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COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY

ACTIVITIES OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACTS OF TRUE MANGROVE AND MANGROVE
ASSOCIATE LOCATED IN BHATYE BEACH AREAS OF MAHARASHTRA, ....

Article  in  International Research Journal of Pharmacy · January 2018

DOI: 10.7897/2230-8407.0812259

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Poonam Gawali et al. Int. Res. J. Pharm. 2017, 8 (12)

INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PHARMACY

www.irjponline.com
ISSN 2230 – 8407

Research Article
COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITIES OF
ETHANOLIC EXTRACTS OF TRUE MANGROVE AND MANGROVE ASSOCIATE LOCATED IN
BHATYE BEACH AREAS OF MAHARASHTRA, INDIA
Poonam Gawali *, B.L. Jadhav and Larkins Ramteke
Department of Life Sciences, University of Mumbai, Vidhyanagari Campus, Santacruz-East, Mumbai, India
*Corresponding Author Email: [email protected]

Article Received on: 13/12/17 Approved for publication: 23/12/17

DOI: 10.7897/2230-8407.0812259

ABSTRACT

The present study showed that among the phytochemicals both the mangroves revealed presence of flavonoids, tannins, triterpenes, alkaloids and
saponins. Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory activity of leaves, stems, pods and fruits of ethanolic extract of Derris trifoliata and Sonneratia alba
mangrove species were studied. Total flavonoid content (TFC) was found to be maximum in S.alba fruits of ethanolic extract (792.6 mg quercetin
equivalent QE/g) as well as the total phenolic content (TPC) was found to be highest (630.39 mg gallic acid equivalent GAE/g). Ethanolic extract at a
concentration range (20-100 μg/mL) showed antioxidant and anti-inflammatory assay where free radical and hydrogen peroxide scavenging potentials
of S. alba fruits IC50 value (62.62 and 66.73 μg/mL) was greater as compared to other extracts respectively. The reducing power of all the extract of
both the plant increased dose-dependently in which S.alba fruits showed maximum reducing power. Anti-inflammatory activity protects membrane
stabilization, protein denaturation and also protease inhibition. In membrane stabilization, S.alba fruits revealed higher activity which represented
64.67 ± 0.05% protection and lower in D.trifoliata pods 46.97 ± 0.06% protection. All the ethanolic extracts displayed inhibition where S.alba fruits
exhibited 80.07 ± 0.02% inhibition of proteinase activity. A concentration dependent inhibition of protein (albumin) denaturation where maximum
amount of inhibition was found in S.alba fruits (84.67±0.04% inhibition). Present results confirmed that among the selected parts of mangroves
ethanolic fruits extracts of S.alba showed more potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.

Keywords: Derris trifoliata, Sonneratia alba, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory

INTRODUCTION Sonnerat, French botanist and explorer; Latin “alba” is white,

referring to the white stamens of the flowers, it has many
The oxidative stress is originated by reactive oxygen species commercial applications. S.alba sepals shows antioxidant3 and
(ROS) responsible for majority of the diseases. Antioxidants antimicrobial activity5. Triterpenes and sterols are found in
interrupt the production of ROS and also play a key role to S.alba6. Perennial climbing shrub a mangrove associate, Derris
inactivate them. Ascorbic acid very effectively scavenges a wide trifoliata Lour. Where in Greek “derris”, is a leather covering
array of ROS and free radicals. Inflammation is a very important possibly referring to the tough seed pods, Latin “trifoliata” with
facet in membrane injury. The mechanism of inflammation 3 leaves referring to the species leaflets these are reported to
injury is attributed in part to release reactive oxygen species have various medicinal properties like bactericidal 7, 8,
(ROS) from activated neutrophil and macrophages. This over antidiarrheal9, antioxidant10, antimicrobial11.
release leads to tissue injury by damaging the macromolecule
and lipid peroxidation of membranes. Neutralization by radical The present study deals with phytochemical composition,
scavenger antioxidants and anti-inflammation can attenuate antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of ethanolic extracts
inflammation1. of true mangrove S.alba and mangrove associate D.trifoliata.

