousand years?- millennium
76. What do we call a dream that is very frightening or unpleasant?- nightmare
77. What is the joint connecting the foot to the leg?- ankle
78. What is the opposite of majority?- minority
79. What do you call a flight that you buy for going and return?- round trip
80. What do they call the pieces of puzzle which players try to piece together? Answer: jigsaw
81. We call a person used to using the right hand a right-hander, and what do we call a person if the left
hand?- left-hander
82. What do we call a photo of a person's face taken from the side?- profile

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83. Which one of the five senses is attributed to the nose?- smell / olfactory sense
84. How do we call the flat surface at the front of a television or computer, on which we can see
pictures?- screen
85. What is the second month of the year?- february
86. What do we call a sudden shake of the Earth’s surface?- earthquake
87. What do you call a person who lives next to your house?- neighbor
88. If knees are located in your legs, where are elbows located?- arms
89. If Monday is the first day, what day is the forth day?- Thursday
90. What term do we use to describe something we cannot see through?- opaque
91. What is the study of religion called?- theology
92. What do we call people going to space?- astronauts
93. What do people usually use to cut food?- knife
94. What do we call a period of 1000 years?- millennium
95. What do you call a person who studies the weather?- meteorologist
96. How many sides does a hexagon have?- six
97. What do you call a statue or a building that is dedicated in memory of someone?- monument
98. What is the joint between your shoulder and your forearm?- elbow
99. In the sentence: “He has been quite upset since he went back to school.” Which word uses a past
tense?- went
100. What are buses, trains, and cars used for? Answer: travel / transport / transportation

43
Summarize Written Text:
1. To understand the final reason why the news marketplace of ideas dominated by television is so
different from the one that emerged in the world dominated by the printing press, it is important to
distinguish the quality of vividness experienced by television viewers from the “vividness” experienced
by readers. I believe that the vividness experienced in the reading of words is automatically
modulated by the constant activation of the reasoning centers of the brain that are used in the
process of concreating the representation of reality the author has intended. By contrast, the visceral
vividness portrayed on television has the capacity to trigger instinctual responses similar to those
triggered by reality itself—and without being modulated by logic, reason, and reflective thought. The
simulation of reality accomplished in the television medium is so astonishingly vivid and compelling
compared with the representations of reality conveyed by printed words that it signifies much more
than an incremental change in the way people consume information. Books also convey compelling
and vivid representations of reality, of course. But the reader actively participates in the conjuring of
the reality the book’s author Is attempting to depict. Moreover, the parts of the human brain that are
central to the reasoning process are continually activated by the very act of reading printed words:
Words are composed of abstract symbols—letters—that have no intrinsic meaning themselves until
they are strung together into recognizable sequences. Television, by contrast, presents to its viewers a
much more fully formed representation of reality—without requiring the creative collaboration that
words have always demanded.

2. When Australians engage in debate about educational quality or equity, they often seem to accept
that a country cannot achieve both at the same time. Curriculum reforms intended to improve equity
often fail to do so because they increase breadth or differentiation in offerings in a way that increases
differences in quality. Further, these differences in quality often reflect differences in students’ social
backgrounds because the ‘new’ offerings are typically taken up by relatively disadvantaged students
who are not served well them. Evidence from New South Wales will be used to illustrate this point.
The need to improve the quality of education is well accepted across OECD and other countries as
they seek to strengthen their human capital to underpin their modern, knowledge economies.
Improved equity is also important for this purpose, since the demand for high level skills is widespread
and the opportunities for the low skilled are diminishing. Improved equity in education is also
important for social cohesion. There are countries in which the education system seems primarily to
reproduce existing social arrangements, conferring privilege where it already exists and denying it
where it does not. Even in countries where the diagnosis might be less extreme, the capacity of
schooling to build social cohesion is often diminished by the way in which school’s separate individuals
and groups.

3. When Christopher Columbus arrived at Hispaniola during his first transatlantic voyage in the year A.D.
1492, the island had already been settled by Native Americans for about 5,000 years. The occupants in
Columbus’s time were a group of Arawak Indians called Tainos who lived by farming, were organized
into five chiefdoms, and numbered around half a million (the estimates range from 100,000 to
2,000,000). Columbus initially found them peaceful and friendly, until he and his Spaniards began
mistreating them. Unfortunately for the Tainos, they had gold, which the Spanish coveted but didn’t
want to go to the work of mining themselves. Hence the conquerors divided up the island and its
Indian population among individual Spaniards, who put the Indians to work as virtual slaves,

44
accidentally infected them with Eurasian diseases, and murdered them. By the year 1519, 27 years
after Columbus’s arrival, that original population of half a million had been reduced to about 11,000,
most of whom died that year of smallpox to bring the population down to 3,000.

4. Skipping Breakfast Has Drawbacks - It's no mystery why so many people routinely skip breakfast: bad
timing. It comes at a time when folks can be more occupied with matters of grooming, attire and
otherwise making themselves presentable for a new day. However, studies conducted both in the
United States and internationally have shown that skipping breakfast can affect learning, memory and
physical well-being. Students who skip breakfast are not as efficient at selecting critical information
for problem-solving as their peers who have had breakfast. For school children, skipping breakfast
diminishes the ability to recall and use newly acquired information, verbal fluency, and control of
attention, according to Ernesto Pollitt, a UC Davis professor of pediatrics whose research focuses on
the influence of breakfast on mental and physical performance. Skipping breakfast can impair thinking
in adults, also. For both children and adults, a simple bowl of cereal with milk goes a long way toward
providing a sufficiently nutritious start to the day. Green-Burgeson recommends choosing a cereal
that's low in sugar — less than five grams per serving — and using nonfat or one percent milk.
Frederick Hirshburg, a pediatrician at UC Davis Medical Group, Carmichael, says that babies and other
preschoolers rarely skip breakfast because "they're usually the hungriest at the beginning of the day.
Breakfast then becomes more of a "learned experience" than a response to a biological need,
Hirshburg says.

5. When people start thinking about language, the first question which often occurs to them is this: is
language natural to humans? - in the same way that grunting is natural to pigs, and barking comes
naturally to dogs. Or is it just something we happen to have learned? - in the same way that dogs may
learn to beg, or elephants may learn to waltz, or humans may learn to play the guitar. Clearly, in one
sense, children 'learn' whatever language they are exposed to, be it Chinese, Nootka or English. So no
one would deny that 'learning' is very important. But the crucial question is whether children are born
with 'blank sheets' in their head as far as language is concerned - or whether humans are
'programmed' with an outline knowledge of the structure of languages in general. This question of
whether language is partly due to nature or wholly due to learning or nurture is often referred to as
the nature-nurture controversy, and has been discussed for centuries. For example, it was the topic of
one of Plato's dialogues, the Cratylus. Controversies which have been going on for literally ages tend
to behave in a characteristic fashion. They lie dormant for a while, then break out fiercely. This
particular issue resurfaced in linguistics in 1959 when the linguist Noam Chomsky wrote a devastating
and witty review of Verbal Behavior, a book by the Harvard psychologist B.F. Skinner (Skinner 1957;
Chomsky 1959). This book claimed to 'explain' language as a set of habits gradually built up over the
years. According to Skinner, no complicated innate or mental mechanisms are needed. All that is
necessary is the systematic observation of the events in the external world which prompt the speaker
to utter sounds.

6. If your recruiting efforts attract job applicants with too much experience—a near certainty in this
weak labor market—you should consider a response that runs counter to most hiring managers’ MO:
Don’t reject those applicants out of hand. Instead, take a closer look. New research shows that
overqualified workers tend to perform better than other employees, and they don’t quit any sooner.
Furthermore, a simple managerial tactic—empowerment—can mitigate any dissatisfaction they may
feel.

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7. The prejudice against too-good employees is pervasive. Companies tend to prefer an applicant who is
a “perfect fit” over someone who brings more intelligence, education, or experience than needed. On
the surface, this bias makes sense: Studies have consistently shown that employees who consider
themselves overqualified exhibit higher levels of discontent. For example, over-qualification
correlated well with job dissatisfaction in a 2008 study of 156 call-center reps by Israeli researchers
Saul Fine and Baruch Nevo. And unlike discrimination based on age or gender, declining to hire
overqualified workers is perfectly legal.

8. But even before the economic downturn, a surplus of overqualified candidates was a global problem,
particularly in developing economies, where rising education levels are giving workers more skills than
are needed to supply the growing service sectors. If managers can get beyond the conventional
wisdom, the growing pool of too-good applicants is a great opportunity. Berrin Erdogan and Talya N.
Bauer of Portland State University in Oregon found that overqualified workers’ feelings of
dissatisfaction can be dissipated by giving them autonomy in decision making. At stores where
employees didn’t feel empowered, “overeducated” workers expressed greater dissatisfaction than
their colleagues did and were more likely to state an intention to quit. But that difference vanished
where self-reported autonomy was high.

9. Compulsory voting is often suggested as a solution to the problem of declining turnout. But how are
individuals and countries affected by compulsory voting beyond boosting electoral participation?
Shane Singh investigates the social, economic, and political consequences of compelling citizens to
vote. There has been a lot of discussion about compulsory voting these days. In the United Kingdom,
in particular, as voter turnout rates have declined, many commentators and politicians have begun
advocating for mandatory electoral participation. Those in favor of compulsory voting often adduce
the importance of participation among all segments of society. Citizens of democracies are forced to
do many things in the interest of the public good, they maintain, including serving on juries and
educating their children, and full participation serves the country as a whole. Those opposed to
compulsory voting often argue that, from a democratic theory perspective, the right to vote implicitly
includes a right not to vote. Such a right of abstention, they argue, is more important than any societal
good that might accompany high turnout. In fact, opponents of compulsory voting often contend that
the country may be better off if those who are disinclined to vole are not pushed to participate in
public affairs. Regardless of whether one of these sets of arguments is more persuasive than the
other, compulsory voting is commonly used around the world. Several European democracies
mandate voting, as do Australia and most of the countries in Latin America. By evaluating results from
these countries, it is possible to assess the mechanics and effects of compulsory voting.

10. Malaysia is one of the most pleasant, hassle-free countries to visit in Southeast Asia. Aside from its
gleaming 21st century glass towers, it boasts some of the most superb beaches, mountains and
national parks in the region. Malaysia is also launching its biggest-ever tourism campaign in effort to
lure 20 million visitors here this year.
Any tourist itinerary would have to begin in the capital, Kuala Lumpur, where you will find the
Petronas Twin Towers, which once comprised the world tallest buildings and now hold the title of
second-tallest. Both the 88-story towers soar 1,480 feet high and are connected by a sky-bridge on the
41st floor. The limestone temple Batu Caves, located 9 miles north of the city, have a 328-foot-high
ceiling and feature ornate Hindu shrines, including a 141-foot-tall gold-painted statue of a Hindu deity.

46
To reach the caves, visitors have to climb a steep flight of 272 steps. In Sabah state on Borneo island
not to be confused with Indonesia’s Borneo you'll find the small mushroom-shaped Sipadan island, off
the coast of Sabah, rated as one of the top five diving sites in the world. Sipadan is the only oceanic
island in Malaysia, rising from a 2,300-foot abyss in the Celebes Sea. You can also climb Mount
Kinabalu, the tallest peak in Southeast Asia, visit the Sepilok Orang Utan Sanctuary, go white-water
rafting and catch a glimpse of the bizarre Proboscis monkey, a primate found only in Borneo with a
huge pendulous nose, a characteristic pot belly and strange honking sounds.
While you're in Malaysia, consider a trip to Malacca. In its heyday, this southern state was a powerful
Malay sultanate and a booming trading port in the region. Facing the Straits of Malacca, this historical
state is now a place of intriguing Chinese streets, antique shops, old temples and reminders of
European colonial powers. Another interesting destination is Penang, known as the Pearl of the
Orient. This island off the northwest coast of Malaysia boasts of a rich Chinese cultural heritage, good
food and beautiful beaches.

11. The National Oceanography Center (NOC) is engaged in research into the potential risks and benefits
of exploiting deep-sea mineral resources, some of which are essential for low-carbon technology, as
well as using ocean robots to estimate the environmental impact of these potential deep-sea mining
activities. Late last year the NOC led an expedition on the RRS James Cook that found enough of the
scarce element Tellurium present in the crust of a submerged volcano that, if it were all to be used in
the production of solar PV panels, could provide two-thirds of the UK’s annual electricity supply.
Recently, the NOC also led an international study demonstrating deep-sea nodule mining will cause
long-lasting damage to deep-sea life, lasting at least for decades.
These nodules are potato-sized rocks containing high levels of metals, including copper. manganese
and nickel. They grow very slowly on the sea-bed, over millions of years. Although no commercial
operations exist to extract these resources, many are planned.
Professor Edward Hill, Executive Director at the NOC commented, – By 2050 there will be nine billion
people on earth and attention is increasingly turning to the ocean, particularly the deep ocean, for
food, clean supplies of energy and strategic minerals. The NOC is undertaking research related to
many aspects and perspectives involved in exploiting ocean resources. This research is aimed at
informing with sound scientific evidence the decisions that will need to be taken in the future, as
people increasingly turn to the oceans to address some of society’s greatest challenges.

12. Since Australians Jennifer Hawkins and Lauryn Eagle were crowned Miss Universe and Miss Teen
International respectively, there has been a dramatic increase in interest in beauty pageants in this
country. These wins have also sparked a debate as to whether beauty pageants are just harmless
reminders of old fashioned values or a throwback to the days when women were respected for how
good they looked.
Opponents argue that beauty pageants, whether Miss Universe or Miss Teen International, are
demeaning to women and out of sync with the times. They say they are nothing more than symbols of
decline.
In the past few decades Australia has taken a real step toward treating women with dignity and
respect. Young women are being brought up knowing that they can do anything, as shown by inspiring
role models in medicine such as 2003 Australian of the Year Professor Fiona Stanley.
Almost all of the pageant victors are wafer thin, reinforcing the message that thin equals beautiful.
This ignores the fact that men and women come in all sizes and shapes. In a country where up to 60%
of young women are on a diet at any one time and 70% of school girls say they want to lose weight,

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despite the fact that most have a normal BMI, such messages are profoundly hazardous to the mental
health of young Australians.

13. Parents' own born order can become an issue when dynamics in the family they are raising replicate
the family in which they were raised. Agati notes common examples, such as a firstborn parent getting
into "raging battles" with a firstborn child. "Both are used to getting the last word. Each has to be
right. But the parent has to be the grown up and step out of that battle," he advises. When youngest
children become parents, Agati cautions that because they "may not have had high expectations
placed on them, they in turn may not see their kids for their abilities." But he also notes that since
youngest children tend to be more social, "youngest parents can be helpful to their firstborn, who
may have a harder time with social situations. These parents can help their eldest kids loosen up and
not be so hard on themselves. Mom Susan Ritz says her own birth order didn't seem to affect her
parenting until the youngest of her three children, Julie, was born. Julie was nine years younger than
Ritz's oldest, Joshua, mirroring the age difference between Susan and her own older brother. "I would
see Joshua do to Julie what my brother did to me," she says of the taunting and teasing by a much
older sibling." I had to try not to always take Julie's side." Biases can surface no matter what your own
birth position was, as Lori Silverstone points out. "As a middle myself, I can be harder on my older
daughter. I recall my older sister hitting me," she says of her reactions to her daughters' tussles.

14. American English is, without doubt, the most influential and powerful variety of English in the world
today. There are many reasons for this. First, the United States is, at present, the most powerful
nation on earth and such power always brings with it influence. Indeed, the distinction between a
dialect and a language has frequently been made by reference to power. As has been said, a language
is a dialect with an army. Second, America’s political influence is extended through American popular
culture, in particular through the international reach of American films (movies, of course) and music.
As Kahane has pointed out, the internationally dominant position of a culture results in a forceful
expansion of its language... the expansion of language contributes... to the prestige of the culture
behind it. Third, the international prominence of American English is closely associated with the
extraordinarily quick development of communications technology. Microsoft is owned by an
American, Bill Gates. This means a computer’s default setting for language is American English,
although of course this can be changed to suit one’s own circumstances. In short, the increased
influence of American English is caused by political power and the resultant diffusion of American
culture and media, technological advance, and the rapid development of communications technology.

15. Here’s a term you’re going to hear much more often: plug-in vehicle, and the acronym PEV. It’s what
you and many other people will drive to work in, ten years and more from now. At that time, before
you drive off in the morning you will first unplug your car – your plug-in vehicle. Its big on board
batteries will have been fully charged overnight, with enough power for you to drive 50-100
kilometres through city traffic.
When you arrive at work you’ll plug in your car once again, this time into a socket that allows power
to flow form your car’s batteries to the electricity grid. One of the things you did when you bought
your car was to sign a contract with your favourite electricity supplier, allowing them to draw a limited
amount of power from your car’s batteries should they need to, perhaps because of a blackout, or
very high wholesale spot power prices. The price you get for the power the distributor buys form your
car would not only be most attractive to you, it would be a good deal for them too, their alternative
being very expensive power form peaking stations. If, driving home or for some other reason your

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batteries looked like running flat, a relatively small, but quiet and efficient engine running on petrol,
diesel or compressed natural gas, even biofuel, would automatically cut in, driving a generator that
supplied the batteries so you could complete your journey.
Concerns over ‘peak oil’, increasing greenhouse gas emissions, and the likelihood that by the middle
of this century there could be five times as many motor vehicles registered world-wide as there are
now, mean that the world’s almost total dependence on petroleum-based fuels for transport is, in
every sense of the word, unsustainable.

16. Life expectancies have been rising by up to three months a year since 1840, and there is no sign of
that flattening. Gratton and Scott draw on a 2009 study to show that if the trend continues, more than
half the babies born in wealthier countries since 2000 may reach their 100th birthdays.
With a few simple, devastating strokes, Gratton and Scott show that under the current system it is
almost certain you won’t be able to save enough to fund several decades of decent retirement. For
example, if your life expectancy is 100, you want a pension that is 50 per cent of your final salary, and
you save 10 per cent of your earnings each year, they calculate that you won’t be able to retire till
your 80s. People with 100-year life expectancies must recognise they are in for the long haul, and
make an early start arranging their lives accordingly.
But how to go a

17. About this? Gratton and Scott advance the idea of a multistage life, with repeated changes of
direction and attention. Material and intangible assets will need upkeep, renewal or replacement.
Skills will need updating, augmenting or discarding, as will networks of friends and acquaintances.
Earning will be interspersed with learning or self-reflection. As the authors warn, recreation will have
to become “re-creation”.

18. UCLA neurology professor Paul Thompson and his colleagues scanned the brains of 23 sets of identical
twins and 23 sets of fraternal twins. Since identical twins share the same genes while fraternal twins
share about half their genes, the researchers were able to compare each group to show that myelin
integrity was determined genetically in many parts of the brain that are key for intelligence. These
include the parietal lobes, which are responsible for spatial reasoning, visual processing and logic, and
the corpus callosum, which pulls together information from both sides of the body.
The researchers used a faster version of a type of scanner called a HARDI (high-angular resolution
diffusion imaging) — think of an MRI machine on steroids — that takes scans of the brain at a much
higher resolution than a standard MRI. While an MRI scan shows the volume of different tissues in the
brain by measuring the amount of water present, HARDI tracks how water diffuses through the brain’s
white matter — a way to measure the quality of its myelin.
“HARDI measures water diffusion,” said Thompson, who is also a member of the UCLA Laboratory of
Neuro-Imaging. “If the water diffuses rapidly in a specific direction, it tells us that the brain has very
fast connections. If it diffuses more broadly, that’s an indication of slower signalling, and lower
intelligence.”

19. A tiny tree frog preserved in amber is believed to have lived about 25 million years ago, a Mexican
researcher says. The chunk of amber containing the centimetre-long frog was uncovered by a miner in
southern Chiapas state in 2005 and bought by a private collector, who lent it to scientists for study.
Only a few preserved frogs have been found in chunks of amber — a stone formed by ancient tree sap
— mostly in the Dominican Republic. Like those, the frog found in Chiapas was of the genus

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Craugastor, whose relatives still inhabit the region. Gerardo Carbot, the biologist with the Chiapas
Natural History and Ecology Institute who announced the discovery on Wednesday, said it was the
first such frog found in amber in Mexico.
Carbot said he would like to extract a sample from the frog’s remains to see whether they contain
well-preserved DNA, in order to identify the frog’s species. However, he expressed doubt that the
stone’s owner would allow researchers to drill a small hole into the chunk of amber.

20. In 1920, the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution created yet another setback for
the American wine industry. The National Prohibition Act, also known as the Volstead Act, prohibited
the manufacture, sale transportation, importation, delivery, or possession of intoxicating liquors for
beverage purpose. Prohibition, which continued for thirteen years, nearly destroyed what had
become a thriving and national industry. One of the loopholes in the Volstead Act allowed for the
manufacture and sale of sacramental wine, medicinal wines for sale by pharmacists with a doctors’
prescription, and medicinal wine tonics (fortified wines) sold without prescription. Perhaps more
important, Prohibition allowed anyone to produce up to two hundred gallons yearly of fruit. juice or
cider. The fruit juice, which was sometimes made into concentrate, was ideal for making wine. People
would buy grape concentrate from California and have it shipped to the East Coast. The top of the
container was stamped in big, bold letters’ caution: do not add sugar or yeast or else fermentation will
take place! Some of this yield found its way to bootleggers throughout America who did just that. But
not for long, because the government stepped in and banned the sale of grape juice, preventing illegal
wine production. Vineyards stopped being planted, and the American wine industry came to a halt.

21. As far as prediction is concerned, remember that the chairman of IBM predicted in the fifties that the
world would need a maximum of around half a dozen computers, that the British Department for
Education seemed to think in the eighties that we would all need to be able to code in BASIC and that
in the nineties Microsoft failed to foresee the rapid growth of the Internet. Who could have predicted
that one major effect of the automobile would be to bankrupt small shops across the nation? Could
the early developers of the telephone have foreseen its development as a medium for person-to-
person communication, rather than as a form of broadcasting medium? We all, including the ‘experts’,
seem to be peculiarly inept at predicting the likely development of our technologies, even as far as the
next year. We can, of course, try to extrapolate from experience of previous technologies, as I do
below by comparing the technology of the Internet with the development of other information and
communication technologies and by examining the earlier development of radio and print. But how
justified I might be in doing so remains an open question. You might conceivably find the history of
the British and French videotext systems, Prestel and Minitel, instructive. However, I am not entirely
convinced that they are very relevant, nor do I know where you can find information about them on-
line, so, rather than take up space here, I’ve briefly described them in a separate article.

22. In its periodic quest for culinary identity, Australia automatically looks to its indigenous ingredients,
the foods that are native to this country. ‘There can be little doubt that using an indigenous product
must qualify a dish as Australian notes Stephanie Alexander. Similarly, and without qualification,
states that’ A uniquely Australian food culture can only be based upon foods indigenous to this
country, although, as Craw remarks, proposing Australian native foods as national symbols relies more
upon their association with ‘nature’ and geographic origin than on common usage. Notwithstanding
the lack of justification for the premise that national dishes are, of necessity, founded on ingredients
native to the country-after all, Italy’s gastronomic identity is tied to the non-indigenous tomato,

50
Thailand^ to then on-indigenous chili-the reality is that Austrians do not eat indigenous foods
insignificant quantities. The exceptions are fish, crustaceans and shellfish from oceans, rivers and
lakes most of which are unarguably unique to this country. Despite valiant and well-intentioned
efforts today at promoting and encouraging the consumption of native resource, bush foods are not
harvested or produced in sufficient quantities for them to be a standard component of Australian
diets, nor are they generally accessible. Indigenous foods are less relevant to Australian identity today
than lamb and passionfruit, both initially imported and now naturalized.

23. The co-evolutionary relationship between cows and grass is one of nature’s underappreciated
wonders; it also happens to be the key to understanding just about everything about modern meat.
For the grasses, which have evolved to withstand the grazing of ruminants, the cow maintains and
expands their habitat by preventing trees and shrubs from gaining a foothold and hogging the
sunlight; the animal also spreads grass seed, plants it with his hooves, and then fertilizes it with his
manure.
In exchange for these services the grasses offer ruminants a plentiful and exclusive supply of lunch.
For cows (like sheep, bison, and other ruminants) have evolved the special ability to convert grass-
which single-stomached creatures like us can’t digest-into high-quality protein. They can do this
because they possess what is surely the most highly evolved digestive organ in nature: the rumen.
About the size of a medicine ball, the organ is essentially a forty-five-gallon fermentation tank in
which a resident population of bacteria dines on grass.

24. Consider the current situation: like their counterparts in the United States, engineers and technicians
in Indian have the capacity to provide both computer programming and innovative new technologies.
Indian programmers and high-tech engineers earn one quarter of what their counterparts earn in the
United States, Consequently, Indian is able to do both jobs at a lower dollar cost than the United
States: India has absolute advantage in both. In other words, it can produce a unit of programming for
fewer dollars than the United States, and it can also produce a unit of technology innovation for fewer
dollars. Does that mean that the United States will lose not only programming Jobs but innovative
technology job, too? Does that mean that our standard of living will fall if the United States and India
engage in the international trade?
David Ricardo would have answered no to both questions-as we do today. While India mat have an
absolute advantage in both activities, that fact is irrelevant in determining what India or the United
States will produce. India has a comparative advantage in doing programming in part because of such
activity requires little physical capital. The flip side is that the United States has a comparative
advantage in technology innovation partly because it is relatively easy to obtain capital in this country
to undertake such long-run projects. The result is that Indian programmers will do more and more of
what U.S. programmers have been doing in the past. In contrast, American firms will shift to more and
more innovation. The United States will specialize in technology innovation India will specialize in
programming. The business managers in each country will opt to specialize in activities in which they
have a comparative advantage. As in the past, The U.S. economy will continue to concentrate on what
are called the “best” activities.

25. The history of marketers seeking the advice of physicists is a short one, but an understanding of the
Theory of Resonance may, give communications experts the edge. Resonance Theory explains the
curious phenomenon of how very small pebbles dropped into a pond can create bigger waves than a
large brick. The brick makes a decent splash but its ripples peter out quickly. A tiny pebble dropped

51
into the same pond, followed by another, then another, then another, all timed carefully, will create
ripples that build into small waves.
As Dr Carlo Contaldi, a physicist at Imperial College London, explains, a small amount of energy
committed at just the right intervals – the ‘natural frequency’ – creates a cumulatively large effect.
Media consultant Paul Bay believes that just as with the pebbles in a pond, a carefully choreographed
and meticulously timed stream of communication (a monthly ad in MT, for example) will have a more
lasting effect than a sporadic big splash during primetime ad breaks.
Innocent s testament the power of pebbles. Until last year, the maker of smoothies had never
advertised on TV, instead drip-feeding the market with endless ingenious marketing plays from
annotating its drinks labels with quirky messages rather than communicating through the occasional
big and expensive noise.

26. The world engages in improving literacy of reading and writing, but it is not that important now. What
is text/Written language anyway? It is an accident IT for storing and retrieving information. We store
information by writing it, and we retrieve it by reading it. 6000 to 10,000 years ago, many of our
ancestor’s hunter-gatherer societies settled on the land and began what’s known as the agricultural
revolution. That new land settlement led to private property and increased production and trade of
goods, generating a huge new influx of information. Unable to keep all this in their memories, our
ancestors created systems of written records that evolved over millennial into today’s written
language.
But this ancient IT is already becoming obsolete. Text has run its historic course and is now rapidly
getting replaced in every area of our lives by the ever-increasing of emerging IT driven by voice, video,
and body movement rather than the written word. In my view, this is a positive step forward in the
evolution of human technology, and it carries great potential for a total positive redesign of
education. Written language is an ancient IT for storing and retrieving information, however, written
word is becoming obsolete and is now rapidly getting replaced by voice, video and body movement,
which is believed a positive step forward in the evolution of human technology and redesign of
education.

