16.

Conjunctions,
Sneak Peelk
REWIND Coordi
Conjunctnatioinnsg
. Subordinating
You have learnt that a conjunction is aword that is used Conjunctions
" Conjunctions Used
to join words, groups of words or sentences. There are two in Pairs
types of conjunctions. Let us learn about them.
Coordinating Conjunctions

conjunction used to join two independent statements or two statements of 1

A conjunction.
| equal importance is called acoordinating

coordinating conjunction usuallycomes between the words, phrases or claUses

A coordinating conjunctions are for, and, nor,
they join. The most commonly used
but, or, yet, and so.
functions.
Coordinating conjunctions perform various
statement or fact to another. For When a coordinating
" They add one conjunction joinstwo
example, independent clauses,
bought a cycle.
I went tothe market and we usually put a comma
before the conjunction
She likes teaand coffee.
" They add statements
expressing opposition or
contrast. For example,
shops were closed.
I went to the market, but the
I was tired, yet Istayed up.
" They add statements expressing a choice nor to join
twO
between two alternatives. For example, When we useclauses, the subjec
independent second
You must rest or you will fall ill. verb order in the
and
* My dog doesn't like meat, nor does he clause is reversed.
like vegetables.
" They add statements expressing an
inference. Forexample,
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do well in life, for heiis sincere.
He will
Herfather has fallen ill, so she has taken leave.
PRACTISE

A. Fillinthe blanks with appropriate coordinating conjunctions.

1. Jaya helps me, she cares for me.

2. It was raining, Iput on my raincoat.

3. Shiela is talented, she is successful.
4. Iwas angry, Idid not reveal my feelings.
5. Jaideep was feeling cold, he put on a coat.
6. Jayant doesn't like studies, does he like to do work.
7. Rajesh needed some money, he took up a part-time job.
8. Shireen her sister have been invited to the conference.
9. Ithink the programme will be a huge success, you have all
worked very hard.
10. Kamal doesn't like dogs, he loves playing with my pet.
11. Hurry up and close the door, the dust will blovw into the
house.
12. Mahima drove to office, she did not want to be late.

B. Join these sentences with coordinating conjunctions.

1. I was exhausted. Ihad to go out.

2. She was unwell. She went to the doctor.

3. I willgo with you. Ihave a condition.

4. He is not a scholar. He is a good writer.

5. The Concert was cancelled. We went to the theatre.

6. He will succeed in his mission. He is a committed worker.

7. He is5 an architect. He is interested in creative writing.

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He vwas absent for a long time.
He did wellin the
8.
examinations.
9. Syed gave me a rare plant. Syed gave me a book on rare plants.

10. Lathika worked hard. She didI not succeed in tthe examination.

for practice.
11. Hurry up. We will be late
12. The chairman will not come to the meeting. He will not come to the
annual function.

REWIND

Subordinating Conjunctions
joins a subordinate clause to a main clause.
Asubordinating conjunction

Subordinating conjunctions show a either

relationshipbetween two clauses, so
subordinate clause can The subordinating conjunction
the main clause or the beginning
come first. For example, usually comes at the
clause.
continued our of a subordinate
Although we were tired, we When the subordinate
clause
comma
journey. COmes first, we put a
after the clause.
" We continued our journey although we
were tired.
The most commonly used subordinating
conjunctions are after, although, as, because,
before, wherever, if, once, since, that, than,
though, till, until, when, where, whether and while.
Subordinating conjunctionsare of the following types. For
action happened.
Subordinating conjunctions of time indicate when an
example,
Ileft for the school when the rain stopped.
* Seema will leave before the vacation starts.

140
Subordinating conjunctions of place tell us where an action happened. For
example,
You can place the trunk wherever you like.
The students can stay where they are.
Subordinating conjunctions of reason introduce the cause or explanation for an
action expressed in the main clause. For example,
lcannot dismiss him because he is my oldest employee.
We were forgiven by our parents since we promised not to repeat our
mistake.
subordinating conjunctions of result tell us that one idea is the result or
consequence of another. For example,
&The buswas s0 crowded that we could not get off.
Such was his condition, that we lost hope.
Subordinating conjunctions of purpose introduce the objectíve or purpose of an
action expressed in the main clause. For example,
" She is working day and night so that she may complete the project on
schedule.
* We work that we may lead comfortable lives.
" Subordinating conjunctionsof condition like if, in the event that, in case,
unless, even if, unless and whether describe the conditions under which
something may or may not happen. For example,
You wil lose your job if you are late every day.
9 You will not get any tickets unless you reach early.
Subordinating conjunctionsof contrast or concession like although, even
though and though introduce conditions or events that are different from what
iS expected. Forexample,
She has not given up though she knows the obstacles ahead.
* Although I arrived on time, Ifound no one at the busstop.
conjunctions of comparison like as...as and than help to compare
Subordinating
Wo persons or things. For example,
He is as quiet as 1.
* Karan is cleverer than her brother.

Subordinating conjunctions of manner like as, as if and as though indicate

an action takes place. For
example,
how

She behaved as if she knew

4 The everything.
people spoke as they had been advised. 141
PRACTISE

C. Join these sentences using subordinating conjunctions,

1. He finished first. He began late.

2. Ithought so. Iwas younger then.

3. You are tall. My father is taller.

4. He is leaving. We are giving him a farewelI.

5. You eat too much. You willgain weight.

6. Your brother is in London. Iknow it.

7. He was not there. Ispoke to his assistant.

8. He will not pay. He must be compelled.

9. He ran to the station. He missed the train.

10. The bird flew away. The cage was open.

darnced.
11. The musicians played, The children

apologised to the principal. Hewas sorry for his behaviour.

12. He

REWIND

Conjunctions Used in Pairs

onlywhen
Correlative conjunctions are conjunctions that convey their full meaning some are
they are used in pairs. Some of these conjunctions are coordinating, while
| subordinating.

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the morning, so iss the day.
" Asis
Neither he nor I can acconmpany you today.
spoke SO fast that I could not understand him.
. He
" Ronnie will either meet youtoday or call you tomorrow.
The student was both applauded and rewarded by the school.
" Such was l his motivation that he refused to give up.
No sooner had I entered the station than I heard the announcement.
The flood waters not only damaged the earthen dam but also contaminated the
rinking water.

CHALLENGE
D. Correct these sentences. Focus on the use of conjunctions.
1. If lstudy hard, Iwill not do well.

2. Take a torch, yet the night is dark.

3. Please meet mne lest you have the time.

4. He ran fast, so he missed the first period.

5. He will not come as it rains in the morning.

6. The flat is small and it is surprisingly spacious.

7. Tbaked acake when he studied for his test.

8 She might be inexperienced and she is quite diligent.

9. Youmust be cautious about what you say as you meet him.

10. Govind wanted to buy his own house still he had always lived with
his relatives.

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