Medicinal plants have been used for centuries as remedies for MATERIALS AND METHODS
human diseases since they have chemical components of Sample collection Area
therapeutic value 2. According to the World Health Organization
(WHO), more than 80% of the world's population relies on D.trifoliata leaves (DL), stem (DS) and pods (DP) and S.alba
traditional medicine for their primary healthcare needs. The leaves (SL), stem (SS) and fruits (SF) of the mangroves as
Indian mangroves consist of approximately 65 species belonging shown in Fig. (1 and 2) were identified, authenticated by
to 31 families, throughout the world there are 77 mangrove taxonomist and collected from Bhatye beach area located at
species. Mumbai Ratnagiri coast has 21 species belonging to 20 16°58’44.0691’’N and 73°17’38.7499’’E. Ratnagiri District,
genera in which most dominating genera include Avicennia, Maharashtra, India. Fresh plant parts as in Table 1 were
Sonneratia, Rhizophora and Acanthus3. Mangroves adapt their separated, washed thoroughly, chopped, dried at 40º C and
fruits, leaves, stems, roots and their reproductive methods in pulverized.
order to survive in a harsh, dynamic environment of soft, low
oxygen soils and varying salinity4. True mangroves, Sonneratia
alba J Smith where in Latin; “Sonneratia”, after Pierre

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Extract preparation the absorbance of the reaction mixture was measured at 415 nm
with a Shimadzu UV–visible spectrophotometer (UV-1800
Ethanol Extract (EE): 10g plant powder was added in 200mL resolution: 1 nm). The amount of 10% aluminum chloride was
ethanol which was exhaustively extracted with ethanol by substituted by the same amount of distilled water in blank. A
percolation method using the soxhlet apparatus. EE was standard calibration plot was generated at 415 nm using known
concentrated by using rotary flash evaporator (Buchi, Japan) to concentrations of quercetin. The concentrations of flavonoid
get the residues and lyophilized (Benchtop 2K) to remove the were calculated from the calibration plot and expressed as mg
excess organic residues. The residual extract was dissolved in quercetin equivalent /g of sample.
20mL ethanol for further use. The percentage of the extract was
calculated and reported. For ethanolic extract, mangrove Total phenolic content
selected parts D.trifoliata was designated as DL-EE, DS-EE,
and DP-EE; for S.alba SL-EE, SS-EE, and SF-EE. Total phenolic content was determined with modification as
follows15. 10mg/mL extracts were used, where 0.125 mL
Qualitative phytochemical Analysis extracts was mixed with 0.5 mL deionized water. 0.125 mL
folin-ciocalteau reagent was added and incubated for 5 min at
Phytochemical analysis of all the extracts were studied as RT followed by addition of 1.25 mL 7% Na2CO3 solution. The
follows12, 13. volume was made up to 4 mL with MilliQ water then incubated
for 90 min at RT. Absorbance was recorded at 760 nm and total
Alkaloids: Few drops of Meyer’s reagent (Potassium Mercuric phenolic content was estimated from a standard gallic acid
chloride solution) were added in 1mL extract. A creamish white curve. The concentrations of phenolic content were calculated
precipitate was formed indicating the presence of alkaloids. from the calibration point and expressed mg gallic acid
equivalent per gram of sample.
Phenol Compounds: 0.5mL 1% Lead acetate and 1% ferric
chloride was added to the 1mL extract. A blue black precipitate In-vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory assays
with lead acetate and green brown with ferric chloride was
obtained for both the extracts. 1mg/mL ethanolic test extracts stock solution, 100μg/mL
standard Ascorbic acid-AA for antioxidant assay and Diclofenac
Flavonoids: 0.5 g of extract was treated with 1.5 mL of 50% sodium –DfS for anti-inflammatory assay were prepared and
methanol solution. The solution was warmed and metal carried out in triplicate with different concentrations (20, 40, 60,
magnesium was added. To this solution, 5-6 drops of 80, and 100 μg/mL).
concentrated hydrochloric acid was added.
DPPH free radical scavenging assay
Saponins: 5 mL extract was mixed with 20 mL distilled water
and then agitated in a graduated cylinder for 15 min. Formation 1, 1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl-DPPH (Sigma Aldrich) free
of foam indicates the presence of saponins. radical scavenging potential was determined 16. In the reaction
mixture, 1mL of freshly prepared DPPH (200µM dissolved in
Steroids: 1 mL extract was dissolved in 10 mL chloroform and ethanol) was added and vortexes thoroughly. Finally, the
equal volume of concentrated sulphuric acid was added by sides solution was incubated in dark place for 30 min. The absorbance
of the test tube. The upper layer turns red and sulphuric acid of stable DPPH was recorded at 517 nm. Ascorbic acid as a
layer showed yellow with green fluorescence. This indicated the standard, control everything except sample and measured by UV
presence of steroids. visible spectrometer Shimadzu, UV-1800.