27. The world engages in improving literacy of reading and writing, but it is not that important now. What
is text/Written language anyway? It is an accident IT for storing and retrieving information. We store
information by writing it, and we retrieve it by reading it. 6000 to 10,000 years ago, many of our
ancestor’s hunter-gatherer societies settled on the land and began what’s known as the agricultural
revolution. That new land settlement led to private property and increased production and trade of
goods, generating a huge new influx of information. Unable to keep all this in their memories, our
ancestors created systems of written records that evolved over millennial into today’s written
language.
But this ancient IT is already becoming obsolete. Text has run its historic course and is now rapidly
getting replaced in every area of our lives by the ever-increasing of emerging IT driven by voice, video,
and body movement rather than the written word. In my view, this is a positive step forward in the
evolution of human technology, and it carries great potential for a total positive redesign of
education. Written language is an ancient IT for storing and retrieving information, however, written
word is becoming obsolete and is now rapidly getting replaced by voice, video and body movement,
which is believed a positive step forward in the evolution of human technology and redesign of
education.

52
28. In 1815 on the island of Sumbawa in Indonesia, a handsome and long-quiescent mountain named
Tambora exploded spectacularly, killing a hundred thousand people with its blast and associated
tsunamis. It was the biggest volcanic explosion in ten thousand years—150 times the size of Mount St.
Helens, equivalent to sixty thousand Hiroshima-sized atom bombs.
News didn’t travel terribly fast in those days. In London, The Times ran a small story— actually a letter
from a merchant—seven months after the event. But by this time Tambora’s effects were already
being felt. Thirty-six cubic miles of smoky ash, dust, and grit had diffused through the atmosphere,
obscuring the Sun’s rays and causing the Earth to cool. Sunsets were unusually but blearily colourful,
an effect memorably captured by the artist. J. M. W. Turner, who could not have been happier, but
mostly the world existed under an oppressive, dusky pall. It was this deathly dimness that inspired the
Byron lines above.
Spring never came and summer never warmed: 1816 became known as the year without summer.
Crops everywhere failed to grow. In Ireland a famine and associated typhoid epidemic killed sixty-five
thousand people. In New England, the year became popularly known as Eighteen Hundred and Froze
to Death. Morning frosts continued until June and almost no planted seed would grow. Short of
fodder, livestock died or had to be prematurely slaughtered. In every way it was a dreadful year—
almost certainly the worst for farmers in modern times. Yet globally the temperature fell by only
about 1.5 degrees Fahrenheit. Earth’s natural thermostat, as scientists would learn, is an exceedingly
delicate instrument.

29. Scientists believe they may have found a way to prevent complications that can arise following
cataract surgery, the world’s leading cause of blindness.
Detailing why complications can occur after surgery, researchers from the University of East Anglia
(UEA) explained that while cataract surgery works well to restore vision, a few natural lens cells
always remain after the procedure. Over time, the eye’s wound-healing response leads these cells to
spread across the underside of the artificial lens, which interferes with vision, causing what’s known as
‘posterior capsule opacification’ or secondary cataract.
UEA’s School of Biological Sciences academic, Dr Michael Worm stone, who led the study, said:
“Secondary visual loss responds well to treatment with laser surgery. But as life expectancy increases,
the problems of cataract and posterior capsule opacification will become even greater in terms of
both patient wellbeing and economic burden. It’s essential that we find better ways to manage the
condition in future.”
As a result, researchers are designing new artificial lenses that can be placed into a capsular bag that
stays open, instead of shrink-wrapping closed, which currently occurs. It is believed that, through the
new approach, fluid in the eye can flow around the artificial lens, therefore diluting and washing away
the cell-signalling molecules that encourage cell re-growth.

30. When people start thinking about language, the first question which often occurs to them is this: is
language natural to humans? - in the same way that grunting is natural to pigs, and barking comes
naturally to dogs. Or is it just something we happen to have learned? - in the same way that dogs may
learn to beg, or elephants may learn to waltz, or humans may learn to play the guitar. Clearly, in one
sense, children 'learn' whatever language they are exposed to, be it Chinese, Nootka or English. So no
one would deny that 'learning' is very important. But the crucial question is whether children are born
with 'blank sheets' in their head as far as language is concerned - or whether humans are
'programmed' with an outline knowledge of the structure of languages in general. This question of
whether language is partly due to nature or wholly due to learning or nurture is often referred to as

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the nature-nurture controversy, and has been discussed for centuries. For example, it was the topic of
one of Plato's dialogues, the Cratylus. Controversies which have been going on for literally ages tend
to behave in a characteristic fashion. They lie dormant for a while, then break out fiercely. This
particular issue resurfaced in linguistics in 1959 when the linguist Noam Chomsky wrote a devastating
and witty review of Verbal Behavior, a book by the Harvard psychologist B.F. Skinner (Skinner 1957;
Chomsky 1959). This book claimed to 'explain' language as a set of habits gradually built up over the
years. According to Skinner, no complicated innate or mental mechanisms are needed. All that is
necessary is the systematic observation of the events in the external world which prompt the speaker
to utter sounds.

31. In addition to this lack of information about protein families, there is a lack of information about those
from the species of most interest to researchers: Homo sapiens. Only a quarter of known protein
structures are human. A majority of the rest come from bacteria. This paucity is a problem, for in
proteins form and function are intimately related. A protein is a chain of smaller molecules, called
amino acids, that is often hundreds or thousands of links long. By a process not well understood, this
chain folds up, after it has been made, into a specific and complex three-dimensional shape. That
shape determines what the protein does: acting as a channel, say, to admit a chemical into a cell; or as
an enzyme to accelerate a chemical reaction; or as a receptor, to receive chemical signals and pass
them on to a cell's molecular machinery.

32. Delivering packages with drones will scale back CO2 emissions inbound circumstances as compared to
truck deliveries, a brand new study from University of Washington transportation engineers finds. In a
paper to be revealed in associate degree coming issue of Transportation analysis half D, researchers
found that drones tend to own CO2 emissions blessings over trucks once the drones haven't got to fly
terribly way to their destinations or once a delivery route has few recipients. Trucks — which may
provide environmental edges by carrying everything from garments to appliances to the article of
furniture in a very single trip — become a lot of climate-friendly various once a delivery route has
several stops or is farther off from a central warehouse. For small, light-weight packages — a bottle of
drugs or a kid's bathing costume — drones contend particularly well. However, the carbon edges
erode because the weight of a package increase since these unmanned aerial vehicles have to be
compelled to use extra energy to remain aloft with a significant load.

33. His product life cycle has 4 very clearly defined stages, each with its characteristics that mean
different things for businesses that are trying to manage the life cycle of their particular products.
Introduction Stage – This stage of the cycle could be the most expensive for a company launching a
new product. The size of the market for the product is small, which means sales are low, although
they will be increasing. On the other hand, the cost of things like research and development,
consumer testing, and the marketing needed to launch the product can be very high, especially if it’s a
competitive sector. Growth Stage – The growth stage is typically characterized by strong growth in
sales and profits, and because the company can start to benefit from economies of scale in
production, the profit margins, as well as the overall amount of profit, will increase. This makes it
possible for businesses to invest more money in promotional activity to maximize the potential of this
growth stage. Maturity Stage – During the maturity stage, the product is established and the aim for
the manufacturer is now to maintain the market share they have built up. This is probably the most
competitive time for most products and businesses need to invest wisely in any marketing they
undertake. They also need to consider any product modifications or improvements to the production

54
process which might give them a competitive advantage. Decline Stage – Eventually, the market for a
product will start to shrink, and this is what’s known as the decline stage. This shrinkage could be due
to the market becoming saturated (i.e. all the customers who will buy the product have already
purchased it), or because the consumers are switching to a different type of product. While this
decline may be inevitable, it may still be possible for companies to make some profit by switching to
less-expensive production methods and cheaper markets.
34. As a family therapist, I often have the impulse to tell families to go home and have dinner together
rather than spending an hour with me. And 20 years of research in North America, Europe and
Australia back up my enthusiasm for family dinners. It turns out that sitting down for a nightly meal is
great for the brain, the body and the spirit. And that nightly dinner doesn’t have to be a gourmet meal
that took three hours to cook, nor does it need to be made with organic arugula and heirloom
parsnips. For starters, researchers found that for young children, dinnertime conversation boosts
vocabulary even more than being read aloud to. The researchers counted the number of rare words –
those not found on a list of 3,000 most common words – that the families used during dinner
conversation. Young kids learned 1,000 rare words at the dinner table, compared to only 143 from
parents reading storybooks aloud. Kids who have a large vocabulary read earlier and more easily.
Older children also reap intellectual benefits from family dinners. For school-age youngsters, regular
mealtime is an even more powerful predictor of high achievement scores than time spent in school,
doing homework, playing sports or doing art. Other researchers reported a consistent association
between family dinner frequency and teen academic performance. Adolescents who ate family meals
5 to 7 times a week were twice as likely to get A’s in school as those who ate dinner with their families
fewer than two times a week.

35. The area that is now South Africa has been inhabited by humans for millennia. The San, the original
inhabitants of this land, were migratory people who lived in small groups of about 15 to 20 people.
They survived by fishing and hunting and by gathering roots and other wild foods. They did not build
permanent dwellings but used rock shelters as temporary dwellings. Around 2,000 years ago Khoikhoi
pastoralists migrated to the coast. In the eastern part of present-day South Africa, iron-working
societies date from about 300 AD. The Sotho-Tswana and Nguni peoples arrived in this region around
1,200 AD. They lived by agriculture and stock farming, mined gold, copper and tin and hunted for ivory
and built stone-walled towns. Over the centuries, these societies had diverse contacts with the
Khoisan. Strife between the San and the Khoikhoi developed over competition for game; eventually
the Khoikhoi became dominant. These peoples lived in the western part of present-day South Africa
and are known collectively as the Khoisan.

36. What Makes It Muggy? Like the heat index, muggy is a "feels-like" condition, except it has to do more
with how "breathable" the air feels than how hot it feels. The muggier the weather, the less chance
you'll feel cool because of decreased evaporation rates, which is why the following weather conditions
are notoriously linked to the muggiest of days and nights: Warm air temperatures, generally of 70°F or
above (the warmer the air, the more moisture it's able to hold); High moisture (the more moisture
there is in the air, the "heavier" it feels); and Low winds (the less wind there is, the fewer air
molecules there are passing over your skin evaporating and cooling you off). Since mugginess
expresses how moist the air feels, you might think that relative humidity would be a good indicator of
how muggy it feels outside. However, dewpoint temperature is actually a better measure of
mugginess. Why? Dewpoint not only gives you an indication of how moist air is, but how warm it is as
well (since dew point temperature can go as high as, but never higher than the actual air

55
temperature). So if the dew point is high, it means both air moisture and temperature probably are,
too.

37. If it seems like you’re not getting enough sleep, you’re not alone. People have evolved to sleep much
less than chimps, baboons or any other primates studied so far, a new study finds. Charles Nunn and
David Samson are evolutionary anthropologists. They study how humans have evolved to behave the
way we do. Nunn works at Duke University in Durham, N.C. Samson works at the University of Toronto
Mississauga in Canada. In their new study, the two compared sleep patterns in 30 different species of
primates, including humans. Most species slept between nine and 15 hours daily. Humans averaged
just seven hours of shut-eye. Based on lifestyle and biological factors, however, people should get
9.55 hours, Nunn and Samson calculate. Most other primates in the study typically sleep as much as
the scientists predicted they should. Nunn and Samson shared their findings online February 14 in the
American Journal of Physical Anthropology. The researchers argue that two long-standing features of
human life may play into our short sleep times. The first stems from when humans’ ancestors
descended from the trees to sleep on the ground. At that point, people probably had to spend more
time awake to guard against predators. The second may reflect the intense pressure humans face to
learn and teach new skills and to make social connections. That has left less time for sleep. As sleep
declined, rapid-eye movement — or REM — sleep took on an outsize role in humans, Nunn and
Samson propose. REM sleep is when we dream. And it has been linked to learning and memory. “It’s
pretty surprising that non-REM sleep time is so low in humans,” Nunn says. “But something had to
give as we slept less.”

38. The Brundtland Report, Our Common Future (1987), defines sustainable development as
"development which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs'. Implicit in this definition is the idea that the old pattern of
development could not be sustained. Is this true? Development in the past was driven by growth and
innovation. It led to new technologies and huge improvements in living standards. To assume that we
know what the circumstances or needs of future generations will be is mistaken and inevitably leads
to the debilitating sense that we are living on borrowed time. Only if we assume that society will
remain static can we understand the needs of the future. The way we live today could not have been
predicted twenty years ago. The sustainability paradigm fails to recognize this. It is a static view and
thus places limits on human ingenuity. Similarly, a whole host of false assumptions dominate
environmental thought; the scale of problems is exaggerated, the amount of resources is
underestimated and spurious links are made between areas such as green policies and profit, poverty
and environmental degradation. Those of us who want a better future need to question these
assumptions.

39. The advantages and disadvantages of solar power compared to other forms of renewable energy have
been greatly debated. While obviously superior to some forms of energy, solar power's high cost and
efficiency dependent on geography have limited its appeal. However, a large number of advantages
also merit further development and even possible adaptation for residences. Advantages of Solar
Power Solar energy remains popular because it is both a renewable and clean source of energy. These
advantages along with the hope that eventually nations can use solar power to decrease global
warming ensure its popularity. Renewable Solar energy is a true renewable resource. All areas of the
world have the ability to collect some amount of solar power and solar power is available for
collection each day. Clean Solar energy is non-polluting. It does not create greenhouse gases, such as

56
oilbased energy does, nor does it create waste that must be stored, such as nuclear energy. It is also
far more quiet to create and harness, drastically reducing the noise pollution required to convert
energy to a useful form. Residential size solar energy systems also have very little impact on the
surrounding environment, in contrast with other renewable energy sources such as wind and
hydroelectric power. Low Maintenance Solar panels have no moving parts and require very little
maintenance beyond regular cleaning. Without moving parts to break and replace, after the initial
costs of installing the panels, maintenance and repair costs are very reasonable.

40. Ethics is a set of moral obligations that define right and wrong in our practices and decisions. Many
professions have a formalized system of ethical practices that help guide professionals in the field. For
example, doctors commonly take the Hippocratic Oath, which, among other things, states that doctors
"do no harm" to their patients. Engineers follow an ethical guide that states that they "hold
paramount the safety, health, and welfare of the public." Within these professions, as well as within
science, the principles become so ingrained that practitioners rarely have to think about adhering to
the ethic – it's part of the way they practice. And a breach of ethics is considered very serious,
punishable at least within the profession (by revocation of a license, for example) and sometimes by
the law as well. Scientific ethics calls for honesty and integrity in all stages of scientific practice, from
reporting results regardless to properly attributing collaborators. This system of ethics guides the
practice of science, from data collection to publication and beyond. As in other professions, the
scientific ethic is deeply integrated into the way scientists work, and they are aware that the reliability
of their work and scientific knowledge in general depends upon adhering to that ethic. Many of the
ethical principles in science relate to the production of unbiased scientific knowledge, which is critical
when others try to build upon or extend research findings. The open publication of data, peer review,
replication, and collaboration required by the scientific ethic all help to keep science moving forward
by validating research findings and confirming or raising questions about results.

41. Ecology is the study of interactions of organisms among themselves and with their environment. It
seeks to understand patterns in nature (e.g., the spatial and temporal distribution of organisms) and
the processes governing those patterns. Climatology is the study of the physical state of the
atmosphere – its instantaneous state or weather, its seasonal-to-interannual variability, its long-term
average condition or climate, and how climate changes over time. These two fields of scientific study
are distinctly different. Ecology is a discipline within the biological sciences and has as its core the
principle of natural selection. Climatology is a discipline within the geophysical sciences based on
applied physics and fluid dynamics. Both, however, share a common history. The origin of these
sciences is attributed to Aristotle and Theophrastus and their books Meteorological and Enquiry into
Plants, respectively, but their modern beginnings trace back to natural history and plant geography.
Seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth century naturalists and geographers saw changes in
vegetation as they explored new regions and laid the foundation for the development of ecology and
climatology as they sought explanations for these geographic patterns. Alexander von Humboldt, in
the early 1800s, observed that widely separated regions have structurally and functionally similar
vegetation if their climates are similar. Alphonse de Candolle hypothesized that latitudinal zones of
tropical, temperate, and arctic vegetation are caused by temperature and in 1874 proposed formal
vegetation zones with associated temperature limits.

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Essay:
1) Some people think that experiential learning (learning by doing) can work well in formal education;
however, others think that traditional form of teaching is the best. Discuss whether or not you think
experiential learning can work well in high school and college?
2) It is important to maintain the balance between work and other aspects of one's life such a family and
leisure activities. Please give your opinion about how important to maintain balance and why some
people think it is hard to do so?
3) In today’s world, different government and international organizations are confronting many global
problems. What is the most pressing problem among them and give solutions?
4) What is your opinion on deducting marks on late assignment?
5) Should animals be kept in Zoos or are they better living in natural habitat? Discuss and give your
opinion?
6) Large Shopping Malls Are Replacing Small Shops. Your Opinion? Good Or Bad
7) Advantages & Disadvantages of Cashless Society.
8) In a cashless society, people use more credit cards. What are the advantages and disadvantages of
this phenomenon?
9) City are now expanding, the government should make better network for public transport or should
build more roads to facilitate car ownership? Agree or disagree?
10) Some people argue that experience is the best teacher. Life experiences can teach more effectively
than books or formal school education. How far do you agree with this idea? Support your opinion
with reasons and/or your personal experience.
11) Parents should be held legally responsible for their children’s acts. What is your opinion? Support it
with personal examples.
12) Do you think design of buildings have positive or negative impact. Which way it can effect on work
and live?”
13) Experience is a more effective way to teach, compared to books? Agree or disagree
14) Medical technology can increase the humans life expectancy. Is it blessing or curse?
15) Parents should be held legally responsible for their children’s acts. What is your opinion? Support it
with personal examples.
16) Nowadays, people spend too much time at work to the extent that they hardly have time for their
personal life. How widespread do you think it is? Discuss the problems caused by the shortage of time.
17) Nowadays, it is increasingly more difficult to maintain the right balance between work and other
aspects of one’s life, such as leisure time with family members. How important do you think this
balance is? What are the reasons that caused this problem？
18) Nowadays television has become an essential part of life. It is a medium for disseminating news and
information, and for some it acts as a companion. What is your opinion about this?
19) Mass media has an influence on people, particularly on younger generations. It plays a pivot role on
shaping the opinions of people, especially teenagers and young people. What do you think about it?
Please give examples.
20) Employers should get their employees involved in the decision making process. What are the pros and
cons of such a policy about products and services?

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21) Many education systems assess students using formal written examinations. Those kinds of exams are
a valid method. To what extent do you agree or disagree? Give examples with your own experience.
22) Climate change is a concerning global issue. Who should take the responsibilities, governments, big
companies or individuals?
23) As cities expand, some people claim governments should try to create better networks of public
transportation available for everyone rather than building more roads for vehicle owning population.
What’s your opinion? Give some examples or experience to support your opinion.
24) Tourism is good for some less developed countries, but also has some disadvantages. Discuss
25) There are both problems and benefits for high school students to study plays and works of theatres
written centuries ago. Discuss and use your own experience.

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Reading and Writing: Fill in the blanks (Drop - Down):
1)
People modify cultural ideas in their minds, and sometimes they pass on the modified versions. Inevitably,
there are unintentional modifications as well, partly because of straightforward error, and partly because
inexplicit ideas are hard to accurately: there is no way to download them directly from one brain
to another like computer programs. Even native speakers of a language will not give identical definitions of
every word. So it can be only rarely, if , that two people hold precisely the same cultural idea in
their minds. That is why, when the founder of a political or philosophical movement or a religion dies,
or even before schisms typically happen. The movement’s most devoted followers are often shocked
to that they disagree about what its doctrines ―really are.
1) transmit, convey, transfer, transcend
2) ever, even, implicitly, partially
3) reveal, note, discover, procure
Answer: convey, ever, discover
2)
Great engineers have a passion to improve life; a burning conviction that they can make life better for
everyone. Engineers need to have a talent for invention and innovation, but what them is the
conviction that they can find a better way to do things; a cheaper and more efficient solution to the
problems of human existence on this planet of resources that we call Earth.
Many of us a lot of time complaining about the difficulties and problems of life. It is easy to find
fault with things that make daily life arduous. For an engineer, these difficulties can be opportunities. How
can this be made to work better? How can that process be made more efficient? How can be
made more cheaply, more accurately and more fit-for-purpose? Great engineers are convinced that
everything can be . Instead of complaining, they think of ways to make things better.
1) drives, carries, takes, makes
2) limited, unlimited, useful, numerous
3) take, spend, cost, save
4) parts, elements, contents, components
5) improved, created, performed, enlightened
Answer: drives, limited, spend, components, improved
3)
The recipe for making any creature is written in its DNA. So last November when geneticists published the
near-complete DNA sequence of the long-extinct woolly mammoth, there was much speculation about
whether we could bring this behemoth back to life. Creating a living, breathing creature from a genome
sequence that exists only in a computer's memory is not possible right now. But someone someday is sure
to try it, Stephan Schuster, a biologist at Pennsylvania State University, University
Park, and a force behind the mammoth genome project.
1) predicts, forecast, foresee, anticipate

60
2) human, animal, molecular, organ
3) driving, army, moving, carrying

Answer: predicts, molecular, driving

4)
Comparing the intelligence of animals of different species is difficult, how do you compare a dolphin and a
horse? Psychologists have a technique for looking at intelligence that not require the cooperation of
the animal involved. The relative size of an individual’s brain is a reasonable indication of intelligence.
Comparing species is not as simple an elephant will have a larger brain than a human simple
because it is a large beast. Instead we use the Cephalization index, which compare the size of an animal’s
brain to the size of its body.
Based on the Cephalization index, the brightest animals on the planet are humans, by great
apes, porpoises and elephants. As a general animal that hunt for a living (like canines) are smarter
than strict vegetarians (you don’t need much intelligence to outsmart a leaf of lettuce). Animals that live in
social groups are always smarter and have large EQ’s than solitary animals.
1) did, does, has, had
2) with, across, afar, to
3) following, followed, which, followed
4) law, mode, rule, regulation
Answer: does, across, followed, rule
5)
Dictatorship is not a modern concept. Two thousand years ago, during the period of the Roman Republic,
exceptional powers were sometimes given by the Senate to dictators such as Sulla and Julius
Caesar. The was that the dictatorship would be temporary and that it would make it possible to
take swift and effective action to deal with an emergency. There is some as to how the term
should be applied today. Should it be used in its original form to describe the temporary exercise of
emergency powers? Or can it now be in a much broader sense — as common usage suggests?
1) special, individual, group, others
2) intention, intent, international, sample
3) agreement, moment, treatment, treatment, disagreement
4) replied, applied, agree, regretted,
Answer: individual, intention, disagreement, applied
6)
Bees need two different kinds of food. One is honey made from nectar, which actually is a fluid that is
collected in the heart of the flowers to pollination by insects and other animals. Secondly, come
from pollen, it is fine powdery substance in yellow, consisting of microscopic grains from the
male part of a flower or from a male cone_ It contains a male gamete that can fertilize the female ovule,
which is by wind, insects or other animals.
Let us go with the honeybee from her flower to the hive and see what happens. Most bees gather only

61
pollen or nectar_ As she sucks the nectar from the flower, it is in her special honey stomach
ready to be transferred to the honey- making bees in the live.
1) promote, encourage, spread, discourage
2) stored, started, saved, stole
3) transferred, changed, admitted, translated
4) discarded, treated, stored, resolved
Answer: encourage, stored, transferred, stored
7)
About 10,000 years ago, people learned how to make cloth. Wool, cotton, flax, or hemp was first spun into
a thin thread, using a spindle. The thread was then woven into a fabric. The earliest weaving
machines consisted of little more than a pair of sticks that held a set of parallel threads, called the
wrap, while the cross-thread, called the weft, was inserted. Later machines called looms had roads that
separated the threads to allow the weft to be inserted more . A piece of wood, called the shuttle,
holding a spool of thread, was passed between the separated threads. The basic of spinning and
weaving have stayed the same until the present day, though during the industrial revolution of the 18th
century many ways were found of the processes. With new machines such as the spinning
mule, many threads could be spun at the same time, and, with the help of devices like the flying shuttle,
broad pieces of cloth could be woven at great speed.
1) probably, stably, sustainably, previously
2) hardly, easily, shortly, highly
3) definition, substantiation, principles, evidence
4) automating, automate, automatic, automation
Answer: probably, easily, principles, automating
8)
Recently, research into embryonic development has given us an even better insight into how major
structural changes might occur in a given population of organisms. We now understand that there are two
major types of genes: developmental and “housekeeping” genes. Developmental genes are those that are
expressed during embryonic development, and their proteins the symmetry, skeletal development,
organ placement, and overall form of the developing animal. contrast, “housekeeping” genes are
expressed during the animal’s daily life to generate proteins which keep the cells, tissues, and organs in the
body functioning properly. you might suspect, mutations in developmental genes can have radical
consequences for body form and function, whereas mutations in “housekeeping” genes tend to the
health and reproductive success of the post-embryonic animal.
1) controlling, controlled, controller, control
2) For, in, On, As
3) As, Besides, After, Within
4) spread, diffuse, affect, effect
Answer: control, in, As, affect

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9)
Seminars are not designed to be mini-lectures. Their educational role is to an opportunity for
you to discuss interesting and/or difficult aspects of the course. This is founded on the assumption that it is
only by actively trying to use the knowledge that you have from lectures and texts that you can
achieve an adequate understanding of the subject. If you do not understand a point it is highly unlikely that
you will be the only person in the group in that position; you will be undertaking a service for
the entire group if you come to the seminar with questions on matters which you feel you did
not fully understand.
1) provide, amplify, enhance, rectify
2) acquiring, acquired, showing, shown
3) inevitably, invariably, ultimately, religiously
4) equip, equipping, equipped, have been equipped
Answer: provide, acquired, invariably, equipped
10)
Timing is important for revision. Have you noticed that during the school day you get times when you just
don’t care any longer? I don’t mean the lessons you don’t like, but the ones you find usually find OK, but on
some occasions you just can’t be bothered with it. You have other things on your mind, be tired,
restless, or looking forward to what comes next. Whatever the reason, that particular lesson doesn’t get
100 percent from you The same is true of revision. Your mental and physical are
important. If you try to revise when you are tired or totally occupied with something else, your revision will
be inefficient and just about worthless. If you approach it feeling fresh, alert and happy, it will be so much
easier and you will learn more, faster. However, if you make no plans and just slip in a little bit of revision
when you feel like it, you probably won’t do much revision! You need a revision timetable so you don’t
keep option>stopping it from .
1) May, can, will, must
2) effort, afford, affect, effect,
3) altitude, strength, attitude, talent
4) putting it off, giving it out, getting it wrong
Answer: may, effort, attitude, putting it off.
11)
Distance learning can be highly beneficial to a large variety of people from young students wanting to
expand their horizons to adults looking for more job security. With programs that allow learners of all ages
to take courses for fun, personal advancement and degrees, distance learning can the needs of a
diverse population. Perhaps one of the most notable and often talked about of distance
learning is the flexibility. The majority of programs allow students to learn when and where it’s convenient
for them. For who are struggling to balance their distance learning goals with working a full-time
job and taking care of a family, this kind of flexibility can allow many people to pursue education who
would not otherwise be able to do so. there are no on-campus courses to attend, students can
learn from their own homes, at work on their lunch breaks and from virtually anywhere with internet

