Sombreno - Bongolto Chapter 1

UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF SOUTHERN

PHILIPPINES

RISK OF THE DEFECTED STREETLIGHTS TO DRIVERS AND PEDESTRIANS

IN LOGUILO ALUBIJID MISAMIS ORIENTAL
SOMBRENO JESSA MAE P.

BONGOLTO JERALD
BS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING _3N_C14
DECEMBER 2, 2022
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Driving at night presents more hazards and dangers than daytime driving.
Without sunlight, drivers must rely on street lights and headlights to achieve
visibility.Low visibility often leads to dangerous situations and collisions, which is
why nigh time driving is one of the top causes of car accidents.
Street lightning are considered by many as an effective way to deter crime and
to minimize vehicular accidents during night time. Driving in the dark is relatively
more difficult than in the daytime due to insufficient light. Prior studies have
suggested that both crash rate and severity are higher in low illumination conditions
than in daytime conditions. In low illumination environments, it is very difficult for
drivers to detect pedestrians, cyclists, or any other objects on the road. Hence, road
users are more likely to be faced with unexpected accidents. Additionally, darkness
may delay the driver’s reaction time and failure to take timely measures to avoid or
brake when a collision occurs. As a result, driving becomes risky, the severity of
crashes increases under dark lighting conditions.
Nighttime accidents are relatively more common and more serious than daytime
accidents, mainly because the visual environment is different. Driver's acquisition of
driving information mainly depends on visibility, and the dim environment at night
seriously affects the driver's information acquisition and risk recognition ability.
Furthermore, in nationwide almost half (49%) of passenger vehicle occupant fatalities
occur during nighttime. This, coupled with the fact that approximately 25 percent of
travel occurs during hours of darkness.
Factors contributing to the incidence of road crashes are generally
categorized into three groups: road design and environment; vehicle attributes; and
human characteristics. Human characteristics are commonly recognized as the major
contributing factor to road crashes. In particular, human (driver) behaviors are
sensitive to changes in the road environment, and drivers’ responses to adverse
environmental conditions, such as foggy weather, poor visibility, and poor lighting,
can affect the risk of road crashes. Moreover, This study was attempted to examine
the Risks of the defected streetlights to drivers and pedestrians specifically in Loguilo,
Alubijid Misamis Oriental.
Area of the study
This study will be promoted and conducted in Loguilo Alubijid Misamis Oriental, it
is to suggest and request of re- restoring the defected streetlight. Respondents will be
randomly pick in the said area.
Statement of the Problem
This study is conducted to determine The Risks of Defected Streetlights to

drivers and pedestrians in Alubijid Misamis Oriental.
Specifically, it sought to answer the following question:
1. How important occurrence streetlights to pedestrians and drivers
2. What is comparison of crash rate during night time.
3. What are the drivers and pedestrians perception towards the
defected streetlights.
Objectives of the study
This study is conducted to determine The Risks of Defected Streetlights to drivers and
pedestrians in Alubijid Misamis Oriental.
Specifically, it aims to determine :
1. How important occurrence streetlights to pedestrians and drivers
2. What is comparison of crash rate during night time.
3. What are the drivers and pedestrians perception towards the
defected streetlights.
Significance of the study
This study aims promote re-installation of streetlights to help pedestrians and

drivers to have safe travel and crossing at night. This study will also contribute to
robbery and crime reduction in the area where streetlights are present.
Scope and limitation
The scope of the study covers The Risks of Defected Streetlights to drivers
and pedestrians in Alubijid Misamis Oriental. This study is limited to atleast 40
respondents ; 20 drivers and 20 pedestrians. Respondents is face to face interviewed
and the researchers will follow the safety and health protocols.
Definition of terms
For better understanding, the terms used in the study are operationally defined,
Streetlights- a light mounted on a pole and constituting one of a series spaced at
intervals along a public street or highway.
Pedestrian - a person who goes or travel on foot.
Defected- deficiency of streetlights.
Perception- interpretation of sensory information.
Risks - exposure to danger.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
This chapter discusses some related literature and studies and obtained from
different sources that were relevant to the study which serve as basis of the study.
They can contribute in the integration of ideas, concepts and principle from various
sources leading to the statement of research.
Review of Related Literature
Street lighting improves pedestrians and drivers to see each other as well as it
enhances safety and aesthetics. According to BRW incorporated, the installation of
streetlights to rural intersections offers a low cost and very effective strategy for
mitigating night-time crashes. Previously published reports found that the installation
of intersection lighting resulted in a 25% to 50% reduction in the night time crash
total ratio.
Studies and accident database indicate that time of day is a significant factor
affecting severity and rate of crashes. Clarke et al. (2006) found that the rate and
consequences of road crashes were higher during night time. However, Williams
(2003) indicates that risk of a fatal crash was up to four times higher when driving at
night compared to daytime and Owens (2003) reveals that most traffic fatalities in
industrialize countries occur at night. In addition, many studies show that driving at is
more risky in terms of crash involvements per distance travel than driving during the
day. The reason for this include the more prevalent use of alcohol by drivers at night,
the effects of fatigue on the driving task and the risk associated with reduced visibility.
Although the consumption of alcohol prior to driving occurs most commonly at night
D Keall et al. (2005).
Risk perception is a driver’s ability to discern information about potential

hazards in the traffic environment that could result in actual accidents. Specifically,
risk perception is a driver’s ability to distinguish distance, speed, and object size.
Cobn et. al. (1995), found that inherent risk perception could affect the cognitive
judgment of drivers and, in turn, reduce the propensity for risky driving behavior.
Borowsky et. al. (2010), also revealed that risk perception is correlated with driver’s
age and driving experience, which are both correlated with crash occurrences.
Therefore, risk perception plays an important role in road safety, especially in low
illumination environments.
Furthermore, Ling Liu e. al. (2021), found that elderly and experienced drivers had a
lower likelihood of risky driving behaviors when driving in low illumination
conditions, and crash involvement was positively related to risky driving behaviors.
Road crashes comprise a major public health challenge that requires concentrated
efforts for effective and sustainable prevention. Worldwide 1.2 million people are
known to die in road crashes each year and millions of others sustain injuries, with
some suffering permanent disabilities (world Health Organizations, 2013).
study found that male and younger drivers were more likely to change lanes
while driving in a low-illumination environment. Drivers with more experience
driving in low illumination were more likely to change lanes. Risky driving behaviors
and lane-change frequency were significantly positively correlated. Lane-change
intention was significantly higher when respondents drove on roads with street
lighting than on roads without street lighting. The regression model predicted the
frequency of lane-change behavior well based on gender, weekly driving time, and
lane-change and risky driving behavior factors
Conceptual Framework
Figure 1. shows the conceptual model of the study on the level of risk of defected
streetlights to the drivers and pedestrians in Loguilo Alubjid Misamis Oriental.
The first frame presents the input of the study that includes profile of the
respondents such as gender, age, driving experience, level of alertness, and skills and
knowledge . Moreover, the level of risk of defected streetlights to the drivers and
pedestrians with respect to monitoring, evaluation, implementation.
The second frame presents the process of the study that involves assessment of
the

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UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF SOUTHERN

RISK OF THE DEFECTED STREETLIGHTS TO DRIVERS AND PEDESTRIANS

SOMBRENO JESSA MAE P.

BS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING _3N_C14

Background of the Study

Area of the study

Statement of the Problem

This study is conducted to determine The Risks of Defected Streetlights to

Objectives of the study

This study aims promote re-installation of streetlights to help pedestrians and

Scope and limitation

Risk perception is a driver’s ability to discern information about potential

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