Terpenoids: 2 mL extract was added to 2 mL acetic anhydride

and concentration of H2SO4. Formation of blue, green rings (1)
indicate the presence of terpenoids.
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) assay
Tannins: 0.5 g of the extract was dissolved in distilled water
and about 10 mL of bromine water added. Decolourization of The ability to scavenge hydrogen peroxide was estimated with
bromine water indicates presence of tannins. minor modification as follows17. A solution of hydrogen
peroxide (30% w/v Thomas Baker SD Fine Chem, Mumbai)
Reducing sugars: 0.5 mL of ethanol extracts was mixed with was prepared in 1M phosphate buffer (pH 7.4). In the reaction
Fehling’s I and II solutions and boiled for half an hour in water mixture 60 µL hydrogen peroxide was added. Absorbance of
bath. Formation of red precipitation indicates presence of hydrogen peroxide at 230 nm was determined after 10 min
reducing sugars. against a blank solution containing phosphate buffer without
hydrogen peroxide. The control contained all the reagents except
Proteins: 0.5 mL of ethanol extract was mixed with equal sample. Ascorbic acid was used as standard. The percentage of
volume of 5% sodium hydroxide and copper sulphate. inhibition for H2O2 scavenging activity was calculated using the
Formation of violet color indicates the presence of proteins. following formula as in eq (1).
Total flavonoid content Reducing power assay
Total flavonoid content was determined by aluminium chloride The reducing power was determined by Oyaizu’s method with
colorimetric method14 with slight modification as follows. slight modifications different concentrations, reaction mixture
10mg/mL extracts were used, the diluted solutions (0.5 mL) were mixed with 2.5 mL of phosphate buffer (200 mM, pH 6.6)
were separately mixed with 1.5 mL 95% ethanol, 0.1 mL 10% and 2.5 mL 1 % potassium ferricyanide. The mixture was
aluminum chloride, 0.1 mL 1M potassium acetate and 2.8 mL incubated at 50°C for 20 min and then cooled. Subsequently, 2.5
distilled water. After incubation at room temperature for 30 min, mL 10 % Trichloroacetic acid (TCA) was added with the above-

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Poonam Gawali et al. Int. Res. J. Pharm. 2017, 8 (12)