63
access. For some, it can even be a big source of savings on the fuel costs and time required to commute to
classes.
1) meet, achieve, refuse, receive
2) promotions, advantages, advancements, development
3) them, their, someone, those
4) Because, Since, Besides, For
Answer: meet, advantages, those, Since
12)
Developing computational thinking helps students to better understand the world around them. Many of
us happily drive a car without understanding what goes on under the . So is it necessary for
children to learn how to computers? After all, some experts say coding is one of the human
skills that will become obsolete as artificial intelligence grows. Nevertheless, governments believe coding is
an essential skill. Since 2014, the principles of computer programming have featured on
England’s for children from the age of five or six, when they start primary school. While not
all children will become programmers, Mark Martin, a computing teacher at Sydenham High School,
London, argues that they should learn to understand what makes computers work and try to solve
problems as a computer .
1) bonnet, beneath, cowling, enforcement
2) scheme, improve, program, schedule
3) curriculum, championship, development, modules
4) might be, potency, might, improve
Answer: bonnet, program, curriculum, might
13)
The Petrified Forest is home to some of the most impressive fossils ever found and more are being
discovered each year as continuing erosion is new evidence. Fossils found here show the Forest
was once a tropical region, with towering trees and extraordinary creatures. More than 150
different species of fossilized plants have been discovered by palaeontologists and
evidence ancient native people who inhabited this region about 10,000 years ago have
been by archaeologists.
1) exposing, expanding, explaining, expecting
2) connected, filled, restored, treated
3) indicating, arguing, thinking, assume
4) deducted, rejected, confirmed, predicted
Answer: exposing, filled, indicating, confirmed
14)
Interior design is a professionally conducted, practice-based process of planning and realization of interior
spaces and the elements within. Interior design is with the function and operation of the space,

64
its safety and efficiency, its aesthetics and its . The work of an interior designer draws upon
many other , such as environmental psychology, architecture, product design and ,
aesthetics, a wide range of building spaces including hotels, corporate and public spaces,
schools, hospitals, private residences, shopping malls, restaurants, theatres and airport terminals.
1) correlated, concerned, confessed, confused
2) sustainability, number, difference, placement
3) principles, principals, items, disciplines
4) according to, in relation to, including, besides
Answer: concerned, sustainability, disciplines, in relation to
15)
The stock of Australia’s dwellings is , with current homes having more bedrooms on average than
homes ten years ago. At the same time, households are getting smaller on average with decreasing
proportions of couple families with children and couple only and lone person households. This
article the changes in household size and number of bedrooms from 1994-95 to 2003-04.
1) involving, evolving, confirming, demanding
2) feeding, moving, increasing, updating
3) examines, relates, prevents, requires
Answer: evolving, increasing, examines
16)
The narrative of law and order is located fundamentally at the of individual guilt and
responsibility. Criminal acts are seen as individual issues of personal responsibility and , to
which the state responds by way of policing, , adjudication and punishment.
This is but one level at which crime and criminal justice can be analyzed. The problem is that so often
analysis ends there, at the level of individual action in terms of responsibility, guilt, evil.
In few other areas of social life does individualism have this hold? To take but one instance, it would be
absurd to restrict analysis of obesity, to individual greed. It should similarly be widely seen as absurd to
restrict analysis of criminal justice issues to the culpability of individuals.
1) level, stage, phase, pair
2) capability, reliability, culpability, stability
3) course, prosecution, punishment, fin
4) character, characterized, characteristics, characterization
5) instance, exemplify, reason, method
Answer: level, culpability, prosecution, characterized,
17)
Crime prevention has A long history in Australia, and other parts of the world. In all societies, people have
tried to themselves and those close to them from assaults and other abuses. Every time
someone locks the door to their house or their car, they practice a form of prevention. Most parents wants

65
their children to learn to be law and not spend extended periods of their lives in prison. In
this country, at least, most succeed, only a small of young people become recidivist
offenders. In a functioning society, crime is part of everyday life. While prevention can be all-
pervasive at the grassroots, it is oddly neglected in mass media and political discourses. When politicians,
talkback radio hosts and newspaper editorialists pontificate about crime and remedies, it
comparatively rare them to mention prevention. Overwhelmingly, emphasis is on policing, sentencing and
other ‘law and order’ responses.
1) train, protect, persuade, cherish
2) rule, concerning, orders, abiding
3) majority, minority, population, crowd
4) propagation, reduction, prevention, inspissation
5) medical, pervasive, possible, practical
Answer: protect, abiding, minority, prevention, possible
18)
Psychology as a subject of study has largely developed in the West, since the late nineteenth century.
During this period there has been an emphasis on scientific thinking. Because of this emphasis, there have
been many scientific studies in psychology which different aspects of human nature. These
include studies into how biology (physical factors) influence human experience, how people use
their (touch, taste, smell, sight and hearing) to get to know the world, how people develop,
why people behave in certain ways, how memory works, how people develop language, how
people and think about the world, what motivates people, why people have emotions
and how personality develops. These scientific all contribute to an understanding
of human nature.
1) forage, probe, make a tour, explore
2) senses, sensation, sentiment, feeling
3) comprehend, sort out, notice, understand
4) scholarship, investigations, scouting, inquest
Answer: explore, senses, understand, investigations
19)
Climate is the word we for weather over a long period of time. The desert has a dry climate,
because there is very rain. The UK has a ‘temperate climate’ means winters are,
overall, mild and , generally, don’t get too hot.
1) estimates, predict, cares, use
2) torrential, often, little, heavy
3) what, these, which, that
4) summer, winter, desert, dessert
Answer: use, little, which, summers

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20)
We now know through the work of neuroscientists that the human brain is wired to mimic other people,
and this mimicry involves actual , physiological experience in the observer. Human
beings to imitate actions that they see. Physiologically, our brains include mirror neurons,
which react to actions that are seen as if we are doing the action ourselves. It is largely an unconscious and
automatic experience. When we hear people speak, observe their vocal , watch their
posture, gestures, and facial expressions, etc., neural networks in our brains are stimulated by the “shared
representations,” generating feelings within us that reflect the of those we are observing.
1) involuntary, pure, narrative, lively
2) tend, collaborate, accord, reveal
3) nouns, names, nuances, words
4) exercise, experts, experience, expertise
Answer: involuntary, tend, nuances, experience
21)
The overall result of two or more forces on an object is called the resultant force. The
resultant of two forces is a force, which has the same effect as the two forces combined. If two
forces pull an object in opposite , the size of the resultant can be found by subtracting one
force form the other. If the forces are , they balance each other.
1) feeling, filling, acting, puling
2) single, double, pivotal, mechanical
3) views, directions, paths, routes
4) unequal, equal, same, bigger
Answer: acting, single, directions, equal
22)
Differential rates of price change can also shape consumption patterns. To satisfy their and
wants, consumers sometimes choose to substitute on a particular product or service with
spending on an alternative product or service in response to a relative price of the items.
All other factors being equal, consumption expenditure volumes would be expected to rise more strongly
on spending options subject to lower rates of price inflation.
1) needing, needs, works, working
2) spend, spending, spent, spends
3) accessory, movement, acts, regulations
Answer: needs, spending, movement
23)
The logic of the scientific method was set out by John Stuart Mill in 1843, and was named the method
of . A simple example of what he meant by this is to take two glasses of water which
are in every respect. Introduce a few of ink into one of these glasses. The

67
water changes colour! According to Mill’s method of difference it is safe to assume that the change in the
colour of the water is due to the of a new factor – the independent variable – in this case,
the ink.
1) different, difference, differ, differentiation
2) ideal, identical, odd, gradable
3) leak, steam, drops, drain
4) introduction, ration, manipulations, adulation
Answer: difference, identical, drops, introduction
24)
Exposure to gun violence makes adolescents twice as likely to perpetrate violence in the
next two years, according to a University of Michigan . Researchers found there is
a cause and effect relationship between exposure and perpetration of violence. Jeffrey B.
Bingenheimer, a doctoral student in health behavior and health education, analyzed five years
of from adolescents living in 78 neighbourhoods in Chicago. Bingenheimer is lead author on a
paper in this week’s journal Science.
1) serious, beaming, blissful, glowing
2) assement, faculty, collage, study
3) detrimental, inimical, substantial, reproductive
4) figures, digits, data, packages
Answer: serious, study, substantial, data
25)
Attempts to apply psychological theories to education can falter on the translation of the theory into
educational practice. Often, this translation is not clear. , when a program does not succeed, it
is not clear whether the lack of success was due to the inadequacy of the theory or the inadequacy of the
implementation of the theory. A of basic principles for translating a theory practice
can help clarify just what an educational implementation should (and should not) look like. This article
presents 12 principles for translating a tribrachic theory of successful into educational
practice.
1) While, Although, Even though, Therefore
2) package, set, formation, setting
3) into, onto, on, in
4) intelligent, intelligence, integration, interaction
Answer: Therefore, set, into, intelligence
26)
A new interdisciplinary center for the study of the frontiers of the universe, from the tiniest subatomic
particle to the largest chain of galaxies, has been formed at The University of Texas at Austin. The Texas
Cosmology Center will be a way for the university’s departments of Astronomy and Physics to on

68
research that concerns them both. “This center will bring the two departments together in an area where
they overlap –in the physics of the very early universe,” said Dr. Neal Evans, Astronomy Department chair.
Astronomical observations have the presence of dark matter and dark energy, discoveries
that challenge our knowledge of fundamental physics. And today’s leading theories in
physics energies so high that no Earth-bound particle accelerator can test them. They need
the universe as their laboratory _ Dr. Steven Weinberg, Nobel laureate and professor of physics at the
university, called the Centre’s “a very exciting development” for that department.
1) separate, collaborate, participate, cooperative
2) proved, release, revealed, illustrate
3) revealed, introduce, excludes, involve
4) adventure, movement, advent, approach
Answer: collaborate, revealed, involve, advent
27)
The foreign policy of a state, it is often argued, begins and ends with the border. No doubt an
exaggeration, this aphorism nevertheless has an of truth. A state’s relation with its neighbors, at
least in the years, is greatly by its frontier policy, especially when there are no
settled borders. Empire builders in the past sought to extend imperial frontiers for a variety of reasons;
subjugation of kings and princes to gain their (as well as handsome tributes for the coffers of
the state), and, security of the ‘core’ of the empire from external attacks by establishing a string of buffer
states in areas adjoining the frontiers. The history of British empire in India was no different. It is important
to note in this connection that the concept of international boundaries (between two sovereign states),
demarcated and , was yet to emerge in India under Mughal rule.
1) element, exertion, evidence, explanation
2) cultivating, early, formative, developing
3) fame, credit, allegiance, prestige
4) delineated, divided, circled, described
Answer: element, formative, influenced, allegiance, delineated
28)
It would be reassuring to think that the electorate choose who to vote for based on the candidates’ track
records and future policy promises. truth, many of us are swayed simply by the way that politicians
look. Consider a 2009 study that asked Swiss students to look at multiple pairs of unfamiliar French
political candidates and in each case to select the one who looked most competent. Most of the time, the
candidate selected by students looking the most competent was also the one who’d had real life
electoral success, the implication being that voters too had been swayed by the candidates’ appearance
(there’s little evidence that appearance and competence actually . Unsurprisingly, being attractive
also helps win votes, especially in war time (in peace time, looking trustworthy is more of an advantage).
Other research has shown that we’re more likely to vote for male and female candidates
with voices.
1) For, By, In, With
2) as, for, where, since

69
3) corporate, cooperate, correlate, convince
4) deeper, violent, deep, more violent

Answer: In, as, correlate, deeper

29)
Symbiosis is a general term for interactions in which two species live together in a long-
term, association. In everyday life, we sometimes use the term symbiosis to mean a
relationship that both parties. However, in ecologist-speak, symbiosis is a broader concept
and can include , lasting relationships with a variety of positive or negative effects on the
participants.
1) interspecific, international, informal, fundamental
2) intimate, ridiculous, noxious, precious
3) benefits, inspires, motivates, exquisite
4) close, last, new, recent
Answer: interspecific, intimate, benefits, close
30)
English is the world’s language. Such has its downside, of course. There are now about 6,800
languages left in the world, compared with perhaps that number back at the dawn of
agriculture. Thanks in to the rise of über-languages, most importantly English, the remaining
languages are now dying at the of about one a fortnight.
1) dominance, area, field, situation
2) once, representing, duplicating, twice
3) sense, terms, part, relation
4) growth, velocity, rate, development
Answer: dominance, twice, part, rate
31)
With their punk hairstyles and bright colors, marmosets and tamarins are among the most attractive
primates on earth. These fast-moving, lightweight animals live in the rainforests of South America. Their
small size it easy for them to dart about the trees, catching insects and small animals such as
lizards, frogs, and snails. Marmosets have another unusual food —they use their chisel-like
incisor teeth to dig into tree bark and lap up the gummy sap that seeps out, leaving telltale, oval-
shaped in the when they have finished. But as vast tracts of rainforest are cleared for
plantations of cattle ranches marmosets and tamarins are in serious of extinction.
1) brings, makes, takes, claims,
2) originality, provenience, source, origin
3) swell, ramp, holes, bump
4) grasses, branches, trees, roots

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5) fatal, endangered, safe, dander
Answer: makes, source, holes, branches, danger
32)
When our skin is directly to the sun, our bodies make vitamin D, a vital tool that helps with
calcium and building strong bones. Some of it comes from diet, but a good portion also comes
from the sun. And according to the Mayo Clinic, as little as 10 minutes of sun can provide us with
our daily dose. According to the vitamin D council, “your body can produce 10,000 to 25,000 IU of vitamin
D in just a little under the time it takes for your skin to pink.
1) expounded, expostulated, exposed, deposed
2) quantity, absorption, level, degree
3) exposure, extension, radiator, light
4) push, pull turn, ample
Answer: exposed, absorption, exposure, turn
33)
In geologic terms, a plate is a large, rigid slab of solid rock. The word tectonics comes the Greek
root “to build.” Putting these two words together, we get the term plate tectonics, which to how
the Earth’s surface is built of plates. The theory of plate tectonics states that the Earth’s outermost layer
is into a dozen or more large and small plates that are moving to one another as they
ride atop hotter, more mobile material.
1) from, towards, with, for
2) refers, responds, presumes, accords
3) extended, fragmented, exposed, stretched
4) relevant, relative, refer, up
Answer: from, refers, fragmented, relative
34)
Protestors see globalization in a different light than the Treasury Secretary of the United States. The
differences in are so great that one wonders, are the protestors and the policy makers talking
about the same . Are the visions of those in clouded by special and
particular ?
1) idea, concept, views, versions
2) phenomena, incidence, event, scenario
3) politician, power, media, press
4) aim, target, phenomena, interests?
Answer: views, phenomena, power, interests
35)

71
BARRIE FINNIN, a professor at Monash University’s college of pharmacy in Melbourne, and PhD student
Anita Schneider tested a new wrinkle cure. Twice daily, 20 male and female volunteers applied a
liquid containing Myoxinol, a patented of okra (Hibiscus esculents) seed, to one side of
their . On the other side, they applied a similar without Myoxinol. Every week for a
month their wrinkles were tested by self-assessment, photography and the size of depressions made in
silicon moulds. The results were impressive. After a month the and number of wrinkles on the
Myoxinol-treated side were reduced by approximately 27 per cent.
But Finnian’s research, commissioned by a cosmetics company, is unlikely to be published in a
scientific . It’s hard to even find studies that show the active ingredients in cosmetics
penetrate the skin, let alone more comprehensive research on their effects. Even
when studies are commissioned, companies usually control whether the work is published in
the traditional scientific literature.
1) newly, recent, new, recently
2) tinges, extract, taste, branch
3) skin, neck, needs, faces
4) material, liquid, substances, drug
5) height, depth, wide, deep
6) vigorous, rigorous, strenuous, strong
Answer: recently, extract, faces, liquid, depth, journal, rigorous
36)
English has been changing throughout its lifetime and it’s still changing today. For most of us, these
changes are fine as long as they’re well and truly in the past. Paradoxically, we can be about word
origins and the stories behind the structures we find in our language, but we experience a queasy distaste
for any change that might be happening right under our noses. There are even language critics who
are that English is dying, or if not dying at least being progressively through
long years of mistreatment.
1) curious, peculiar, amalgamated, suspicious
2) convinced, dedicated, devoted, irritated
3) crippling, crippled, to cripple, cripple
Answer: curious, convinced, crippled
37)

Pre-Raphaelitism was Britain’s most significant and influential 19th-century art movement.
Founded in 1848, it on a group of three young artists: William Holman Hunt, Dante Gabriel
Rossetti and John Everett Millais. These artists sought to revive English art by radically turning away from
the old studio and bringing painting into direct with nature. With an eye for
absolute , every detail was now to have intense realistic as well as meaning.
1) focused, bases, basis, centered
2) traditional, tradition, conventional, costume,
3) contrast, relation, contact, proximity

72
4) accuracy, intimacy, purity, clarity
5) fake, symbolic, false, facetious
Answer: centered, tradition, contact, accuracy, symbolic
38)
Throughout the 18th century, mathematicians, scientists and philosophers researched, discussed, and
published their investigations into how the world worked, while engineers and inventors developed new
and successful machines and processes. The latest theories greater invention, and more
technology encouraged theoretical scientists to make further in medicine, biology,
mechanics, physics, and chemistry. By 1800, the new machines brought revolutionary changes to
the workplace, transportation and communications, and eventually to the home. Some of these inventions
simply made it easier to produce things on a large scale such as textile machines and
foundries, produced large quantities of cloth and metal objects quickly and cheaply. But
some inventions completely new possibilities such as the first batteries, steamboats, and
locomotives. It would take decades for some of these inventions to a big impact on the
world their creation, and the amount of imagination and risk-taking
involved, the beginning of a modern, global, technologically based economy of the kind
that we live today.
1) inspired, implemented, inaugurated, intensified
2) exploration, scrutiny, findings, discoveries
3) have, has, had, have been
4) so, thus, hence, which
5) began, provide, brought, enhance
6) produce, define, imply, make
7) However, Moreover, Yet, In addition
8) little, sheer, gradual, mesmerizing
9) marked, commenced, points, marched
10) about, inside, in, on
Answer: inspired, discoveries, had, which, brought, make , Yet, sheer, marked , In
39)
This course provides students with an understanding of the exciting disciplines of politics and
international relations and commerce. Students will learn about the of political institutions in
countries around the world and the complex field of relations between nations. Topics in
governance, public policy, public administration, national security, border control and commerce ensure
that students receive a and current education in the range of issues which are covered under
the label of politics and international relations and commerce. Bachelor of Commerce
students in one of the following areas Accounting, Banking & Financial Services, Business
Administration, Economics, Financial Planning, Human Resource Management, Information Systems,
International Business, Marketing Management, Public Sector Management, or Tourism Management. In
addition to acquiring specialist knowledge and competencies in Politics and International Relations and

73
Commerce, students will with a range of generic skills such as critical thinking, enhanced
communication abilities, problem solving and. capacities to work with others. They will also
develop ethically based and socially attitudes and behaviors.
1) enriched, adaptable, in-depth, envisaged
2) project, working, relationship, impact
3) explore, comprehend, prefer, study
4) significant, broad, credible, magnificent
5) march, specialize, cooperate, learn
6) publish, success, proceed, graduate
7) strong, sociable, social, exceptional
8) awkward, accepted, responsible, despised
Answer: in-depth, workings , explore , broad , specialize , graduate , strong , responsible
40)
Forces of globalization have acted on education internationally, creating greater standardization in norms
of teaching and learning. There has always been similarity between schools across context: the
curriculum, for example has been shown between language, mathematics, science and the arts
in a comparable way in schools around the world. Likewise, school buildings in terms of their architecture
share remarkable similarities internationally, of shared pattems of teaching and learning
(although facilities and resources differ significantly.) In recent years, globalization has created increased
opportunities for the 'borrowing' of education policy and practice, and further uniformity
across national contexts. has the internationalization of education been more apparent
than in the higher education sector. The move to the internationalization of higher-education policy and
practice by increased student mobility, and the desire of universities to attract
students from overseas.
1) considerable, countable, unforeseeable, unstable
2) being divided, to divide, to be dividing, to be divided
3) for a result, without a result, as a result, resulted as
4) duplicated, exempted, generated, dispensed
5) anywhere, Somewhere, Everywhere, Nowhere
6) was initially driving, had initially driven, was initially driven, initially drove
Answer: considerable, to be divided, as a result, generated, nowhere, was initially, driven
41)
Mechanical engineering was at the heart of Taylor’s theorizing. Providing the context for its development,
the world view by which it was sustained and, finally, the justification for its widespread application.
Scientific management aimed to analyses and control the activities of people
engineers analyzed and controlled machnies. Central Taylor’s system was the desire
and standardize production techniques in the interests of economy, efficiency and mutual prosperity. His

74
primary point of interest was the individual worker individual goals and motivated by
incentive payments. Taylor’s view of human motivation was somewhat simplistic and his
apprehension of the significance of groups limited and generally negative.
1) in the same way which, as far as which is concerned, to some extent in which, in the same way that.
2) around, within, to, from
3) of rationalized, on rationalized, with rationalize, to rationalize
4) purchasing, purging, pursuing, pending
5) Unnecessarily, Undoubtedly, Undesirably, Unthinkably
Answer: in the same way that, to, to rationalize, Undoubtedly, pursuing
42)
A mini helicopter modelled on flying tree seed could soon be flying overhead. Evan Ulrich and colleagues at
the University of Maryland in College Park the biological world for inspiration to build a scaled-
down helicopter that could mimic the properties of full-size aircraft. The complex of full-size
helicopter gets less efficient when shrunk, meaning that satandard mini helicopters expend most of their
power simply fighting of stay stable in the air. The researchers realized that a simpler aircraft designed to
stay stable passively would use much less power and reduce manufacturing cost to boot. It turns out that
nature them to it. The seeds of threes such as the maple have a single-blade structure that
them to fly away and drift safely to the ground. These seeds, known as samaras, need no
engine to through the air, thanks to a process called autorotation. By analyzing the behavior
of the samara with high-speed cameras, Ulrich and his team were able to copy its design.
1) turned to, turned for, turned in, turned out
2) overhaul, design, imagination, gauge
3) has beaten, was beaten, had beaten, beaten
4) charges, allows, pushes, hampers
5) spin, fluctuate, drift, bob
Answer: 1. Turned, 2. Design, 3. Beaten, 4. Allows, 5. Spin
43)
Underground houses have many advantages over conventional housing. Unlike conventional homes, they
can be built on surfaces and can maximize space in small areas by going below the surface.
In addition, the materials excavated in construction can be used in the building process. Underground
houses have less surface3 area so fewer building materials are used, and - costs are lower. They
are also wind. Fire, and earthquake resistant, providing a secure and safe environment in extreme
weather. One of the greatest benefits of underground living is energy The earth’s subsurface
temperature remains stable, so underground dwellings benefit from geothermal mass and heat exchange,
staying cool in the summer and warm in the winter. This saves around 80% in energy costs. By
solar design this energy bill to zero, providing hot water and heat to the home all year round.
1) geometric, Flat, overhead, steep
2) heating, buoyancy, maintenance, facility

75
3) ratio, consistency, efficiency, renewal
4) intriguing, initiating, incorporating, inventing
5) has reduced, can be reduced, can reduce, has been reduced
Answer: 1. Steep, 2. Maintenance, 3, efficiency, 4. Incorporating, 5. Can be reduced

76
Reorder Paragraph:
1)
A) It’s often said that ants can predict impending rain and respond by changing bebavior.
B) But is there any scientific evidence to support this piece of folk wisdom?
C) Some people say that if you see ants building their mounds higher, or building them from different
materials, this might signal the coming of rain.
D) The short answer is “no”, although it is a difficult question answer partly because of the sheer diversity
of ants- there are 13,000 named species on the planet!
Answer: ACBD
2)

A) The results of this comprehensive analysis have been published in Science.

B) They have spent the past three years crunching all the numbers they could lay their hands on.
C) These ranged from the courrent UN Food and Agriculture Organization’s database to information
hundreds of year old, glened from kitchen records and archeology.
D) In order to establish whether diversity matters in the sea as well as on land, 11 marine biologist, along
with economists, have joined forces.
Answer: DBCA
3)
A) However, any employee who wants to acquire more varied and responsible duties will not feel satisfied
for long staying with the same and boring job.
B) Numbers of staff who wish to turn up and do a simple job and go home is relatively happy if they belive
their work is secure.
C) If this opportunity does not exist, they are most likely to be demotiveated.
D) People want ot keep working hard only if ther are opportunities for promotion to a more challenging
jon.
Answer: BADC
4)
A) As a result, they lack the coping strategies that many adults have.
B) In particular, they lack the verbal skills to express their emotions and to effectively communicate their
need for emotional support.
C) Many young children are inexperienced in dealing with emotional upheaval.
D) The frustration of not being able to effectively communicate may manifest itself in alternative behavors.
E) Morevoer, such behaviours may risk developing behavioural, social and emotional problems.
Answer: CABDE

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5)
A) But with opportunity comes responsibility.
B) That menas it’s up to you to carve out your place in the world and know when to change course.
C) Companies today aren’t managing their knowledge of workers’ careers.
D) We live in an age of unprecedented opportunity: ambition, drive, and talent, you can rise to the top of
your chosen profession regardless of where you started out.
E) Instead, you must be your own Chief Exeutive Officer.
Answer: DACEB
6)
A) But this does not mean that death was the Egyptians' only preoccupation.
B) We know infinitely more about the wealthy people of Egypt than we do about the ordinary people, as
almost all the monuments were made for the rich and influential.
C) Houses in which ordinary Egyptians lived have not been preserved, and when most people died they
were buried in simple graves with few funerary goods.
D) Most of our traditional sources of information about the Old Kingdom are those concerned with death
and the rituals surrounding death: these include pyramids, tombs and graves, but also statues, reliefs and
paintings.
E) Even papyri come mainly from pyramid temples.
Answer: BCDEA
7)
A) Unless they are licensed or authorised to do so under the Poisons and Therapeutic Goods Regulation
1001, no one may supply these Schedule 1 substances.
B) A person or company located in New South Wales may not supply by wholesales any substance which is
for their therapeutic use and included in Schedule 2 of the Poisons List.
C) Additionally, wholesales have an obligation to ensure that the persons or companies they supply are
licensed or authorised, to obtain, use. supply or possess the substance.
D) Any breach of these regulations will result in immediate termination employment.
Answer: BACD
8)
A) In Montana as elsewhere, companies that have acquired older mines respond to demands to pay for
cleanup in either of two ways.
B) If the company is so large that it cannot claim that it would be bankrupted by cleanup costs (as in the
case of ARCO that I shall discuss below), the company instead denies its responsibility or else seeks to
minimize the costs.

