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Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND IT’S SCOPE

Rationale of the Study

Household energy consumption has been topics of interest among social

researchers for a number of decades. This study was entitled "Electricity Saving

Strategy of Households in Selected Barangays in Tanauan Leyte". Because in

the said locale, electricity source is very important to all residents for them to

sustain their daily needs. But consuming electric energy must have a specific

limitations and corresponding strategies to be applied. Thereby, we can conserve

and control our monthly electricity bill. Residential electricity consumption is

actually dominated by different uses; such as lighting, heating, cooling and

household's appliances. There have been successful efforts made by the policy

makers to decrease our energy consumption by increasing efficiency within this

country, region or municipality. However, these gains are likely increasingly

offsets by demand growth due to consumer's electronic devices such as

television, radios, computers, and etc.

There is an existing speculation with a relevance to high electricity

consumption of households in rural barangays, but they are only using a few set

of electrical lightings and home appliances. And it became an urgent problem

needed to be solved but neglected in previous studies. Implementation of energy

conservation of existing households is the best solution for meeting the new

demand of households and reducing energy consumption in Tanauan in order to

be aware of crisis due to high electricity bill, Consuming less also means saving

energy costs. This will reduce costs, increase energy efficiency which in turn into

a progressive municipality.

This study was conducted for more clarification if those speculations are

stating the truth. And this study aims to discover a set of procedures for energy

conservation for existing household's refurbishment in rural barangays of

Tanauan Leyte with appropriate methods. The positive result of this study intends

to be suggested particularly suitable for the said locales. This study also intends

to determine the efficiency of currently applied energy saving strategies of our

respondents

Theoretical Background of the Framework

A generation right exchange theory based on energy saving and emission

reducing is proposed aiming to improve the overall energy utilization efficiency

and promote energy saving as well as emission reducing. The theory considers

the current policy on energy efficiency and emission reduction in China. Its

objective is to optimize the overall social benefit with maximum energy trading

quantity while maintaining the least energy consumption, pollutant emissions and

losses. It also considers other factors such as nodal locations. The basic

connotation of generation right exchange, the effects or potential and economic

benefits of energy saving and emission-reducing are given and analyzed. The

coordination between the bilateral contract and pool market mechanisms for

generation right exchange are proposed. Ten mathematical models and

algorithms for generations right exchanged are designed, with each model's

characteristics analyzed and compared.

The theory supports this current study because we both aims to reduce

electricity consumption in the way of promoting energy saving methods and

overall electric utilization efficiency. Shang Jincheng (Henan Grid Power

Exchange center, Zhengzhou 450052, China) Designing the Electricity Market

System Mode in China Part one Interconnected Power Grid Market Design:

Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2010.08.

Statement of the Problem

Specifically, this study seeks to answer the following problems:

1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1 Employment

1.2 Average Monthly Income

2. What electrical lightings and home appliances do the respondents use in their

homes?

3. What is the average electric bill paid by the respondents every month?

4. What strategies are applied by the respondents in electricity conservation?

Significant of the Study

The output of this study will be beneficial to the following:

1. Researchers. Through this current study, the researchers were able to

gain knowledge on how to conduct and write a research paper, and this

could be an edge when they enroll in higher education.

2. Future Researchers. The final output that will be developed in this

current study will serve as an additional reference material in to higher

education.

3. Future Researchers. The final output that will be developed in this

current study will serve as an additional reference material in to higher

education.

Definition of Terms

The following terms were defined operationally or how it is used in the

current study. Survey Refers to a data gathering using survey questionnaires.

Barangays- This refers to the locale or place in which the respondents will be

located.

Barangays- This refers to the locale or place in which the respondents will be

located.

Conservation- Is the technique that can be done by the households in order to

have a reduction on Monthly Electricity Bill.

Electricity- Is energy provided of covered places of DORELCO that needs to be

conserve by the consumers in order to reduce electric bill.

Future Researchers- Are the students who will be taking up the Practical

Research and Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion subject that will use our

study as their additional reference.

Households- Serves as the research respondents that will be the primary source

of information.

Researchers- Refers to the students of Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion

that aims to gather data.

Respondents- Refers to the households of the rural barangays of Tanauan

Leyte that will be the source of information.

Strategy- An action that is designed in order to conserve electric energy.

Selected- Refers with choosing the research locale that needs to be obtained.

Survey- Refers to a data gathering using survey questionnaires.

Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter is composed of related literature and studies reviewed and

gathered from various sources that provide the researcher valuable information

and insights necessary to the current study.

Related Literature

According to tripathy (1994), indicate that applications of technologies

have tremendous potential to reduce industrial energy use. Industrial energy use

can be also be reduce using variable speed drive in motor operated system, high

efficient motors, efficient nozzles in compressed-air system, waste heat recovery

system in boilers.

Interestingly, this literature has a certain similarity into our study that also

wanted to conserve energy that will be beneficial to residential sectors. In

contrast, this literature: had already suggested strategies in order to reduce

industrial energy usage such as the speed drive in operated system and etc.

while our study is currently developing most efficient strategies.

Mungwena and Rashana (2013), investigated the strategies for energy

efficiency impoverishment in Zimbabwean Industries using energy audit and the

Introduction techniques to. Tripathy BC. Energy Conservation with Efficient

Electric Drives. Energy conversion 1994; 36: 125-34. eliminate Substandard

equipment to help the residents who are suffering with electricity shortage
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this literature has a little bit similarity into our study that also aims to determine

the efficiency and conservation strategies of the residents.

Related literature differs to our study, because the purpose of their study

is to know the efficiency improvement of strategies applied in order to eliminate

the substandard equipment. While our study aims to know the strategies that our

respondents apply, in order to discover the most efficient that will be suggested

into households

. Habitan (2014), handled the research about the roadmap that guides the

Philippines in building an energy efficient nation, and in making energy efficiency

and conservation a way of life for all Filipinos. Energy efficiency will advance the

country's economic development and help ensure energy security, optimal

pricing and sustainable energy pricing and sustainable energy systems by

enforcing a regulation."

Literature has a similarity into our study that both targets to build an

efficient electric conservation. In difference, the purpose of thus literature is to

enforce a regulation that aims to efficiency and conservation Improvements.

While the purpose of our study is to know the strategies applied of our

respondents in order to conserve energy and to suggest energy saving methods.

Hangwena & Rashana (2013). "Strategies for Energy Efficiency Improvement in

intabusean Industries tising Energy Audit." (Energy and Power Engineering).

Habitan A Energy Efficiency and Conservation. Roadmap and Milestones

Challenges, 2014.
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The study Modeling Energy Conservation and CO: Mitigation in the

European Building Stock conducted in Chalmers University of Technology,

Goteborg, Sweden 2013.

Conducted by Erika Mata of Chalmers University of Technology,

investigate energy conservation in building stocks with the aim of developing a

methodology that can be applied to the building stocks of the European Union

(EU).

The likeness of the study Modeling Energy Conservation and CO₂

Mitigation in the European Building Stock to our study are both focuses on

energy conservation that aims to develop energy saving method. The difference

of our study and Modeling Energy Conservation and CO; Mitigation in the

European Building Stock; our study covers on the energy saving strategies of

households in order to conserve energy. Meanwhile, their study also covers the

electricity consumptions of buildings.

Another study entitled Energy Used and Emissions Reduction Strategies

for Structural Steel Fabrications: A Case Study conducted in Colorado State

University, Fort Collins, Colorado 2014. Erika Mata, Modeling Energy

Conservation and CO2 Mitigation in the European Building Stock. Goteborg,

Sweden, 2013. Erik A. Bergstrom, Energy Use and Emtasions Reduction

Strategies for Structural Steel Fabrications: A Case Study. Fort Collins Colorado

2014.
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Conducted by Erik A. Bergstrom that aims to determine the strategies in

order to lessen the energy consumption of structural steel fabrications.

Energy Use and Emissions Reduction Strategies for Structural Steel

Fabrications has a similarity into our study that also aims to know the strategies

in order to save energy. In some cases, Energy Use and Emissions Reduction

Strategies for Structural Steel Fabrications also differ into our study; because our

study aims to discover the energy saving strategy for households while their

study aims to determine the strategies for structural steel fabrications.

Household energy consumption, conservation & efficiency Prepared by

Stephanie Grantham Monitoring and Evaluation Assistant Alice Solar City.