mentioned solution and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 8 min. The biosynthesis capability of flavonoid and phenolic compound in
collected supernatant was mixed with equal amount of Millipore this plant as shown in Table 4, SF-EE total flavonoid content
Milli-Q water. Finally, 1 mL 0.1 % ferric chloride was added was found to be 792.6 mg QE/g followed by (SS-EE: 486.4; SL-
with the upper layer and the absorbance was measured at 700 EE: 178.2; DS-EE: 609.9; DL-EE: 119.9 and DP-EE: 124 mg
nm18. The attained results were compared with ascorbic acid QE/g). The SF-EE showed highest total phenolic content
which was a positive control. (630.39 mg GAE/g) as compared to other mangrove extracts
DS-EE (225.37 mg GAE/g) and DP-EE (254.05 mg GAE/g).
Human RBC membrane stabilization
1, 1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydrogen peroxide
Human RBC membrane stabilization bioassay19 was (H2O2) scavenging and reducing power in-vitro antioxidant
standardized using diclofenac sodium injection IP assay were quantified spectrophotometrically using ascorbic
(I.M/intragluteal/I.V) 25mg/mL as standard. 4.5mL reaction acid as a standard and % inhibition was calculated according to
mixture consisted with 2mL hyposaline (0.25% NaCl), 1mL eq (1). Table 5 showed the antioxidant results as per %
0.15M phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) and 1 mL test solution in scavenging activity, In DPPH assay the SF-EE was found to
normal saline, 0.5 mL 10% human RBC in normal saline was exert the highest inhibition capacity with 74.16 ± 0.03 %
added. For control tests, 1mL isosaline was used instead of test inhibition as standard AA exhibited (93.99 ± 0.02%) followed
solution while product control tests lacked red blood cells. The by DS-EE (73.20 ± 0.02 %), SS-EE (50.74 ± 0.03 %), DL-EE
mixtures were incubated at 56°C for 30min. Then tubes were (44.44 ± 0.06%), DP-EE (39.77 ± 0.05%) and SL-EE (29.58 ±
cooled under tap water for 20 min, centrifuged and the 0.02%) extracts. Similarly in the hydrogen peroxide H2O2
absorbance of the supernatants was read at 560nm. % protection inhibition assay, when compared to standard AA (95.80 ±
was calculated as per eq (2). 0.01%) inhibition the SF-EE extract had shown the greatest
inhibition capacity with 68.72 ± 0.02 % inhibition followed by
DS-EE (67.79 ± 0.01%), DP-EE (59.26 ± 0.10%), DL-EE (55.56
(2)
± 0.00%), SS-EE (52.38 ± 0.05%) and SL-EE (46.41 ± 0.03%).
In DPPH and H2O2 assay, IC50 analysis for the both SF-EE was
Proteinase inhibitory bioassays found to have the highest IC50 (62.62 μg/mL and 66.73 μg/mL)
when compared with AA (30.08 and 39.66) respectively. Lower
Proteinase inhibitory bioassay is followed as per with the IC50 higher is the activity as represented in Table 5.
modifications20. Initially, concentration of enzyme trypsin Reducing power activity of standard ascorbic acid and both the
0.06mg/mL, 2% casein and 5% trichloro acetic acid at pH 7.6 parts of the selected mangrove species was estimated and
were optimized. 3 mL reaction mixture contained 100µL presented in Fig. (3); where it was found to be directly
trypsin, 350µL 25mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.4) and 50µL proportional to the concentration of the samples. As the
diclofenac sodium were added incubated at 37°C for 5 min. concentration of the extracts increased reducing power
After this 500µL 2% w/v casein were incubated at 37°C for 20 increased. The highest reducing power activity was noted in SF-
min. 2mL 5% trichloro acetic acid (TCA) was added to EE. All these results suggest dose dependent antioxidant
terminate the reaction. Cloudy suspension was centrifuged at potential in both the mangrove species.
5000 rpm for 5 min. Absorbance of the supernatant was
observed at 280nm. A control where buffer compensated the The in vitro membrane stabilization potential of both the
volume of standard is measured20. Percentage inhibition at mangroves and its % protection was reported as per eq (2) as
different concentration of the different extracts was calculated as shown in Table 6. In this study, the maximum activity was
per eq (1). found in the SF-EE at a concentration of 100 μg/mL (64.67 ±
0.05%) and IC50 showed 73.61μg/mL, whereas the standard
Protein Denaturation Inhibition bioassays drug DfS showed (93.79 ± 0.01% protection) (IC50 was 52.65
μg/mL). The other ethanolic extracts showed moderate activity,
In-vitro protein denaturation inhibition bioassay was optimized while DP-EE registered the lowest activity at 46.97 ± 0.06%. In
using diclofenac sodium as standard according to Sakat et al determining trypsin’s inhibitory activity, first it is necessary to
2010. In 3mL reaction mixture 50µL samples and 450µL 5% identify trypsin’s activity using trypsin enzyme and casein as
w/v BSA was added. Test tubes were incubated at 37°C for 20 substrate. Accurate concentration of both enzyme (0.06mg/mL)
min and then heated at 57°C for 3 min. After cooling the test and (2%) casein substrate has shown the optimum concentration
tubes, 2.5mL phosphate buffer saline (pH 6.3) was added to dependent proteolytic activity. Mangrove extracts exhibited
each tube and absorbance was read at 660nm. A control where proteinase anti-inflammatory activity at different concentrations
no drug was added21. Percentage protein denaturation inhibition as displayed in Table 6 and calculated as per eq (1). SF-EE
at different concentration of the different extracts was calculated showed maximum inhibition of 80.07 ± 0.02% at 100μg/mL
as per eq (1). followed by DS-EE (70.26 ± 0.05%), DP-EE (61.25 ± 0.02%),
DL-EE (60.83 ± 0.02%), SL-EE (55.56 ± 0.00%) and SS-EE
RESULTS (51.69 ± 0.05%); DfS presented the maximum inhibition 92.48 ±
0.03% at 100μg/mL. Mangrove extract’s ability to inhibit
The present results have shown rich quantity of flavonoids and protein denaturation was studied where it was effective in
phenolic compounds in both the selected mangrove species. inhibiting heat induced albumin denaturation. SF-EE illustrated
These mangrove species also recorded saponins, terpenoids, maximum inhibition (84.67 ± 0.04%) at 100 μg/mL as compared
reducing sugars and proteins. S.alba showed great amount of to other extracts. DfS, a standard anti- inflammation drug
flavonoids and phenols (Table 2). This could be related to more showed the maximum inhibition 92.11 ± 0.01% at the
extraction of phytoconstituents from S.alba fruits (SF: 20%) concentration of 100 μg/mL as revealed in Table 6.
followed by (SL: 10%, SS: 18%) as compared to D.trifoliata
(DL: 11%, DS: 10.2%, DP: 10%) as presented in Table 3. The