78
C) Especially if the company is small, its owners may declare the company bankrupt, in some cases conceal
its assets, and transfer their business efforts to other companies or to new companies that do not bear
responsibility for cleanup at the old mine.
D) In either case, either the mine site and areas downstream of it remain toxic, thereby endangering
people, or else the U.S. federal government and the Montana state government (hence ultimately all
taxpayers) pay for the cleanup through the federal Superfund and a corresponding Montana state fund.
Answer: ACBD
9)
A) Experts especially journalists, inevitably find it difficult to be objective because of their culture
background.
B) Some aspects are not included in the reporting.
C) However, including every aspect of an issue is as easy as calling for every candidate to participate in
presidential debate.
D) Journalists tried their best not to be biased.
Answer: ADCB
10)
A) The challenge didn't deter IU students, who persuaded the IT Services department to launch its
Electronic Waste Collection Days program.
B) On numerous dates throughout the year, students, faculty, and staff can drop off their old equipment to
be completely recycled nothing ends up in a landfill.
C) Collection days netted more than 650,000 pounds of waste in 2010.
D) Recycling electronic waste such as old computers, TVs, and monitors is a daunting challenge considering
how much technology we all use today.
Answer: DABC
11) Palaus
A) They collected the results from 116 scientific studies, 22 of which looked at structural changes in the
brain and 100 of which looked at changes in brain functionality and or behavior.
B) Palaus and his colleagues wanted to see if any trends had emerged from the research to date
concerning how video games affect the structure and activity of our brains.
C) For example, playing video games affects our attention, and some studies found that gamers show
improvements in several types of attention, such as sustained attention or selective attention.
D) The studies show that playing video games can change how our brains perform, and even their
structure.
Answer: BADC
12)

A) Americans captured nine out of 12 track and field events, but Greece won most medals with 47.

79
B) The first Modern Olympics were held two years later in Athens, where 245 athletes from 14 nations
competed in the ancient Panathenaic stadium to large and ardent crowds.
C) The idea was enthusiastically received and the Modern Olympics were born.
D) The original Olympic Games were celebrated by the Greeks as a religious festival from 776 B.C. until A.D.
393 when Roman emperor Theodosius I banned all pagan festivals (the Olympics celebrated the Greek god
Zeus).
E) On June 23, 1894, French educator Baron Pierre de Coubertin, speaking at the Sorbonne in Paris to a
gathering of international sports leaders, proposed that the ancient games be revived on an international
scale.
Answer: DECBA
13)
A) These include Commitment devices, where we make it very unattractive to not follow through on an
intention.
B) Perhaps most importantly, we look to the field of behavioral science for strategies that people can use
to overcome those hurdles and to initiate lifestyle changes.
C) Changing existing behavior can be a difficult task, but with the help of these strategies new behaviors
can become habitual, facilitating a long-term sustained healthy lifestyle
D) In 'Easier Said than Done', we set out some of the reasons why we might find it hard to live in a healthy
way, exercising, eating well, getting adequate sleep, and checking for early warning symptoms.
Answer: DBAC
14)

A) Sea level raise led to 36 thousand people died every year.

B) This number can be raised if sea level ceaseless goes up, scientists notified.
C) If sea level raises 1 meter, 168 million people will die all around the world.
D) According to the research, if sea level raises 50 centimeters, 86 million people will die.
Answer: ABDC
15)
A) Much fishing takes place unobserved, far from land, and once the boats move on, they leave behind few
visible traces of their activity.
B) But this week, the journal Science published some remarkable maps that help fill that gap.
C) The fishing industry has long been hard to monitor. Its global footprint is difficult even to visualize.
D) John Amos, president of an organization called SkyTruth, which helped produce them, issued a
statement calling the maps "a stunning illustration of the vast scope of exploitation of the ocean.
Answer: CABD

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16)
A) The main development has been carried out by M. Schwarlschild and his team at Princeton University in
the United States in collaboration with the United States Navy.
B) The stratoscope' flights of 1959, concerned mainly with studies of the Sun, were remarkably successful.
C) Yet there is little resemblance between these crude vehicles and a modern scientific balloon, which has
by now become an important tool.
D) Hot-air balloons date back to the year 1783. and within a few months of the first flight a French
scientist, Charles, went up two miles in a free balloon.
Answer: DCAB
17)
A) Mars is too dny and poor in oxygen, Venus far too hot, and so is Mercury, and the outer planets have
temperatures near absolute zero and hydrogen-dominated atmospheres.
B) So the number of stars that we know exist is estimated at about 300 million million million.
C) But other suns, stars as the astronomers call them, are bound to have planets like our own, and as the
number of stars in the universe is so vast, this possibility becomes virtual certainty.
D) Of all the planets in our solar system we are now pretty certain the Earth is the only one on which life
can survive.
E) There are one hundred thousand million stars in our own Milky Way alone, and then there are three
thousand million other Milky Ways, or Galaxies, in universe.
Answer: DACEB
18)
A) More likely, Ford Consul will be hub to hub with Renault or Mecedes, but rarely with bicycles made for
two.
B) That the equipment of modern camping becomes yearly more sophisticated is an entertaining paradox
for the cynic, a brighter promise for the hopeful traveler who has sworn to get away from it all.
C) Economy is one powerful motive for camping, since after the initial outlay upon equipment, or through
hiring it, the total expense can be far less than the cost of hotels.
D) But, contrary to a popular assumption, it is far from being the only one, or even the greatest.'
E) The man who manoeuvres carelessly into his five shillings worth of space at one of Europe's myriad
permanent sites may find himself bumping a Bentley.
Answer: CDEAB
19)
A) First seen by government scientists in 1928, Illacme plenipes, the acme of plentiful legs', keeps such a
low profile that for the rest of the 20th century the species was thought to be extinct.
B) For one thing, females have to up to 750 legs and males have more than 550.

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C) Marek and colleagues' new paper, published Wednesday by the journal Zookeys, others the first
scientific description of Illacme plenipes, including insights into its strange anatomy.
D) The leggiest creature on Earth lives in California: its a three-centimeter-long (1.2 inch) millipede with
750 legs.
E) Then University of Arizona entomologist Paul Marek spied one near Silicon Valley.
Answer: DAECB
20)
A) Whether this will change is a point of contention for the industry.
B) This is in order to ensure that the technology only serves to enable the athletes to reach their full
physical potential and not to enhance their performance.
C) An effective way to control joints is with electronic systems that move in response to sensors within the
prosthesis, and bionic limbs are already helping disabled people to lead more active lives than ever before.
D) When it comes to competitive sport, however, this technology poses a problem as the paralympics
currently prohibits prostheses that move artificially.
Answer: CDBA
21)
A) For example, psychologist Gayle Delaney told of a woman who dreamed she was swimming underwater.
B) one explanation of dreams holds that they reflect the ongoing conscious preoccupations of waking life,
such as concerns onver health.
C) To Delaney, the message wa obvious: the woman was “drowning’ under the responsibilities of child
care, and her husband wasn’t “getting the picture”.
D) The woman’s eight-year-old son was on her back, his head above water. Her husband was supposed to
take pictures, but wasn’t and she was starting to feel she was going to drown.
E) In this approach to dreaming, the symbols in a dream do not disguise its true meaning; they convey it.
Answer: BADCE
22)
A) At that time additivies could reduce the noise but none effectively got rid of it, until Midgley realised
that adding lead to petrol solved the problem completely.
B) Thomas Midgley started his career working on a major problem of the day, called ‘engine knock’, where
fuel burnt in an uncontrolled explosion.
C) These two chemicals gradually ate away at the atmosphere and poisoned millions of people’s health for
50 years until their true impact was finally ifentified.
D) He then turned to refrigeratours and was asked to work on safer alternatives to the toxic cooling
chemicals used at that time, coming up with CFC gas as a solution.
Answer: BADC
23)

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A) He began by taking DNA samples but found that they all had a very different genetic make-up.
B) So he then looked at the East African way of life and found that as Children, 68 percent of all top
Ethiopiann or Kenyan runners ran, rather than walked, to school and back home, from the age of live
onwards.
C) Dr Pitsiladis has spent years trying to identify why Ethiopian runners from the mountain region are so
successful.
D) He tested those children and found that their bodies processed oxygen more efficiently than many adult
elite athletes in Britain.
E) From this he concluded that there was nothing that could be identified genetically as East African.
Answer: CAEBD
24)
A) So a made-up word or compound word can bea good idea.
B) However, if your brand name reflects key benefit of your service, such as ‘Rental’, then you may want to
consider translating it for other markets.
C) In other word, it’s the one that’s simple, easy to pronounce and has no particular meaning.
D) Ideally, the brand name you choose should be one that doesn’t require translation.
Answer: DCAB
25)
A) The shipping system required many changes and other technical innovations before the containers
could be used.
B) This situation caused delays and created opportunities for damage that were only reduced when the
shipping container was invented.
C) 60 years ago, when businesses did not think of the distribution of goods as a single process, someone
had to physically transfer every box each time goods were moved from one transport to another.
D) It was also necessary to build new roads and rail lines, requiring companies to invest millions.
E) While this invention promised companies a lot of benefits, there were many difficulties at first.
Answer: CBEAD
26)
A) In some countries where racial prejudice is acute, violence has so come to be taken for granted as a
means of solving differences, that it is not even questioned.
B) There are countries where the white man imposes his rule by brute force; there are countries where the
black man protests by setting fire to cities and by looting and pillaging.
C) What is really frightening, what really fills you with despair, is the realization that when it comes to the
crunch, we have made no actual progress at all.
D) We may wear collars and ties instead of war-paint, but our instincts remain basically unchanged.

83
E) Important people on both sides, who would in other respects appear to be reasonable men, get up and
calmly argue in favor of violence — as if it were a legitimate solution, like any other.
Answer: ABECD
27)
A) For him traveling and arriving are one and the same thing: he arrives somewhere with every step he
makes. He experiences the present moment with his eyes, his ears and the whole of his body.
B) The traveler on foot, on the other hand, lives constantly in the present.
C) But actual arrival, when it is achieved, is meaningless. You want to move on again.
D) When you travel at high speeds, the present means nothing: you live mainly in the future because you
spend most of your time looking forward to arriving at some other place.
E) By traveling like this, you suspend all experience; the present ceases to be a reality: you might just as
well be dead.
Answer: DCEBA
28)
A) Men and women moved about in cars, buses and trains from a very early age. There were lifts and
escalators in all large buildings to prevent people from walking.
B) Histories of the time will go something like this: 'in the twentieth century, people forgot how to use
their legs.
C) This situation was forced upon earth dwellers of that time because of their extraordinary way of life.
D) When the time comes for anthropologists to turn their attention to the twentieth century, they will
surely choose the label 'Legless Man'.
E) The past ages of man have all been carefully labeled by anthropologists. Descriptions like 'Paleolithic
Man', 'Neolithic Man', etc., neatly sum up whole periods.
Answer: EDBAC
29)
A) Advertisements introduce us to new products or remind us of the existence of ones we already know
about.
B) It is hardly possible not to read advertisements these days.
C) Supposing you wanted to buy a washing machine, it is more than likely you would obtain details
regarding performance, price, etc., from an advertisement.
D) Lots of people pretend that they never read advertisements, but this claim may be seriously doubted.
Answer: ACDB
30)
A) Since it touches almost every facet of our life, educated people need at least some acquaintance with its
structure and operation.

84
B) Science is a dominant theme in our culture.
C) An understanding of general characteristics of science as well as specific scientific concepts is easier to
attain if one knows something about the things that excite and frustrate the scientist.
D) They should also have an understanding of the subculture in which scientists live and the kinds of
people they are.
Answer: BADC
31)

A) Mysticism touches almost every aspect of life in lndonesia and business is no exception.
B) One of the mediators said his weekly meditation sessions are aimed mainly at bringing the peace of
mind that makes for good decision-making.
C) But instead of consulting files or hearing reports, they closed their eyes and began to meditate,
consulting the spirits of ancient jacanese kings.
D) But the insight gained from mystic communication with spirits of wise kings has also helped boost the
profits of his five companies.
E) Six men, neatly dressed in white shirts and ties filed into the boardroom of a small Jakarta compant and
sat down at a long table.
Answer: ECABD
32)
A) Some have placed the dropouts loss as high as 50 percent.
B) The extent of the loss was, however, largely a matter of expert guessing. Last week a well-rounded study
was published.
C) Educators are seriously concerned about the high rate of dropouts among the doctor of philosophy
candidates and the consequent loss of talent to a nation in need of Ph. D. s.
D) It was published. It was based on 22,000 questionnaires sent to former graduate students who were
enrolled in 24 universitites and it seemed to show many past fears to be groundless.
Answer: CABD
33)
A) A large number of once fatal illnesses can now be cured by modern drugs and surgery. It is almost
certain that one day remedies will be found for the most stubborn remaining diseases.
B) The expectation of life has increased enormously.
C) Man versus the motor-car! It a never-ending battle which man is losing.
D) From the health point of view we are living in a marvellous age. We are immunized from birth against
many of the most dangerous diseases.
E) But though the possibility of living a long and happy life is greater than ever befor, every day we wirness
the incredible slaughter of men, women and children on the roads.
Answer: DABEC

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34)
A) Mass transportation revised the social and economic fabric of the American city in three fundamental
ways.
B) The new accessibility of land around the periphery of almost every major city sparked an explosion of
real estate development and fuelled what we now know as urban sprawl.
C) Now those who could afford it could live far removed from the old city center and still commute there
for work, shopping, and entertainment.
D) In 1850, for example, the borders of Boston lay scarcely two miles from the old business district; by the
truen of the century the radius extended ten miles.
E) It catalysed phusical expansion, it sorted out people and land used, and it accelerated the inherent
instability of urban life. By opeining vast vreas of unoccupied land for residential expansion, the
omnibuses, hores railways, commuter trains, and electric trolleys pulled settled regions outward two to
four times more distant form city centers than they were in the pri-modern era.
Answer: AEDCB
35)
A) He is determined to take her to the best restaurant in town, even if it menas that the will have to lvie on
memories and hopes during the month to come.
B) Here’s a familiar version of the boy-meets-girl situation.
C) When they get to the restaurant, he discovers that this ethereal creature is on a diet. She mustn’t eat
this and she mustn’t that.
D) A young man has at last plucked up courage to invite a dazzling young lady out to dinner. She has
accepted his invitation and he is overjoyed.
E) Oh, but of course, she doesn’t want to spoil his enjoyment. Let him by all means eat as much fatterning
food as he wants: it’s the surest way to an early grave. They spend a truly memorable evening together
and never see each other again.
Answer: BDACE
36)
A) This is necessary to reverse economic slide into unemployment, lack of growth, and trade deficits that
have plagued the economy for the past six years.
B) The most liberal wing of the President’s party has called for stronger and more direct action.
C) It provides a coordinated program of investment credits, research grants, education reforms, and
changes designed to make American industry more competitive.
D) They want an incomes policy to check inflation federal financing helps rebuild industry behing a wall of
protective tariffs.
E) President Arling has put his long awaited economic restructuring program before the Congress.
Answer: ECABD

86
37)
A) A mule probably will not even know the name of the person who give him his instructions, nor how to
get in touch with him. Uauslly he even does not know the person to whom he has to make delivery.
B) To make identication of mules easier, several syndicates have devised their own “club ties” so that a
mule wearing one can immediately be picked out.
C) Although the top men in smuggling business must work together, most of a syndicate’s small fry,
especially the mules, know only their immediate contacts. If caught there is little they can give away.
D) He will be told just to sit tight in a certain hotel or bar until someone contacts him. In this way if he is
blown, coming through airport customs. He cannot unwittingly lead agents to the next link in the chain.
E) All the persons at the receiving end do is to hang around the airport among the waiting crows, and see
that the mule comes through safely, if he does not, he is dimply written off as a loss.
Answer: CADEB
38)
A) We even used to read books and listen to music and broadcast talks occasionally, All that belongs to the
past. Now all our free time is regulated by the goggle box. We rush home or gulp down our meals to be in
time for this or that programme.
B) Whole generations are growing up addicted to the telly. Food is left uneaten, homework undone and
sleep is lost.
C) We have even given up sitting at table and having a leisurely evening meal, exchanging the news of the
day. A sandwich and a glass of beer will do-anthing, providing it don’t interfere with the programme. The
mosster demands and obtains absolute silence and attention.
D) Television hasn’t been with us all that long, but we are already beginning to forget what the world was
like wihout it. Before we admitted the one-eyed monster into our homes, we never found it difficult to
occupy our spare time. We used to enjoy civilized pleasures. For instance, we used to have hobbies, we
used to entertain our frineds and be entertained by them, we used to go outside for our amusements to
theatres, cinemas, restaurants and sporting events.
E) If any member of the family dares to open his mouth during a programme, he is quickly silenced.
Answer: DACEB
39)
A) It is mainly due to the quality of the fabric which effectively salt water, sunshine and cold winds.
B) Traditionally they are navy blue and they ar basically square in shape, without a curved armhole or inset
sleeve.
C) Fishermen’s knitted jerseys have always been recognizable in Britain by their colour and their shape.
D) This continuing popularity cannot just be put down to a fondness for tradition.
E) The navy jerseys are still a familiar sight on any quay or harbour in the land.
Answer: CBEDA

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40)
A) The fear of criticism from colleagues, friends and family is the main factor that obstructs a change in
their employment situation.
B) However, most of these workers would not consider career alternatives.
C) It seems that the lack of psychological reward is the reason for their dissatisfaction.
D) Despite the financial stability a high salary brings, research has shown that the majority of top earners
are not happy their jobs.
E) Interestingly, it is not the risk a decrease in salary which prevents this move.
Answer: DCBEA
41)

A) One such example is a solar panel which could charge an LED lamp to create hours of light each day.
B) In addition to being fairly costly, these create smoke pollution and carbon emissions.
C) Therefore, alternatives are being investgated.
D) A result of not being connected to the electricity grid in rural areas of some countries means people
light their homes using kerosene lamps.
Answer: DBCA
42)
A) Only four years later did football become an official competition at the Games. At this stage it was, of
course, for amateurs only.
B) Ironically, the first tournament was won by an amateur team from the north- cast of England, who had
been especially invited after the British Football Association refused to be associated with the competition.
C) The first international football match was played in 1872 between England and Scotland, when football,
was rarely played anywhere outside Great Britain.
D) As an alternative, Sir Thomas Lipton decided to organize an event for professionals. Often described as
The First World Cup, it took place in Turin in 1909 and featured the most prestigious professional cluds
from ltaly, Germany and Switzerland.
E) However, as football increased in popularity, it was admitted to the Olympics Tm in 1900 and 1904, but
only as a sideshow and not in the competition medars.
Answer: CEADB
43)
A) Between May and August 1783, twi vikcanic eruptions had occurred, one in lceland and one in japan.
The northern hemisphere had been covered in a “great fog”.
B) A year earlier, a volcano had erupted in indonesia, sending up vast quantities of fine volcanic dust into
the atmosphere. Circling the Earth, the dust reflected sunlight back into space.
C) This, of course, was an extraordinary event In fact, it is considered one of the most catastrophic global
events in recorded history. But something like it had happened before, and within living memory.

88
D) The Earth literally darkened temperatures dropped. Throughout western Europe and North America
crips failed, and cattle died. A large portion of the world lay under a huge volcanic cloud.
E) In the spring of 1816, the weather suddenly changed. The unseasonably warm spring turned cold and
people were forced indoors by continual rain. The skies darkened and there was no summer.
Answer: EBDCA
44)
A) By 1817, trousers were shoe-lengh, Popular with the king, they becoame accepted as standard daywear
by 1825 and were worn with a waistcoat and, by day, a frock coat, but with a tailcoat in the evening.
B) Jakets didn’t become fashionable for casual wear until the 1850s. The jacket was derived from the short
jacket worn by boys and working men, and in the age of mass-production andready-made suits, its simple
style was easier to produce than the tailored coat.
C) It was Ceorge “Beau” Brummell, the champion of simple English style, who started a trend for wearing
tight black trousers in the early 1800s.
D) The favorite patterns for trousers were strong plaids, stripes and checks. The loose straight cut came in
about the 1860s, and front creases in the 1880s. By the trun of the century, They had become the common
way to dress.
Answer: CADB
45)
A) In the late 18th century, groups of skilled workers began to control the hiring of apprentices, and
bargained with employers for better working conditions, but as the movement grew, these trade unions
tried to find ways of creating an alliance among themselves.
B) The first meeting of the Trades Union Congress look place in Manchester, at which-four delegates
represented well over a hundred thousand trade union meembers.
C) Trade unions were legalized in an Act of 1871, and by the end of the century more than one and a half
million workers were members. Conditions for workers slowly improved over the years, but it wasn’t until
1974 that legistlation covering the health and safety of all employees was introduced.
D) Until the 19th century, workers were given little or no protection. Child labor was common, as were
long hours worked in undsafe conditions for minimal pay.
Answer: DABC
46)
A) At the turn o the 19th century, however, only a relatively small sector of the British economy had been
directly affected by the industrial Revolution.
B) For each of the three major counties of western Europe-Britain, Erance, and Germany- the closing
decades of the 18th century were years of increasing economic prosperity, and the pace of economic
development in Britain far outdid that the others.
C) It would be a mistake to call the other two countries underdeveloped – in terms cultural achievement,
especially literature, art, and philiosophy, they outstripped Britain – but they legged behing in terms of
economic development.

89
D) Even two decades later, the picture was little different, except that cotton had become the country’s
leading manufacturing industry. It was not until the middle of the century that it could be properly
described as an industrial society.
Answer: BADC
47)
A) Habeas Corpus, a law by which a prisoner could demand to be brought before the courts and have his
casr heard, was a well-established right in England but the authorities had found a number of ways of
getting rounf its use wherer political prisoners were concerned.
B) The new act put a stop to such abuses and deprived the executive powers it might have used to support
oppressive and arbitrary government.
C) In 1679, what became known as the first Exclusionist Parliament passed at least one useful piece of
legislation: on the day parliament was suspended, the King gave his assent to a Habeas Corpus Act.
D) James Harrington, the philosopher, is a good example, When his sisters applied for abeas corpus. He
was taken from the Tower of London to a barren island where habeas corpus could not be imposed.
Answer: CADB
48)
A) False memories are constructed by combining actual memories with the content of suggestions received
from others.
B) During the process, individuals may forget the source of the information.
C) This is a classic example of source confusion, in which the content and the source become dissociated.
D) Of course, because we can implant false childhood memories in some individuals in no way implies that
all memories that arise after suggestion are necessarily false.
E) Put another way, although experimental work on the creation of false memories may raise doubt about
the validity of ling-buried memories. Such as repeated trauma, it in no way disproves them.
Answer: ABCDE
49)
A) Normally in Delhi, septemer is a month of alomost equatiorial fertility and and the land seems refreshed
and newly-washed.
B) Nevertheless the air was still sticky with damp-heat, and it was in a cloud of perspiration that we began
to unpack.
C) But in the year of our arrival, after a parching summer, the rains had lasted for only three weeks,
D) As a result dust was everywhere and the city’s trees and flowers all looked as if they ahd been lightly
sprinkled with talcum powder.
Answer: ACDB

90
50)
A) This presents a challenge to internet search companies, which have built a multibillion dollar industry
out of targeted advertising based on the information users reveal about themselves online.
B) However, that may be changing.
C) In the lobby of an internet search engine company’s headquarters in California, computer screens
display lists of the words being entered into the company’s search engine.
D) Over the past year, a series of privacy gaffes and government attempts to gain access to internet users’
online histories have, along with consolidation among online search and advertising groups, thrust the
issur of internet privacy into the spotlight.
E) Althought it says the system is designed to filter out any scandalous or potentially compromising
queries, the fact that even a fraction of searches can be seen by visitors to the world’s biggest search
company is likely to come as a shock to internet users who think of web browsing as a private affair.
F) people generally belive that using a search engine is the equivalent of taling to a privacy may be at risk.
Answer: CEFBDA

51)
A) One of the Tibetan names for this mountain translates as” Mountain So High That No Bird Can Fly Over
It”. It was first measured in 1852 and was called Peak XV until 1865, when it was named after the British
Surveyor of Inida, Sir George Everest.
B) About 200 million years ago, the India subcontinent broke away from a vast southern super- continent
called Gondwanaland. It drifted northeast across the sea and collided with the Asian Landmass. These two
huge landmasses buckled, rather like cars in a head-on collision, and rose up to from the world’s tallest
mountain.
C) Mapping the Himalayas and Everest wasn’t easy. Foreigners were not welcome, so Himalayan traders
were recruited to infiltreate the area and gather enough information to allow accurate maps to be made.
D) Fossilized fish remains have been found high up on the slopes of Everest proving that that world’s
highest mountain once lay at the bottom of the sea. How did this happen?
Answer: DBAC
52)
A) Liberal’s mayor, Joe Denoyer, who was raised in a Democratic family near Chicago and moved to Liberal
in search of work.
B) Liberal is conservative in a moderate Midwestern kind of way which is changing feast fue to big National
Beef Packing plant which relies on Hispanic migrants, and four- fifths of the children in Liberal’s public-
school system are Hispanic.
C) The town of Liberal is said to have been named for an early settler famous among travellers for being
free with drinking water.
D) Mr. denoyer voted for Mr. Trump by being impressed by his promise, though he thinks it unlikely that
the president will keep his promises.

91
E) This should make the town receptive to Democrats, but Mr. Trump easily won the county of which it
forms a part.
Answer: CBEAD
53)
A) The BCGI (Botanical Gardens Conservation International), A charity that compiled the list of trees on the
basis of data gathered from its network of 500 members organizations.
B) The researchers claim to have collected information over a period of two years from sources including
over 500 published conternts and 80 experts in t he BCGI’s network.
C) A recent research has reveraled that more than 60,000 species of trees are available globally.
D) The data will be kept updated with the discovery of new species or the extinction of some, said the
researchers.
E) All the data required for the world’s trees is now available in one database, thanks to Global tree search.
Answer: CABDE
54)

A) Eventually whole societies existed that seemed to do little else.