Although many scientists worldwide accept that the global climate is being

influenced by human activities it appears that public misunderstanding

concerning the issue remains a barrier to effective action (Lowe et al. 2006;

Loren zoni & Hulme2009). In 1994, researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of

Technology (MIT) concluded that public confusion about the influence of human

activities on climate change results from the neglect of two basic facts: “That

carbon dioxide will be primarily responsible for any global warming that does

occur; and that the major source of this carbon dioxide is burning fossil fuels”

(Read et al. 1994; Bulkeley 2000). Instead it has been demonstrated that the

public often attributes aerosols, insecticides, nuclear power generation and

ozone depletion with being potential causes of climate change (Bord et al. 2000;

Lowe et al. 2006). Lately, it is likely that increased global publicity surrounding
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the issue has enhanced public understanding. Though as Steg (2008 p. 4449)

has noted “given the complex processes involved, some confusion is still likely

Moreover, people know little about the energy use related to their

behaviour”. Individuals, for example, may use a ‘simple heuristic’ to determine

the energy use of appliances, potentially assuming that consumption is based

solely on size (Steg 2008). Individuals may also overlook the energy used in

activities such as water heating, reinforcing their misconstruction of appliance

contribution toward household energy consumption (Steg2008). The lack of

understanding regarding climate change may be equally enhanced by the

difficulty individuals face when associating the local with the global (Whitmarsh

2009a). More often than not, the social and environmental costs and benefits of

an individual’s action are far removed from the individual themselves (Hummel et

al. 1978).

The immediate personal benefit gained from turning on an air-conditioner,

for instance, may override the distant, widespread costs associated with that

action (Hummel et al. 1978). Individuals can have difficulty understanding the

ways in which their energy consumption choices influence environmental issues

(Whitmarsh2009b). Within the OECD countries, residential greenhouse gas

emissions (based on fossil fuel consumption) constitute approximately 15-20% of

total emissions (Abrahamse 2007). Locally, it has been suggested that

households within Alice Springs account for around 40% of the baseload

electricity supply alone. In submitting their argument for the creation of a ‘Solar

City’ within Alice Springs, the Alice Springs Town Council maintained that this
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level of usage provided reasonable grounds for a large and varied intervention

(ASTC 2006). In response, the Alice Springs Solar City project has been

designed to explore the ways in which energy efficiency, solar technologies and

energy pricing can combine to invoke changes within residential and commercial

energy consumption, potentially enabling a reduction in greenhouse gas

emissions. Since the residential sector is a crucial element of energy programs,

the literature presented within this review has been primarily selected for its

relevance to energy conservation within households.

To enable an effective comparison with the academic information, this

paper begins with a basic overview of the Solar City, Alice Springs. Socio-

demographic correlation with energy use, methods for altering household energy

consumption, the rebound effect, environmental behaviour models and potential

methods for measuring participant knowledge, attitude and behaviour have

likewise been summarised. It is hoped that this will provide a strong and useful

knowledge base, especially within the framework of the Alice Solar City project.

Principally, two approaches are employed to produce a reduction in household

energy consumption. Psychological (also known as informational) strategies are

often based on the provision of information, and aim to alter an individual’s

knowledge, perceptions or habits. It is generally assumed that mental changes

will eventually affect consumption behaviour (Steg 2008). Structural strategies,

on the other hand, address the context of energy consumption (by providing

incentives, for example) - effectively making the conservation or efficient use of

energy more appealing to the individual (Steg 2008). While the Alice Solar City
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project utilises both approaches, it appears that structural methods are

predominately employed. It is easier to encourage household energy

conservation/efficiency by providing incentives (thus making a reduction in

energy use attractive to individuals). As mentioned earlier, when required to

reduce energy use people tend to avoid behavioural measures and changes in

consumption patterns, unless they are easily achieved (Poortinga et al. 2003).

Yet, the fact remains that psychological strategies should not be overlooked.

Attempts to change an individual’s knowledge, perceptions or habits may be

longer lasting than those immediate measures employed to make a reduction in

energy usage attractive in the short term. Psychological (informational)

Strategies. Although there have been some successful informational strategies

implemented (e.g. Daamen et al. 2001; Benders et al. 2006; Abrahamse et al.

2007; Schultz et al. 2007), more often than not, information campaigns only

result in slight behavioural modifications (Steg 2008). Previous research

conducted in Belgium (2004-2005) concluded that households with a greater

understanding of climate change do not act in a more sustainable way (Bartiaux

2008).

It seems that a higher level of environmental awareness does not

guarantee that the knowledge will actually be put into practice (Ehrlich et al.