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Poonam Gawali et al. Int. Res. J. Pharm. 2017, 8 (12)

Figure 1: D.trifoliata (a) leaves, (b) stems and (c) pods

Figure 2: S.alba (a) leaves, (b) stems and (c) fruits

Figure 3: Reducing power activity

Table 1: Selected mangrove plant details

Sr.No Mangrove plant name Family Common name Parts used

Common Derris, Leaves,
1. D.trifoliata Fabaceae Panlata, Karanj vel, Stems,
(Leguminosae) Ketui, Salang Pods
Leaves,
2. S.alba Lythraceae Perepat, Mangrove Stems,
apple, Pedada Fruits

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Table 2: Secondary metabolites classes in Mangroves

Sr.N Class of Secondary D.trifoliata S.alba

o. Metabolites Leaves Stem Pods Leaves Stem Fruits
(DL) (DS) (DP) (SL) (SS) (SF)
1. Alkaloids + + - + + +
2. Phenolic compounds + + + + + +
3. Flavonoids + + + + + +
4. Saponins + + - + - -
5. Steroids + + - + + +
6. Terpenoids + + + + + +
7. Tannins + + + + + +
8. Reducing sugars + + + + + +
+ = present; - = absent

Table 3: Percentage of Extracts

Table 4: Total flavonoid and phenolic content
Sr.No. Plant Plant Percentage of the
Samples parts ethanolic Soxhlet Sr.No. Samples Total Flavonoid Total Gallic acid
extract Content mg Content mg
1. DL 11% QE/g GAE/g
2. D. DS 10.2% 1. DL 119.9 225.37
3. trifoliata DP 10% 2. DS 609.9 422.5
3. DP 124 254.05
4. SL 10% 4. SL 178.2 318.56
5. S.alba SS 18% 5. SS 486.4 444.01
6. SF 20% 6. SF 792.6 630.39

Table 5: Antioxidant Activities

Sr.No. Concentration in % Inhibition IC 50 Values % Inhibition Hydrogen IC 50 Values