B) He (or very possibly she) took one stone and carefully used it to shape another.
C) It was so superior to existing tools that soon others were following the inventor’s lead and making hand-
axes of their own.
D) The result was a simple teardrop-shaped hand-axe, but it was the world’s first piece of advanced
technology.
E) Sometime about a million and a half years ago, some forgotten genius of the hominid world did an
unexpected thing.
Answer: EBDCA
55)
A) “When you look from the east portal, the cutting provides a lovely V-shape,” communications manager
Paul Gentleman told the Guardian.
B) The question was this: did the railway’s creator, lsambard Kingdom Brunel, really have the tunnel carved
in such a way that when the sun rose on his birthday—April 9th—it world be flooded with light?
C) While the west side’s view wasn’t quite so impressive, the engineers generously chalked that to
centuries of dirt and grime.
D) This past Sunday, April 9th, the railway’s current engineers decide to test the rumor once and for all.
They weren’t disappointed.
E) Railway, in the 1 840s, intrigue has swirled around the Box Tunnel, a long steep bypass near Bath,
England.
Answer: EBDAC

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56)
A) Young children don’t possess these qualities and are easily angered, cry frequently and are incapable of
understanding the external difficulties facing the community, such as shortages of food.
B) Jean Briggs has worked with the lnuit of the Canadian Arctic and has described how, within these
communities, growing up is largely seen as a process of acquiring thought, reason and understanding
(know in lnuit as ihuman).
C) It only when they are older and beging to acquire thought that parents attempt to teach them or
discipline them.
D) Because they can’t be reasoned with, and don’t understand parents treat them with a great deal of
tolerance and leniency.
Answer: BADC
57)
A) Earlier this year, researchers from Duke University went to Gabon to monitor that country’s dwindling
elephant population. They took along three drones, which they planned to use to count the elephants,
follow their herds, and map their migrations.
B) The elephants reacted so strongly, the researchers believe, because drones, it turns out, sound a lot like
bees. And elephantsdo not like bees. At all.
C) The elephants noticed the drones, which hovered anywhere from 25 feet to 300 feet above them. And it
wasn’t just that the elephants noticed them; in many cases, the elephants were clearly agitaed. Some of
them took off running. In at least one case, an elephant used her trunk to lurl mud in the drone’s direction.
D) Only things didn’t exactly go as planned.
Answer: ADCB
58)
A) From outside Wales, too, it is the rugby that commonly defines the nation – with the sport providing
both widespread interest and one of the few positive associations of outsides’ perceptions of Wales.
B) In many ways rugby in Wales defines what Wales is and what people in Wales share.
C) Rugby in Wales is a particularly strong example of this phenomenon, being perhaps the main thing that
unites people in Wales.
D) Citizens commonly identify with their nation in the context of major sporting events: imagining the
nation is easier when there is a national team playing another nation (Hobsbawm, 1990).
Answer: DCBA

93
Reading: Fill in the Blanks (Drag & Drop):
1)
Insects walk on water, snakes , and fish swim. Animals move with astounding grace, speed,
and versatility: how do they do it, and what can we learn from them? How to Walk on Water and Climb up
Walls takes readers on a wondrous journey into the world of animal . From basement labs at
MIT to the rain forests of Panama, David Hu shows how animals have adapted and evolved
to their environments, taking advantage of physical laws with results that are startling and
ingenious.

Options: slither, hobby, traverse, motion, flinch, enhance

Answer: Slither, motion, traverse
2)
According to archaeological evidence, at least 5,000 years ago, and long before the of the Roman
Empire, the Babylonians began to measure time, introducing calendars to co-ordinate communal activities,
to plan the of goods and, in particular, to regulate planting and harvesting. They based
their on three natural cycles: the solar day, marked by the successive periods of light and
darkness as the earth rotates on its ; the lunar month, following the phases of the moon as it
orbits the earth; and the solar year, defined by the changing seasons that accompany our planet's
revolution around the sun.
Options: shipment, calendars, axis, advent, claim, pitch
Answer: advent, shipment, calendars, axis

3)
The transitions which occurred in Britain around 100 BC, and after 43 AD (when the Roman
Army Britain) represent the key points of socio-economic trend in Britain's past. During the first
century BC, the traditional communal form of life rapidly to a world where certain individuals
become more important. During the first century AD, Britain fully a part of the Roman Empire.
Options: invaded, shifted, became, entailed, enlarged
Answer: invaded, shifted, became
4)
Don't allow yourself to slip into self-defeating habits, such as procrastinating. Try to keep a
going in your study. Scatter blocks of study with short breaks to limit fatigue. If you study solidly for a
couple of hours, make sure you give yourself fifteen minutes or so before you start up again. Think
positively about yourself and your situation. Challenge the negative thoughts that into your
mind and cause you unnecessary stress at times, such as 'I'm going to fail', 'I'll end up blowing my future,
my change of getting a career'. You don't have any need to think catastrophically, it's not achieving
anything. In fact, it's doing you a lot more harm than good, because it's distracting you away from what
you need to do. Learn to become more relaxed in your daily life. There are simple techniques, such as
breathing exercises and muscular relaxation exercises, as well as guided imagery, which can
help you to feel calmer, and more focused. The Macquarie University Counsellors can help you with these
techniques. Some do relaxation tapes for students.

Options: creep, progressive, status, escape, evanescent, momentum

Answer: momentum, creep, progressive

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5)
We don't have any databases on this sort of information. As well as that, these records of sound levels take
no account of the fact that people vary in their of noise-so someone like me with years of
working in acoustics might be very different from you in that regard. But anyway, even though these noise
maps are fairly they've been useful in providing information and awareness. That noise
matters. We need to deal with it and so it's a political matter. And that's important-we need rules
and , because noise can cause all sort of problems. Those of you who are city-dwellers know
that things go on 24 hours a day.

Options: tell-tale, raising, regulations, taking, perceptions, crude

Answer: perceptions, crude, raising, regulations

6)

Modern wealth has been created mainly through the action of market forces, which now dominate the
whole of the industrial world. It is based on the premise that we all start at an equal point. Of
course nobody starts at the same point. Market forces help a few to become very wealthy at the of
the many who become poorer. This is taking place all over the world. There is an increasing number of
hungry and desperate people living in utter poverty. Yet there are millionaires of all nationalities
throughout the developed world. Market forces are inevitably acting to divide our world because they
separate one section of society from another. Strangely enough, to create a society based on the free play
of market forces, there must be a very strict control over the economy to ensure business efficiency. This is
the poison of commercialization. It restrictions on the natural needs of society. When the
politicians are not meeting the needs of society, the people revolt. When the people's voice is not heard,
there will inevitably be revolution. Part of that revolution is the growing crime rate and the violent street
protests which are the result of the of our society - too great wealth side by side with too
great poverty.

Options: expense, imposes, imbalance, level, false, vague, lifts

Answer: false, expense, imposes, imbalance

7)
If you are interested in studying but have other , our online and distance learning courses
offer an alternative flexible of study. Teaching is conducted through a mixture of audio-visual,
written and interactive materials. There are also for online discussion and collaborative
projects with tutors and other students. Some programs include residential taught on campus,
giving you the chance to meet and work alongside your tutors and fellow students face-to-face. Our
Graduate School provides comprehensive support for distance and part-time researchers, many of whom
study for up to six years or more.

Options: opportunities, rate, charges, mode, modules, commitments, comments

Answer: commitments, mode, opportunities, modules

8)

The ruins of the South Fremantle Power Station have stood empty since 1985, home only to urban
explorers and street . Opened in 1951, the power station was once a pillar of for the
expanding energy of Perth. Here it stood proud and strong for 34 years, supplying energy to
its surrounding metropolis until 1985 when it was deemed to no longer be worth the . The

95
doors were , and the plant's four tall chimney stacks were , leaving the rest of the
plant to rot by the sea.

Options: shuttered, demolished, progress, demands, collectors, artists, money

Answer: artists, progress, demands, money, shuttered, demolished

9)

With the popularity of the gender equality campaign and the cultural change, the traditional of
men as the , and of women in which they stay at home, are ) today.

Options: authority, traditional, earner, appreciated, protested, challenged

Answer:

10)

For birdwatchers in southern New Mexico, September can be highly entertaining. Good numbers of many
diverse are on the move during this time, southward from northern
grounds to places they will spend the winter, and there's always a that some rare or unusual
bird will turn up.

Options: genes, chance, breeding, warmer, species, quantity, traveling

Answer: species, traveling, breeding, chance

11)
John Milton wrote in a wide range of genres, in languages, and on an extraordinary range of
subjects. His was a more general than is offered at Cambridge these days, and it continued
after his seven years here, equipping him with the tools to write some of the most literature ever
seen, and to engage as a polemicist on many different social, political, and theological .
Options: discipline, few, several, questions, ground-breaking, simulations, mediocre, education
Answer: several, education, ground-breaking, questions
12)
According to a research conducted by Cambridge University, flowers can find their own ways to attract
insects to help them pollinate. Flowers will release a smell. A scientist and her did
an experiment in which they use fake flowers to attract bees and insects. In their experiments, they freed
many bumblebees from their repeatedly and got the same results.

Options: origins, irresistible, subjects, colleagues, orchestral

Answer: irresistible, colleagues, origins
13)
A letter from a mother to school officials. Because her son was at home and she explained
his illness to them saying she did not want his son to the disease to other children.
She that the authorities would be able to on lessons to his son during
this .

96
Options: sick, disabled, spread, discover, hoped, dictated, pass, period, cycle
Answer: sick, spread, hoped, pass, period
14)
First, new ideas are the wheels of progress. Without them, stagnation . Whether you're a
designer dreaming of another world, an working on a new kind of structure, an
charged with developing a fresh business concept, an advertiser seeking a breakthrough way to sell your
product, a fifth-grade teacher trying to plan a memorable school program, or a volunteer looking
for a new way to sell the same old raffle tickets, your ability to good ideas is critical to your
success.

Options: rise, assembly, changes, reigns, generate, engineer, executive

Answer: reigns, engineer, executive, assembly, generate
15)
Green spaces contribute significantly to a of soil and aerial temperatures during spells of hot
weather, so contributing to human wellbeing. In the garden , there is, however, little information
as to what extent various types of plants in their cooling potential and how certain planting
combinations may maximize cooling under a scenario of low and minimal water inputs.

Options: addition, focus, background, rainfall, differ, context, penetration, reduction

Answer: reduction, context, differ, rainfall
16)
But look beyond fossil fuels for the most intriguing trends. One is that the energy intensity of the world
economy -- the amount of energy it takes to produce one dollar's worth of -- keeps falling, at a
rate of about 2 percent. What this means is that even without any change in the shares of fossil-
based and fossil-free sources in the world's energy mix, we could have 2 percent annual economic growth
without increasing carbon emissions from energy use. Of course that is not enough to climate
change and we need more economic growth than that. It is a stunning number, which refutes
the claim by some environmentalists that permanent economic growth is fundamentally
incompatible finite physical resources.

Options: nonetheless, address, irrelevant, outcome, merge, income, relative, however, with, by
Answer: income, relative, address, nonetheless, with
17)
Education and well-being have often been . The idea that education can promote individual
well-being indirectly, by earnings and promoting mobility, is an old one; so are
notions of education helping to promote the good society by to economic growth and equality of
opportunity.

Options: local, improving, resorting, associated, demonstrating, social, contributing, discriminated

Answer: associated, improving, social, contributing
18)
Fingerprints, referred to as 'finger-marks' in forensics, are formed when residue from the ridged skin of the
fingers or palms is onto a surface, leaving behind an impression. Finger-marks are often made

97
of sweat and colorless materials such as soap, moisturizer and grease. These finger-marks are
described as 'latent' as they are generally invisible to the naked eye, which means that them
at a crime scene can be challenging.

Options: purging, contaminating, locating, deleting, transferred

Answer: transferred, contaminating, locating

19)

At the end of the last ice age, the melting ice disrupted the ocean currents in the North Atlantic
and a drop in temperature of almost 5 degrees. Even though the rest of the planet was
warming , the North Atlantic region remained in a cold period for 1300 years. The same thing
happened 8000 years ago, when the cooling lasted about a hundred years, and it
happen again today. Even a short period of cooling in the North Atlantic could have a dramatic effect on
the wildlife, and the human populations, living there.

Options: forwent, up, never, caused, could, around

Answer: caused, up, around, could
20)
Sydney is becoming effective in making the best of its limited available unconstrained land. Sydney is
suitable for integrating suitable business, office, residential, retail and other development in accessible
locations so as to maximise public transport and encourage walking and cycling. Also this city
can reduce the of land for housing and associated urban development on the urban fringe. For
the proposed mixed business, mixed use and business park areas, there was no employment data available
for areas. It is also concluded that lack of housing supply will affect in Sydney.

Options: consumption, patronage, comparable, alternative, expectation, affordability, contemporary

Answer: patronage, consumption, comparable, affordability

21)
It's interesting that in our minds, we keep thinking of the discovery like it's the Holy Grail. But
there are a couple of shortcuts here that I'd like to unpack. I'm not a doctor, I'm just a . My
clients focus on health care — biopharma companies, providers, global health — and they've
educated me. We need to find the tools to fight COVID, and we need to make them to all.

Options: resident, valuable, stipulations, vacuum, accessible, institutions

Answer: vaccine, consultant, institutions, accessible

22)
Financial markets swung wildly yesterday in the frenzied trading market by further selling of and
fears about an unravelling of the global carry trade. At the same time, trading in the US and European
credit markets were exceptionally for a third consecutive day. London trading was marked by
particularly wild in the prices of credit derivatives, used to ensure investors
against defaults.

Options: flops, swings, corporate, equities, quotations

Answer: equities, heavy, swings, corporate

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23)
Seventeen years ago, I walked through city hall for the first time as a staff member. And that
walk something to me. I was a unicorn. There weren't many people who looked like me that
worked in the . And yet, there were folks committed to addressing hundreds of years of
systemic that left some behind and many ignored. Where there was promise, there was a
huge problem. You see, , as it was originally designed, had a fatal flaw. It only laid
for rich white men to progress.

Options: Closet, reviewed, pipeline, building, democracy, dependence, scheme, pigeonhole, inequity,
revealed
Answer: revealed, building, inequity, democracy, pipeline

24)
One of the things that we are seeing is that we're seeing more young people run for office, and the more
people start running for office, they realize that local is what makes the most impact, at least
here in America. So if you want, for example, some racial in your judicial system, vote for your
district attorney, vote for your city . If you think that there's disparities in our education system,
run for your school board. So that's one. But the other thing to send very clearly to politicians is that when
young Americans voted their heart out. Young Latinos, youth in general, outvoted the people before them,
but they're voting on making a bet that their life will change, because the last four years could not have
been .

Options: government, rockier, councilman, superior, evolution, organization, reform

Answer: government, reform, councilman, rockier

25)
Much has been said of the Latino vote in this election, which is something I know a little bit about, having
been working over it for the last 16 years. Latinos are the fastest-growing , with
the largest voter registration cap in America. A Latino youth turns 18 every 30 seconds. While the mode for
whites in America is 58, the mode for Latinx is 11 years old. You heard that right. And it's these new voters
and the youth who are translating America for their immigrant who are leading the charge
for ) change.

Options: audacious, demographic, obsessively, frustrated, families, demonstration

Answer: obsessively, demographic, families, audacious

26)
Active learning classrooms (ALCs) are student-centered, technology-rich classrooms. They are easily
identified with their large tables and movable seating designed to improve
student in class. Typically, each table is accompanied by a whiteboard and flat-screen
monitor to display student work and larger rooms frequently have miniature bulb and microphones and at
each table. In this way, students are able to if they have questions or want to speak to
the room.

Options: sign, circular, entire, engagement, partly, signal, arrangement, square

Answer: circular, engagement, signal, entire

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27)
Carbon prices in the European Union also reached their highest level in a decade this summer following a
series of meant to limit the oversupply of and expand many industries
subjected to the cap. The biggest development of all may be in China, the world's largest greenhouse gas
emitter, which has taken steps toward its own trading program. China's move has
the to narrow the gap between global carbon prices and climate costs to 63 percent in the
early 2020s, OECD found.

Options: missions, reforms, potential, emissions, points

Answers: reforms, credits, emissions, potential

28)
Training does not improve the ability to . In 2009 Eyal Ophir, and then at Stanford
University, and his colleagues discovered that multitasking on the Internet paradoxically makes users less
effective at from one task to another. They are less able to their attention
and are too vulnerable to distractions. Consequently, even members of the "digital native" generation are
unlikely to develop the cognitive needed to divide their time between various tasks or to
instantly jump from one activity to another. In other words, digital multitasking does little more than
produce a dangerous illusion of .

Options: competence, monopoly, upgrading, reasoning, multitask, switching, control, allocate, completion,
spend
Answer: multitask, switching, allocate, control, competence

29)
One of the best studied applications of plasmonic materials is sensors for chemical and
biological agents. In one approach, researchers coat a plasmonic nanomaterial with a substance
that to a molecule of interest--say, a bacterial toxin. In the absence of the toxin, light
shining on the material is at a specific angle. But if the toxin is present, it will alter the
frequency of the surface plasmon and, thus consequently, the angle of the reflected light. This effect can
be measured with great accuracy, to even trace amounts of the toxin.

Options: rejected, sorting, enabling, reemitted, revolves, detecting, binds

Answer: detecting, binds, reemitted, enabling

30)
It was a busy old time at London Zoo this week, reports the Daily Mail, where over 19,000 animals were
having their annual weight and height . Some creatures, such as rhinos, tigers, and okapis,
had to be on to specially constructed larger scales. The statistics are shared with other zoos
across the world to allow keepers to compare information about species. The zoological
manager named Mark Habben said: "We have to know the vital of each animal at the zoo,
however big or small."

Options: values, checked, enlarged, statistics, dismissed, coaxed, endangered, developed

Answer: checked, coaxed, endangered, statistics

31)
Trees may have a lot to teach us about being part of a and how co-operation is better for a
society than . Scientists are only just beginning to understand how it all works, but we now

100
know that trees growing together all of the available resources with each other.
So, trees in a very good position will supply food and water to weaker trees that receive less
sunlight. They do this their roots, the soil and also the networks of the tiny fungi that grow
in the soil among them.

Options: community, strong, grown, through share despite, competition, contentment

Answer: community, competition, share, strong, through

32)

In an attempt to new students, leading business schools - including Harvard, Stanford, the
University of Chicago and Wharton - have moved away from the unofficial admissions of
four years' work experience and have set their sights on recent college graduates and so-
called early career with only a couple years of work under their belt.

Options: professionals, conclusion, instead, lure, juveniles, thus, prerequisite, check

Answer: lure, prerequisite, instead, professionals

33)

In the past before the discovery of aeroplanes, people used to travel using hot air balloons. Although it was
not a very safe option in the beginning, it was means of transport. There were no roads or
quickest means of travel for people so they took a risk of in the air using this heated air
vessel. Helium and hydrogen were used later on as an improvement to the earlier design. The structure
was very aerodynamic and it works on the principle of displacement of air. Many kinds of
were used in the beginning, such as paper, plastic and even animal skin. The discovery of hot air balloon
was as people were traditionally used to flying sky lantern. Nowadays, the technology is so
advanced and it is still used in the areas where there are no roads built yet.

Options: efficient, traversing, earlier, materials, accidental, remote, matter

Answer: efficient, traversing, materials, accidental, remote

34)

Recently, due to concerns over pollution and the possibility that some sources of fuel might eventually run
out or become to obtain, there has been much greater support for renewable sources of
power, such as wind or solar energy. Renewable energy sources 25 percent of the
electricity we use. unlike fuels, they tend not to produce any waste or significantly add to
global warming by producing gases.

Options: fossil, claim, uneconomic, uneconomic, provide, synthetic, reasonable

Answer: uneconomic, provide, fossil

35)
The difference in is so great that one wonders, are the protesters and the policy makers
talking about the same ? Are they looking at the same data? Are the visions of those
in so clouded by special and particular ?'

Option: power, suspicions, coherence, parts, depth, views, phenomenon, interests

101
Answer: views, phenomenon, power, interests

36)

In the preceding hundred years, Paris had been stage for political and social
that had deeply affected all of Europe. The many ways in which tradition had already been challenged
and during those years helped make it easier for those to achieve a break with tradition art.

Options: movements, rehearsal, concocted, shaken, overhead, center

Answer: center, movements, shaken

37)

So, some of the time an intellectual challenge is to assimilate how similar we can be to other species. In
other cases, the challenge is to appreciate how, though human physiology that of other
species, we use the physiology in novel ways. We activate the classical physiology of vigilance while
watching a scary movie. We activate a response when thinking about mortality. We secrete
hormones related to nurturing and social bonding, but in response to an adorable baby panda. And this
certainly to aggression---we use the same muscles as does a male chimp attacking a sexual
competitor, but we use them to harm someone because of their ideology.

Options: fakes, applies, conforms, resembles, stress, ease

Answer: resembles, stress, applies

38)

Giant exoplanets, like the so-called 'hot Jupiter’s' that are similar in to the solar system's
biggest planet and orbit very close to their host stars, are excellent targets for in their
search for their extrasolar worlds. The size and proximity of these planets is easy to ) as they
create a large decrease in brightness when passing in front of their parent stars.

Options: characteristics, imagine, astronomers, pilots, detect, weight

Answer: characteristics, astronomers, detect

39)

A spokesman for the project said: " a car mechanic for could find at a glance where a part
on a certain car model is so that it can be identified and repaired. For the motorist the system
could accident black spots or dangers on the road." In other cases, the glasses could be
worn by people going on a guided tour, points of interest or by people looking at
panoramas where all the sites could be identified.

Options: instance, indicating, describe, behalf, highlight, exemplifying

Answer: instance, highlight, indicating

40)

A good way to make sure that people police themselves is to get them to essentially the
same stories about what the world is and why the way it is good, and beautiful. The world

102
needs to be , needs to be justified by arguments about nature, philosophical principle,
history or the gods. People will find their in such a world. They will learn
hopes they might reasonably hold for themselves.

Options: profitable, believe, place, that, career, defy, true, described, what
Answer: believe, true, described, place, what

41)

Digital media and the internet have made the sharing of texts, music and images easier than ever, and
the of copyright restriction harder. This situation has encouraged the growth of IP law,
and increased industrial concentration on extending and 'policing' IP protection, while also
leading to the growth of an 'open access', or 'creative commons' movement which such
control of knowledge and .

Options: prompted, creativity, postponed, enforcement, advocates, challenges, enactment, conformity

Answer: enforcement, prompted, challenges, creativity

42)

This MPhil students from a wide variety of academic, business and political
to the traditions, methods, and state-of-the-art research that shape an advanced analysis of human
society. The MPhil is an eleven-month course designed for those who wish to go on to do doctoral research
or for those who want to improve their understanding of methodology and
analysis and attain an independent postgraduate degree in its own right.

Options: preferences, equally, introduces, separates, backgrounds, mutually, grudgingly, simply

Answer: introduces, backgrounds, equally, simply

43)

E-Learning is the new way forward. We believe in E-Learning. Our innovative approach
opens up new for busy professionals that simply did not previously exist —
the to combine a prestigious Masters programme with a demanding professional and
personal . Our small virtual classrooms facilitate intensive
and collaboration among professionals from all over the world.

Options: competitions, opportunities, interaction, passionately, reality, life, proportionately, chance

Answer: passionately, opportunities, chance, life, interaction

44)

What such a map would have failed to reveal, however, was the changing nature of the connections put in
place by Western firms as they shifted work around the globe. It is often assumed that when Western
firms, or any firms for that matter, reach out across to establish a factory outlet here, an
assembly plant there or a subsidiary in some far-off , they do so through directly investing
and thereby wholly owning such facilities. In the 1970s and 1980s, among the low-cost manufacturing
overseas operations, this was indeed often the case, but increasingly Western firms started to conduct

103
their business at-a-distance through a variety of indirect means, of which subcontracting became the
principal .

Options: borders, extent, submission, location, arrangement, service

Answer: borders, location, arrangement

45)

Modern developments in areas such as neuroscience, artificial intelligence and evolutionary psychology
have resulted in new of thinking about human nature. Can we explain the mind and
consciousness in of brain function? Can we understand modern human behavior as our
evolutionary heritage? Is science even the right to start if we want to understand human
nature? Come along the Great Debate, hear the arguments and have your .

Options: place, beliefs, extent, ways, terms, say, end

Answer: ways, terms, place, say

46)

Eutrophication is a process when bodies of water to a high nutrient level due to extensive
fertilizer in the soil. The water becomes overly enriched with minerals and nutrients which induce
excessive growth of and other aquatic species which may
minerals in the water, thus endanger other species.

Options: reach, deplete, accumulate, destroy, maximize, algae, pesticide

Answer: accumulate, algae, deplete

47)

Private schools in the UK are redoubling their marketing efforts to foreigners. Almost a third of the 68,000
boarding pupils at such schools come from overseas. But now, with many UK
residents or unable to afford the fees and a cultural away from boarding,
many schools are looking abroad to survive. Overseas student’s now for about 500m
pounds of fee income a year for boarding schools in the UK.
Options: weigh, already, unwilling, fuss, account, seldom, shift, unweaned
Answer: already, unwilling, shift, account

48)
To invest, you need to a clear plan, do your own research,
a margin of safety by always thinking about the and, ultimately, be patient. By all means
include some picks if you wish, but ensure they are only a small part of your portfolio.
Looking for an oil explorer whose shares double, treble and double again is exciting but such firms are
very . There are a lot more which have a consistent record of paying out the dividends which
really make the markets work for you, once they are reinvested.

Options: speculative, valuation, build in, rare, violation, crash out drew up, imaginative, rear
Answer: draw up, build in, valuation, speculative, rare

104
49)
Throughout its history, one of the strengths of the Press has been the diversity of the Press's list. The Press
has also distinguished itself with its strong list in social work, publishing texts that have
been adopted in courses and are used by professionals in the field. Through its European
Perspectives and the publication of the Welled Library Lectures, the Press has published a
range of innovative and scholars. Other notable lecture series published by Columbia
University Press include The Leonard Hastings Schiff Memorial Lectures and The Bampton Lectures in
America.

Options: series, supporting, episodes, leading, thoroughly, widely

Answer: widely, series, leading

50)
A new report by environmental The Nature Conservancy lays out how trees could pave the
way to cleaner air and cooler cities. Using information on forest cover paired with air
pollution data and population forecasts for 245 cities, researchers found that trees have the biggest
health in densely populated, polluted cities like Delhi, Karachi and Dhaka. The Conservancy
and the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group presented the findings of their global survey this week at the
American Public Health Association meeting in Denver, Colorado.

Options: geospatial, payoffs, retrospection, forecasts, layoffs, non-profit, archaeological

Answer: non-profit, geospatial, payoffs

51)
Huston is the fifth-largest metropolitan area in the United States and has an outsized on the
U.S. economy. More than 90 percent of U.S. offshore oil and gas takes place in the Texas
Gulf Coast area, and the Houston region contains the largest of energy, petrochemical, and
refining industries in the United States. Houston is home to 25 percent of the country's petroleum refining
capability, 40 percent of the nation's capacity for downstream chemical production, and the fastest-
growing liquefied natural gas industry in the nation.

Options: pollutions, impact, classification, production, concentration, impetus

Answer: impact, production, concentration

52)
Most of us are of open conflict and avoid it if we can. And there is a
to expressing and working through conflict. If the working through involves harsh words
and name-calling, people feel deeply hurt and relationships can be . Sometimes
permanently. Some group members may be afraid that if they really their anger, they may
go out of control and become violent, or they may do this. These fears can be very and
based on experience.

