Unit 4 - Ethical Consideration in Leadership and

UNIT 4 - ETHICAL

CONSIDERATION IN
LEADERSHIP AND
MANAGEMENT
Maria Luisa T. Uayan, DHSc, MSN,RN
Professor - Bioethics
MORAL DECISION MAKING
• Moral Discernment
• Olson (2002) refers to the ability to discern what is morally right from
morally wrong that requires moral reflectiveness on the meaning of good
and bad. It refers to ability to draw conclusions from the discernment to
develop convictions.

• Four Principles of Moral Discernment/Judgment

• Principle of formal cooperation
• Principle of Material cooperation
• Principle of lessser evil
• Principle of double effect
• Principle of Well-Informed Conscience –
• Informed consent to medical treatment is fundamental in

both ethics and law.
• Patients have the right to receive information and ask

questions about recommended treatments so that they
can make well-considered decisions about care.
• Successful communication in the patient-physician

relationship fosters trust and supports shared decision
making.
Ethical Dilemma
• is a problem in the decision-making process between two
possible options, neither of which is absolutely acceptable
from an ethical perspective;
• Approaches to solve an ethical dilemma were deduced:

• Refute the paradox (dilemma): The situation must be carefully
analyzed. In some cases, the existence of the dilemma can be
logically refuted.
• Value theory approach: Choose the alternative that offers the

greater good or the lesser evil.
• Find alternative solutions: In some cases, the problem can be

reconsidered, and new alternative solutions may arise.
PROCESS OF ETHICAL DECISION MAKING
• Gather data and identify conflicting moral claims
• Identify key participants
• Determine moral perspective and phase of moral

development of key participants
• Determine desired outcomes
• Identify options
• Act on the choice
• Evaluate outcomes of actions

Gather data and identify conflicting
moral claims
• What makes this situation an ethical problem? Are there
conflicting obligations, duties, principles, rights, loyalties,
values or beliefs?
• What are the issues?
• What facts seem most important?
• What emotions have an impact?
• What are the gaps in information at this time?

Identify key participants
• Who is legitimately empowered to make this decision?
• Who is affected and how?
• What is the level of competence of the person most

affected in relation to the decision to be made?
• What are the rights, duties, authority, context, and

capabilities of participants?
Determine moral perspective and phase
of moral development of key participants
• Do participants think in terms of duties and rights?
• Do the parties involved exhibit similar or different moral

perspectives?
• Where is the common ground? The difference?
• What principles are important to each person involved?
• What emotions are evident within the interaction and with

each person involved?
• What is the level of moral development of the participants?

Determine desired outcomes
• How does each party describe the
circumstances of the outcome?
• What are the consequences of the desired

outcomes?
• What outcomes are unacceptable to one or all

involved?
Identify options
• What options emerge through the assessment process?
• How do the alternatives fit the lifestyle and values of the

person(s) affected?
• What are legal considerations of the various options?
• What alternatives are unacceptable to one or all

involved?
• How are alternatives weighted, ranked, and prioritized?

Act on the choice
• Be empowered to make a difficult
decision
• Give yourself permission to set aside

less acceptable alternatives
• Be attentive to the emotions involved

in this process.
Evaluate outcomes of action
• Has the ethical dilemma been resolved?
• Have other dilemmas emerged related to

the action?
• How was the process affected those

involved?
• Are further actions required?

Unit 4 - Ethical Consideration in Leadership and

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Unit 4 - Ethical Consideration in Leadership and

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Unit 4 - Ethical Consideration in Leadership and

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

UNIT 4 - ETHICAL

• Four Principles of Moral Discernment/Judgment

• Informed consent to medical treatment is fundamental in

• Patients have the right to receive information and ask

• Successful communication in the patient-physician

• Approaches to solve an ethical dilemma were deduced:

• Value theory approach: Choose the alternative that offers the

• Find alternative solutions: In some cases, the problem can be

• Gather data and identify conflicting moral claims

• Identify key participants

• Determine moral perspective and phase of moral

• Determine desired outcomes

• Act on the choice

• Evaluate outcomes of actions

• What are the issues?

• What facts seem most important?

• What emotions have an impact?

• What are the gaps in information at this time?

• Who is affected and how?

• What is the level of competence of the person most

• What are the rights, duties, authority, context, and

• Do the parties involved exhibit similar or different moral

• Where is the common ground? The difference?

• What principles are important to each person involved?

• What emotions are evident within the interaction and with

• What is the level of moral development of the participants?

• What are the consequences of the desired

• What outcomes are unacceptable to one or all

• How do the alternatives fit the lifestyle and values of the

• What are legal considerations of the various options?

• What alternatives are unacceptable to one or all

• How are alternatives weighted, ranked, and prioritized?

• Give yourself permission to set aside

• Be attentive to the emotions involved

• Have other dilemmas emerged related to

• How was the process affected those

• Are further actions required?

You might also like