Samples µg/mL DPPH Assay (μg/mL) peroxide Assay (μg/mL)
20 30.08 ± 0.05 29.73 ± 0.03 39.66
1. AA 40 50.45 ± 0.06 40.24 ± 0.01
60 67.57 ± 0.06 30.08 61.86 ± 0.03
80 87.69 ± 0.06 87.09 ± 0.03
100 93.99 ± 0.02 95.80 ± 0.01
20 19.61 ± 0.03 15.19 ± 0.05 83.38
2. DL-EE 40 24.51 ± 0.06 33.33 ± 0.01
60 29.74 ± 0.03 122.12 40.74 ± 0.04
80 36.27 ± 0.05 48.89 ± 0.03
100 44.44 ± 0.06 55.56 ± 0.00
20 15.69 ± 0.01 19.10 ± 0.03 69.12
3. DS-EE 40 28.10 ± 0.03 34.83 ± 0.03
60 36.93 ± 0.01 70.90 44.57 ± 0.01
80 56.86 ± 0.02 56.55 ± 0.03
100 73.20 ± 0.02 67.79 ± 0.01
20 9.09 ± 0.05 21.11 ± 0.02 78.55
4. DP-EE 40 16.67 ± 0.03 33.70 ± 0.01
60 21.21 ± 0.03 130.34 42.96 ± 0.02
80 30.68 ± 0.03 50.00 ± 0.07
100 39.77 ± 0.05 59.26 ± 0.10
20 7.08 ± 0.04 8.02 ± 0.04 114.16
5. SL-EE 40 10.00 ± 0.02 18.99 ± 0.02
60 14.17 ± 0.02 174.81 19.83 ± 0.04
80 22.92 ± 0.03 33.33 ± 0.03
100 29.58 ± 0.02 46.41 ± 0.03
20 11.85 ± 0.01 18.57 ± 0.06 87.70
6. SS-EE 40 15.56 ± 0.01 26.19 ± 0.02
60 27.41 ± 0.04 105.52 39.52 ± 0.02
80 34.44 ± 0.01 50.00 ± 0.04
100 50.74 ± 0.03 52.38 ± 0.05
20 19.85 ± 0.02 19.23 ± 0.05
7. SF-EE 40 35.58 ± 0.02 36.41 ± 0.05 66.73
60 50.56 ± 0.02 62.62 45.90 ± 0.02
80 61.05 ± 0.02 59.23 ± 0.05
100 74.16 ± 0.03 68.72 ± 0.02

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Table 6: Anti-inflammatory Activities

Sr. No. Concentration % Protection IC50 % Inhibition IC50 % Inhibition IC50

Sample in µg/mL Membrane Values Proteinase Values Protein Values
Stabilization (μg/mL) Inhibitory (μg/mL) denaturation (μg/mL)
20 23.33 ± 0.01 16.34 ± 0.04 28.32 ± 0.02
1. Df-S 40 41.48 ± 0.03 52.65 29.41 ± 0.01 50.42 50.18 ± 0.02 43.85
60 52.96 ± 0.03 75.82 ± 0.02 67.03 ± 0.01
80 69.63 ± 0.03 85.95 ± 0.01 73.12 ± 0.03
100 93.70 ± 0.01 92.48 ± 0.03 92.11 ± 0.01
20 10.37 ± 0.01 3.33 ± 0.05 7.10 ± 0.02 121.87
2.DL-EE 40 19.63 ± 0.03 85.99 11.67 ± 0.01 84.47 9.63 ± 0.03
60 40.74 ± 0.06 25.00 ± 0.04 21.82 ± 0.03
80 48.15 ± 0.06 53.33 ± 0.04 29.80 ± 0.02
100 54.81 ± 0.01 60.83 ± 0.02 41.57 ± 0.06
20 11.59 ± 0.02 19.28 ± 0.02 19.00 ± 0.02 66.45
3. DS-EE 40 22.10 ± 0.01 79.11 34.31 ± 0.05 66.19 26.16 ± 0.02
60 33.33 ± 0.02 47.71 ± 0.04 44.80 ± 0.04
80 47.83 ± 0.01 58.82 ± 0.03 57.71 ± 0.01
100 68.48 ± 0.02 70.26 ± 0.05 78.14 ± 0.01
20 10.98 ± 0.08 9.17 ± 0.03 13.25 ± 0.01
40 17.80 ± 0.07 110.81 19.58 ± 0.04 78.89 10.44 ± 0.01 103.13
4. DP-EE 60 28.03 ± 0.06 44.58 ± 0.05 23.29 ± 0.02
80 34.09 ± 0.07 51.25 ± 0.01 36.95 ± 0.03
100 46.97 ± 0.06 61.25 ± 0.02 52.61 ± 0.01
20 8.10 ± 0.04 11.48 ± 0.02 18.33 ± 0.02
5. SL-EE 40 12.38 ± 0.01 89.34 18.15 ± 0.06 94.51 24.67 ± 0.03 74.18
60 24.29 ± 0.04 28.52 ± 0.11 36.33 ± 0.04
80 42.38 ± 0.02 40.74 ± 0.12 55.00 ± 0.03
100 61.90 ± 0.06 55.56 ± 0.00 69.00 ± 0.01
20 12.32 ± 0.01 10.49 ± 0.02 19.00 ± 0.03
6. SS-EE 40 21.74 ± 0.03 74.88 14.23 ± 0.10 95.65 29.03 ± 0.01
60 38.41 ± 0.02 29.96 ± 0.08 46.24 ± 0.01 65.54
80 53.99 ± 0.01 43.82 ± 0.07 64.16 ± 0.02
100 69.20 ± 0.02 51.69 ± 0.05 80.65 ± 0.01
20 17.33 ± 0.05 11.44 ± 0.02 16.67 ± 0.03 58.80
7. SF-EE 40 27.33 ± 0.03 73.61 24.84 ± 0.02 66.06 30.00 ± 0.04
60 40.00 ± 0.02 40.20 ± 0.01 52.33 ± 0.03
80 58.00 ± 0.02 66.34 ± 0.02 71.67 ± 0.08
100 64.67 ± 0.05 80.07 ± 0.02 84.67 ± 0.04