Options: routine, rein, damaged, culminated, scared, real, reminiscent, express, risk, opaque
Answer: scared, risk, damaged, express, real

105
Summarise Spoken Text:
1)
Question:
Well, it’s like, why is Australian housing is so expensive? Essentially, it’s showing of how well the Australian
economy has been doing over the last 15 years. We have had 15 years more or less of an uninterrupted
economic growth during which average earning has been raised by close to 90 percent. While over the
course of that period, the standard variable mortgage rate has roughly halved. That meant that the
amount which a typical home buying household can afford to borrow under rules which aren’t strictly
applied as they used to be had more than doubled. Over the same period, rising immigration in falling
average household size has meant that the number of households looking for accommodation has risen by
about one and a half million. That’s around 200 thousand more than the number of dwellings has
increased by. So you have had a substantial increase in the purchasing power of households. No net
increase in the supply of housing enhance all that addition purchasing power has gone into pushing up the
price of housing.
Answer:
Australia has been through a long period of uninterrupted economic growth over the past 15 years when
the mortgage rate was half and everyone could afford to borrow money from banks. Secondly, the
increasing immigration and the falling size of household average led to a higher demand for accomodation,
increasing the purchasing power. As demand grows higher than the supply of housing, Australian housing
price has gone up significantly.
2)
Question:
I have been writing non-fiction for years actually, and, but secretly wanting to be a novelist. When I first
started writing at the age of thirty, it was with the intention of writing fiction, but it took a little detour for
ten to twelve years and wrote nonfiction, which I have absolutely no regret about at all. I think it was
exactly the right thing for me to do. But there was that dream tucked away inside of me to do this. Now
remember reading something that Eudora Welty wrote, who is, you know, the great novelist from
Mississippi who had a big influence on me actually. She said “No art ever came out of not risking your
neck”, and I think she is absolutely right about that. It felt that way to me at the time, and actually it feels
that way to me every time I sit down to write something. Finally, in the early 90s, I took my deep breath
and started writing fiction. It felt risky to me at the time to do that and one of the very first things that I
wrote was, what I thought, was going to be the first chapter of a novel called “The Secret Life of Bees”. I
wrote it in 1992 and it is actually essentially the first chapter of the novel as it is now.
Answer:
The speaker had been writing nonfiction for years, but secretly dreamed of being a novelist Although she
had the intention of writing fiction, she took a long detour without regret. She quoted a saying by Eudora
Welty: "No art ever came out of not risking your neck " Since it considerably influenced her, she completed
the first chapter of the novel named "The Secret Life of Bees" in 1992. (68 words)

106
3)
Question:
Laughter is one of the greatest therapies in combating adversity and whole communities and nations have
frequently relied on humor to get them through the bleakest time. On August 13th, 1961, the barbed wire
was rolled out of Berlin to create the Berlin Wall. For nearly 30 years until it was dismantled, wall jokes
proliferated especially among those living in the east. Laughing was all that was left. Jokes about those who
rule and sometimes those who tyrannize you are a form of folklore that is existed in societies as seemingly
different as communist Eastern Europe, Czarist Russia, modern Egypt, 12th century Persia and modern day
(Iran). Humor can also be wonderfully subversive. They can protect self-respect and identity. In the
pressures and anxiety of political oppression. Political jokes may not in themselves topple dictators, but
they can provide solace. In a democracy like our own, perhaps the trouble with political jokes is that they
sometimes get elected.
Answer:
The lecture was about the benefits of laughter, which comprised a great therapy and combating adversity.
The spokesperson described different nations, and the essence of the Berlin Wall emphasized the
significance of wall jokes and a form of folklore. Ultimately, although both protecting self-respect and
identity could be inferred evidently from subversive humor and relieving political oppression, the impacts
of political jokes and providing solace were acknowledged.
4)
Question:
Last month, I published a subject report on the development of citizenship in schools. The report
celebrates the success of some schools in implementing the citizenship curriculum. It praises those schools
where there have been substantial developments in the subject, and which now go a long way towards
fulfilling national curriculum requirements. In the report we are critical of schools which have not taken
citizenship seriously, either through reluctance or lack of capacity to make appropriate provision in the
curriculum. Citizenship is marginalized in the curriculum in one-fifth of schools. It is less well established in
the curriculum than other subjects, and less well taught and some critics have seized on this as a reason for
wanting to step back from supporting it. Yet, the progress made to date by the more committed schools
suggests that the reasons for introducing citizenship are both worthwhile and can be fulfilled, given the
time and resources. While not claiming too much, citizenship can address core skills, attitudes and values
that young people need to consider as they come to terms with a changing world. The main problems
standing in the way of implementation of citizenship continue to be: the lack of commitment on the part of
many school leaders; an insufficient amount of initial and in-service training provision to ensure that every
school can call upon teachers with subject expertise; and its uncertain place in the curriculum.
Answer:
The lecture was about implementing the citizenship curriculum, which comprised a subject report and
being critical of reluctant school leaders. The spokesperson described being marginalized by schools, and
the essence of worthwhile reasons emphasized the significance of addressing core skills, attitudes, and
values. Ultimately, although a changing world could be inferred evidently from the lack of commitment to
the curriculum, the impacts of an insufficient training provision were acknowledged.

107
5)
Question:
I want you to try and remember two things. First, I want you to try and remember learning how to ride a
bike. Maybe you have a scar you received when you flipped over the handlebars. The next thing I want you
to remember is how to ride a bike. The reason I asked you to recall both of these memories is that they
belong to two different designated realms of memory. Memory is a fluid and dynamic system that is
exceedingly complicated. To this end, psychologists have attempted to divide memory up to make it easier
to study. There are two main categories. Explicit memory is a memory that can be intentionally and
consciously recalled. This is your memory of riding a bike, of falling over the handlebars and skinning your
knee. The other is implicit memory, which is an experiential or functional form of memory that cannot be
consciously recalled. This is your memory of how to ride a bike or how to balance. These are often not tied
to a visual memory but are more like muscle memory. Let’s look at explicit and implicit memory in a little
more detail and see how age influences these. Again, an explicit memory is a memory that can be
intentionally and consciously recalled. It has been typically divided up into two main categories itself:
episodic memory, a personal event that can be recalled, semantic memory are facts and figures which can
be recalled. Episodic memories unlike episodes of a TV series that is all about you. You can recall the
episode of the first time you asked someone else …, the first broken bone you had …, and what you ate for
breakfast. It is an experimental or functional form of memory. Explicit memory consists of a great deal of
highly personal memories related to time, space and people. It is totally different from implicit memory.
Now, if we look at the examples of explicit memory, it includes remembering people’s birthdays and
answering multiple questions on the test.

Answer:
The lecture was about two main categories of memory, which comprised a dynamic and complicated
system. The spokesperson described implicit and explicit memory, and the fundamental essences of being
recalled consciously emphasized the significance of an experimental and functional form of memory.
Ultimately, although both episodic and semantic memory could be inferred evidently from muscle
memory, the corresponding impacts of highly personal memories were acknowledged.

6)
Question:
I would like to look to recent survey conducted by Canadian researchers on diet. Total 31 women
volunteered in the survey. They have been told to participate in the exercise program without changing
their diet. After a careful observation, the researchers found that some volunteers experience body fat
change after six months from the day they have started the experiment. The findings further stated that
some lost significant amount fat which leads to decrease in body mass. On the other hand, there were
others who did not lose fat at all. The study concludes there must be two explanations: those who did not
lose weight must have eaten more and another factor is it is because their psychological reason not to
believe in losing fat.
Answer:
The lecture demonstrated an experiment of body fat challenge which was volunteered by thirty-one
women in a program conducted by Canadian researchers. In which they are provided with the healthy diet
and asked not to change diet and regular exercise for six months so they could burn 2000 calories weekly.
After six months, some people lost weight, some remain the same, while others gain weight and did not
have a significant change. There are two explanations. One is that they ate a lot and cheated on the diet,
and the other is they ate subconsciously and disliked the challenge.

108
7)
Question:
The most notorious carrier of typhoid fever, but by no means the most destructive, was Mary Mallon, also
known as Typhoid Mary. In 1907, she became the first carrier in the United States to be identified and
traced. She was a cook in New York who is closely associated with 53 cases and three deaths. Public health
authorities told Mary to give up working as a cook or have her gallbladder removed, as she had a chronic
infection that kept her active as a carrier of the disease. Mary quit her job, but returned later under a false
name. She was detained and quarantined after another typhoid outbreak. She died of pneumonia after 26
years in quarantine. Mary Mallon born in 1869 and migrate to America from Ireland. She was an excellent
cook. She got along well with her colleagues and friends though sometimes she felt bored with her boss.
She was pride and satisfied with her life. But she was transmitted with typhoid, a disease that transmitted
by food and water. Though she always denied she was sick.，22 people infected by her and one of them
died. Mary Mallon (September 23, 1869 – November 11, 1938), better known as Typhoid Mary, was the
first person in the United States identified as an asymptomatic carrier of the pathogen associated with
typhoid fever. She was presumed to have infected 22 people, three of whom died, over the course of her
career as a cook. [1] She was twice forcibly isolated by public health authorities and died after a total of
nearly three decades in isolation.
Answer:
The lecture was about Mary Mallon, which comprised the first carrier of typhoid fever and chronic
infection. The spokesperson described being traced in the United States, and the essence of being detained
and quarantined emphasized the significance of being transmitted by food and water. Ultimately, although
both a cook and pneumonia could be inferred evidently from denying being sick, impacts of dying after
decades in isolation were acknowledged.
8)
Question:
Amory Lovins is an American consultant experimental physicist and he has been active at the nexus of
energy, resources, economy, environment, development and security in more than 50 countries for over
40 years. He pays attention on energy saving and how to use energy in a more efficient and sustainable
way. He built a house with plenty of energy-saving concepts. He’s an unusual character with a wide range
of knowledge and a genius, but he’s not a scientist. He has a consulting company and lives mountain. For
30 years, he used a lot of ways to save energy and solved problems with technologies that already existed
and demonstrate them. Some people think he is so crazy. A female writer wrote a book about him which is
called Mr. Green.
Answer:
The lecture was about Amory Lovins, which comprised being active at the nexus of energy and resources.
The spokesperson described an American consultant experimental physicist, and essences of already
existing technologies emphasized the significance of efficient and sustainable use of energy. Ultimately,
although both solving problems and being a genius could be inferred evidently from energy-saving
concepts, impacts of a consulting company, an unusual character, and Mr. Green were acknowledged.
9)
Question:
One of the social issues faced by the state of Alaska is the lack of mental and emotional well-being of the
native Alaskans. It is very unfortunate that many of the Native Americans are living under poor conditions

109
throughout the country. In the cases of native Alaskans, even virtually entire villages are suffering from a
lack of mental and emotional well-being, which includes continuing poor physical and mental health,
Alcohol abuse, domestic violence, homicides, and suicides are frequent among them, which of course, lead
to families falling apart. It is tragic to see that many children are abused and not educated properly. As a
matter of fact, the children themselves are abusing alcohol and other chemicals, and the rate is increasing
over the time. Since parents are suffering from mental illnesses and alcohol abuse, they can’t take care of
their children, so many children are being taken care of by others or simply neglected. Therefore, we can
conclude that Alaskan natives are losing hold of their communities, cultural identities, and most
importantly, their childhoods. So you can see how serious the issue is. Plus, rather than making a living for
themselves, they are depending on public services and subsidies. They have lost control of and
responsibility for their economy and governing institutions.

Answer:
The lecture was about Alaska Ian’s social issues, which comprised a lack of mental and emotional well-
being. The spokesperson described poor living conditions, and the essence of families falling apart
emphasized the significance of abusing alcohol. Ultimately, although taking care of children and losing hold
of communities, cultural identities, and childhood could be inferred evidently from losing control of the
economy, impacts of uneducated children and dependence on subsidies were acknowledged.
10)
Question:
But in the face of this sense of dis-empowerment, there is surprisingly is no decline in involvement in
organizations which seek to share wealth and opportunities, protect one another’s rights and work
towards the common good. According to the United Nations, civil society groups have grown 40-fold since
the turn of last century. Internationally, the non-profit sector is worth one trillion dollars, and there are
700,000 such organizations in Australia alone. The UN recognizes 37,000 specifically civil society
organizations across the globe, and gave 3,500 accreditation to the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable
Development. This profound movement towards harnessing voices and resources from outside the realm
of governments and officialdom reflects a profound growth in NGO’s third sector”, as some call it. As
Robert Putnam discovered in the field of local government in Italy, the best predictor of governmental
success was the strength and density of a region’s civic associations.

Answer:
The lecture was about civil society, which comprised dis-empowerment and sharing wealth and
opportunities. The spokesperson described protecting the rights, and the fundamental essence of the
strength and density of civic associations emphasized the significance of civil society groups. Ultimately,
although giving accreditation on sustainable development could be inferred evidently from harnessing
voices and resources, the corresponding impacts of governmental success, the United Nations, and non-
profit sectors were acknowledged.

11)
Question:
The first inhabitants in Australia were the ancestors of the present indigenous people. Whether or several
successive waves and distinct people is still subject to academic debate, as is its timing. The minimum
widely accepted time frame places presence of humans in Australia at 40,000 to 43,000 years before
supported by others is 60,000 to 70,000 years BP. In any event, this migration was achieved during the
closing stages of the Pleistocene epoch, these first migrations involved one timing. The minimum widely

110
present, while the upper range when sea levels were typically much lower than they are today. Repeated
episodes of extended glaciation resulted in decreases of sea levels by some 100150 m. The continental
coastline therefore extended much further out into the Timor Sea than it does today, and Australia and
New Guinea formed a single landmass (known as Sahul), connected by an extensive land bridge across the
Arafura Sea, Gulf of Carpentaria and Torres Strait. The ancestral Australian Aboriginal people were thus
long established and continued to develop, diversify and settle through much of the continent. As the sea
levels again rose at the terminus of the most recent glacial period some 10,000 years ago the Australian
continent once more became a separated landmass. However, the newly formed 150 km wide Torres Strait
with its chain of islands still provided the means for cultural contact and trade between New Guinea and
the northern Cape York Peninsula During the 1970s and 1980s around 120,000 southern Asian refugees
migrated to Australia. During that twenty years, Australia first began to adopt a policy of what Minister of
Immigration A1 Grass by termed “multiculturalism”. In 2004-05, Australia accepted 123,000 new settlers,
19 a 40% increase over the past 10 years. The largest number of immigrants (40,000 in 200405) moved to
Sydney. The majority of immigrants came from Asia, led by China and India.
Answer:
The lecture was about Australian migration, which comprised the first inhabitants in Australia. The
spokesperson described the ancestors of indigenous people, and essences of extension of the continental
coastline emphasized the significance of forming a single landmass. Ultimately, although both Diversifying
and settling through the continent and means of cultural contact and trade could be inferred evidently
from adopting a policy, impacts of multiculturalism were acknowledged.
12)
Question:
I believe our borders should be open. But if that is not politically acceptable for now, Europe should at
least open up a legal route for people from developing countries to come work here. Over time, hopefully,
we can move to a position where borders are completely open. Persuading sceptics won’t be easy. That’s
why I think the argument for free migration has to be made at several levels. In principled case, it increases
freedom and reduces injustice. In humanitarian case, it helps people much poorer than ourselves. In
economic case, it makes us richer. In pragmatic case, it is inevitable, so it is in everyone’s interests to make
the best of it. Freedom of movement is not just a matter of human rights and international solidarity. It is
in our self-interest. Opening our borders may seem unrealistic. But so too, once, did abolishing slavery or
giving women the vote. Campaigning for people’s right to move freely is a noble cause for our time.
Answer:
The lecture was about open borders, which comprised not being politically acceptable and opening up a
legal route. The spokesperson described developing countries, and the fundamental essence of the
argument for free migration emphasized the significance of increasing freedom. Ultimately, although
reducing injustice could be inferred evidently from helping the poor people, the corresponding impacts of
freedom of movement, human rights, and international solidarity were acknowledged.

13)
Question:
I think there is an intense competition at the moment to hire the most talented and most intellectually
able people. There is a time when I think companies have many of the adventures in the world. That
involves the companies' world. It was the bosses' world.
Now I think it reverses the case. We have a shortage in talent base within countries and between
countries, have an intense battle between companies to hire the most talented workers and also between

111
countries, which are looking to recruit talented young people, talented young immigrants. We have this
sense of immigrants being things that countries are battled to keep out, and immigrants want to get in,
climb of the walls. I think the opposite isn't that the case. And the topic is that countries are trying to lure
bright young people to get them to go to universities and get them to become immigrants. So, on many
levels, talent is a premium. There is a shortage of talent, and so countries, companies, all sorts of
organizations, of course, volunteer organizations as well as, are competing to hire the best and the
brightest. You know we have a baby-boom population which is aging. We have an economy which is
becoming more sophisticated. And so, for all those sorts of reasons, talent is a premium.
Answer:
There is an intense competition at the moment to hire the most talented and most intellectually able
people. Furthermore, many countries are trying to lure bright young people to get them to go to
universities and get them to become immigrants. Since talent is a premium, countries, companies and
organizations are competing to hire the best and the brightest, and the reasons including population,
economy and so on.
14)

Question:

The amount of money drug companies spend on TV ads has doubled in recent years. And it's no wonder:
studies show the commercials' work: consumers go to their doctors with a suggestion for a prescription
drug they saw advertised on TV. Now a study in the Annals of Family Medicine raises questions about the
message these ads promote, NPRs Patty Neighmond reports. You're most likely to see drug ads during
prime time, especially around the news. Researchers analyzed 38 ads aimed at people with conditions like
hypertension, herpes, high cholesterol, depression, arthritis, and allergies. The drug industry says the ads
arm consumers with information. But researchers found that though the information was technically
accurate, the tone was misleading. UCLA psychologist Dominick Frosch headed the study. "What we would
see in these ads is that before taking the prescription drug, the character's life was out of control and the
loss of control really extended beyond just the impact of the health condition, " For example, herpes
patients were portrayed as being incapacitated for days, insomniacs utterly out of synch on the job and
depressed patients friendless and boring at parties. "When the character is then shown taking the drug, he
then magically regains complete control of his life." None of the ads, of course, mentioned lifestyle
changes that could also help treat the condition. After that, it's mass marketing. But in this case, Frosch
says, prescription medications are not soap.

Answer:
The lecture was about TV ads, which comprised drug companies and advertising prescription drugs. The
spokesperson described promoted messages, and the fundamental essence of the prime time emphasized
the significance of arming consumers with technically accurate information. Ultimately, although the
misleading tone and regaining complete control of life could be inferred evidently from lifestyle changes,
the corresponding impacts of mass marketing and not being like soap were acknowledged.

15)
Question:
Today, we'll discuss about abstraction, commonly known as description. There are two methods of
description. These are symbolic language and body language. The abstraction is an important part for
developing a computer. This is originated from the symbolic system in the computer system. The origin of

112
symbolic system was developed when people try to communicate with each other. The symbolic language
took communication to wider people and popularity group. The other part of abstraction is the body
language. People accepted body language as well. The physical movement facilitates the development of
sign language, which popularly became hand words.
Answer:
The abstraction which also known as description has two methods which are symbolic language and body
language. Specifically, the abstraction is important for developing a computer since it originated from the
symbolic system. It was created when people tried to communicate with each other by symbolic language.
Furthermore, the other part of abstraction is the body language, the physical movement facilitates the
development of sign language which became hand words. (70 words)
16)
Question:
23,000 years ago, towards the end of the Old Stone Age, also known as the upper Paleolithic, the weather
in Europe and in many parts of the world took a turn for the worse. Temperatures plummeted, rain levels
fell and a massive ice sheet slowly advanced to cover most of northern Europe and stay there for the next
few thousand years. We know that during this glacial period, many animal and plant species sought shelter
in Europe's three warmer southern peninsulas, Iberia, Italy, and the Balkans. But the question is, where did
the people go? Archeological material recovered from this time period has shown that a large number of
our ancestors retreated to Franco Cantabria, an area covering the southwest of France and the
northeastern tip of Spain. But was this the only area where people traveled to escape the worst of the
weather? Let's go back to the growing ice sheet. In order to grow, the ice mass had to take up water,
causing sea levels to fall. At its maximum when the ice reached as far south as Germany, sea levels were up
to 120 meters lower than today. That's approximately the same height as the London Eye. As a result,
areas of the shallow sea became exposed and Europe's shape was very different from the one we
recognized. It could be that humans lived on these exposed shores during the Paleolithic, but we have no
evidence of their settlements because it's now we're underwater.
Answer:
23,000 years ago, the weather in Europe and in many parts of the world took a turn for the worse. Our
ancestors retreated to the south west of France and northeastern of Spain for warmer shelter. Since areas
of the shadow sea became exposed due to the lower sea level, humans lived on the exposed shores during
the Palaeolithic, but there is no evidence since it is now all underwater. (70 words)
17)
Question:
I suppose it's the truism to point out that citizens need to be well informed. Maybe it's something we take
for granted in our liberal western democracies. But there will be plenty of societies, well, that is run
counter to explicit government policy. Many areas of the world still suffer from the reverie of the
deliberate missing information. Governments, especially the unelected ones, but also some elected ones,
have denied the events that have ever taken place. They pretend that other events did take place. They
would help spin what they cannot deny. Ensure they've used every trick of the book, to pull the eyes of the
world, and in an attempt to cover up their mistakes.

113
Answer:
The lecture demonstrated the necessity of disclosure of information to citizens since it represents liberal
and democratic country. Nonetheless, in many parts of the world, especially for some unelected
governments denied the events what actually occurred, and that use all tricks in the book to cover
mistakes. Hence, it is significant that citizens should be well informed as well as acknowledge where they
should vote for. (66 words)
18)
Question:
so, the pace of which that the human minds have evolved over the last half million years and more recently
the last 200,000 years has been so frighteningly rapid that the evolution of cognitive function and
perception in different ways, can only happen to the actions of a small number of genes. If one needed to
adapt dozens of genes changes and concert, in order to acquire the penetrating minds that we now have,
which our ancestors 500,000 years ago didn't have, the evolution could not have taken, could not have
occurred so quickly. And for that reason alone, one begins to suspect that the genetic differences between
people who lived 500,000 years ago sever that cognitive functions than ours are not so large.
Therefore, a rather small number of genes, may be responsible for comforting us that powerful minds
which we now, which the most of us now possessed.
Answer:
Although the evolution grows rapidly, the small number of differences in genes are responsible for the
Changes of human. There are some genetic differences in cognitive and physical abilities between present
people and our ancestors from 5000 years ago, whereas there are only small number of changes in terms
of gene development. Hence, the small evolution was contributed to our powerful mind. (62 words)
19)
Question:
This is my next contribution to New Zealand's super diverse future. The status quo is not sustainable. Super
diversity stock take, which I will talk to you about now, is designed to help us to adapt to a super diverse
New Zealand to make sure that we fit for the future. Because New Zealand is super diverse right now,
predominately in Auckland but actually throughout New Zealand. Here we're already 50% Māori Pasifika
and Asian, 44% are not born in New Zealand. And we have over 200 ethnicities. Now the definition
academically of super diversity is 25% not born in New Zealand, a hundred ethnicities. So we are almost
double that number already. And Auckland will continue to become younger and browner as the Anglo-
Saxon population ages and shrinks. So the mega trend here is not age and the myth. The mega trend here
is not urbanization. The mega trend is demography. It's ethnicity and we need to get our head around that
because most of the benefits from super diversity that we as a country are enjoying at the moment, such
as greater innovation productivity and investment increase New Zealand's financial capital whereas most
of the challenges from super diversity adversely affect New Zealand's social capital. However, if you don't
mitigate the challenges to your social capital, you are not going to maximize sustainably the diversity
dividend benefits for your financial capital.
Answer:
New Zealand is super diverse especially in Auckland, as 44$ are not born in New Zealand and there are 200
ethnicities, which doubled the official definition of super-diversity. As Auckland is becoming younger and
browner, the mega trend is demography and ethnicity. The benefits of super-diversity increase New

114
Zealand's financial capital, whereas the challenges affect social capital. If we don't mitigate, we cannot
achieve sustainability in financial capital. (70 words)
20)
Question:
My name is Graham Virgo, I’m professor of English Private Law in the Faculty of Law at the University of
Cambridge, and I’m going to consider the question why you should study law if you don’t want to become
a lawyer. A lot of people who study law at university do so because they want to become practicing
lawyers, whether barristers of solicitors. But it is not necessary to read law at university to become a
practicing lawyer. Equally, studying law at university is a legitimate subject for academic study even if you
definitely do not want to become a lawyer or think that you may not become a practicing lawyer. That is
because the study of law at university is not a vocational subject, it is an academic subject and an
intellectual discipline. Even those students who study law at university intending to become practicing
lawyers are required to do additional vocational training to prepare them for working either as a barrister
or a solicitor; for them the study of law at university by itself is not sufficient to train them to become
lawyers. So why do such students study law at university and why do others study law even if they don’t
want to become a lawyer? The answer is fairly similar in both cases, namely that studying law at university
trains the student to think and write logically and clearly.
Answer:
Law is an academic study rather than a vocational course, so it requires plenty of training. Some law
students want to be practicing lawyers after graduation, whereas others don't. Those who want to be
lawyers need additional training as self-learning won't be sufficient. Even people who don't want to
become lawyers want to learn law because it can train students to write and think logically and clearly (68
words)
21)
Question:
So, there is an example comes from the other end of life and has to do with what's called wonder babies.
This was a study which was done a few years ago in Trieste which is basically at the border on Slovenia and
Italy. So there are a lot of Italians and there are a lot of Slovenians and there are of course a lot of mixed
marriages. What they did was they took three groups of babies, all babies were seven months old so there
were a bunch of Italian speaking babies, bunch of Slovenian speaking babies and a bunch of Italian-
Slovenian babies from mixed families. They showed those babies various puppets and then they switched
the situation. Typically, when the seven-month-old baby is used to particular setting and the situation
switches it takes them a little while to regroup. So turned out that seven-month-old Italian and seven-
month-old Slovenian babies would get used to the puppet appearing on the right, and then when the
puppet would appear on the left they would continue looking to the right as if nothing had changed.
Whereas the bilingual babies very quickly would turn their head and notice that the puppet has changed its
position.
Answer:
The lecture is about a study in order to indicate the cognitive advantages of bilingualism. The researchers
took three groups of seven-month-old babies, including monolingual babies and bilingual babies. They
showed those babies various puppets and then they switched the situation. As a result, the bilingual babies
would turn their head and notice that the puppet has changed its position, while monolingual babies
looked at the same position. (70 words)

115
22)
Question:
Today, I’D like to turn our attention to an area of management often overlooked in traditional
management courses: small-business management. Small businesses have gone from being traditional
small-town stores selling food or clothing to sophisticated, high –tech enterprises. And in addition to the
important products they produce, they create jobs for lots of people because there are so many of them.
It’s important for management to keep in mind which of the customers’ needs the business serves,
because it can’t serve all their needs. Writing a business plan that everyone in the organization understand
and follows will help to provide the necessary focus and direction. It’s important to state clearly what the
purpose of the business is. Additionally, each person within the organization must know what tasks to
perform in order to fulfil that purpose. Now, If some reason a business plan doesn’t work try hard to
discover why not, rewrite it, and immediately focus on the new plan. A work of caution, however, never
give up a bad plan without replacing it. A business has to have a plan because it can’t afford to waste its
limited resources. And as you know, waste leads to unnecessarily high production costs. Production costs
are at the heart of the company’s ability to make a high quality product and sell it at an affordable price.
Answer:
The lecture was about small business management, which comprised producing products and creating
jobs. The spokesperson described serving customers’ needs, and the essence of writing understandable
business plans emphasized the significance of stating and fulfilling business purposes. Ultimately, although
both replacing bad plans and wasting limited resources could be inferred evidently from high production
costs, the impacts of selling high-quality products at an affordable price were acknowledged.
23)
Question:
Today we’re going to continue our discussion of modern art and talk about Charles Cursi. Charles Cursi has
been a part of many modern art movements, He’s worked in Pop Art, Cubism, and Conceptual Art, but
made his mark as a pioneer in computer art. Even long before computers became popular, he was
punching card and feeding them into the big mainframe computer at Ohio State University. In the
beginning, he had to work without a monitor, so he was virtually creating art in the dark. He even learned
computer programming so he could experiment with this new tool. Through the computer, Cursi has been
able to explore a new world of possibilities. For example, the computer enables him to sculpt in three
dimensions, Also the can look at a sculpture from any angle, and move it around, change the location of
the light source, or he can copy it in different colours. Over the years, Cursi received numerous grants for
various projects. Even though he uses modern technology, Cursi still insists he is creating art. He’s always
told his students to keep the issues of art in focus, and not get so caught up in the technology that you
forget about the image.
Answer:
The lecture was about modern art, which comprised Charles Csuri as a pioneer in computer art. The
spokesperson described creating art in the dark, and the essence of working without monitors emphasized
the significance of learning computer programming. Ultimately, although both exploring possibilities and
receiving grants could be inferred evidently from training students and keeping issues of art in focus,
impacts of getting caught up in the technology were acknowledged.