1999). However, this may be in part caused by the misunderstandings related to

energy and behaviour (page 1), the types of information available and the ways

in which it is presented to the public. As Gardner & Stern (2008) point out, many

of the books and articles providing residential advice on energy saving measures
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present the information in lengthy, unranked lists of suggested actions. This may

subsequently lead the public to assume that actions such as changing to low-

energy light bulbs have the same effect as reducing air-conditioning run times or

temperatures. By presenting advice on energy saving methods this way (i.e

unranked), action lists have the potential to become counterproductive toward

energy conservation/efficiency (Gardner & Stern 2008). Individuals may

overvalue and feel satisfied with their relatively minor actions, and may not be

motivated to engage in further action (Gardner and Stern 2008). Interestingly, the

previously mentioned Belgian study also determined that householders who

received customised advice aimed at procuring energy savings rarely followed

the advice given; only 11% of the suggested measures were implemented within

the first year (Bartiaux 2008). It therefore appears that informational strategies

tend to be very effective when the change in behaviour requested is relatively

easy, cheap, doesn’t take much time, does not incur social disapproval and does

not limit the lifestyle of the individual (Steg 2008)

Structural strategies, in contrast, encourage individuals to alter energy

consumption behaviour in situations when the change required is costly or

difficult (Steg 2008). A Swedish study conducted in 2008 (Nair et al. 2009)

demonstrated that less than 20% of the respondents interviewed planned to

improve the energy efficiency of their building structure over the following 3 years

(Nair et al. 2010). The results of this and other studies (Eurobarometer 2007;

Mahapatra & Gustavsson 2008) seemingly indicate that, with all other things

being equal, household favour ‘non-investment measures’- easily achieved

habitual measures such as turning off a light or appliance to improve their

household energy efficiency (Nair et al. 2010). However, reducing the external

barriers to pro-environmental actions (e.g. lowering the cost of installing

household insulation by providing financial incentives) effectively changes the

context of the behaviour to be performed and addresses household preference

for non-investment measures (Steg 2008). The perception, attitude and

motivation of householders may also be indirectly altered as a result, potentially

eliciting further action (Steg 2008).

Within the Alice Solar City project structural strategies (providing

incentives to increase the uptake of household energy efficiency measures,

elevated buyback for PV produced electricity, 10:10/20:20 incentive etc.) aim to

reward and therefore encourage the “good” energy behaviour of participants.

Rewarding positive actions (as opposed to enforcing sanctions) tends to be more

effective in encouraging constructive environmental behaviour, as rewards are

often associated with positive change and attitude (Steg 2008). However, given

that the positive reinforcement of behaviour generally produces changes that

may not persist in the longer term, individuals often revert to their original

behaviour once the rewards are removed (Steg 2008). It should furthermore be

noted that the uptake of structural household investment measures, including

those offered as part of the Alice Solar City project, can be influenced by external

factors. Nair et al. (2010) suggest that householders who perceive the cost of

their energy usage as high are generally more willing to implement investment

measures. Likewise, home ownership (as opposed to rental), previous

experience with implementing energy efficiency measures, householder

education, age and income may all limit or encourage the uptake of investment

measures (Nair et al. 2010). As with the influence of demographic variables on

energy usage, these factors may present interesting trends for examination

within the structure of the Alice Solar City project additionally, active household

energy conservation and efficiency do not always result in energy usage

reduction, even when encouraged by the previously mentioned strategies. In

many instances, the rebound effect (also known as the ‘takeback’ effect) may

prove to negate the energy savings made or increase overall energy

consumption. Explained in the following section, the rebound effect presents an

interesting dilemma when attempting to elicit energy savings. Is it possible to

reduce energy use by increasing efficiency and encouraging conservation or are

the associated effects likely to instead reduce the effectiveness of the initial

actions? ‘Simple economic theory’, as outlined by Sorrell (2009), would suggest

that the latter may be the case.

To achieve energy efficiency, most of the times managers must follow

steps to implement an energy efficiency program. Although there are barriers that

prevent these programs from being deployed successfully. In his research,

Minchener (2000) states that to implement energy efficiency with success in a

country like China, it is necessary to mitigate the barriers with actions such as

introduction of more effective procedures for developing and supporting energy

efficiency improvements. The main problems related to the environment and the

difficulties related to the implementation of energy conservation programs are

listed in Dincer (2003) article which also proposes key steps to implement them

successfully. Chai and Baudelaire (2015) try to understand the energy efficiency

barriers in Singapore, using a theoretical framework based on the Motivation,

Opportunity, and Ability (MOA) theory.