DISCUSSION have shown anti-inflammatory activities28. All these reports are

in agreement with the present findings. Therefore amongst all
Mangroves plays a vital role in stabilizing, the degree of the parts of selected mangrove species ethanolic extracts of
resilience of mangrove forests to large, infrequent disturbance S.alba fruits showed highest potential than stem and leaves and
(tsunamis) and their role in coastal protection, and to chronic also amongst D.trifoliata stem, leaves and pods and can be used
disturbance events (climate change), they also provide habitat as potential source for antioxidant and anti-inflammatory
for a wide range of species, some of which occur only in the activity. Also there is a need to study the different plant parts of
mangroves22. Due to the survival in harsh conditions, mangroves both the mangroves in other organic solvents apart from the
synthesizes very diverse group of secondary metabolites. These solvent employed in our study.
secondary metabolites are needed for the plants to interact with
their environment for the protection against biotic or abiotic CONCLUSION
stresses such as infections, wounding, UV irradiation, exposure
to ozone, pollutants, and herbivores. The medicinal potential of The phytochemical analysis of mangroves D.trifoliata and
plant species is related to the presence of quality and quantity of S.alba have shown that both the species are rich in flavonoids
the phytoconstituents. The phenolic compounds such as and phenolic compounds. The results of this study demonstrated
flavonoids, isoflavones, flavones, anthocyanins, coumarins, that the true mangrove S.alba edible fruits contain considerable
served as source of antioxidant. The phytochemical analysis amount of phytoconstituents, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory
have shown presence of most of these principles in the selected properties as compared with mangrove associate D.trifoliata.
mangrove species, it differentiate in quality and quantity. In this The fraction of potent extracts served as a free radical inhibitors
study we examined total phenolics and flavonoids which were in and stabilized the red blood cell membrane as well as inhibited
accordance with other species of mangroves like Ceriops the heat induced albumin denaturation and proteinase activity.
decandra and Bruguiera cylindrica L 23. The antioxidant However, further work in this way could lead to the discovery of
potential of these selected mangrove species are in accordance potent bioactive principles from mangrove associate D.trifoliata
with the presence of phytoconstituents responsible for and true mangrove S.alba. Thus, the above mentioned promising
antioxidant properties24. A few mangroves species have shown species deserved to be potent nutritional antioxidant and anti-
antioxidant25 and in-vivo anti- inflammatory properties26. The inflammatory drug which can be sources based on various
extracts of ethyl acetate and water showed antioxidant activity in diseases.
leaves, trunk and bark of S.alba species27. A few other species

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Poonam Gawali et al. Int. Res. J. Pharm. 2017, 8 (12)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 15. Wolfe K, Wu X, Liu RH. Antioxidant activity of apple

peels. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry. 2003 Jan
The work was financially supported by University Grant 29;51(3):609-14.
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