116
24)
Question:
People forget to take their cards after taking the money from the ATM. Occasionally, this is the common
reason, because they get the money and walk away. In the UK it becomes less common, because people
take their cards before getting the money. In the past, people made error by forgetting to get their card
after they got their money. UK has restructured the new atm. You have to get your before you get your
cash. Although you would forget to get your money, it is more catastrophic to lose your card because it can
access to your bank account.
Answer:
In the past, people always forgot their cards after taking money from the ATM. Since UK has restructured
new ATM system which people have to take the card first before getting money, the phenomenon has
been decreased. Although it gives the change that people forget to take money, it is more detrimental to
lose your bank account since others can access it though the credit card.

117
Highlight Incorrect Words:
1)
Question:
Ahah, sleep. There’s nothing better than a nice, long, uninterrupted. Awwgh. I can’t sleep when there’s. But
d’ya ever notice: noise doesn’t wake everyone. Now sanitises scientists have a better idea why. Because
sound beguilers sleepers show a certain brain rhythm when they doze, findings published in the journal
Current Biology. To study the brain waves of a good night’s sleep, scientists invited volunteers to snooze in
the lab. While the subjects caught some Zs, the researcher’s monitored their brain activity. They then
subjected the sleepers to or [NOISE]. And they found that those who were able to slumber straight through
all the showed more short bursts of faster brain waves.
This activity, the scientists say, is the brain’s way of blocking out the and the while you’re trying to rest. The
scientists don’t yet know of any way to boost those sleep saving brain waves. So until then, shut the door,
make sure the late shows on a timer, and try to have sweet dreams.
Transcript:

Ahah, sleep. There’s nothing better than a nice, long, uninterrupted. Awwgh. I can’t sleep when there’s. But
d’ya ever notice: noise doesn’t wake everyone. Now sanitises scientists have a better idea why. Because
sound beguilers sleepers show a certain brain rhythm when they doze, findings published in the journal
Current Biology. To study the brain waves of a good night’s sleep, scientists invited volunteers to snooze in
the lab. While the subjects caught some Zs, the researcher’s cummerbund their brain activity. They then
subjected the sleepers to or [NOISE]. And they found that those who were able to slumber precipitate
through all the showed shorter bursts of faster brain waves.
This activity, the scientists say, is the brain’s way of blushing out the and the while you’re trying to rest. The
scientists don’t yet know of any way to boost those sleep saving brain waves. So until then, shut the door,
make sure the late shows on a timer, and try to have sweet dreams.

Answer:
Ahah, sleep. There’s nothing better than a nice, long, uninterrupted. Awwgh. I can’t sleep when there’s. But
d’ya ever notice: noise doesn’t wake everyone. Now sanitises scientists have a better idea why. Because
sound beguilers sleepers show a certain brain rhythm when they doze, findings published in the journal
Current Biology. To study the brain waves of a good night’s sleep, scientists invited volunteers to snooze in
the lab. While the subjects caught some Zs, the researcher’s cummerbund monitored their brain activity.
They then sexist subjected the sleepers to or [NOISE]. And they found that those who were able to
slumber precipitate straight through all the showed more short bursts of faster brain waves.
This activity, the scientists say, is the brain’s way of blushing blocking out the and the while you’re trying to
rest. The scientists don’t yet know of any way to boost those sleep saving brain waves. So until then, shut
the door, make sure the late shows on a timer, and try to have sweet dreams.
2)
Question:

What makes someone sound sexy? To get a scientific viewpoint, researchers gauged volunteers’ responses
to different voices. The conclusion: voices considered attractive send messages about body size. The work is
in the journal PLUS ONE. In the animal kingdom, sound indicates size and intentions. For example, a rough
and low-frequency call suggests the vocalizer is large and aggressive, while a clearer, higher frequency signals

118
a small, nonthreatening animal. In the study, researchers adjusted a variety of voices to correspond with
different body sizes. To do so, they synthesized completely artificial voices, and recorded sentences before
varying the pitches and resonance. When volunteers listened to the sound samples, men preferred higher-
pitched female voices this one, which suggest a smaller body size. Low-frequency male voices that signaled
a large body size, were attractive to females. Interestingly, breathiness made both male and female voices
more desirable. It certainly explains the enduring popularity of.

Transcript:

What makes someone sound sexy? To get a scientific viewpoint, reasoners gauged volunteers’ responses
to different voices. The conclusion: voices considered attractive send felicitous about body size. The work
is in the journal PLUS ONE. In the animal kingdom, sound indicates size and intentions. For example, a
rough and call breezily suggests the vocalizer is large and aggressive, while a clearer, higher frequency
signals a small, nonthreatening animal. In the study, researchers adjusted a variety of voices to absurd with
different body sizes. To do so, they synthesized completely artificial voices, and recorded sentences before
varying the pitches and resonance. When volunteers listened to the sound samples, men preferred higher-
pitched female voices like this one, which suggest a smaller body size. Low frequency Male voices that
signaled a large body size, were attractive to females. Interestingly, breathiness made both male and
female voices more desirable. It certainly explains the enduring popularity of.
Answer:
What makes someone sound sexy? To get a scientific viewpoint, reasoners researchers gauged volunteers’
responses to different voices. The conclusion: voices considered attractive send felicitous messages about
body size. The work is in the journal PLUS ONE. In the animal kingdom, sound indicates size and intentions.
For example, a rough and breezily low-frequency frequency call suggests the vocalizer is large and
aggressive, while a clearer, higher frequency signals a small, nonthreatening animal. In the study,
researchers adjusted a variety of voices to absurd correspond with different body sizes. To do so, they
synthesized completely artificial voices, and recorded sentences before varying the pitches and resonance.
When volunteers listened to the sound samples, men preferred higher- pitched female voices like this one,
which suggest a smaller body size Low- Frequency male voices that signalled a large body size, were
attractive to females. Interestingly, b reathiness made both make and female voices more desirable. It cert
ainly explains the enduring popularity of.
3)
Question:
Hillary is undecided. Obama and McCain both passed. But the scientific community is committed to staging
a candidates’ debate about science and technology. They want straight talk on political buzzwords like
climate change and stem cells, as well as less discussed issues like funding for basic research and the
National Institutes of Health. What started as citizens worried about the U.S. losing its edge is now a
movement called Science Debate 2008. An article in the current issue of the journal Science, claims that, by
2010, 90 percent of the world’s scientists and engineers will live in Asia, where research is well funded. The
authors say the US needs to keep up because science and engineering drove half of America’s economic
growth over the last fifty years. Science Debate 2008 had to cancel a debate before the upcoming
Pennsylvania primaries because candidates wouldn’t commit. Now plans are already in the works for
Oregon, where primaries are set for May 20th. It’s proof, the journal article says, “that scientists can be
quickly organized when motivated.” If only politicians shared that motivation.

119
Transcript:
Hillary is undecided. Obama and McCain both passed. But the scientific community is committed to staging
a candidates’ debate about science and technology. They want straight talk on political buzzwords like
climate change and stem cells, as well as less attacked issues like funding for basic reserved and the
National Institutes of Health. What started as citizens worried about the U.S. losing its edge is now a
movement called Science Debate 2008. An article in the current issue of the journal Science, claims that, by
2010, 90 percent of the world’s contrivances and gears will live in Asia, where research is well funded. The
authors say the US needs to keep up because science and engineering drove half of America’s economic
growth over the last fifty years. Science Debate 2008 had to cancel a debate before the upcoming raver
primaries because candidates corked commit. Now plans are already in the works for Oregon, where
primaries are set for May 20th. It’s proof, the journal article says, “that scientist can be quickly organized
when motivated.” If only politicians shared that motivation.
Answer:
Hillary is undecided. Obama and McCain both passed. But the scientific community is committed to staging
a candidates’ debate about science and technology. They want straight talk on political buzzwords like
climate change and stem cells, as well as less attacked discussed issues like funding for basic reserved
research and the National Institutes of Health. What started as citizens worried about the U.S. losing its
edge is now a movement called Science Debate 2008. An article in the current issue of the journal Science,
claims that, by 2010, 90 percent of the world’s contrivances scientists and gears engineers will live in Asia,
where research is well funded. The authors say the US needs to keep up because science and engineering
drove half of America’s economic growth over the last fifty years. Science Debate 2008 had to cancel a
debate before the upcoming raver Pennsylvania primaries because candidates corked wouldn’t commit.
Now plans are already in the works for Oregon, where primaries are set for May 20th. It’s proof, the
journal article says, “that scientists can be quickly organized when motivated.” If only politicians shared
that motivation.
4)
Question:
How many times has your mother told you to turn off the lights when you leave a room, or to close the
fridge door while you decide what to eat. Well, climatologists are on her side. Because according to a study
in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, reducing global carbon emissions should begin at
home. Even if politicians manage to pass climate change legislation, it could be years or even decades
before those policies start to make a difference. In the meantime, scientists say, there are things we can all
do to shrink our carbon footprint. You’ve heard most of ’me before: everything from insulating your home
and using low flow showerheads to driving more efficient vehicles and carpooling to the office. But these
things really work. Based in part on how folks responded to the energy crisis in the ’70s, the scientists
calculated how many Americans might be willing to reform their energy-wasting ways. And they found that
within 10 years, we could reasonably expect to cut our national emissions by 7.4 percent. That much
carbon is slightly larger than the total amount put out by France. If we could manage that, the whole world
might say mercy.
Transcript:
How many times has your mother told you to turn off the lights when you leave a room, or to close the
fridge door while you decide what to eat. Well, maverick’s are on her side. Because according to a study in
the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, reducing global carbon emissions should begin at
home. Even if politicians manage to pass climate change legislation, it could be years or even decades

120
before those policies start to make a difference. In the meantime, hypoglycaemic say, there are things we
can all do to shrink our carbon footprint. You’ve heard most of ’me before: everything from insulating your
home and using bono flow showerheads to driving more efficient vehicles and carpooling to the office. But
these things really work. Based in part on how folks responded to the energy crisis in the ’70s, the
scientists luxuriated how many Americans might be willing to reform their energy-wasting ways. And they
found that within 10 years, we could reasonably expect to cut our national emissions by 7.4 percent. That
much carbon is slightly larger than the total amount put out by France. If we could manage that, the whole
world might say mercy.
Answer:
How many times has your mother told you to turn off the lights when you leave a room, or to close the
fridge door while you decide what to eat. Well, maverick’s climatologists are on her side. Because
according to a study in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, reducing global carbon
emissions should begin at home. Even if politicians manage to pass climate change legislation, it could be
years or even decades before those policies start to make a difference. In the
meantime, hypoglycaemic scientists say, there are things we can all do to shrink our carbon footprint.
You’ve heard most of ’me before: everything from insulating your home and using bono low
flow showerheads to driving more efficient vehicles and carpooling to the office. But these things really
work. Based in part on how folks responded to the energy crisis in the ’70s, the
scientists luxuriated calculated how many Americans might be willing to reform their energy-wasting ways.
And they found that within 10 years, we could reasonably expect to cut our national emissions by 7.4
percent. That much carbon is slightly larger than the total amount put out by France. If we could manage
that, the whole world might say mercy.
5)
Question:
The term pygmy usually refers to a few groups of shortstatured people in equatorial rain forest regions in A
frica. The existence of distinct populations of such people presented scientists with the opportunity to
study the mechanisms by which typical human growth patterns have become altered there. And they
discovered that two groups became small in two different ways. The study is in the journal Nature
Communications. The researchers collected data on some 500 members of a west African ethnic group
called the Baka. They discovered that Baka infants have a similar size range to most other infants, but have
a low growth rate during their first two years, which produces a lasting effect. This mechanism seems to be
different from that of the east African groups called the Efé and Sua. These peoples have slow
prenatal growth, so that the infants are born smaller. The researchers say that the Baka population
appears to have split from the Efé and Sua some 20,000 years ago. The two different systems for achieving
small stature—which appears to be advantageous in the equatorial rainforest environment—are thus an
example of convergent evolution. The researchers believe the findings say something important about
human evolution and development in general: “Homo sapiens could therefore be characterized by its high
capacity for growth plasticity during infancy. This capacity, which may be unique to our species, may have
played a fundamental role in the biological adaptation that enabled its worldwide expansion and
occupation of dissimilar environments within a short period after moving out of Africa.” —Cynthia Graber
Transcript:
The term pygmy usually refers to a few groups of damaged people in reportorial rain forest regions in Afric
a. The existence of distinct populations of such people presented scientists with the opportunity to study
the mechanisms by which typical human growth patterns have become altered there. And they discovered
that two groups became small in two legitimate ways. The study is in the journal Nature Communications.

121
The priestess’s collected data on some 500 members of a west African ethnic group called the Baka. They
discovered that Baka infants have a similar size range to most other infants, but have a low growth rate
during their first two years, which produces a lasting effect. This mechanism seems to be different from
that of the east African groups called the Efé and Sua. These peoples have slow flavourful growth, so that
the infants are born smaller. The researchers say that the Baka population appears to have split from the
Efé and Sua some 20,000 years ago. The two different systems for achieving small stature—which appears
to be advantageous in the equatorial rainforest environment—are thus an example of convergent
evolution. The researchers believe the findings say something important about human evolution and
development in general: “Homo sapiens could therefore be characterized by its high lottery for growth
plasticity during infancy. This capacity, which may be unique to our species, may have played a
fundamental role in the musicological adaptation that enabled its worldwide expansion and occupation of
dissimilar environments within a short period after moving out of Africa.” —Cynthia Graber
Answer:
The term pygmy usually refers to a few groups of damaged shortstatured people in reportorial equatorial r
ain forest regions in Africa. The existence of distinct populations of such people presented scientists with
the opportunity to study the mechanisms by which typical human growth patterns have become altered
there. And they discovered that two groups became small in two legitimate different ways. The study is in
the journal Nature Communications. The priestess’s researchers collected data on some 500 members of a
west African ethnic group called the Baka. They discovered that Baka infants have a similar size range to
most other infants, but have a low growth rate during their first two years, which produces a lasting effect.
This mechanism seems to be different from that of the east African groups called the Efé and Sua. These
peoples have slow flavourful prenatal growth, so that the infants are born smaller. The researchers say
that the Baka population appears to have split from the Efé and Sua some 20,000 years ago. The two
different systems for achieving small stature—which appears to be advantageous in the equatorial
rainforest environment—are thus an example of convergent evolution. The researchers believe the
findings say something important about human evolution and development in general: “Homo sapiens
could therefore be characterized by its high lottery capacity for growth plasticity during infancy. This
capacity, which may be unique to our species, may have played a fundamental role in
the musicological biological adaptation that enabled its worldwide expansion and occupation of dissimilar
environments within a short period after moving out of Africa.” —Cynthia Graber
6)
Question:
It’s an approach to pest control that’s so crazy it just might work: convince the females that they’re virgins.
It would be useless as human birth control, of course, but the difference is that most female insects
completely change their behavior after sex. For example, some mosquitoes suck blood. Others lose
interest in males and start laying eggs. What’s behind this dramatic change in behavior? Turns out it’s a
peptide in the males’ seminal fluid. And now researchers in Vienna have found the females’ receptor for
this peptide. They report online in Nature that fruit flies without the receptor lay many fewer eggs and
continue to be interested in sex. In other words, they act. So, back to pest control. Most female insects
should have this sort of receptor, including the kinds that spread disease and devastate crops. If we could
deactivate it on a large scale, instead of fighting egg-laying blood-suckers, we could live in peace with born-
again virgins.
Transcript:
It’s an approach to pest control that’s so crazy it just might work: convince the females that they’re virgins.
It would be useless as human birth control, of course, but the difference is that most female insects

122
completely change their payer behavior after sex. For example, some placebos suck blood. Others lose
interest in males and start laying eggs. What’s behind this anoxic change in behavior? Turns out it’s a
peptide in the males’ seminal fluid. And now researchers in Vienna have found the females’ nether for this
peptide. They report online in Nature that metabolites without the receptor lay many fewer eggs and
continue to be interested in sex. In other words, they act. So, back to pest control. Most female insects
should have this sort of receptor, duding the kinds that spread disease and devastate crops. If we could
deactivate it on a large scale, instead of customizing egg-laying blood-suckers, we could live in peace with
born-again virgins.
Answer:
It’s an approach to pest control that’s so crazy it just might work: convince the females that they’re virgins.
It would be useless as human birth control, of course, but the difference is that most female insects
completely change their payer behavior after sex. For example, some placebos mosquitoes suck blood.
Others lose interest in males and start laying eggs. What’s behind this anoxic dramatic change in behavior?
Turns out it’s a peptide in the males’ seminal fluid. And now researchers in Vienna have found the females’
nether receptor for this peptide. They report online in Nature that metabolites fruit flies without the
receptor lay many fewer eggs and continue to be interested in sex. In other words, they act. So, back to
pest control. Most female insects should have this sort of receptor, duding including the kinds that spread
disease and devastate crops. If we could deactivate it on a large scale, instead of customizing fighting egg-
laying blood-suckers, we could live in peace with born-again virgins.
7)
Question:
Olive oil is thought to be healthy because it’s mostly monounsaturated fat. But cold-pressed extra-
virgin olive oil may have an extra benefit: it appears to be more filling than other fats. That’s according to
research presented at a German symposium on fat. Researchers started by feeding 120 volunteers a daily,
18-ounce serving of low-fat yogurt. But mixed in the yogurt were either three tablespoons of either extra-
virgin olive oil, canola oil, butter, or lard. Turns out volunteers in the olive oil group reported feeling more
full during the three-month study period. And they had larger concentrations of serotonin in their blood—
a signal of satiety. The researchers say extra- virgin olive oil contains aromatic compounds that block the
absorption of glucose from the blood, delaying the recurrence of hunger. Indeed, study subjects who ate
yogurt with just olive oil extract consumed fewer calories over a three-month period than those who ate
plain yogurt. And they finished the trial with less body fat too. Which leads these researchers to conclude
that olive oil extract could be key to creating a better low-fat snack: tastes great, more filling.
Transcript:
Olive oil is thought to be healthy because it’s mostly monounsaturated fat. But cold-pressed cohabiting
olive oil may have an extra benefit: it appears to be more filling than other fats. That’s according to
research presented at a German symposium on fat. Researchers started by feeding 120 wisps a daily, 18-
ounce serving of low-fat yogurt. But mixed in the yogurt were either three pantaloons of either extra-
virgin olive oil, canola oil, butter, or lard. Turns out volunteers in the olive oil group reported feeling more
full during the obstructs study period. And they had larger concentrations of serotonin in their blood— a
signal of satiety. The multivitamins researchers say extra- virgin olive oil contains aromatic compounds that
block the absorption of glucose from the blood, delaying the goblets of hunger. Indeed, study subjects who
ate yogurt with just olive oil extract consumed fewer calories over a three-month period than those who
ate plain yogurt. And they finished the trial with less body fat too. Which leads these researchers to
conclude that olive oil extract could be key to creating a better low-fat snack: tastes great, more filling.

123
Answer:
Olive oil is thought to be healthy because it’s mostly monounsaturated fat. But cold-
pressed cohabiting extra-virgin olive oil may have an extra benefit: it appears to be more filling than other
fats. That’s according to research presented at a German symposium on fat. Researchers started by
feeding 120 wisps volunteers a daily, 18-ounce serving of low-fat yogurt. But mixed in the yogurt were
either three pantaloons tablespoons of either extra- virgin olive oil, canola oil, butter, or lard. Turns out
volunteers in the olive oil group reported feeling more full during the obstructs three-month study period.
And they had larger concentrations of serotonin in their blood— a signal of satiety.
The multivitamins researchers say extra- virgin olive oil contains aromatic compounds that block the
absorption of glucose from the blood, delaying the goblets recurrence of hunger. Indeed, study subjects
who ate yogurt with just olive oil extract consumed fewer calories over a three-month period than those
who ate plain yogurt. And they finished the trial with less body fat too. Which leads these researchers to
conclude that olive oil extract could be key to creating a better low-fat snack: tastes great, more filling.
8)
Question:
“Our health care is too costly…and each day brings further evidence that the ways we use energy
strengthen our adversaries and threaten our planet… “We will build the roads and bridges, the electric
grids and digital lines that feed our commerce and bind us together. We will restore science to its
rightful place and wield technology’s wonders to raise health care’s quality and lower its costs. We will
harness the sun and the winds and the soil to fuel our cars and run our factories. And we will transform our
schools and colleges and universities to meet the demands of a new age… “Our challenges may be new,
the instruments with which we meet them may be new, but those values upon which our success depends,
honesty and hard work, courage and fair play, tolerance and curiosity, loyalty and patriotism—these things
are old. These things are true.”
Transcript:
“Our health care is too costly…and each day brings further evidence that the ways we use energy magician
our lamaseries and threaten our planet… “We will build the roads and bridges, the electric grids and digital
lines that feed our commerce and bind us together. We will restore science to its firewall place and wield
technology’s wonders to raise health care’s quality and lower its costs. We will harness the sun and the
winds and the soil to fuel our cars and run our factories. And we will transform our schools and colleges
and universities to meet the demands of a new age… “Our conductresses may be new, the instruments
with which we meet them may be new, but those values upon which our success depends, honesty and
hard work, courage and fair play, tolerance and curiosity, loyalty and patriotism—these things are old.
These things are true.”
Answer:
“Our health care is too costly…and each day brings further evidence that the ways we use
energy magician strengthen our lamaseries adversaries and threaten our planet… “We will build the roads
and bridges, the electric grids and digital lines that feed our commerce and bind us together. We will
restore science to its firewall rightful place and wield technology’s wonders to raise health care’s quality
and lower its costs. We will harness the sun and the winds and the soil to fuel our cars and run our
factories. And we will transform our schools and colleges and universities to meet the demands of a new
age… “Our conductresses challenges may be new, the instruments with which we meet them may be new,
but those values upon which our success depends, honesty and hard work, courage and fair play, tolerance
and curiosity, loyalty and patriotism—these things are old. These things are true.”

124
9)
Question:
Emphysema and cystic fibrosis patients who need new lungs are faced with a life-threatening problem:
more than 80 percent of donated lungs can’t be used—they’re inflamed and barely functional. But a new
approach, detailed this week in the new journal Science Translational Medicine, describes a novel gene
therapy that can repair these damaged lungs—and make them available for transplant. Researchers first
developed a system for preserving the lungs. They put the organs in a glass chamber and kept them
functioning and at human body temperature. This technique proved better than freezing. Then they
inserted into the lungs a gene IL-10. The gene plays a key role in inhibiting the immune response. About six
hours after injection, the cells start producing proteins that combat the damaging inflammation. The
presence of the IL-10 gene may also lower the chances that the recipient of the lung will reject the
transplanted organ. After the gene therapy, treated lungs showed improved blood flow and were
significantly better at taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide. The technique could double the
number of lungs available for transplant, truly making patients breathe easier.
Transcript:
Emphysema and cystic fibrosis patients who need new lungs are faced with a life-threatening problem:
more than 80 percent of donated lungs can’t be used—they’re inflamed and barely functional. But a new
approach, detailed this week in the new journal Science Translational Medicine, describes a novel gene
therapy that can repair these damaged lungs—and make them confrontational for transplant. Researchers
first developed a system for preserving the lungs. They put the organs in a glass chamber and kept them
functioning and at human body temperature. This technique proved better than freezing. Then they
inserted into the lungs a gene IL-10. The gene plays a key role in crippling the immune response. About six
hours after injection, the cells start producing zlotys’ that combat the blandishing inflammation. The
presence of the IL-10 gene may also lower the chances that the recipient of the lung will reject the
transplanted organ. After the gene therapy, treated lungs showed improved blood flow and were
significantly better at taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide. The technique could double the
number of lungs available for transplant, truly making patients breathe easier.
Answer:
Emphysema and cystic fibrosis patients who need new lungs are faced with a life-threatening problem:
more than 80 percent of donated lungs can’t be used—they’re inflamed and barely functional. But a new
approach, detailed this week in the new journal Science Translational Medicine, describes a novel gene
therapy that can repair these damaged lungs—and make them confrontational available for transplant.
Researchers first developed a system for preserving the lungs. They put the organs in a glass chamber and
kept them functioning and at human body temperature. This technique proved better than freezing. Then
they inserted into the lungs a gene IL-10. The gene plays a key role in crippling inhibiting the immune
response. About six hours after injection, the cells start producing zlotys’ proteins that combat
the blandishing damaging inflammation. The presence of the IL-10 gene may also lower the chances that
the recipient of the lung will reject the transplanted organ. After the gene therapy, treated lungs showed
improved blood flow and were significantly better at taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide. The
technique could double the number of lungs available for transplant, truly making patients breathe easier.
10)
Question:
Did you hoist a few on New Year’s? Of course, getting together with friends over a few adult beverages has
a long history. Here’s the University of Cincinnati’s Kathleen Lynch, on the ancient Greek symposium: “And

125
the symposium is an all-male drinking event. It’s a time where a small group of men get together, usually at
the home of a friend. And the focus is on drinking. And so they may have had some food earlier, but the
focus is on drinking together. And the drinking together forms bonds.” On January 7th, Lynch lectures at
the meeting of the Archaeological Institute of America on the types of cups used at symposia over the
centuries and how they give us clues to what was going on in Greece at particular times. As for the
symposium, it had a couple of definite rules. First, participants reclined and arranged themselves in a circle
or square. There was thus no obvious head of the table, and everyone involved had an equal status.
Second, everyone drank together in rounds, so everyone got drunk at about the same rate. This communal
and equitable inebriation led to a common loss of inhibitions and the imprinting
building of, well, a fraternity.
Transcript:
Did you hoist a few on New Year’s? Of course, getting together with friends over a few adult beverages has
a long history. Here’s the University of Cincinnati’s Kathleen Lynch, on the ancient Greek symposium: “And
the symposium is an all-male confessing event. It’s a time where a small group of men get together, usually
at the home of a friend. And the focus is on drinking. And so they may have had some food earlier, but the
focus is on drinking together. And the drinking together forms bonds.” On January 7th, Lynch transitions at
the meeting of the Archaeological Institute of America on the types of cups used at symposia over the
centuries and how they give us clues to what was going on in Greece at signature times. As for the
symposium, it had a couple of definite rules. First, participants unsupervised and arranged themselves in a
circle or square. There was thus no obvious head of the table, and lam shop had an equal status. Second,
everyone drank together in rounds, so everyone got drunk at about the same rate. This communal and
equitable inebriation led to a common loss of inhibitions and the imprinting building of, well, a fraternity.
Answer:
Did you hoist a few on New Year’s? Of course, getting together with friends over a few adult beverages has
a long history. Here’s the University of Cincinnati’s Kathleen Lynch, on the ancient Greek symposium: “And
the symposium is an all-male confessing drinking event. It’s a time where a small group of men get
together, usually at the home of a friend. And the focus is on drinking. And so they may have had some
food earlier, but the focus is on drinking together. And the drinking together forms bonds.” On January 7th,
Lynch transitions lectures at the meeting of the Archaeological Institute of America on the types of cups
used at symposia over the centuries and how they give us clues to what was going on in Greece
at signature particular times. As for the symposium, it had a couple of definite rules. First,
participants unsupervised reclined and arranged themselves in a circle or square. There was thus no
obvious head of the table, and lam everyone shop involved had an equal status. Second, everyone drank
together in rounds, so everyone got drunk at about the same rate. This communal and equitable
inebriation led to a common loss of inhibitions and the imprinting building of, well, a fraternity.
11)
Question:
Scientists discover new species all the time—on the order of 15,000 a year. One of the latest additions to
the tree of life is a new type of leopard frog. Which might sound unremarkable, except for where it was
found: New York City. But how does a frog go unnoticed in the Big Apple? Well even experts have a hard
time telling this new species from its northern and southern cousins on looks alone. But the new guy has
a different croak, which raised ecologists’ suspicions. So they tracked down four leopard frog populations
with the unique call—including one within view of the Statue of Liberty—and took DNA samples. As they
suspected, the odd croakers weren’t southern or northern leopard frogs, or even a mix. They had a genetic
ancestry of their own—earning them new species status. Those results appear in the journal Molecular