Trianni et al. (2014) provide a structured basis of the drivers that promote

industrial energy efficiency, as well as knowledge on energy efficiency measures

and comprehension of the barriers blocking their adoption.

Thollander and Ottosson (2008) study the barriers that exist and prevent

energy efficiency from happening. It is showed that a lot of times, these barriers

are a consequence of how the energy issue is organized within the companies.

Hasanbeigi et al. (2010) also study this matter in Thailand, and they found out

that the most important barrier results from management addressed to

production and other matters rather than energy efficiency.

Aiming at removing some of these barriers, government policies might

help the achievement of energy efficiency. Worrell and Price (2001) investigate

scenarios related to energy use, taking into account the US public policy, seeking

the potential of public policies and technological programs for the efficient use of

energy. Bashmakov and Myshak (2014) evaluate if energy efficiency policies

launched in Russian Federation are effective.

Viklund (2015) studies excess heat utilization from an industrial

perspective, seeking to present how excess heat recovery are promoted or

discouraged through policy instruments. Rogan et al. (2014) build a model that
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shows energy demand and supply in Ireland, allowing evaluating and providing

insights for energy efficiency policies. Kesicki and Yanagisawa (2015) explain

how the industrial sector is modeled according to the International Energy

Agency’s World Energy outlook, and presents opportunities for energy saving in

the sector.

Since the ISO 50001 was created, there are requirements that industry

must follow to be certificated. In their article, Gopalakrishnan et al. (2014)

describe a methodology referred to as the ISO 50001 Analyzer to facilitate the

development of an ISO 50001 energy compliant management system.

A few other studies show how the application of Energy Efficiency

programs are made in the countries researched. Fleiter et al. (2012) evaluate the

program established in Germany to provide grants for energy audits in small and

medium enterprises and how to overcome barriers to energy efficiency. In the

Hasanbeigi et al. (2011) research, the potential application of a set of energy

efficiency measures is evaluated for the Thai cement industry, and the potential

improvement of these measures is estimated.

Chapter 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter outlines the various activities involved in operationalizing the

research. It covers the research design, locale of the study, the respondents,

research instrument, data gathering procedure, and statistical treatment of the

data.

Research Design

The current study used the quantitative design of research. A structured

survey questionnaire was developed to gather the needed data. The

questionnaire was administered personally by the researchers to the

respondents in order to get feedback and information that may help in the

interpretation of findings.

Research Environment

The study will be conducted in Tanauan, Leyte, particularly in the following

barangays: Lapay, Binongto-an, Kiling. Catigbian and Malaguicay for the reason

that it is the nearest rural barangays and the researchers are from these areas.

Research Respondents

The respondents of this study were the residents of the five selected

barangays in Tanauan, Leyte, namely: Lapay, Binongto-an, Kiling. Catigbian and

Malaguicay.
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Research Instrument

A structured survey questionnaire was designed as research instrument.

To elicit responses to the problems identified in the survey stage, the

questionnaire was composed of two main parts. The first part covers the profile

of the respondents in terms of employment and average monthly income. The

second part covers the electrical lightings and home appliances that the

respondents, use in their homes; electric bill that the respondents pay every

month; strategies that the respondents apply in order to conserve electricity; the

problems that the respondents encounter regarding electricity conservation; and

the recommendations that can be drawn in order to solve the problems that the

respondents encounter regarding electricity conservation.

The researchers utilize the general format and ranking, as an easy way to

gather information from the respondents for them to easily answer the questions

since it is provided with possible answers to choose from.

Instrument Validation

The pilot done was to ensure the reliability of the instrument. It was

conducted 5 barangays in selected barangay of Tanauan Leyte with (15)

respondents each.

Data Gathering Procedure

The researcher used a four items (4) of each questionnaire for the survey

method.
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The researcher handed a letter to the campus director and the department

head asking the approval to conduct data gathering to through survey method of

BSIT Electricity student. The researcher kept the confidentially of the participants

in the present study of using codes in the checklist instead of using of their

information during the transcription and analysis of the interview.

Data Analysis

The method of the data analysis follows the qualitative approach after

gathering the data from the respondents. The researcher tallied their response

using Microsoft excel. Bar graph was computed.

Ethical Consideration

The researchers adheres to the ethical codes and policies for research

conduct of the study Written permissions for the conduct of the study were

submitted to the office of the Head Department. The researcher kept the

confidentially of the respondents in the present study by using codes in the

checklist instead of using the information using analysis of the interview.