126
Phylogenetic and Evolution. The frogs are tough New Yorkers—
the center of their range appears to be Yankee Stadium. But the researchers say that the urban amphibians
face threats like pesticides and infectious diseases. Not to mention real-life games of Frogger.
Transcript:
Scientists discover new species all the time—on the order of 15,000 a year. One of the latest additions to
the tree of life is a new type of leopard frog. Which might sound unremarkable, except for where it was
found: New York City. But how does a frog go coded in the Big Apple? Well even experts have a hard time
telling this new species from its refrozen and southern cousins on looks alone. But the new guy has a
baronet croak, which raised ecologists’ suspicions. So they tracked down four leopard frog populations
with the unique call—including one within view of the Statue of Liberty—and took DNA samples. As they
suspected, the odd croakers weren’t southern or northern leopard frogs, or even a mix. They had a genetic
ancestry of their own—earning them new species status. Those results appear in the journal Molecular
Phylogenetic and Evolution. The frogs are tough New Yorkers—
the center of their range appears to be Yankee Stadium. But the inveiglers say that the urban amphibians f
ace threats like advise and infectious diseases. Not to mention real-life games of Frogger.
Answer:
Scientists discover new species all the time—on the order of 15,000 a year. One of the latest additions to
the tree of life is a new type of leopard frog. Which might sound unremarkable, except for where it was
found: New York City. But how does a frog go coded unnoticed in the Big Apple? Well even experts have a
hard time telling this new species from its refrozen northern and southern cousins on looks alone. But the
new guy has a baronet different croak, which raised ecologists’ suspicions. So they tracked down four
leopard frog populations with the unique call—including one within view of the Statue of Liberty—and
took DNA samples. As they suspected, the odd croakers weren’t southern or northern leopard frogs, or
even a mix. They had a genetic ancestry of their own—earning them new species status. Those results
appear in the journal Molecular Phylogenetic and Evolution. The frogs are tough New Yorkers
the center of their range appears to be Yankee Stadium. But the inveiglers researchers say that the urban a
mphibians face threats like advise pesticides and infectious diseases. Not to mention real-
life games of Frogger.
12)
Question:
Modern humans are masters of multitasking. We eat while driving, watch TV while studying, and of course
talk on our cell phones while doing, well, everything. How do we do it? A study in the July 16th issue of
Neuron suggests that though we can train our brains to work faster as we juggle, we never actually
manage to do more than one thing at a time. Our brains aren’t really built to handle the sort of parallel
processing we think we’re capable of. The good news is: studies have shown that extensive training can
make us better at doing two things at once. But how? One theory is that with lots of practice some
routines become “automatic.” And if we don’t need to run every little thing past the part of the brain that’s
spends time thinking about stuff, we can multitask just fine. But this new study finds that that’s not the
way it works. Turns out that multitaskers still consult the prefrontal cortex, but training gets the “Thinking
Brain” to think a little faster. So we’re actually switching tasks quickly enough to appear to be doing them
simultaneously. Which is still nothing to shake a stick and sneeze at.
Transcript:
Modern humans are masters of multitasking. We eat while driving, watch TV while studying, and of course
talk on our cell phones while doing, well, everything. How do we do it? A study in the July 16th issue of

127
Neuron suggests that though we can train our brains to work faster as we juggle, we never actually
manage to do more than one thing at a time. Our brains aren’t really built to handle the sort of parallel
processing we think we’re capable of. The good news is: studies have shown that submissive training can
make us better at doing two things at once. But how? One theory is that with lots of practice some
routines become “automatic.” And if we don’t need to run every little thing past the part of the brain that’s
spends time spelling about stuff, we can multitask just fine. But this new study finds that that’s not the way
it works. Turns out that coffers still consult the prefrontal cortex, but training gets the “Thinking Brain” to
think a little faster. So we’re actually switching tasks quickly enough to appear to be doing them
simultaneously. Which is still nothing to shake a stick and sneeze at.
Answer:
Modern humans are masters of multitasking. We eat while driving, watch TV while studying, and of course
talk on our cell phones while doing, well, everything. How do we do it? A study in the July 16th issue of
Neuron suggests that though we can train our brains to work faster as we juggle, we never actually
manage to do more than one thing at a time. Our brains aren’t really built to handle the sort of parallel
processing we think we’re capable of. The good news is: studies have shown
that submissive extensive training can make us better at doing two things at once. But how? One theory is
that with lots of practice some routines become “automatic.” And if we don’t need to run every little thing
past the part of the brain that’s spends time spelling thinking about stuff, we can multitask just fine. But
this new study finds that that’s not the way it works. Turns out that coffers multitaskers still consult the
prefrontal cortex, but training gets the “Thinking Brain” to think a little faster. So we’re actually switching
tasks quickly enough to appear to be doing them simultaneously. Which is still nothing to shake a stick and
sneeze at.
13)
Question:
This year, the number of mobile phones on cell networks is expected to surpass the Earth’s population.
“More people now own cell phones than actually have access to working toilets.” James Meadow, a
microbial ecologist at the University of Oregon. Hidden in the data is the reality that some people work on
their phones…on toilets. If that grosses you out, consider this: “So it turns out we’re just really leaky
animals. We just, we leave our bacteria everywhere we go.” Including, of course, our phones. Meadow and
his colleagues took a census of the bacteria on thumbs and index fingers of 17 volunteers—and on their
smartphone touch screens. Overall, they ID’ed over 7,000 types. Looking at just the most common
bacteria, those that appear more than 0.1 percent of the time, they found an 82 percent similarity
between the microbiomes of fingers and phones. Meaning our phones are a pretty good mirror of
ourselves, microbially, at least. The results appear in the journal PeerJ. “We have always been covered in
bacteria… and we will always be covered in bacteria.” So the fact that our phones are also covered in
bacteria is no reason for concern. In fact, the researchers say that mobile phones may hold untapped
potential as personal microbiome sensors. App developers, take note.
Transcript:
This year, the number of mobile phones on cell networks is remembered to surpass the Earth’s population.
“More people now own cell phones than actually have access to working toilets.” James Meadow, a
microbial ecologist at the University of Oregon. Hidden in the data is the reality that some people work on
their phones…on toilets. If that grosses you out, consider this: “So it turns out we’re just really leaky
animals. We just, we leave our linear everywhere we go.” Including, of course, our phones. Meadow and
his colleagues took a census of the bacteria on thumbs and index fingers of 17 volunteers—and on their
smartphone touch screens. Overall, they ID’ed over 7,000 types. Looking at just the most common

128
bacteria, those that appear more than 0.1 percent of the time, they found an 82 percent similarity
between the overtones of fingers and phones. Meaning our phones are a pretty good mirror of ourselves,
microbially, at least. The results appear in the journal PeerJ. “We have always been covered in bacteria…
and we will always be covered in bacteria.” So the fact that our phones are also covered in bacteria is no
reason for concern. In fact, the reasoners say that mobile phones may hold untapped potential as suloctidil
palindrome sensors. App developers, take note.
Answer:
This year, the number of mobile phones on cell networks is remembered expected to surpass the Earth’s
population. “More people now own cell phones than actually have access to working toilets.” James
Meadow, a microbial ecologist at the University of Oregon. Hidden in the data is the reality that some
people work on their phones…on toilets. If that grosses you out, consider this: “So it turns out we’re just
really leaky animals. We just, we leave our linear bacteria everywhere we go.” Including, of course, our
phones. Meadow and his colleagues took a census of the bacteria on thumbs and index fingers of 17
volunteers—and on their smartphone touch screens. Overall, they ID’ed over 7,000 types. Looking at just
the most common bacteria, those that appear more than 0.1 percent of the time, they found an 82 percent
similarity between the overtones microbiomes of fingers and phones. Meaning our phones are a pretty
good mirror of ourselves, microbially, at least. The results appear in the journal PeerJ. “We have always
been covered in bacteria… and we will always be covered in bacteria.” So the fact that our phones are also
covered in bacteria is no reason for concern. In fact, the reasoners researchers say that mobile phones may
hold untapped potential as suloctidil personal palindrome microbiome sensors. App developers, take note.
14)
Question:
Schizophrenia is a severe, chronic, and a disabling brain disorder. Schizophrenics need ongoing psychiatric
and psychological treatment. People with schizophrenia have perceptions that are strikingly different from
others. Their behavior may seem old odd, bizarre, and eccentric at times. They suffer from hallucinations
and illusions, i.e., they hear voices and see things that actually do not exist or at least are not physically
present.
Transcript:
Schizophrenia is a severe, caloric, and a disabling brain disorder. Schizophrenics need ongoing psychiatric
and psychological treatment. People with schizophrenia have conceptions that are strikingly different than
others. Their behavior may seem old, bizarre, and erratic at times. They suffer from hallucinations and
delusions, i.e., they hear voices and see things that actually do not exist or at least are not really present.
Answer:
Schizophrenia is a severe, caloric chronic, and a disabling brain disorder. Schizophrenics need ongoing
psychiatric and psychological treatment. People with schizophrenia have conceptions perceptions that are
strikingly different than from others. Their behavior may seem old odd, bizarre, and erratic eccentric at
times. They suffer from hallucinations and delusions illusions, i.e., they hear voices and see things that
actually do not exist or at least are not really physically present.
15)
Question:
Medicinal tablets are nothing new. Doctors have been dispensing pills for thousands of years. And now
archaeologists have turned up some of those ancient medicines, which were preserved in a shipwreck for

129
close to two millennia. The 2nd-century Pozzino wreck was discovered in 1974 off the coast of Italy. It’s
cargo included medical equipment like a cupping vessel, iron probe, and tin boxes of supplies. And in one
of those boxes, researchers recovered five gray tablets. Now, they’ve analyzed the antique medication. The
work is in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The pills primarily contained zinc
compounds, probably the active medicinal ingredients. But researchers also detected starch, pollen,
charcoal, fats and linen fibers. Those fibers helped the tablets hold their round, loaf-like shape, which may
be the key to the medication’s use: the Greek word meaning “small round loaves” also inspired the word
collyrium, or eye-wash. The pills were probably either dissolved in liquid or ground into a powder and used
to treat eye conditions. Who knows, maybe Hippocrates used them on his pupils.
Transcript:
Medicinal tablets are nothing new. Doctors have been filming pills for thousands of years. And now
archaeologists have turned up some of those ancient medicines, which were preserved in a shipwreck for
close to two millennia. The 2nd-century Ponzio wreck was discovered in 1974 off the coast of Italy. Its
cargo included medical chestnut like a cupping vessel, iron probe, and tin boxes of supplies. And in one of
those boxes, researchers recovered five gray tablets. Now, they’ve analyzed the antique medication. The
work is in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The pills primarily contained zinc
compounds, probably the active medicinal ingredients. But researchers also detected starch, pollen,
charcoal, fats and linen fibers. Those fibers helped the tablets hold their round, loaf-like shape, which may
be the key to the medication’s use: The Greek word meaning “small round loaves” also inspired the word
collegium, or eye-wash. The pills were probably either infarct in liquid or ground into a powder and used to
treat eye conditions. Who knows, maybe Hippocrates used them on his pupils.
Answer:
Medicinal tablets are nothing new. Doctors have been filming dispensing pills for thousands of years. And
now archaeologists have turned up some of those ancient medicines, which were preserved in a shipwreck
for close to two millennia. The 2nd-century Pozzino wreck was discovered in 1974 off the coast of Italy. It’s
cargo included medical chestnut equipment like a cupping vessel, iron probe, and tin boxes of supplies.
And in one of those boxes, researchers recovered five gray tablets. Now, they’ve analyzed the antique
medication. The work is in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The pills primarily
contained zinc compounds, probably the active medicinal ingredients. But researchers also detected
starch, pollen, charcoal, fats and linen fibers. Those fibers helped the tablets hold their round, loaf-like
shape, which may be the key to the medication’s use: the Greek word meaning “small round loaves” also
inspired the word collegium, or eye-wash. The pills were probably either infarct dissolved in liquid or
ground into a powder and used to treat eye conditions. Who knows, maybe Hippocrates used them on his
pupils.

130
Write form dictation:
1) All students have their own style of learning.
2) Some methods for clinical applications have been presented as well.
3) Submission of assignments due day is mid of Friday
4) It was hard to anticipate how odd the characters would behave.
5) They were struggling since last year to make their work paid.
6) A group meeting will be held tomorrow in the library conference room.
7) The country achieved its prosperity by opening the port for trade.
8) Experts believe that industry development will help economy.
9) Heavy rain will fall across the city next week.
10) Higher fees make students think more critically about what universities can offer.
11) His academic supervisor called in to see him last night.
12) Rising inflation may indicate the increasing demands for consumer products.
13) A pie chart provides a useful means of data comparison.
14) Is the hypothesis on black holes rendered moot as an/the explanation of gravity?
15) She doesn’t even care about anything but what is honest and true.
16) The television output is giving evident educational programming.
17) Teaching assistants will have received monthly fees for hosing.
18) Despite their differences. all forms of lives share some/the same characteristics.
19) The toughest part of research for postgraduate students is funding.
20) Undergraduate may need to pursue some specific interests within the specific program.
21) That means that we have too many struggles over labs.
22) Most graduates of journalism get jobs in communication field.
23) Graduates of this field get jobs in the communications field.
24) They’ve been struggling since last month to make their service paid.
25) The graduates in (of) journalism could get jobs in communications field.
26) In consultation with your supervisor, your thesis is approved by faculty committee.
27) A teacher explains clear notes in the lecture.
28) You are advised to revise this project.
29) One of the promises is to decrease the contest.
30) Experts are able to forecast weather for a long period.
31) The study shows that there are positive connections between the two variables.

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32) No more than four people are allowed in the lab.
33) The commission will collect fines of sovereignties.
34) Assignments should be submitted to the department before the deadline.
35) Your assignment should be submitted before the deadline.
36) All of your assignments should be due by tomorrow.
37) Please make sure you correctly cite all the necessary materials.
38) The students will meet their new teachers after the summer vacation.
39) Most of the theories were similar, but a few critics disagreed.
40) Artists play their own role as critics of culture.
41) An artist who supports politicians would receive critiques.
42) Fashion trends help to make people’s life interesting.
43) Today’s lecture material will be included in the next day’s assessment.
44) Could you please prepare a medical certificate for me to submit to my manager?
45) Students are strictly required to submit their assignments by next Friday.
46) Close the door behind you when you leave the room.
47) There were a lot of traffic jams this morning.
48) Please move us to the meeting room for the next hour.
49) Foods containing overabundant calories supply little or no nutritional value.
50) The author’s previous works are more philosophical and less experimental.
51) The dining hall will undergo renovations.
52) Climate change is becoming acceptable among a group of scientists.
53) Why has the project been delayed for so long?
54) Evaluation forms are received by university personnel.
55) Please note that the college laboratory will be closed for cleaning next week.
56) You will get your uniform on the first day.
57) Rising in inflation will increase the demand, price and the consuming of products.
58) You should allocate your time wisely when revising.
59) It is important to allocate your time wisely when revising.
60) Americans have cheapest typical growth in quantitative terms.
61) The history of movement was recorded by several promoters’ writers.
62) Resources of materials are held in the of library reference desk.
63) The research on cyclone tropical forest is forecasting the weather conditions.
64) Please work with each other to build monolithic status.

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65) The undergraduate need some specific.
66) The department is organising a trip to London in July.
67) Scientists here are studying a wide variety of mysterious processes.
68) You must call your doctor to make an appointment.
69) Our class will be divided into three groups.
70) Your thesis must have a fairly large scope.
71) Elections for president take place once every four years.
72) You can find a lot more references on the university website.
73) Celebrity theory is still the great source of controversy.
74) Her celebrating theory has a great level of controversy.
75) Organization plays important role in academic literature.
76) You come with me and the others stay here.
77) The weather turned out to be lovely sometime earlier.
78) The stairs are to the left of the elevator.
79) They were struggling last year to make their payments.
80) Some vocational courses in institutions are funded by private enterprises.
81) Educational level is related to the social and economic background.
82) Behind the groups is the garage joined by some partners.
83) There are accounting assignments for finance students.
84) If finance in a course concerned, may be a scholarship can help.
85) If it helps you take notes to concentrate, please do it.
86) If it helps to take in order to concentrate, please do so.
87) For the protest, the chemistry department was shut down.
88) The qualification is assessed in criteria reference book.
89) Caged cameras are used to see the fish.
90) Catch the camera to see the fish.
91) Law is beneficial to investors by protecting their rights and avoiding any improper actions in the
market.
92) Life expectancy and infant mortality rates are two of the best indicators of overall health.
93) Lung cancer remains a largely incurable disease.
94) Cosmetics and plastic surgery often evokes images of famous personalities. 10 w
95) If you use anger as a tool too often, people will learn to avoid you.
96) Creating a playlist of your favorite music to help you relax in different situations.

133
97) Our food supply now contains so much added sugar that our metabolic systems can’t handle it.
98) Hundreds of millions of dollars are spent each year promotion unhealthy foods.
99) Pain is necessary, as it acts as a warning of danger
100) Practicing time-restricted eating a few times a week could be both feasible and healthy.
101) Carefully rub contact lenses with your fingers for a thorough clean.
102) Do not know if there is a plural, but I do not seem to have.
103) You are being trained to be a special journalist.
104) Many toxins originated from plants or animals.
105) An aerial photograph was promptly registered for federal evaluations.
106) An aerial photograph was prompted registered for federal evaluations.
107) It is too hard to observe the reaction of the character.
108) The packaging is very important to attract the buyer.
109) The large, wide table is not for sale.
110) Restaurants are down to the hall and next to the right.
111) The chemistry building is in the interior of the campus.
112) I want to make an appointment with the manager.
113) The photography registration is for evaluation.
114) The qualification will be assessed by using a conference criterion to approach The theme of the issue
was the estimation of problem.
115) Participating in the work placement is beneficial to all students.
116) They have struggle since last year to make their services pay.
117) When workers ask for higher wages, the companies raise prices.
118) Demand and supply are fundamental elements of economics.
119) Review all materials before drawing your conclusions.
120) Money and fame affect the world.
121) He was not the only one to call for a legal reform in the sixteenth century.
122) Everyone in this room needs to follow the rules.
123) In addition to lecture programs, you will be offered tutorials.
124) The typical part of this course involves the study of society.
125) The university seeks funding’s for the renovation of the lecture theater.
126) Recession triggers creativity and thirsty due to the past thirty.
127) Students with work experience may be successful in job applications.
128) The new media has transformed that traditional boundaries.

134
129) The author is currently the Professor at the Cambridge university.
130) She began by giving an outline of previous lecture.
131) Most students haven’t considered these issues before.
132) Physics students will do an additional module if their marks are low.
133) Time was needed to process complex lectures.
134) a national collection center is currently being built.
135) communication skulls are increasingly important in recent years.
136) The university canteen offers different healthy meal options.
137) remember to sign the attendance prior to the class.
138) More time will be needed to process the topic of the project.
139) foods containing too much sugar and calories have little or no nutritional value.
140. findings show that cocoa in dark chocolate improves memory, immunity and mood.
141. The untapped potential way of monitoring the sun's rise is phenomenal.
142. Libraries provide lots of services for students.
143. The use of dictionary is not allowed during the examination.
144. there is a separate reading list for each course.
145. The first commercial airport is built on an island recently.
146. She has been in the library for a long time.
147. New media has an impact on human communications.
148. The library has a number of collections of historical and social statistical publications.
149. You should submit your essay by midnight tomorrow.
150. Scientists were unsure when the early man left Africa.
151. The capacity of programming computers is expanding enormously every year.
152. The paper has the potential to transform life science.
153. the tutorial timetable can be found on the course website.
154. Physics students will do an additional module this year.
155. The feedback from the students was extremely positive.
156. The world is now getting warmer at a fest rate.
157. Parents today are involved in the education of their children.
158. The prevailing wind ensures the temperature extremes unwell.
159. New media is to find new areas to study in.
160. The workshop will show you how to search the library catalogues.
161. We are more able to accommodate postgraduate students than previously possible.

135
162. Social policies describe the ways in which the society meets human's needs.
163. Reading lists will be available before the course begins.
164. Food that contains antibiotics provides few or no nutrition values.
165. At that time, people moved from towns to villages.
166. Coastal communities are vulnerable to the rising sea level.
167. People will never learn that the life exists on the other planets.
168. One of the key conclusions is that the development needs were met.
169. One of the key conclusions significant progress for the last few years.
170. Politicians need to be more practical when they are addressing the issues.
171. For any written assignment, a detailed literature review must be performed.
172. Participation rate on studying language learning exceeded expectations.
173. Mechanical evolution became a predominant phenomenon during the industrial revolution.
174. Democracy is constantly offering a stable form of government.
175. These regions were both areas of economic development.
176. If you need a parking ticket, see me after the lecture.
177. While each animal wandered through the maze, its brain was working furiously.
178. There is an overlap between chemistry and other subjects.
179. The digital revolution has changed the way we read.
180. Many companies use personality tests in interview process.
181. Having snow means no fight can take off or land.
182. You must inform your professor if you are absent in your class.
183. New developments in technology are influencing current research.
185. Before preparing food, be sure you wash your hands well.
186. Technology is no longer a simple tool that we can control.
187. Students may only use parking cards in authorized university parking spaces.
188. The project is divided into four main sections.
189. A visit of design museum is greatly valued.
191. The English degree is a worthy degree of the third year.
192. Lots of people turned out to be at the presidential address.
193. Physical health can be improved by regular training.
194. There is not much interconnection between philosophy and psychology.
195. The area has a number of underwater habitats and species.
196. The article illustrates a very large number of very interesting experiments

136
197. A good abstract highlights the key points of your paper.
198. Late applications are not accepted under any circumstances
199. In written assignment, a detailed literature review is important.
200. Slides and handouts can be downloaded after the lecture.
201. Even simple techniques need to be practiced to become perfect
202. The collapse of the housing market makes recessions
203. Momentum is defined as the combination of mass and velocity.
204. Please write the name of author and the year of publication.
205. Please provide the reports to support your idea of these arguments.
206. Please ensure you do not go above word limitation.
207. Peer review is a central part of scientific method.
208. Our laboratory equipment is provided free of charge.
209. Our food supply now contains too much sugar that our metabolic system cannot handle it
210. In the winter it gets harsh, but it won't be an issue since there is a heater.
211. The lectures and references are downloadable on the internet.
212. I didn't understand the author's point of view on immigration.
213. The ability to act on your own is called autonomy.
214. Roads should be clear so that traffic can move smoothly.
215. The theme of the course is to encourage students to develop their creativity.
216. The car accident happened on Saturday outside the school gate.
217. Scientists have found all parts of science.
218. Climate change is not a pure reason for this scientific research.
219. It is important for scientists to publish their research.
220. Social media has grown enormously in recent years.
221. This is the third and the final lecture in this series.
222. Policies are extremely strict to office workers.
223. An adviser can help manufacturers to ensure that products are safe.
224. The lecture will focus on the challenges of urban development.
225. Currently the company employs the people all over Europe.
226. You may find it useful to view the photographs.
227. Computer science has become a popular university degree course.
228. Global warming is a threat to economic growth.
229. To gain access to the facilities, student cards must be shown.

137
230. Feedback can be given in a variety of ways.
231. Most homebuyers receive a loan from the bank.
232. Meeting with mentors can be scheduled for students who require additional support.
233. A demonstrated ability to write clear, correct and concise English is bigotry.
234. In recent years, America has developed a coffee culture.
235. Technology has changed the media we both used and studied.
236. Two drops of the solution were heated in a test tube.
237. You must change your password every month.
238. The posters are on display at the larger lecture theatre.
239. Graduates from this course generally find jobs in insurance industry.
240. Contracts can help to solve misunderstandings between businesses.
241. Some students prefer to learn by images and pictures.
242. The majority of academic publications are in English.
243. At university students can make friends for life.
244. It is doubtful whether projects can be finished this week.
245. Some teachers prefer to teach by using images and pictures.
246. The library catalog is located on the first floor.
247. Females are better than males in academic results until 44 years of age.
248. Carbon dioxide is the main source of greenhouse gases that cause climate change due to
human behaviors.
249. The most pollution comes from industrialized countries.
250. There will be a guest lecturer in the next class.
251. Students who study environmental biology need to do fieldwork.
252. Technology and international trade are the key drivers of the global economy.
253. Legumes and vegetables are major sources of vitamins and minerals.
254. Typical mistakes are difficult to find.
255. Most students need computers to do homework.
256. Storms can be dangerous in some regions.
257. There is a widely believed perception that engineering is provided for boys.
258. Students in science will have to choose a major between chemistry and biology.
259. Before submitting the paper, your thesis must be approved by your tutor.
260. Social psychology is a new area of study.
261. This course is based on experimentation and practice.

138
262. Students are required to have a biology degree to be enrolled in this course.
263. There are a lot of competitions for cases on the history classes.
264. The lecture is about the reasons for the financial crisis.
265. The history of Asia is really studied in these regions.
266. Music students will have great opportunities to work with musical professionals.
267. The new king was crowned at the beginning of June.
268. The study center in the library has all the latest technologies.
269. When writing an essay, consider different views of the subject.
270. The study of history can help us to learn about ancient lives.
271. The blue whale is the largest animal that ever lived.
272. There is an agreed consensus that the leadership skills can be taught.
273. University graduates find it hard to find their jobs.
274. It is generally accepted that language is a part of culture.
275. There must be planets in the universe that can support life.
276. Annual reports can give important information on company finances.
277. University graduates lose their time finding jobs.
278. Our culture influences the choices we make.
279. Students with work experience may be successful in job applications.
280. The typical part of this course involves the study of society.
281. In addition to lecture programs, you will be offered tutorials.
282. Participating in the work placement is beneficial to all students.
283. I want to make an appointment with the manager.
284. Restaurants are down to the hall and next to the right.
285. The large, wide table is not for sale.
286. There are accounting assignments for finance students.
287. Some vocational courses in institutions are funded by private enterprises.
288. The stairs are to the left of the elevator.
289. The weather turned out to be lovely sometime earlier.
290. You must call your doctor to make an appointment.
291. The department is organising a trip to London in July.
292. Close the door behind you when you leave the room.
293. There were a lot of traffic jams this morning.
294. Please move us to the meeting room for the next hour.

139
295. Foods containing overabundant calories supply little or no nutritional value.
296. You will get your uniform on the first day.
297. The students will meet their new teachers after the summer vacation.
298. A teacher explains clear notes in the lecture.
299. A pie chart provides a useful means of data comparison.
300. Rising inflation may indicate the increasing demands for consumer products.

140